ws2a 6 6.1 oueelas 6.2 ardisisits da wa wRaed alae 6.3 al aigat WA aul ua (ard ssABisedl art sed Gee) 6.4 os (ar) sear 6.5 Gala 3A 6.6 Bice Go (ape Gr) 6.7 Gru, rides Avi WA sel 6.8 amliadaBuad we Fee 6.9 Gouuka A Ae Gon 6.10 Badls aiiadARs uBR 6.11 xladl AA aoilaadt wae 6.12 SAA 6.13 GU MA Adl state. 6.14 Wrderdain wi wertar ats 6.15 wiissARsed oa Fort 6.16 stilas AA sil Ah + Guise + teu aRuisiS sa 6.1 Weriidrt_ (Introduction) Bruni sissdl 6 a dH 2 Gumuell WAR dm sl wad onde, sven atdled avr 98.60 °F 32d % 37.00 °C Seq wad a wz B. uneU Uae alas we Ad OF Fell apun aiedolad avon alewt anu] Geet 4s nara aa ae 8, wig wu alauerTrMd yore SA} oval G4 ad WHA aA sure wa ag BB. aA aeqotel wl 3 wd Des (6A) Sal su A ore awe sy else ak A yee aeraadl OU AL AL oH aE B, er at 6d we B A Be ord aunts aaa arousr Geq aS wa 8, aL sel HRuBl eSB qe st Geet yd ad wa 8. age DERE ays ALR aN A eA gee OOS aus caaid Rica Fo ssa @ aeada 8. cuit AA Gun Far ave exdedl eral’ Dea axl Gubord da 6, vig oflRsReuel au a avdieu aul ert pet B. 2 TSA aDHUAL ours, atu obs (GH) gyal Bun gai dau geiyei MON AA Adel aL ait. quad auvavil aul B, A net a aut aside wid aisle Gay 2a > APH weil Gouri ue ae Re 8. eeTLASABUAA Uae Foor Get sizaarn Fore auns 23 8, F yo Gal AG A Gory APovy, wis Grin gi aif, WA doll aids Gok wr aismida B. RAVE GoU Qe GowtuRard ral we a ae Ra 8, aut aw, ysGurloll autedl Ga} Medea aaa HABA eel WR WA AIA A, ats yaw aust Geuedl, Ala % Aer acoii kmvlitre AL atertell Seer arn a eal 8. a i UH Ts aise edd lea suse Geta guiceeteile ns Ratdl Beil slater eal 8, aaliadABuard aA Pot ou Buried Haier cua & 8. CLARE AA stlle AR suluela seq seni aida B. 6.2 aaHnisi6Ales da mA uRaed waar (Concept of Thermodynamic System and Environment) wealladaBianii ‘aay aed aus A ca ae wand aud 8. Rau % cust amissams sou aad da a ord aRHisiSAs da (system) 48 8. cit As wteus, Rus 3 Cours ad 2 B.A Aso cag FU ws agp wg dS a. da & caged wg da a ada dau a2 sda. da [Albee (radiation), Ad wa AS a aa RGA A dvd AS wes AS 2d. cord) auanuatan oder out (Ray) & Sl at eae da we add da, AA dad wae 3 ‘di2@. (surrounding or environment) 68 8. dt BAA Ae URARA Yet Ul GEA dad ular (agus) 58 B. cit Get Wa aw Bat well tite (interaction) $22, dei ue URAL se we WA B. cA sReutdl es amend AT wer dag ar (macroscopic) aie Art ays aN ase Aad sqotedieu sud sal 2Ua BL eL a, 22 aged sugar sot aed) aM Ant aHics urauedl Bian sal Ra, AS aude ada yeryer wea eu cores eae A Aa Fal By Ud wou ari awa 8. ad uRedA yiRs aed (mechanical co-ordinates) #8 8, wis welll weed AS woudl aA ee age BiA-Art 2A aUA-Grkati ed A A veel AIP Ori ye wsdl aw 8, woladAbuaai dol aids maa we ae 1a are see BA UREA HUE AavA ad &. wd uaa aewissals avd (thermodynamic co-ordinates) 42 8 AVL ARE we aD ee aal da BVMLASATS ca 8 8. cont HPS A Coil geue ye yell coll aeASABYs sazAL (state) sl ALB. aL 6, AS angina coual, 56 Gat vies qyarell aca wet, Goud wel Far Gude ysveil ddl wea SABLs wea Us BB. da MA Ant URE aA al atieeBaLd wlladARs ul (process) 63 8. A dx Date uRaR aa atiaaBa A seq de ad a maar He da Csolated system) 581% 8. aut dort Gol WA His ayetoil se B WA da AS Alsu aiqha wladats saul 3 a4 sau, cea Dart WRae aL atic SA Grou ek Ava HIE-OWlD BPE A cud ant Got arora abs qatollal ait B26 a 8. ancl As reste waUR Agenda 21a eo AS MPa aga awaSARs meet we FG. cael wRa waa atic eae AG widl Godel Go Q) AA RON wel uiBs-Oalr sul cw) 4d B, wRMLASARs dovdl dig saan ays Ae wid ad vl add da B. andl Ueda avhasAhs vaukrd 3 au wereld (state variables) 48 ©, aiaeat acealed. aaa asin ‘ma2ei-wels29 (equation of state) $2 8. el. a, aug Reve aseerti aA ewan & yer aucdl yet cota, 56, ALL AL aye, HUA ais aMlsee PV = PRT A sued ayy saan allan 3. aaaidABs waeu aad A sued aad: @ Asg2Paa vale (Extensive Variables) : tru WRewa we awa da add URAIA ABP xalted 42 B. et A, ea, ae, wilds Ark a2, Gi) SBRaa aaalied Cntensi art Ret We aula ot De aa4 RUBE URADA SAF aaulel 42 3. cL a, coua, tit aR, 6.3 alu agar WA aed aun (waaiisiSARsAA yesnd Rest) Thermal ‘Equilibrium and Definition of Temperature (Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics) ud yeryer awit Heiaai A doa Aslan Gola ub atari wa 8, cud Gaurd ase aR arvana ca deel od. avon da ag ae 8. WHR OA dodetl cone ai aS eH at Sel ee AGH wunedl Gmud Yee ye ae B. a aMa or cot Rood WA anda (Gulu) agar’ 8, a sau, ru yeryeL ameut WeIaal da BA AL NRARA Yel Usd! URAL (Cais) Galle maLKs Gnsulating or adiabatic wall) dW i da A NRA GA GH APH aa wl, vig, wud au dat EA Au WRARA yet wsdl ad Godel yalss (conducting or diathermic wall) Da cu cA WA WRaR GA COU RFE aL B ar ord dat HA UR aoe, aed AWS a, cA Goud ABO yt a B, wu dat WA att URE aA AS righ an aig DH AR dt UPS agerod B dH star, wud domi AS wis we ot ad OM A dae AS ousted ola out dee AS aru zie oA vt el dee ald at areal aigermni BAL sda wR da Gulla, HIDE sa Ua aigarril AM cud a anid ABs aigeorl B, A awn, 63.1 aaHisiARA”a yu sud Fay (Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics) : AS da WA aq uRAR aA AS A dal Asotin wd Gol igaed 9 awdl a mara M2 AS As leo cag (GL. A, ARMee2)A Gudor sl ase (ouedl A au allo aq, a dal aA Goud PoE (evel 2 Gaus) + seq dg BSA). sug 6.1(@xi calou yx, wa FAT A cA ABABA Deol Gol mates Aaa a gel wea B aa aU od del alm dis da C aA youss laa ater dada B, 20 wise well auyouy mauas dle 3, musa 6.1(b)Ai eau, ayret Bays AMY SLE BAL OA dell A BHA B, dC aA Golly aigert od 2B maanss deve ©) Gua dg AR yauss "aaa © Gude agha Ral da A,B A C asd serug Gul sigeet aug 6a 6A WA 6.1(CMi culeu ys A ABA get sel atau date @@ sal Qt BUA Yates Aad ard WA AA da CAA DA Bel 2aUss Aaa & va sari a dua dell aq ARAL AS Fare Ted 0. eA au dal Aa BA A y WAC Aa Gol aigat und saat BAA HA AHA aLHedl Ca aigaet Ud sea Bae AA eUR oe A, B MA CA yates daa at sui avai 20a, el wat Nail ues & Galle aged BoUal, aAE4, “A da ABAB AS Ala da c wad Gola aigari du, dA HA B ua Dsellen wa Gola agawii da 8.” au Rian aanisecrRuad gra sed Raw 28.eed 12s orasteni UN aaqrtt oA % Ssweull AeaAL wa, Ae A Mud GHA SAA MA get sed Feet ou uae aiesiai eal 8 3 amet A dard qotl &. deol wa Cole subi 2d aga Gulla aiqat wa 8, ed Al wo aii aS wa B. ayn DA Raed ast ee Geo wed all aa 3 “aneuet sil As eteedl ofllas 2 wea HUA 8.” 64 Bor (MaRUL) SLURUM (Phase Diagram) oa gu (art, Naud 3 any) 2agUAi 2A, dell SUA cous AA ADEE Fai UROL ue da dB. Fads wa WRRARADL geet A ae ae sag AAA war aigerei aca HUA. cous anpurtei yei-gei yed WB aura cer 3q aagu fad B, a ealadi cou P) BRe avout Cy ayaa a cared) Bop sims 53 8, augle 6.2ai AS De werd wi Bos seus cada B. Bo SU WAL as AB UA Bigs B aaai courant Yel MB evil at WA raid aeaaed siqerti aeolRea 4d B. M2 AB asa Qype 42 8. Boy seas augld 62 all % GA as OA vent Big & Heal eouaeanoueti yeh M2 evita A any, sia ag aigardd awa 4a 8. M2 as OA A alberertas 58 6 AC URnt Figad Hai eous-aneuctt ed 2 welt ary aA vail sae zag aigatti ae Wd 8. M2 as ACA Auarddert (ullsrat) as 42 8. Auiddet a4, sprees wi aledatas A Big 2 MAB, AA} eous-anvurai ¥ yed M2 vende aM wagh ae alReril A aigevsi GHB. A BGA A ceu(uevl)e ua vibe 28 8. agai Big A aula soni Ava wise 8. pcirpei sol MO asst coud A anvUr dou A suai va wgh igewti wea wate OM Al UREA Aad ase 8. weld, ANG Ure 4.58 mm WALA CHUL 2A -273.16 K anu 4A 8, wel dua videdi Guba eaieed Ba wl Ravi av 8. 6.4.1 amin wer : weit (Measure. ‘ment of temperature thermometry) : AS wa wed 62-8 3 ow a, adsaudyds, 5 wud oA asl sll ast, tell, Lat, ut eee oe cea HEL LNA aL cUsTlMi ADR wae. Ue, GA AA aaalst Weta’ Hari 2a, a ag wed sou GMA Bf dat erHEL GRA am atqotat B. au Guia Budell sae REM aafaeal wa du 8. AS aagll Gulla sige HRBAML ant AWA AS Asa awakes seu @ aisusi, BAL aa OUD. Ae yee Go qa BARE aut aoa ata Al awaks duel isola, dou da Gale (ardla) aigat we ayaa vai RRAA aUEARY 42 B, selaSAR ad qed Fue ela 8 2 amet BA AEs RAY B. & aur ad sudar Gulu agar wa asad MBit Ara ards den (2a 3 uated) and ais, Aad war aaeiellae 68 B. pu Ja avira RAL A aveU wi nadia semi adi are yatold Gudet gravid 2ua B. adar ow waudl ae ser eealialeeal wal a ouedidie Gar uaudle Gwar sari Ma 8, wenlleed Boat (Bist) Rell LA seal aud B 2 Fell aroun de dae yeu aad AS Faia ais aise ase, auc anus, Bode126 AR sRevt (mise) sea U2, ctuwaticte A adssat (enellet) ye wg 8, wnat AZ 1 aust coud weld, areibig, G2°F Ua O°C) AA Well GcsernlBig, 12°F maar 100°C) Asa yer al} Aavii aud 3. cpet-rpet Maude Gal aR yw yet- ager Dae A dsr Biga wer avpur Bare ata aworreti Yel AB neud-aRe-adlled yeingei wader ad 8. vig, Fi Yat DL coud AS war ays oRar Da da man se aailar Fs we aveui 42 Aswut eadisil © au B. agai ade coud ae aude aed ay, auedary steels, PY = UURTS wert 48 8. coi, = ayn Aad ava, wt R = 8.31 J mol! Kt aul ary, $6 2H UMA, POT. AEH, SUN He ay ABIaZr QW aNVUe| AHL dat count deci sal asa B, augl 634i caller aye P— To ade ale BOL HA B. ou. 273.15 °C OCHS IWant SU crete se seu ay AD et ge anoavedt ano wy 63 ela aed aaARRs awe @ sq aed, modes aed ay A aig Ret wee seal AG 68 Brg aUe avout ou A aU eile ate dH B.A ay aud ayaa wad a, A court wars wR coURL go YL NET B. aL Qe wana sua douaardi aad a aueday AB A Yer anor axa -273.15°C wd 4d 8, 3A Palle qa aru 68 8, (qi aug 6.4), aly A ay B ay, c 27B.1SC °c eet Pa TA aud A SA eatin ays wd yuwd® dua 2 Saaay Bade aye cantar eal 8 sue 64 aig 64 veel AS ase B 3, ad arta cue a yeegyen Goma sae Hata aLyedl M2 Swany Beda ger aout WA 8, Bada qe BHR Hour se Fada ad wi 8, eq Yeo K Geq Aavil aU B. axqsred aout Mot AB Ae Us 2A Feria uu sae B, Fou yrer 8. Ae se A AR mH aH Te A BRA ws Wed aout T a caleari aa a, T.=T- 273.5 vase Ava idee AAU AR asl sue, Te = 27816 = 27315 = QO aout +2 8. 2 Meuse aieIaRE GUA ge UE WA Ae case aad aigat Bau et nour 100°C Qari ma 8, &4 ye Bt avi, T= 100 + 273.15 = 373.15 K endla nse : Beadle EH RL aU Ty HA AR WH MeL aH T, ea ae 2a ee 8. 9 0. ty = 21, +32 2s MIEN Wald OoarBig aA aeAbig Freezing point) waaet ASA, A avout AHL BL WA AA olen AT sri aasel call ase &. aug 6.5 Hi Bt, Aaa WA sede asad aul caidl 8.eed wt eat 373.15K-4] 100°C ---L} 212.00%° Big area F 273.15K----F} 0,00°C-----F} 32.00°F Baie 459675) eed] 000K ===] Farsi --+ J-4594 val a2 Rt, Awe A Feudle sued, aml sayla 65 Ae A Beadle wos avwued He cals MB aya CAF wad anand aa B. eid, 0°C = 32°F Bed 3 Aaa wmsreai or Hea seule ME AOL ag aDBUNL 329, vag, aDEMEEL estan 2a OA rus yl JA calcd HA 8. SC =9 PML Nae A 3, ABM wKUEH yee. 5 AB Bal (IAL 2 Bole seu C wl wd BML detad mA 9 Bandle Rolla adsiad aie 3. wa ee MD = welll GcseiiBig, WA sABig, BA dated 100 3+ (100 K) mA 100 Axa Rall (100 C%) AA B. Weg WEN Gora A areal aA Beridlerd aetaa 180 FB. 2404, AT = 180 F° = 100 K = 100 Bed 2 As Banded yor Ae 3 WR (12-3) 3 ous seg de 8, & la B 2 Bendleri caida ariel asiad Ara 3 re aus asia sai 2 od da B. atid A att, dgiad A saat B. 10 K avert A 10°C 3 18°F wll, veg, 10 K atuattd agiad 2 10 Co 3 18 Bed du 3. waa must a2 = 10” susie Gee aa eeu Geant 52 108 aad tere aus $a Bs wd] cree 10° fl a wag aout lot pt ‘4 Ne Maeiig, gio wert stig z vied aeueg wa 210 au Reet Geri, 107 10° audg, ayer avout HR wuss ve deals awed yed aR 646 65 Gall waza (Thermal Expansion) UMA mel A 2 AS veld awd aurea (Gen auudi) act UR aud am B A cuwtiet Halseti (Gomyset 421A) det WUE wad wa B, svt, Nev ater Gourd diver 5A Ante wRouerd ue tur Gale MAIR A GOL aged SDA went WROWEE aL ALA Gea aida 2 8. wot wetted aie etaeal Qe aessall (ue, wn, 3 aud) alsa da sdsadar da 3. del Asollen ue ausler aA erusder oll aout Mailetiete Heatiet eatetell HLM Aleteih seett dia &, au, au azssal mA 3 Biol wader der a se asia B (all ugh 6.7). AMAL AHL MA 2H eleteiledh SUPA al d mA mQel aadai waa rad ai d. au, ad ved anit aka aa sexi atid av 8.18 eReRewe fil & sis Bind Asa wesssd aug 67 aught 6.841 Hiazatd BRAM Rye rider aioe cafoll B, Ba veal we a B 3 et as aiiaeaig agetsiae (JA qa aie al, rosea HR Pick UT RBA % aa B, a eel seal allot vine MR anuarlle BUR GA adl -2l, wine Rael Rye aided ad eagle 68 aida ane ed 2 BRA ueDAL AS As yer AB) sessed ry AA rll A Dad seni a B (Gad, sgh 6.8). A aU ADELA uaa eessell aad aa aia 7 ON a Toxin + Pena 2 mu, ah aged aealPtc uael ee aa BE AIrirth HIRE WA BU WRIA Pid aaa WH 8. on avian GAL ARE AB vue o. Qe waza (Linear Expansion) avoid Mat atu aA Neto douTA ew AHI Belly wae 58D, UA otirtL Beta W2 aeqril doudHi ad aad (AD A agl ya r Goud PA tet aL CAT BELL au 8, Ale 1,4 Al ce AT 2. Al IAT “. Al = alAT (65.1) aid ‘or A apoouna sais B, FA age gurl Blu uazelis (coefficient of linear expansion) 58 8. ‘ad ye werdell anal We aA Ae avout We aula B.A ame awit AMA 4 Gx Aa aietadl “a? aout We autulRet wil a Ss (Cy! ata KS Beas were Bella seeeatisal Yod 2a 6.1L CUA EL aR) ava 8. Boa 6.1 Years Gala waraaisal yd (ara masta wi) a etd je erence) Aare 24 72 sat_(52Q) 20 60 avis 12 3.6 ae o4—o09 | 12-27 wea ste 0.32 Beats veuil es Gaurd Aswan] Gulla warwer wad da d. sua veld oudelds (jotropic) New 48 B. anew ear aA UAL evil dousai Bear oh awa ae B, dea x sued atudl udaUS aA maSMi ave B. all ae sarat nd 3 MAsuls Ratt af da a ad d (ql mug 6.9). © a> T) Mle gaudy anus ard ay suds wane (aad aid 8.) aaghe 69eel 129 aw, dagnni uel awd AA = 2 0 AAT, A sexi ud au AV = 3aVAT = VAT Yeats wevileu se waRais (y= 3a)ai ye doa 6.1ai Cea aes AB) aul. vent ad aud ut weil sea nated at MB WA au aud angi Howe dN d. wal Raa Gulla wt awe Wl Welly Gully sae AAPA 4B, well, amma 4°C gil wztsandd ua, a wall se tad m4 B, Mag WAR aout aC OFC, yi aasard aud, a wel seal aud su 8 (yall augl 6.10(a)), a4, walla uke way 4B, PC AHA wey se ayer dd. aad, °C aneur welll ata aaseL dae B ei ZR 6.10(0). v 1.04343 (1 kg well 5 10m? 0 5 0 FT @) oc O10 a aneuel 4281 kg wel @ #6 A) Arter Bee aight 610 welll au usted adage $28 cintaai well Gul wudl, Ad aud Rai add size WA B. (AA Gueat 12d Gurl lA are are wh 8), Fa wen Gua aed avout (a % 10°C A) aad mA _B, AA Gued az eft eae sedi a ae HAL B PHL add a fl cae 8, oH ua cai yA aug 22 BY wai yl cary ay well 4°C aur Udi. GA wu oll Gueek acta MLA 4°CAll ag aL A Add ain 2 B (yo aug 65 b), WADA welll amid ue x a B a ay A ay A ud eB DA wee Geel wud do wa B rea AG wel Hau awl w 22 8. ‘well aud) aaPd adel sO ae weds el vale aan fu ave ve wd ub 3. Gewaa 1: As quire dis BOA ous Aa wR WB. 27°C aH Ase Hz el Row out age 1.5 m 2A 1.495 md. Far Bea aout yd quad Q 2 eed a Aol We ue aatdl asia 7 dis ae a@ = 12 x 10°K. Be: eid, T = 27°C = 273 + 27 = 300 K T=? a= 12% 10% KI Asef wed eu d, = 15 m vise avd cua d, = 1.495 m tured ga dou 1, = nd, Foul ga doud 1, = nd, vig, Al = 1.495 = 12x10 x 1.495 + 300 = 278.7 + 300cARaReut oT! =578.7K T' = 578.7 — 273 = 305.7°C avy, (EAR 305.7°C AH auiadl ATA. (avaaai aul all atu cuadl ASA) Gsa s wa 3 OC aM we wa SeyGuer awd dous anger 1, 1 1, 9. aadl AT war award at aPuaviell dows aed dst BRL 22GB. Adel anit BRL QHLRL wa GA aPrud doudai ad aud awl dad ASA, Al, = Al, a, 1, AT = a, 1, AT apa = Mx 1 ow ~igxioe 3 A, aula aaa ype, — = Sem — 2) ware (1) 2 well, 31, = 41, — 20 21 =20em wa L, = 15 em are, OFC aOHA gua mA Tey LEAL wPrariicl dows aqs% 20 em BHA 15 cm acl ATA. caged #6 AV, cent U2 aie B, aves ar Heal al sell Ae semi aU aL B. 2 dV = yar @ ae 8 3 seni aul nau aagell atari wad wa 8. wa 2 anavti ud vad do J tala (1) veel, M dp av 3) 8) + War @ Gha : aueday, 42, Pv = uRT a mat coud aL AT Seah aad srauell seni adi aud, wal 2 AV d. 2 PAV = RAT @ aellszat QA aMlsea (1) cutriai, AV _ AT Vv T AV Ld AT" T aye 4 (rAV = yvaT) @) lava (3) eal B > auedd aay MB anmucen, aH WA sears U2 d. T= 0°C = 273.15 K awenr 3.66 x 107K __1 Y= 373. Ga :V=v, d+ yar) M M SUV= 5 Y0= py M_M = py ODry 2o Lye yar ptt » foot 29) = 6236 km 6.6 yrinawdl Gon (qa Gvu) (Heat of ‘Transformation (Latent Heat) ) aad AS at 3 aud werd Go auNaLAl PAA, ed Ad amend a & ad wad all, suds wath Gog aDNaL sl Alen Hae EA RB. AS at wet Row nal area aieat WE, RAAB art wou 2 memaell We PTA ays Aa MD, Ga sand WO (La, 264 walla quiet). de Ba wR nadl dew at saad Zuid WA ee nadie ek ys @iA) ae 3d. AS nadle arn (ary)Mi guicwer sear we Gon aud BB (cua, weld ari guide). Aw AI MA aye mad Aou aA vaud aagwii sae wa aad anyiiel ek Ysa (oD) au B. ous Ja, Aer em AS uevld As aaReUL (Het, HALAL 3 ay)alel lew aeeuril Bula RAL ME sue Usd) Cour guidzerl GU (yLd Guu) (Latent heat) L 58 8. m eon wet ays GA cleo maaami guia sear a2 wed Gat Q= Lm 6.) AS wed, avy (aeuayai ea ay (ARIES, sud suideer AL WZ gd GHUA CUAL apa Gon (Goat ya Gou) L, 8d. aru Da well M2 Ly = 2256 ahkg 8. SUH cate Wet Nettle] sais avieaat seat (oud werd Gou Aaad) aaa nau evil guider seat (ud evel Gou epuaid) 42 wd Gour Lega GUL, 48 8. abut 2a well a2 L, = 333 Wig wale sys erm A aAwUL Raa Goud mde aug 6.1141 ealeh 8. 2256 tag Lamaen sud wal ad aur Age Goud aud (Baw yer vl.) aula 6.1 ugh cal BB ad atau guidae emu Guu Raa @ aawari) awa dwar aroie neat 28.8, ol Bos Parsi aia SAUL «el, cal BY yelyel mawersiddl Le Cou AS cell ell well HBL, = 333 kifkg eal B31 kg 264 OFC aNHUA Rouat Az 333 kd Ged Guu RSA B, aA Ly = 2256 kurke eal B41 eg Wal 100°C NEAL azul guia see AZ132 oR ERet 2256 KF Gm mated WB. anal 1OOC AWK BAL axe, 100°C iN Bet ‘well seal 2256 kirkg ed ay ou HeLa B, ou ve steauell iat oud Asa well sei aU ad eases (ead) B, 6.7 Guat, aids Gok AA sel (Heat, Internal Energy and Work) Ra axyuisd aryt sgpiedl aay cavurt- Ira aiqaallA atadoted ett s2a AAA AovuL PA AR GAB. aye gpd aeded oifiel douse eds Raul abut dieu s@A ay aieelld at maamaad IR aul aise gat Aart Art A (Bigg = 0), Veg WABIAL aU aRAORA ai wa aismuda ga AR-Ae yr ad ae (Kiae #0). auytt epi adore aR aud aside (g@ Aarti yet Ge AA aR) gee aOR aunt a OHO 53 8. AA aya aPAL ae aiiaeRUL ad dU ai sep ou aiden a asada RRA Hg) WAL Ha DM, fle, KY WR A. AS ousted UR HE aeatsia) aide sq AH, Ad at cay URI BARA U,, VEL Hela A, aay oe aaguuse olf salt 612 aught 6.1241 eae ye WA 2 ary od, Bs ayer aR AB. eu Grewal ayurr aud ay, wat fA £23, aaell aye PDL BARRA aR Guaid ae Art B,, HA IR-AR K,,, Had 3. ain, ay ge A USL Bal Herel 2D B : A) Ky + 2) Ugg @ Kays) Ugg weet A Gofal aR K+ U,) A aye wins Gal E,,) 52 B, wu Bell A Grd RAM Ky, + Uy) A atl aiPs- Grd 42 B. ary ua aise Ariel 21 UREA veri AS ua 2434 we all B, Sane anal AA 2 UR A sAELEL cA: cunt sued Solano God seal 2a a aly areuta veri aii ad aa 8 aA ale dmitcu werd mati and ae B. aun oil utd ad GouOrid APA aA 8. AP wid 20 Gou-Gel Red ¥ Goa, da 3 da mA wR aad, aa anwar agate sd ant Asin ARWA Gua 48 8. au wel ee aa 8 3 AT da GoGat wall a wer Gon Wad 2B aR. da A Guag dua 2, AB AA Gesu Quad A wa vari ua B. 6.7.1 aaHisWARisani stl (Work in ‘Thermodysmaniies) + A caged a2 add vis rtineBur sed % vised AR aa 8, AA sl 58 8, aun, sel A uihes mineBar a aisaudell all 8. da wise wud 2 va sh aad 2 aroud a sel BA ML DLA yw da cell agai ae SUE ae AA dk wR aL SUA fet awe B, wig eRMiSARSal da a vat SHA at WA da ua eat SA am Aaueii 202 ©, aucll dau noudle] se Gouri (heat engine) subvalA B 2 Si Ae. wRaeniell Q Fed Go al def ae Wai gine 2B. S2d 3 W Ged Grd cexmiel ade awe 8, 6.7.2 AA AAA anys TALL seal ay ue uat sil ya: Beer. see wt (ous dua) pte aula sau ayaa Bay ae ued aught 613all SAR 133 might 6.1341 caloa yor As uate Worm ygdl atl aad Ae autedany ol Rai et a A lala aA a AA A aUsBert Anaad Reet wd B, cesta Yauss APA cuvurte Feiae $2 aust ag, Gou-sulewt we B, ven aNOUA ay qelyeL EOUA aIqaX seni ade aS aug 6.144i cele yet PH Vel aueod Aad awe, atell Baad al nara sav, da P— Vat ar axaul as sda. P R I Vv mae ay a2 P= VA aude (sen aaa) ay 66 vad) 3 sakes ea i aye eae A Se sigs P, AV, B. aye aout T awa a a aa Reon We 1 GOUA MAMA any se aL, wa 3 ary{ ML cou P, wr ail se V, aa 8. sat Rea eather BS As ous wa ary anual Pd A se V Da, cud HAL 2 Maer Ax Fed Mae aieell ae HA B. GAL HRA aL geal AV Feel dat a B. aL euine Red yet BB ary cou Pal iat tours Bee adi ell, sell, AW = FAx 7.1) =PAAK (Cv F=PA) 2 AW = PAV (vs AAx= AV) saat yer Baga Ald agg se Vv, el WA Vy tid Bi, dd au MB ay WR Ag ga sel w= IAW dav (6.12) aa aaa Ay” 9 eat Adi, aaah aie wa 8, Ye awe | Pav 673) % ig Bean anOUA LAD ay ea AB aueday mamaria yx PV = uRT uRT Vv eouatdl a Bat alse (6.7.3)4i sci, BRT we (282ay 674) vs a a. .w urr { “i y =uRTL In V 1S = BRT [ Inv, = InV,] Np 2 W = HRT ny (6.75) salt sul Wel ed ane NAB, & eal BB akan AWOL a] AAA seal ay WR atl ALL B. A ream ANEW ayd wARA SAUL Oud (46 aig, 4), A V,> V, Heel oMls2e (6.75) y, In TP > 04a. Bl We HEL HL HAD. & eel B 3 aya sere exer ay ad seh aw 3.ote 6.73 MAM 56 WA WAM Goud ad SUL: wrdlseet (6.7.5) sued ay Xd eds eeLadARs ube eBeur ag sel W ell sud, dg a eat ata WBA AB ag sul aud B, A anvut aed AU A was .7.4)Hi aetiet TA aisetrtell tate ot ad aust 2A wREU wile (67.5) 4A AR. apleaa 6.73) A ad se V aA aA aud, d (av = AV =0 aac W = 0 (HAM 46 42) (6.7.6) Av A A He Head da, wig cous P aera 28g QU a ails (6.73) wee, % w=pl a = evi) = PIv,- Vl os W = PAV (aa ete M2) 6.7.7) Ga: weiate T=310K Vj=2L V,= 19 L, aide, oR sae aan wBe Devel, Vy 2 W = BRT In = 1x a1 «310 tn 1S = 1% 831 x 310 x In 12 o W = 118365 & eal’ B 2 ral saree ealbu ode 118366 Joule Ged, sul a wa. © olen Beari, pete V,= 19k T=310K Vy=15L sada, Raed Beet wer ata BAL dav, Ve 2 We WRT Ins 15) SWS 1x 831 x 310 x In (G5 2 W = 608.7 3 Aza} anand dat eehart Wawa aad sei 608.7 5 8. Azad 3, um wa a Ga adiat (19 Le 15 L) seat AB ad, sv 608.7 Joule %24 wal. 6.74 Gon Wi sil Max wy (More understanding of Heat and Work) : wad BAS As dak MDA (Rs aud dot aA wR ah aly agar waaig 28 a aA) suis area Laie vile aren 2 gel aS wari 2A B. ou ABA yergger ell (ABuED) ough 6.1sui ealou 8. v 4A vais eee SiR mae yl ad warn evga el agli os sa uBued eae aq oil alee (6.7.3) wel w= [PAV aro all ama B. aisetd au yet staan 1 AA ZA Bett oUt a Vote ai Dade Raga Ged da B, aur, dar rel aiaae 1 el ilo steae 2 4M 1a2, 102 24 162eel 135 wd aiaal da ag sul aug 6.1641 ua wnt @ dala dag ad ipsa calla B. P @ a2 wi @) te 2 wh © 2 wh geeger lag aed sugla 6:16 suple 6.16 cal B 3 dar aaa Teal sae 2 yl aia cia a ad sl 102 wl ue eee (earot Gagan) ee B, wad ayer sel 162 ust we (ageet Area) ave 3. A dAA 2al, 2cl MAL 21 rus sR 2 wad] atte 1 ue asd woul aud dl (seni azid act davl AV wa aa) ad sel we HA B, & ald 3 da we cus om ad sel wa d. ——v dad ad via eefiart 10251 wl acai ag get stl aug 617 sag 6.174 eno yy AS car wel aia Lal 1a2 Aish eran 2 yl ad SA wg 2b1 A suis aL 1 Yl auaaeai WA, a audl uu aga ua save, ou ade Bat eaBtut da a ad ge sul cin as ad Rate aan Feq, OH B. (1a2 Wil da Bug sel 24 B, wud 21 wl da we sel aq dawl da @ ag sul war da 3, uel 1a2b1 ws ag get ari oi as od daa doe Gog du B.) 68 aSAREed wa Ru (First Law of Thermodynamics) Wa 3 AS Bs da Goud dua 2d aw ae (da eB) sel ave B. da as sae i miele fi aS wa AE yeL-yeL ae weil Gua) Ravel ase P V, vy, aA ws eee le SHR ae pa a6 war wide ssi suf 6:18 aagl 6.18%i cao ype Ud 2 HO if bf icf eet cea at aul GU aYSR Q,, QQ a det et. sete Yel anysd W,, W,, W, 8. audlui Q, 4 Q, 4 Q, eu W, 4 W, #W, da 8, viig, aL ERs AL AB Gon OLA sale dota avi ai al Ad yet Aswad aH B, Bea Y,136 AR sRew Q, = Wa = Q, — Wy = Q. = We aur, dar AS welts warn i uae aif mere syd ad warrti 2ua, d Gau Q Wi svi Wai qed, Bau (asi) ue eutue a 8. udg Q— we yer nBen ue suse amg «el. Q— Wa yen gst dal ues BA vif BRM ue y Buta Ww B. sa wal veel aol ase 2 ddl ydlydl avlusABe mea HB As Ad wiladAy sah oumata sl ase 2 AS ua & aia A Ae Yet sla Q— W Fed. HUH, a RRMA dail atidles Gel (intemal energy) B,, #8 8. dak Q Ged Ark, CoUAet BW HA B mA W Heal GA cio ater seh aa doe ADA He 8. s1r4, cove mike Geta Q — W Heal Beate aw 8, etl las saan FA ail aaa fH cond sinks @rind ays® BAB, dM A, E,~ 5, = 46,,=Q-W (6.8.1) & aaaliARaed wan Ran 8, A dx Q FeAl Go Aad! Da, a Ad siials Ort B.A B, wR da nai sel W eabvunt Al aids Gal a2 B. geaanl adi AS wer G2eid eater atladabuad wer Fa wou 8. owe Sreut safeea Beas, seu coud ang el ay 619 @a: (@V, = 1.00 x 107m", V,= 1.671 mm P = 1,00 atm = 1.01 x 10° P, aida a coud seri ad ad eel da Bag sl tt wa, Bd He w = frave pfav © waa Aen deel wae a UHL) = PIV, = PIV, ~ Vi s+ W = 1.01 x 10° x [1.671 — 1.00 x 10%) = 1.69 x 10° W = 169 kD @ @ 100% awww Asad well 100°C WOU el owt guide ag, awl, dor Hadl emu, Q = Lym = 2256 1.00 ». Q= 2256 I @ (6) wea ASAR ROL HHO, BERL apreL, coetl aiiaRs Oriel ud Bese AE, = Q — W = 2256 — 169 = 2087 KI 8)walla a AB, tt 8, & cal B 3 dull aids Onda qual ar 8, 2 el walle ADA welll wual well set sal ume (aaa guidka seat aqua 8, 6.9 Geautuhet 2A five Gu (Heat Capacity and Specific Heat) wewthi FH awe A aU GoLr GAedi WIA Be Ad auwut Ue ag we B. Yeryer ere M2 AEE Wet Fete seal HE wal God coal Aya da 8. Rated Ay Basu ge wold dwar 14.5 °C) 15.5 °C yl aaa M2 v3 Guu wr as BA Fad ald wate eB. As BA Beadle emen ous Ds tall 62 d. ued euda Gun Q AA aeggr ad uur Jae ATA ysiner weil Goutal (heat capacity, H) s& 8. 92a 3, He= ae He LST RUM JK ata call ust GuuwRed yeu ved na daw side em ue wet auttuled B. As gre ora peter count veiled Goutal yel-yeel du 8. Goutuleet (heat capacity Aaame si Reel FARA (tue) FAL ell 3 a Beq well wa sd wad. werd anys GH Hed wsdl Ga} ald asd 6 Ad aed we tl, Goud ahve 3 Gets ell ail aug 28.8 2 ui qed wad weurd dead ond 22. eu Ba eePeut ved dow 3 oot guicRa wa aS a 3. werd Dise 6m Als Ant mmurai Ds Ds Fed Bee sear wd wd Goan war a werd seal Rfve Gen (C) sd 8. Afve Groited, 3120 cal gK-? aiuan J kg? KB. 2404, Gautuer five Gou = (69.1) (69.2) ae 23 cious Rasst 2 Geutuheen Rssiedl 8 a4 saw, wig ARE Gou A aisnell w awa, Gon wRat } Awe Gou A sir AT ate mar cell HA Aa ye award oud AT sat aAreur Qari O, det vz auuR UAB, wise (6.9.1) AA (6.9.2) A UML ERI AHL WRAL ye aud 8, alleen 6.9.2) well, Q= mcat 93) Baad 6.2 Mi adel aur Beas evel Rahie Gouri Yel wURd AB aude o. Boe 6.2 abasen aM veil Ae Gen 69.1 ay (ive Gourd Gpecific heats of gases) : Raker Bi apt aRare weed «A BE Gon AA ay Aae Roe Goud ou sel eal. AL cual gM ae HDA uy Bre Goud aA diol wea see, Dea Ale Guat : any ae de dle aw pull 1K Qual 1 C%) Bed Fee sat M2 weg Gout UA A ay Dae Re CHU wd. Yeeus vewiiel her Ale Gouti yed Ret 624i ma ay ada B, man 4% Flere Guu (C,) As Re aay se AL BMH Ae EULA As WR Gee Bae Rat HD wal Gott weUA a aypil sean Are OAL C, £3 8.ARs saa coud Are Gen (C,) Bs Ale avy cote Bean all Bet ANOLE As Bet Heal Baste sa AD ag Cour HALA A ayrd aaa end ARE GUC, 52 B. G, wc, BAA adie: aaladaBsac weet Feet yo, a Ye Beet Hi dE, = dQ - dW *. dQ = dE, + dW 2. dQ =dB,, + PdV wig ace B dv = 0 devll dQ = dE,,, - (2Q) _{ Bin * Var), > ar), any aiare see (BRE? Di A oe, A ree F aye aigededl Yara viel fda dat As Mea aryl aids Gel = RT ge Ey =F Wa) (4) MR av jy 2 te da walls 6.9.4)Mi BAA EOLA As Rea awa Gon sud, (dQ), = dB, + PAV wig, As De (ued) ary 42 PV=RT (L=1) PAV = RaT aul, dQ, = dB, + RAT 4Q Bi * Var), =Car’), +R audl dere (6.9.5) Guia sea, (B),-0-8 (69.4) (69.5) (69.7) alla (6.9.6) A 6.9.7) wel, C.-C =R (698) aa ed BRve GUC, HA DAL Be Rihre GAUL Cy gsieed y @ ealaari 24d 8, aul, fee 2 =1+F 69.9) Rs VME angel Yodan died f= 3 dX 8. ail As wes uM ay AB Gurls ay (rigid rotator) x2 f= 5 SR og KR y= 2 C= SY ce BRAUER ay (with vibrations) Wiz fet c, ~ co, = 72 SR ye He Cys Bes Qe Ys 7 Ras WA ages apd 42 Rfwe Gout yed seu Gai B. aya sept wemugpdel sau aa aA Ree Gouri yd wet ad Mar 4A _B, aed aad A aL Boy Nas BPDA aA seal HB ad Cou BTA 8, &4 see au ye 8, AMR aged gst BM AR-Get Haar da B. oul aH Gout audi Ae Bella ula Gal aA B. WA Hy ules aged del ys Bola oil Guaia aus WA Aaa wer Head da B. vue su QRPIA Gon suai a Go ape Gudea ADM dsiedl Radel Ark euuza M2 auetdl dead BA ay GHU sud QB. EL, aQueEURs agai Rue Gon ay de B. Gewsee 9 : @) 10°C AYMA Be 720 grt reget Us Qa OFC aNOUA welll guide se 2 Bee Guu rund W ?a9 het: (a aul YM 94 HHA oveAig wil tut me, cal ee ailunal 8, eal oe dieu T, = 10°C T, = oC Yl ad seat (eae cue 02 Moraaid 24 aa) AB eave sl Ge Q =m TT) i, Cg = IOC AHA BB oe ARE GOL = 20 GK Q, = 2220) (0.720) (0 - 10)] = 15,9843 ©. Q, = 15.98 KI o seal Will oe BAA Moe AB WH cal BL ad avout O° al ata aR, aunll Heer YD Rowman A aaradl dl GOAL Q = Lym = (333) (0.720) 1 Q, = 239.8 Kt @ HAT, =0°C avewr Wai 0.720 ke weld wou T, = 100°C yd aturar A aun wel eau = Cynee MT, — T) +. = 4190) (0.720) (100 -0) © Q, = 301680 . 215% ean dad se sam add da B. aud wba eaPvunt dat wa 3 dat Bd AS sel ag vt Deuell aaiiaSAR at we FEAL YR Q = AE,, wal, sa, ase Bele cela cote aiiaRs Arvid Ren da @ APO wid ou ged du d. ‘wel ufeur (Adiabatic process) : 2uel abet e2Paat cea AA et UR A GHA AGA ad Ad awl, auc Bu sean wz (cord Welbon Goud states Add ASA eat AL) BAL rei asuell ad ASA, faPeatsi sae eau amped diet aA Reet Buaell nBAL wall ssl dauell aA aol oll ast. audserdi oa ygaurih a opouell atari a 42 A oR US ML -D AdL wud A OL aad, vied Bur cafe AQ =0 dail sesllasABarn we Geet yy AB, = -W na, 2a BA dt a si UL OW > O) A deed alias Griai aad ae B a A da we sel ta, dl dotil aides Grfai atud ave 8, aueday a2 adel uBu eeu cous aA se GAD ati IR yo Bs (auraatell Fiat 4 We EL) . Cp Pv = aaa, wal y= GE ‘wnat wa (Isothermal process) : “% eVDSAGS UBL eaPeu cat awurL 2 wad 2q GA AM AGUA wil xB 8 8” ausdayn anand Raden ceBeur ag sul sad 2p Re auedauyy, se, ste ALOU Vixiel aA Vv, a 8, aollsaat (6.7.3) Weel, w= frav ‘ suede saeaelsea PV = ERT Wel, _ ERT P= Vv (6.10.2) Grd wBuri anvut van dared TA daar Full ose aie 8.) Ns = urt[in VJ = URT [in V, ~ In V,] we 2 W = rr in | ucsiauyll aids Grd gant aoa 12 outa eau, aia Fe4e ext vias Gra Beare 6.10.3)Posmccicray oo qe da 8. aed awiladaRsau van Geet (Q=W+AB,) ¥i AF,,= 0 4sdi, Q= Wad B SEL WBA avilsea (6.10.3)A AL ap eo ase (¥) w= = prt inl ye (6.10.4) aglu ula (Cyclic process) : ““? WRLSARS wBaL eabert dad add ay eUlasARs aigat awnid Relog wOaeid sl 21 YO ma WH ala AA _B, ad wBuA asta uBar sd 8.” asa wBami doidl iis wa siti narra Ase dal dah aids Aeiai AS Bee ad awl, @uula AB, = 0) A del aU SAR EAL EL FEEL yA Q=W da B. aut, WAM BL ead dad 9 RAR Rie wid Gou-Gebd Ded evel cia att au sel ged da 3. 6.11 wRadf 2A aolRadl weed Reversible and Irreversible Processes) dL 3 Raise Maer Baur ary oR atydia AS wily qa awn MiB Fi der cous, se A aout Yd aAYsA P, VATS. cea an AIOUA 46 MUU SDA Mle” AS aight saat Ai ad ag da, A a AA all ward Real ase, aud As uBumi Razr’ vow 1A Bel eS ase HA WL da, Qa RAR aL aga mune $2 wip Vet avwur Tae $21 ei yi as AS aus, wag ou DA aye argue dave saa dai aigert Ret sed saad Gat we B. WRU da aan WAS wd ars avigd amelie, sue war ave B, AB GU waUe, aH a AD as aU WA da dia alge Mae fii AB oA au BUA Gaaidl Bed 3 Retr we assur GA ad wS aye se el V Geq (uss fe eq) 5 MA ta aed aay aeoued 3% aright aad wwe wd edi, d-% vidiget neauedaiell wed wane aA saat f viel 7 Mi A AB, uel HBA auiRadl sila BB. AAs Alea suse wR Reuda 2 Gai aut sel aici qe Hatt sedi seal Bad ary ge sf sl AMA, ayy semi otal ye dat’ geal AM Ay AB Riga wR Gort Ua, aout NRL aes 3 aA, Hg, HAL Beir MAL Baul waa ype aed, dot atuatll Goi uRRARA aindl SA wp ager sae oud wa A aexouriot Bs AOD ear] awe T Beg % wAeUS Ba, aN, se Maat eds aD da aga arepeueitviell y wane aL D AH sda au LA Ud war sdieuS-2Rs (quasi-static) war 42 B. a DA diag aseuct seu BB aA aed 46 UH gl as 8, oa GA ou WBUA Gazi Dea 3 da went coustl eid yer wala seainseal ARR cari se aud dA ya mL ow (ed 3 wRAL ad cud dar axounedl 3-3 aga aaquciiviel wane ey ag anid w wg vane sada) wis ee fai yp aid wee 3, aul aBaur wel vba sane B, 48g A ae reel aig, WBF aga Genseerdd 2uNA wal wiadf uBud Rae si B aA Qala AS La au ot easy Ge Baer wera aif sack tall B, wud wRadl war Geert ak wr da AR, wig RAR WE Tall yo aeRAeKi oul ona 8. sued! al WSL dl we ad w 2 Ori au a Aai NR Azad Ad Ds ued ARBA Davi oxasteri aiysivd wadt war sy all ol a gered NBT (ea 3 AWA ad xBuisd) aviRadl 8. aa, Adisd sad, Masa tag, eA geet atlag aR, Getsee 11: aa 6 3 we ane angi we uBaL at wis ae @p Vy T) viel BiB meRU Py, Vy, TAL on ot drudd ug atl. BY =P Vp _ wR(T, =) . Wee et ed a4 8. Rebel Ba a2 PV! = A suns] het + aloo war wi we ‘feav %12 < 1 > nae s s = (Say vat al 7) Ave Y*! = avr! ~ oe) PVo"V, 7"! = BYTV Tt d-) aan oO PY, ~ PV; owe ha ro) wig PV = uRT HRT, _ wR(T, -T) t= @) 6.12 SAMA (Calorimetry) FAA Ded Goud wir: war Gru moma 2eau yea ela aula 2a oflen eda dubai agai ed, ad oH Neri spudell Gay ore da vet Amad Gou aL B (A Goud wReei aa aa Bae dl). a Ah AH AB BUR cA BIL AG (isolated) Ou, Fad 3 da oA uRae a Goud ARAM tad da % wat Goad wad #8 AA Fedde & 8. & agg 3 eyo Sel age we 9A wala wae A a Kagel ae AG DAB. 2H WA aussie uni is auaenll yard a B, & Gaur meuss were Hau 3 sey, et ay og de 8, eeseer UA (DY) GU HaLEs lb ad 8 A rice worried ad Gud a4 vat 8. ae mari As fe da 8, Friel Baidalawni aiiler ema sl aa 3. 6.13 GrAPet WA Add silat (Heat Engine and its Efficiency) Grou sled guide sadl aaa Goudie wd. Q ae eae Ree ay (svdsial yates ry, wet) ele aug, Gon rfEaRAND aug 620 sigh 62081 ag GALA (heat engine) called 8, aid Raed a REeAiAL AVY eda] ile oA seal ay GOL AMA B, RAL Got AR ad saa A B aA Beer we erie aud ay Reet GAR BAB. wREUA cdl aso 22 8. alla aud ausaiki ag, aaal HE OALAP MAL Reet yraialda La Guat aA 2G All rae sear 2A B. aL wid Baer a (re aad Ad Gwe ater Bariel aa ay (6RReARA!) AER “SA B. aid aya alata vev (working substance) 58 B, oka war GrLsUlFRat (source) 4 B, aA sa sue aR (GHUA) BAL GAL ys aud B, AA sraLeiqR (ink) £2 B. Sag 6.2141 GLA rel sudal BB aa vale 8. Pues rat Gourd seve auyla 621il aSAR RL ray GoaP emi suds werd ae uBu agra 8, ou M2 sels wend Gla aneut Tait Goroutaaurriel Go Q, aX B, Ariel anys OMUOald uiBLE-Gal QWYAL guiae am 8, Ud od GU Q, seBIeiaRALA! A Zavil aa B. aul, sulecd vei ae God dood we, Q=Q-Q (6.13.1) ee ben eeu cer a all IA Gu, cit ata ual aon, sul Gee do 8, oul, Qew 2 Q-Q=W 6.132) audi uf calor Sas aus dls sme aden, arf (Ww as AS add Gown yedaed Gun AP eel suena (n) £8 B. Red 3, sas dle nnd advog sul selena, 1 = Saeed Gon ~p - WUD eM Qe eqeie & 6.13.3) 1 alse (6.13.3) wel sel ase 3 AQ, =O Oa, A AF sell alana y= 1 wa, Ra} Alri slain 100% HA wr sls ver aunari aude ol a Gourd seid guia au aasrni AS wa ARrt wz Q, #0. Red 3, AA Gou Q, Hai Ase B. aul D Q, — Q), Wig aia t AT 6.15 aaHiwSARsad ele Ran (Second Law of Thermodynamics) COUR WA Were decd BAL Rawilada Rai AUDA aVladAabrara flea Geet Bard £2 8, 3 au yx Bsaw suck GUA (@, =W) ugha 623 BRarreard] Bent: Ad Vet rtuad seas B 2%, aga wa eaBeut Gapaaeaiel Goud diver sul ote, Ruel Goad Azan oy seal guia (aid aug 6.23) sRud Rati (Statement of Rudolf Clausius) : Ag AP suiag masa O 3 ei sl aa APA Gan Grd) au aa, Gard Bre Add, Det avonraat wiaearerial a4 puna URARAL aL A CPD aUglR 6.24), au Ag ued Weds (Gout Sal Q,= 9, du, a W=0 du) sag 624 Gee 12: As CURR Go wuaraial 360 J Gen AMA B wa 25 J Faq tl RB. A @ CHAR sla a.) asta wBurt es as eae Gru AP et uber Bel Cou sd 7 Gha saudi Q, = 3603, W = 257 (@) UA sare W _ 253 _ go, N= Q = 3607 = 907 = 7% (by Bs as exert UREA wodl GOL Q = Q, — W= 360 - 25 = 335) Gee 13 : As GoUAh AA at stl sea wa ote Goud ava BO a, @ Al slate deel wd 2 © 2@ AIA Goud Beavd our a see ona Yet 22? Ghat saadll Q, = 3W B. satel, -W_Wii_ @ 1= Q = aw = 5 70333 ull, svberictt 1) = 33.3% (H) APA ees as erat UR rive con Q,=Q,- W=3w-w=2W ath Q) = aw 53 sual, AeA AB ARE GoUALZ ous sx ataaaini ys 52a, Gee 14: As Werder’ werlar-qaiis 5 8. A Ubeter ols ae erfut da Gon wuReatiel 120 J Fel Gou ting da, aL hs as eatart (a) a Yad ae seq ed ? Ha Yea Cou Gla cwoUr eu WRawri yet seg 6? Gdet : aidl & = 5, Q, = 1205 @a=% = Qe _ 1203 _ aul, sel W = 2 = 5 4 (WRAL Yot REL GOL Q = WFQ =24I4+ 120551447porrecory 14s 6.16 stil-as WA stillet (Carnot Cycle and Carnot Engine) Adee Pi UMA aRARs aUypaell adgerd sos, sedan yesea well wil 2 Fl, PY = pRT aleve} wat BB. 1 adel auedanpd dat well, wig Ud aealAs api eta ype AM Da cad A ouedd ay FA ales ta’ 3. auc AP ral oe wBUeh wad da BA AS wor ster ove ove (wer 3 wesc 8K sa) nai wl au Yard UNE TAF td our sah 3 el abu wpoua 1924Hi Bea Aas APR awd stil s21 uel sil AR, A avd uBued A A orl nad ota ysl adl ala vRadf wen aie GouBele vibe Gotai quinn 2B, a, & wiRadt Om A aout aA sel #2, Ar sre 82 8, sriAP ri Pea Rav ol wy maLss cured Head Bs ARnseai wleeRa aesd Reet da 8, au AP Hed slat ved p De Bad year ates coud ea ay d. (F sued-any al a 8). AP eeu Bs as ea, saat LUMA Ber GowalReedel, subst werd Gen DA (aa) B aA Mar aN aed T, b) aus (6.26 ari calla yao, aia svlstdl werk amass agar mae P,, V,, TMi 8. cA, RRsat Yates AMAA T, AOU ade Gouna we yl, ay, LAMA awd eave az welsARs aqat staat Bb Py Vy Tyr auaari Ua B (yal augle 6.26 b) WA % a > buf eet ay Q, Grou add B, mull aeilsaet (6.10.4) >AUe, avy a wad oh y. W, = Q, = HRT, m(¥) (6.16.1) mil Guaid, aan wR wi PY, = PV, (6.16.2) Gi) MA aA + ay, aol Radeet 630 8 RRs ARLUA Gout Bales Bes UR Bl avy] atl Rade wat eR aeiaSABs aigat saw c (P,, Vy, TMi ataari a B (gait augla 6.26(¢)). > WIM WBA eeu ay, Gute adver seek ell, wig Recta aPiaie su 53 B, sul Af ato 2B, at BAL AD PY, = PV, 6.163) Gi) DA aA : ayy anand idan cd) A, Bins yates PUT, avewd wa arate aba ail aq MAMA apie aidan sani oud B Fel any alga eae d Py Vy TW WA B (AL PUA (6. 26d)). cd waza gil avg aad ada eae ay ue ag, stl146 tse aa wud eae dt wie anal awit Breer at Faeetaet aida ade wi ae “ PN le ag a PN, b + PN, a 1 PN e PN a oovula- ae 4 ns as ee wet T, bs ae T, @ ©). © @ (e=a) see Arn AR cost aagla 626 hh (%#) ; wane nf) (are any da we sel ag Devel eee dian vosi= 6.167) aBa 8.) nn 2) Vs 2 Wy == HRT In Fe) 6.164) aid, Q, = ay 2 aenorazei dA Barra oo eu Guria, wcll Bar az PV, = P,V, 6.16.5) Gy) Ad aA : ayd woh dar (da) 62 ARieset ALU GU rtass Bs YR yA ayy aed dat sl Dard yo seat a (VT) AL aS aad 942 B. 2a. ABUL HHL 8, au ay uRar wa Goud APeE sad «ell, rdg any we sel ae BoA Ad au T al lA T, Faq we B. aa aol Ben A PV, = PV" 6.16.6) aL APU ALA BL eaElr avy due Go Q, BHA AM Rail GU Q, B A AH saul, stile AR rel suet nd Het, _& Q n= ailseell (6.16.2), (6.16.3) (6.16.5) 4A 6.16.6) YeUsie sre P\V,P,V," P,Vy P,V,P,VsIP,V,P\V," Wyn Ye _ Ms Vi Vs (6.16.8) Nz 3 w(¥) = n() 6.169) au Baa ailsea (6.16.71 sci, n=1- z (6.16.10) i alee (6.16.10) ead 8 3 see AR selacien Gowulewet Wa semerazett diwetet ue oy aulue an O. Af anderen subard wend, ve wud wD (A a aud ay da ad). a Gowulaantg avout (7) avid dL saat arate anvur (T,) eda qr du (& aaa ail) ae side AR rete subir 100 % wa, % wwe B.sells aa Gewwee 15 As sila yari seet- cad aver 280 KB aA add seleriat 40 % 8. sRaKawud aout aA 2ZWiA, Gopulauty arvur 34 aaa AP ell slain al 50 % Bedl we? Gha + T, = 280 K, n, = 04, n, = 0.5 Ty mata T, . arto -04=06 (1) T _ 280 0.6 ~ 0.6 ~ 466K _ hb "1 Tete arth Etre aah) 1, a giiget-mest-os=05 @ anise (1) A @) yale Rat, T+x 06 T "05 cea x = Geufta- GewA 16 : 1 mole snedaryd eee PPA anentd T, B, wer af ata Raaeet sdl ve omte sean aud 8 ga ad aan emu aart sll ya ve aun seal Ua B PA cue wl eur 2 eo atudl eR sou Py de seal 2a 8, dl au dysl Bea a PV aa PT oud Ba oa. 1 Pu Vy Te 2, Pa 3 JB a1) tTobiaeRewt 10. 14. 16. 17. 18. 19. Aue vide + eoum-aneutad & yed AB wena at, natdl A any DAL AB raah asaRiari aA aadatai du, a Big A som (usr) dua tide a8. Gralla water | aigaet + AT Neth, anows atuzal (HL airual) Ant WRAL aaa aL B aA aot daria (GOL Ys SAA) Ant UREA aad aE BL aad, vere tet Goi ever eal Aout UR UGEAL aad AIA GOA Dae BA GOAL ayo SAMA Werlets UROL ac dat Guy agent 42d. Aula waa: anpucedd eat atu ad WoL Goutal act CURIA ay Bale saa $3 8. 3 vetil eds Ravi Asay Gola sam Wad DA Aa wea audalals vevil 68 8, . GOUAed : aye agri aedawd uA ar aisuda (ge Aovur yer da ad AA) $4 AR-GHAA ari Wa GALAAL 42 3. Ga da AA UR al, Al di astadth SRA adi Bria RRA, Gen 48 8. . VaMLARS sl: A caged aA acl HIPs amieeBaA sed ¥ viPs-Ortd AEH a 8, A awiadAhs sel 58 8. AMSA wel PU SA cA RS at Weel BIR ata fat aS wai aud, dl Ad rics Aviad ach Baer (AE,,) AL Ada Goa Q ar dda au ada sel Wet dead 2d da 8. Aza 3, AB, =Q-W 5. wale wa: A cdot WA Att URAR a Goud AP tad du Q=0), ad Aal uA ail wba 58 8. arse WBF aelladARs wen eau dag se oa eraar aud ad wba wise uu sare. afl ub, : & aalasARs WB eee dad al As mada dgat aicaairiell Aclite BAH cal Hl aga aaeari ad WA aia ya aieeALH ig aia a, Add BUA ae BAL 48 3. Fad As Bas ye weld arput 145 °Cal 15.5 °C Yl auaa UB aad Gott UA As Be Bal 42 B, Ae semeML OLA Bel 48-8. Gute + wea aude GO Q A degAL AL ANOLEtL FegIe ATH AERA wade GowuRa Hy 2 8. . Alive Grau seria Aor ea els Aen cua As Bis Feed Baer seat wz eal Goure wer A dette sor ARLE Gu 58 8. ae Alte Go: ayn As aha de au anew 1 3B @ 1c Fed Brera sear 2 vad Gout eM a ayrl Mae Aire ou sd B. aM 5B Rie Gou (Cy): As Da aad se wa wl au around As Et Fed Bree seat AZ wg Goun war a ay aan s2 Ale Gon 48 8.wea 25. sur coud ABE GU (C,) As Ma ayy cual aA wll Au aU Ds Bt Gee Seer sa ME wal GH WAU A aryl HAM EAU ABLE GOL 58 8. 24, uiaverd Gon (ya GU L) | Asean AS verdd Ds sae (ae, natdl 3 cuy)aiel oes axoauesi guide sea A auune veel CHUA guia GU (gpa Gou) 68.8. 25, carta GUL (Ly) : Saree at verde] anda guierer ata (Ad WEL Go, Aaa B.) axa suately areal guiarer ave (ule veri Grou Ua B), cud guicsedl au GUA stacy GOH 5B. 26, wRadl uu: A AT wOa Ae JA Gaateami wd 2 Fl a da Darel wis aeauiel aR aad erurd & aight mae wa a, dM Ad & aRigit sauisd si aie UEP LL PAL A 20a, a aA suiRadf wba 2 8, 27. wad ua: a AS uBur ye MAL Ad DA Gaziaavri awa } Fell suds aeauni A Darn ya wl e WL & (ia Darl suis avanriiel ail mea yi aaournell GF aig sraeavniell waur ef ad, Amiel ow yg vaUe sada), dd all ABA wad! abu 43 8. 28, GauDPe + Goan subi guia sedi VHA CHUA 48d. 29, GouARead sels sadly wR eePeut As as dls vac aon sil (W) BAL as els altura Gout ede GOLA etl slat £2 8. 30, WFwrVeA uasisba-yoiis + suis wel (APA) al Gou WA Ant ve sravil waL sell pee UPR weebaqais 42 8. 31. agiSARsad ole Ran : (2) SRatraies] et Ad AR et oad mesa B 3%, ag wa eafrut Gowulleerurriel Gor, dna sl ous By Goud Azan ee subs aia & @ SAB set Ad AF auag aA BE Fai sel at AREA Cou (Gri) aun aor, Goud BFA add aler aneutait miei a4, cose URAL aa 32. SADA = FAA Red Gourd eet. 33, SAMA 2 F ater Goud wat A AA Edible 48 8. 34, sel AR et + seil2 AR, A wil uBael aA A aan wBaed aw yl ad wad! sly ube ct Gourde wis Geisi guinea 32 8. 35. sz Aer sles stile Arid sleet Deu alae ate eae T, mae 7 Fee T eald BF sell AReed selon Comulrewen aimust (T) aA seme AML (TD vey au BB, Atl suber svlatdl ved ve autua «el,RRA DAHi Mard a2 euler Asedsiel dou Ase vaie sd : i 10. Rs outed UES coe 3H AA UE se 4 ASH B, Asta ay ai coum eA set Ula UBwrl wei Yel Aw Asda ealen B. 65 ni ama HBL wi? A tiitiiiv @ iiijnvy Otii,ynvy Oitijin Q Beal Guu a 1 g Gea veri Aq awww 3c Ged aR AAT g Fear el Bo cuter 4c Beg a B, ad su Nevill ABLE Gm aud Ga 7 AA (B) B CAMB (D) Aw? Baie Ba a, walt Na Wide AHA Bea AMAL Ua, °C att 4A 8. (Ao (B) -273.16 (©) 100 (D) 0.01 uti COW Yo well BA Ae oUmE aA digetd VLA AUR cE dani aa 8. (A) 100 (B) 273.15 (©) 373.15 (D) 273.16 Freda get aiotictd, yeu Beadle HOLE yO. LP dM 8. (AO (B) -273.15 (©) -459.67 (©) ~356.67 AWOL AU YO AD °C OA PF EAL Ye aH Ua _B 7 Ao (B) 40 © -40 @) 32 2s awit 450 cal Grate] aA 2 B AA dex 200 cat su ae B, ad dead aids Aviat ad Bee cal aa, (a) 250 (B) 650 © 325 (D) ae oa Wale 28, WEL cone HU AO AB, A) Gou, GoU-GeA (B) Gaul, Cou © Ga, vibrs-Get (Dy sl, Gar-Ged wettelh GoUURRdie YE none AM cose UR AURA B. (A) Neve ma, verb en (B) weve rad, vera aweut (© weve om, vel ett (D) weve se, vel on aarte ougliad P— VL aueeii Pr 2s ashe Bat eelldl B. ashe HBL oe (a) avyrtl aids Ar AB, AA () WH GoUEd maa, aug 6.28 (a) We, 88 (B) Het, aot © a4, wa ©) yey wtwell SAR RL 1st u. 12. 123. 14. 15. 16. 17. aaladabaaal da a act sei BA da We aa UA ager 28 8. (A) 4, Yt (B) 4, wat (C) Ba, Ht (D) Yeh, ri 20°C ato well etal 998 kghm? BA AOR ALA 992 kyl? B, a AUREL FESR eC! BL 998 992 6 6 A) 992x208) 998x270 © 998x220 ) 992 x20 sated aeiod Bun a2 cous-neictd sono By (A) PTT T= ae @B) PHI T= aan (© PIT t= aa @) PITT! = aa augheri enlda asta BRAM HAS as eb da . 4 Geel adroit our dv 52a. (A) 400 (B) 900 © 200 (b) 300 saugReoil eatlou yer auedlany 1,2 1A 3 ails ey SRA t@rLateaT WA We aes seen ial IRL aL f Ql ma BL ou wR Ne ag sul ays W,W, 2 W, de a, (A) W, > W, > Wy ®) W, = W, = W, OW, W, > W, ay 630 OFC aveUr Be 100 g REA 100°C aH Bet 100 g we sai Ferd SR UL aud. (oer slaty GH 80 cag AA uid ARE Gait 1 cally CB. (A) 10°C (B) 20°C (D) 30°C (D) 50°C sudan AS uBuri aW = 0 mA dQ.< 0B, a ay AE (A) doer aa @) % wa © suet ran 2A (D) awrite wea18, 1 Ra auedaryd amour aan eid OCA 100°C Ged atueai aq sel 8. (A) 83x 1077 B) 83x 1077 (© 83x 107 ) 83x 105 19, As muesuyn whe ware eaeut aan seni 24% Bedi ad av d, di eu cued wat av. y= 3) a 4% @) 16% © 48% ©) 30% 20. 27°C Fat HAA NLA 10 mole MEMaLyat aon RadeH EU Ad eter 8 arm ie Ag A, A AYA DRE GML seen T DAL (A) 2079 R (B) 903 R © 17RD BIBR 21. As CULAR et GovutRaviel 50 kT GOU wed sad da 2A Ae sleet 40 % du, dl ae URAA a Beall Gou aud 7 @ 4010 @) 25 © 3k1 =) 20k 22, As GousdGreeel sara 30% B A UBAA 30 id Veal Gan ound DA, 2 GopuRReuorill WI GOL Aad, wal ws B) 39 © » © 28 23. A GOLA, Grwueariel 2 I Gou Aaag du, WA 15 I GU arzoucaa BU 2g DM, aL AaL SEAM corn UAL (A) 25% (B) 50% © 5% (@) 0.5% 24, avoid SAL SLAB Beedle AOU aA WR AEN We As aT. ye aaa ? (A) 459.67 (B) 574.32 (D) -32 (E) 100 25. 3s GRMIRS (rigid rotator) auedayd siiledPrei sls ver a Gude. seani auell B, ada wBurdi anya aio ae eaPunt ays Vell a0 32-V eg AU A sulle AP rell SULA oe BAL (A) 0.35, (B) 0.25 © 0s (D) 0.75 3s awe BA apreratell As goa 37,000 L Move o& B. A Mosar sllaare (see) Udiad 8, ried avert spAetaUeA AOA Seal 23K AGB. BB ed ova dias (2itrf) 6 7 flv AB y= 30. = 9.50 x 104 Co (aor we Bese] Gol vateeLaigart aera.) (A) 808 L (B) 36,190 L (© 37,808 L_ — (D) 37,000 L 27. Mush 6.30 Xi Asse aS watadl As % gail aAdl ae Ca) ductien Ge ealdl B.A ad ate awe TH WAT + AT sai? mila, dd (a) Mel Gaudui aan aur —? 2 a BA) dru dager aa aA YT 7 azar sai ssa. yop ace See (A) 2, 3,1, 4 @) 1,2,3,4 ©4,1,2,3 @) 3,2,1,4 ugha 631weal ssa 183 102 2M 30 40 50© 6© 7A 88 %@ 0© 1B) 2M BA 4© BA 6A 17.0) 18.0 19.) 20. (A) 21. ©) 22.) 23. (A) 24. B) 25.) 26. (B)_-27. O) AA nda waa vane goal ound: 1. Bo sea Bea? 2. As Bel Ball AA sae ? 3, pilRadt aBAL AA sam ? 4. *SDARs wat DAB? 5 Gaia well zai aunel IH QR eB? 6. sled Bly BAL AA save ? 7. siclie-APectll selartar su waste 100% we Bt 8. Adel aelaSARs agai B ax Hud aw 7 9. wie uu dea ¥ 7 10, AA BAL Bene, TL. AAR og HOURS aged Ale Gru ay dad ? 12, Wed wevlaais Head | 7 13, BME HBAL BZA a 7 14, mule ugh Xs dad 1-21 P aust asl BL (Rs aad a Lg mA URAR @A anid aqet 6 aru a BA) wie yersyer wel © PH vat sudan eailoa 8, se cit sl AD da a ge sel ¢ mat Hot HM? fl, v ay 632 15, bei SL yeL ME Berdle MINS Ned aiadlot (a) ARMA AUEHell oisll Baia Bed aaa 7 (b) AB weasel sll aa Fog HA 7 ADA wale nacht vane auth + elaSABUALT yor sed Geer end. aailadBsad we Raa avi a wind CousiRetg sel dan de seemed avigdl awd, SHUM ALIA ayy ade seal aly UR aL SUE Ya Aad, AS car All was mel aR mee yl geLyEL MEL a wai Aa ale aig PV ot HR tat ou, lA EAL ea a ge ae arma, vay154 ellReRewt 6. % 8. wRadf 9A swiad xBued wend, aeASAB aU flea Feo A seed al, mug aA wdOes ae Pll aia fall aS wat Mat ae al ealou B (@ #4 Al We aids Ori Baste AE,, Meet a 7 D #4 Al (a) We da emi stl Waal 7 (#4 AL We Goud APOE AE Gd 7 ay 638 AA even ow = its 2 % 200 g etn AMPED EU As DAA 26C auvUrell 66°C aNAEL BE a A wz Bed Gou ound usd 7? eye ou ood GeutuRen Jed ad 7 C = 0215 cal g1 Cm. [wate + 1720 cal, 43 cal C™!) 10 g OA coer AA UAE B47 3 x 10° Nm? A 10°C B, wUR ae eH aU AYA aula Ua B, AR ad se :10L wwe B, A @ wer Aoda Gou (H) awarll miaRs Greiai acd Frere (©) ay RB Rader erat ad sel ad, R= 8.3 J mol! K', 0, A G-uvules (rigid rotator) 8. [alot | (a) 7929 J (b) 5664 J (c) 2265 J] As Sirti seraeud aeut 300 K B aA acl sulac 40% 8. A au AP etl selec 50% sedi da, dd Gebulaeutd arvud wan 2A, arma aneur Jed wag W? Pocut £50 K) Ss sil AR sii Gousuleeatrt, awit 500 K AA aaeeRAt ate 315 K 8, A Ao Att Hes AS As 600 ke cal GML added dy, a () seleouen a Gi) wes as As ag aay seh DM, Gi) seer WA Aaa Gaul add $2. 0 = 4.2 Seal) (P6eUH + @ 25% (ii) 6.3 x 10° J Gil) 450 k eal] 2PC aOUA BA 2 atm eOUa 1 De auesianyy wiv ada seal Aq se SAPS Seo UML out, AL B, AL avy AIA OUR aA ANOLE aA avy aby =15 a (aU £ 45.2 aim, 848 K] Guilen cone SAL ay HR ag ga sul AMM, R= 8.3 J mot! KT, Peake + 9097 J) As uuls muedayA 1.6 x 10° Pa “i coud, 300 K cttYtr 0.0083 m? se. ual 64 wri wd, B. =U ay 2.49 x 10h Gen auyai ua B, di Aen lA att HA cou aD wired se uae marred, R=83 J mot! kK", [Watt : 675 K, 3.6 x 10° Pal