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    passive cooling techniques

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    9 views13 pages

    Climatology

    Uploaded by

    Anudeep Chandra
    passive cooling techniques

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 13
    ‘Acta Technica Nepocensi: Civil Engineering & Architecture Vo. $5, Mo. 1 (2012) Journal homepage: htp:lconstrveti tly rfactCiviléna An Overview of Passive Cooling Techniques in Buildings: Design Concepts and Architectural Interventions “Moammad Asif Kamal Depariment of Architecture, Aligarh Muslim Univesity, Aligath-202002, India small architectaifarediinalcom Received 7 August 2012; Accepted 16 September 2012 Abstract There hasbeen a drastic increase in the use of airconditioning system fr cootng the buildings all ‘round the world. The last two decade has witnessed severe eneray criss in developing counties ‘especially caring summer season primarily de to cooling load requirenents of buildings. Inreasing ‘consumption of energy has led to environmental polluion resuling global warming ard ozone layer depletion. Passive cooling systems we non-mechanical methods to mainain a confortable indoor temperaare and area hy factor n migeing the impact of bung’ om the environment Passive cooling technique can reduce the peak cooing lad n buns. thas reducing the ie of the airconditioning equipment and the period for which it ts generally reguired. Ths paper reviews and crtally analyzes various pasive cooling technigues amd ther role in providing thermal comfort andits significance in energy conservation Keywords: Natural Cooling Passive cooling, Techniques, climatic design, energy conservation. 1. Introduetion ‘The last two decade has witnessed a severe energy crisis in developing counties especially during summer season primarily due to cooling load requirements of buildings The energy consumption in boildings is quite high and is expected to further increase because of improving standards of ie and increasing world population, Ai conditioning use has increasingly penetrate the market during the Tas few yeas and greatly contributes inthe upsurge of absolute energy consumption Conesponing nor ashes MA Naat /Ae Tecnce Nasa Cat goa &Aehacte VS 1 212) 697 According t the Work 1 watch Insite, buildings consume about 40% of the work's energy Droducton. As a res in buildings ar involved in producing abot 40% ofthe sulfur dioxide and niropen oxides that cause aiden and conte to smog fomaton, Bulg energy Use aso Broes 33% ofall annual earon dioxide emisions, significant} contibutng fo te cinae hanes brought about bythe accumulation of hs heat tapping Bs [i In Indi the ulin ser [Se eesents shout 3396 of total electricity consumption, sth commersial sector accountng foe 8¥% and 25 %e respectively [2] Qefore the advent of mechanical refrigeration, ingenious use was made ofthe many means of coling (e.g. damp cloths hung in drag hts created by the connective stack effect in buildings) So dvelings and lifestyles were developed to make best possible use ofthese sourees of cooling. The introduction of mechanical refrigeration permitted not only the abiliy o increase the likelihood of achieving GRimlee thermal comfort for more extended periods, but also a great deal of flexibility in building ‘esign and simultaneously led 10 changes in lifestyle and work habits, However, increasingly. the use of a higher technology’ resulted in natural-cooing techniques being ignored. Now withthe ‘rowing realization of the rapid depletion of non-renewable energy sources and of the adverse ‘nvironmental impacts of fossil-fuel dissipating processes, it is accepted tat itis foolish to continue ‘consuming vast amounts of non-renewable fuels forthe sit-conditioning of buildings when our ancestors achieved thermal comfort by natural meant (3]. Hence 10 reduce the emission of reenhouse eases, caused by fossil fuels to power the cooling requirement of the buildings has stimulated the interest towards adoption of passive cooling techniques for buildings. This paper reviews and discusses in detail various passive cooling techniques witha special focus on solr shading techniques, as they ate most economical and this most suitable for houses in developing ‘counties, 2, Passive cooling of buildings ‘A ‘passive’ solar design involves the use of natural processes for heating or cooling to achieve ‘balanced interior conditions. The flow of energy in pasive design is by natural means radiation, conduction, oF convection without using any clectrical device. Maintaining. comforable cnvironment within a building in a hot climate relies on reducing the rte of est gins ino the building and encouraging the removal of excess heat from the building, To prevent het tom centering info the building or to remove once it ts entered is the underlying principle Tor accomplishing cooling in passive cooling concepts. Ths depends on two conditions: the avalbit ‘of a heat sink which is at lower temperature than indoor air andthe promotion of est transfor towards the sink. Environmental het sinks ar: + Outdor air heat ransfer mainly by convection trough openings) + Water (eat transfer by evaporation inside andor outside the building envelope) ‘+The (night) sky (heat transfer by long wave radiation tough the oof andlor other surface adjacent toa building + Ground (heat ransfer by conduction tough the building envelope) os A Karl At Toc Man Cn Engng Arun Vl 56 "(ot BST Passive cooling techniques can reduce the peak cooling loa in bilngs, thus reducing the sizeof the airconditioning equipment and the period for which itis generally required. The important cling concepts lik shading are discussed in dtl 21 Solar shading Among al other solar passive cooling techniques soar shading is relevant to thermal cooling of buildings especially ina developing county owing o their cost electiveness and es} to implemen Rural India and developing countries in Mide-east region has witnessed a sleep rise masonry houses with RCC roofs. However the availability of electric power in the villages expeially during summer is limited. These RCC roof tend to make the indoor temperature very high around 41°C This is de high root top temperature of sround 65°C in arid regions. Solr shading with fells "ailable materials like tract tiles, hay inverted eaten pots, date palm branches ef can educe this temperature significant. Shading with woe reduces ambient temperature near outer wall by 2°C 10 25°C. On an average & lepression of six degree centigrade in room temperature has been observed when solar shading techniques are adopted [4]. Kumar, Garg and Kaushik evaluated the performance of solar passive cooling techniques suchas solar shading, insulation ofbuling components an air exchange rte. In their stud they found tha a decrease in the indoor temperature by about 25°C lo 45°C iste for solar shading. Results modified wih insulation and conclled ar exchange rte showed a further ecrease of 44°C 1 68°C in room temperate, The analysis suggested tht solar shading is quite ‘ef to development of passive cooling stem to mana indoor foom ai temperature lower han the conventional building without shade (5 21.1 Shading by overhangs, louvers and awnings ete, ‘Wellesigned sun contol and shading deviees, either a prs of building or separately paced fom 8 building fScade, can dramatically reduce building peak heat gain and cooling requirements and improve the natura lighting qualiy of tildng interiors. The design of effestive shading devices will depend on the solar orientation of a particule building facade, For example, simple ined ovetanys ‘ae very eetive at shading south-facing windows inthe sumer when sn anges are high, = Fo ° Figure | Dilferen types of shang devices % WA ent ce cca en ot rab rection et 80 1002887 However, th same horizontal device i ineeive a backing low aflemoan sun from een WSS feig winds ing peak hat un perdsin test Fig 1 shes the ire Ps of shading devs. 221.2Shading of r0f fean be shaded by providing ‘hating the rots very important method of reducing hest gin. Rect an e shad roof cover ofconrete or plas or canvas or earthen pots ete. Sadine provided by exter! means ‘Should not interfere with nighttime oolng, A over over the root ade of coneet or galvanized ito sects. povides protection from det ation Disadvantage ofthis system i hat it doesnot permit escaping of eat othe ky at night time (Fig 2, --— LI A cover of desiuous plants and crepes is beter alteatve. Evapoation fom the le suriaces brings down th terpertr ofthe oo aleve than ht ofthe dayne i temperate AC igh it isevea lower than the sky temperature (Fig 3), Figure. Rot shang by plan cover then pos, as was being done Covering ofthe ene sure ara wth he closely poche iene tt ig oe in tional bing, increases the surface area for raaive ing oe oe he ‘oof pads heat lw into the bul. However, it tenes he 2s op mos ayer in 00 for fet Fig 4), Broken chin mostic or eae les ca ala be wed a8 top mst a reflection of niet ration -—+. Ls, Figure 4, Roo shading by eaten pos, Figure. Removable oof shades. 213 Shading by tees and vegetation (the process by A surounng air temperatures an be scected onthe basis of hee {ited dears of stating for vases old be conser lowing pins for sume satin WA Kam Ac Tec Mpa Engen Acne 8 (01) 8457 1. esidows tes and shrubs provide summer shade ye allow winter acess, The bes! locations for deciduous tres are onthe south an southwest side ofthe buding, When these ees op teirleaesin he winter, sunlight can each inside to heat the intros. ‘Trees wih heavy foliage ar very eetve in obstructing the sun's ays and esting a dense shadow. Dense shade is cole thn iter sunlight. High branching enopy trees can be sed to shade the roo lls and windows. Evergreen tees onthe south and wes sides for the best protection rom the sting summer sun and cold winter winds, 44 Veta shading is best for east and west walls and windows in summer. 0 pret rom intense sun at low angles, eg sereening by dense shrubs. tees, deidvows vines supported on «fame, shrubs used in combination with tes, 5 Shading and insulation for walls can be provided by plans that adhere othe wall, sch 2 English vy or by plants supported by the wal, such as ase 6, Horizontal shading i best for soub-icng windows eg dexiuous vines (hic lose oie jin the winter) suchas ornamental grape oF Wisteria ean be gown overs pergola for sums shading, 24 Shang by tecture surfaces Surface shading can be provided a an iter part ofthe building element als. Highly vextred ‘alls havea portion oftheir surface in shade as shown in Figure 5. The increased surface area of ‘Sic a wall eu in an increased outer surface coef, which permits the sunlit sure to tay fooler aswell ato cooldown faster a nigh (Fig 6) Figure 6 Shading duet suface texture 2 Insulation “The eet of insulation i to reduce hea gun and heat ss The mor insulation na bilding exterior velop, te lens beat ansfre int oF Ut of the bing due to temperature erence Between {he inrir and exterior Insulation also conros the interior mean radian temperature (MRT) by Telaune the Interior surfaces fom te infuence ofthe exterior conto, and also reduces draughts o MA Nam (Acca aan Ct Engrg AW! 122) 897 produced by temperature dite building requires mechanical Location of insulation an its placed onthe owe fae (ci weakly coupled withthe exter expanded polystyrene inst enees between walls and at. Insulation is of great value when beating or cooling and helps reduce the space-conitoning lows optimum thickness are very important. In ot elma, insulation i ng exterior) ofthe wall or roo! so that thermal mass of the walls ral source an strongly coupe withthe interior. Use of 40 mm thick ion on wall and vermiculite conrete insulation onthe oo has brought dow space-conditioning lads ofthe RETREAT bulding in Gurgaon by abou 15% [8 Air cates ‘ittin walls ot an atc space in the rof cling combination reduce the sot hea! gain factor thereby reducing pace-conditioning lads. The performance improves if the vol senate Hest is transmit trough the ai caity by convection an raaton 25 Induced ventilation techniques 231 Solr chimney A solar chimney is a modem device that induces natural ventilation by the thermal buoyancy effet ‘The structure ofthe chimney absorbs solar energy during the day, thereby heating the celosed ar within and causing ito se. Thus air is dawn fom the Building into an open ner the Botton of ae sfimaey: The air exhausted from the house, rough the shimaey. is replaced by ambient ae However, ifthe later is warmer than te ai isie the use, it usually 1s during the dy in bot

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