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  • DIS50.Hobsbawm, E. - Ranger, T. (2004) (297-345)

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    DIS50.Hobsbawm, E. - Ranger, T.(2004) (297-345)

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    DIS50.Hobsbawm, E. - Ranger, T.(2004) (297-345)

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    DIS50.Hobsbawm, E. - Ranger, T.(2004) (297-345)

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    53 views51 pages

    DIS50.Hobsbawm, E. - Ranger, T. (2004) (297-345)

    Uploaded by

    Costas Rodopoulos
    DIS50.Hobsbawm, E. - Ranger, T.(2004) (297-345)

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 51
    ERIC HOBSBAWM TERENCE RANGER ata) aP aa morory ae | Vere 22 i tom we Hi 4 . vin. MAZIKH IIAPArorH ITAPAAOZEQN: Eypomu, 1870-1914 Eric Hobsbawm I Ané ~™ ony nov ywapitoupe, yevind, midg emwoodvtat o1 rapaddaers, uropodpe ebxoha var avaxadsipooue drt wre replodog xaré ty onota aU- xég Eepicpuvay us talrepn empovi yrav ota toidvta H capdvta x06- wa row and tov Hpdito Horyxdopio Tiéheyo, AordZouye var nove «pe Ue~ yarstepy empovi» and 6,71 0 dAhes REpL3Ovs, axpob Sev umdpyEt TPdnOS va yivooy peahiotixés mocotixés avyxotoctc, Tdvtac, 1 Bquovpyla mapa Béoewy epappdatyXe Ue evOovarnoUs Ge RoALé—OWES yoEG at yter B1s- opoug oxonobs, xat aUTH oxpIBEc n watch SnLovpyia napaBdaewv efven 10 Oéuor tov ev Adyw xeparaiov. H Snioupyia napaddaewv yonooToL}- One extoquar xou avertonua: ony xpd nepintwon -uROpObUE Yara va Thy anoxadécoupe «rohit» Baad of xodiry H and xodern 4 and opyovapévar xowweoviné xa TONTIXG aviLote, oT SEUTEON -UROPOKYE Ya- Rape va thy amoxahgaovps «xowavvxin~ xuplaag and xowovixes onddes un opyavapeves tumxt wg tétOLES ¥ ond exelvovg tev ORolwy ot axoTOt Bev fray e15ind H ovveidtd RoAttxo!, Smug AEoxES xau aBEAQSTITES, UE H yopic rodutuxés herroupyies. H Biexpioy aivry, eiven Sidixpioy evxoMag ra- 04 apytig. Anooxorel, Be, va emadper tMY Rodoysh Was ae Bo xbpLEC UOP- &6 ByuLovpyiag napaddocuv xorré tov 190 cudsva,, and tic onoles xoLL OL Bio avtavaxdoby Babes xan tayels xowwvixods uEraoxnuatiopots TS mepidov. Evrehteg véa, % roduc add Spayorrixé etaoynuortopéva,, Te PIBGAAOvtA, xomavixés oudBes xau KoWwwviné oopppaCouEvar arcutobaaY véeg enworoeis yin va. Siacpadoovy 7 va exppdaovy xowwvuxy avvOrz xau tavtdrqta xen var Sourjaovy xowouxés oxéaets. Tautdypover, (tor Ue- zafadhduevn xowavia xargorae uc rapaBooiaxés woppés SiaxvBvy- ong and xpdern xan xomavxes nodteuxés tepapylec mo Bboxohes ¥ axd- un xan avepdouoores, Avtd 70 yeyovds anatrobae vées webd30Ug Staxv- Bepynang % eyxa0idpvanc Seoudy apoatwons, Dvarxé, 1 ovvenaxdhovdy enw6qoy «noditdy» Tapaddacwy fray mo ovveldaTh xu oXSmIEN, c- 908, ce UeyEo Baus, THY avaeUBavay opyaviapol UE XpLTYIpL0 THY E- nizevkn mokitixdy otdywv. Axdun, unopobye apéows vo onperdoovpe 6- 298 ERIC HOBSBAWM. un ovvetdyti erwdyon nerdyawe avédoya we to uepldio avdBerkhc ms udow padiopwvxdy exnourdy oe wyxog xSuarog tétO10 TOV tO xOWV6 He ray npdOUUO vax cxxobaet. Exlonues vées Snudates Yloptés, tederéc, vow €¢ 4 obuBoda, nov eEovalatav tic avEavdueves arpariés TOY xpaLTIXGY URAAAMwY Kabeds xoL to avEavduevo SEopLo xowds TOY paAOMREdv, Frav Bovors extons, va ny xarapepovv va xivytoroNjaovy Tovg eBedovees rohites ed otepodyray yvious Aoibais amiynans. H Tepyavve Avto- xparopia anéruye otis mooondberés tyE va. weTaTpeel tov Avtoxpdto- pa Ovidktap A’ ae évay Squopiry, anodexrd Oeyehuorh maréoa pias ever- uévng Tepuaviac, obte vo werarpéiper ta yevélvd tov os yvfoun eOvuxh enéreto. (Mois, odiiOe1a, Ouudrar ofuepa THY andrea va tov amoxa- Aéovv «Ovtuay o Méyac»;). Me exionun evOdepvvan cLacpadatyxe 1 o1Ko3Sunon 327 wquetoy xpos zyuAy tov HExoL to 1902, evs uéou ae é- va udvo éxog a6 70 Oévarto tov Mrloyap 70 1898, 470 dquorxés mept- péperes etyav anopactoe: va eyelpouy «otHheg Mniopapx».! Tldvtwe, to xpéitog ovvédee enionues ou ovenionues, tumixés xa detv- es, monitIxés Kau xowveovinés eniworaers RapABsacwy, TOVAE [LITO ATIC Yed- pes exeives drov mpogxuipe avéeran Y! avtd. Oewpdvrag ta Tpdypora ex twv xét1, 10 xpétos xaDdpite bdo XL TEpLaadtepo tO UEyLotO TwHUEL tov oxnuxod eni tov onotov Siadpauarrifovray o1 xpiowes 3paornp.dry- tes Rov xaBdpitan vig avOpdraves Lake, xa0dd¢ umxOOL au ROMtEs €xtO- nikovray. Tpdeyyort, avr 60 xat Repoadrepo xaBdeite xau emtons pb0- uile tv wuatwch tovg SrapEn (Hat civil). ows to xpdtog va yNY UTO~ Ee to povabixd réro10 oxnvixd, add y SmapEh tov, ta de6 tov xaL OL Bro xou nepraadtepo raxtixés xa Stepeovyrixés eneuBaaets ory Loo# TOV TOMtéY Fray, Ge TeAveh avéAva, amopaoioTInd. Des avertvywéves xO (es, «eOvon orovoulan, to Redio Tyg OROIas opiSray and THY Ent xpére1n xémorov xpdtovg #} Tov unodiaipéaedsy tov, Hrav 7 Bacvel Uo~ veba oxovounetig avéinevEns. Mix ueraBors} ora dpta tov xpdTOUS H OTH rodtun} tov etxe ovoudderg xau Stapxeic vdxés avvénetes ya tous TORl- tes tov. H tumonoinon mg dtolons xett tov vouov ora mhalos tg wat, wiatrepa, n xpath exnaidevoy petaoynuderav tovg avOodnoug oe ronires pias avyxexpuémns boas: «toUs wplKous oe Té&AAOUG», Yue VEL rapadéoovue tov eorox0 titho evds BiBAov.? To xpéitog Yfrav to mhat- 4. G.L. Mosse, «Caesarism, Circuses and Movements», Journal of Contemporary History, vi, ‘1% 2 (1971), a. 167-182 too (S100, The Nationalisation of the Masses: Political Symbolism and Mass Movements in Germany from the Napoleonic Wars through the 3rd Reich, Néo Yéo%n 1975° ‘T. Nipperdey, «Nationatidee und Nationaldeldekmal in Deutschland im 19. Jahrhundert», Historische Zeitschrift, lobmog 1968, 0. 529-585, iis 543 ony... 579 on. 2. Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernizations of Rural France, 1870-1914, Exévpopve 1976, MAZIKH TAPATOTH TAPAAOSEQN: Expamil, 1870-1914 299 o10 twv ovdhoyxiy Spdocwv tov monty, 00 BAUS mov avtés ave ywupifovtay exlonua. O xdpios ordyog tg eydpLag RoduUd|s Sodons, corny onoia dho xa nepLocdrepo xohobvtaY va. TAPE! UEpOS 0 aTRdg dv Opwnos, Frav xaOaph 0 exnpeaouds 4 n adAayh tHg xvBEovnons TMS ronitveig tg. Modeyuortt, mohrtweh, we tm va tng Ewo1n. tov 1900 cued vo, ray ovoiactixé noMtue} eOvudig xAwoxas. Me Aya Moya, Ya moa xcix08g Aéyous, 1 xowavies (q «xowavia tv ROdTdY») Kau tO xpétOg E- vt6s tov onotov Aettoupyobae éywav do xa mepraadrepo akeydpiata. ‘Erot, frav pvawxd Gr. o1 tékers evtds tg xowavlag xar ialtepa 7 epyorin téEy Oa éxpene va teivovy va tavtiatody uéow toy eOvuniic euBédeiag mohitmesy xwqudcrov # opyovdoewy («xoupdtevn), xa e€foov quod 6t avré, de facto, Oa éxpene va Aettoupyijaouv ovaiaotixé e- vtdg tev optew tov EBvous.? Odre elvat exmanxtixd to drt xoyLtaL, ta onola exeBlaxay va eumpoownody wa oRdxednon xowavia «Aad», Ba énpene va. opaporitovrar tyy Urapky tovg ovaraatixé a¢ dpoug evds a- veEdotnton } tovadwotov avtévowov xpdtovs. Kodros, EOvo¢ xa xot- veovia avvéxduverv. Tu tov (to Abyo to xpdrtog, weévo and ta néveo, and tyy émoy wy enionuey xvBepvatay tov 4 tov nYELOVIKGY OLGBOv TOD, HYEIpE TED- téyvapa TpOBAyara ya tov TodRO Swetypnons H axdun xa eyxa0idv- ong Tg vRaKONs, tHE aMOaiwans xaL TIE GDVEpYaCIAg TOV UMAXdwV TOD H Tov UeAGY, H TIS SuOhg tO voLLLOROiyons ota UATLA TOV. AUT xa" eavté t0 yeyovds St ot dpeaes xau Sho xa REpLeadrepo RapeLo@onTIXés xa taxrixés oxéoets tov Ue tOVg URMXdOvs } TOUg TORIES cog axdpCov (, xvplog, ws apynyay omoyeversy) vmipkav xevtpixd oroxeio Yi tig Aettoupyieg tov, érewe va aroBvvaydver tovg nadaudtepous uNyavi- ouots ugow tw onoiwv, a ueyédo BaOus, elye Sixtypnde! n xowevueh vnotayi: Syhod} tig oyerixd avrdvopes ovddoyuxés ovebtmtES avve- taupixés ovaneipdacis umd tov xvBepvittn, aAAG ue eheyyo tov Sixcv tous UEhdv, atPWUATOROMUEvES xoWaviXEs LepapYles TIC OROLes xA0E arpdya avaryvdpite tm Won tov, x.0.x. Le xd0e nepintwon, xowewvixol uetaoynuatiouol, dwg exeivor nov avtimaréotnoay tic SiaBadutoels pe takers, Aettobpynoay vrovopevtixé. Ta mpoBhrara tov xpardv xa tw xoBepyytdy Ftav mpopaviss nOAS mo oEvuevar exel Sov 1 umAKOOL tous elyav yiver moRires, dyad} dvoparo: tov omoly o1 noAItIKés Spa~ arnpiétates avery vapitovtay Oeopixe aay xéet nov éxpene vo ylvel oE~ Baars — xan 6x udvo orig evdoyéc, Eywav be axdun m0 ofvpéva, Stay 3. Auvé anoBetyrnxe teheatBixa to 1914 and ta ootahatixé xounara tng AebrEpNS AreB vo, rou 6x udvo aElovay va elvan ovaracrixd SteBvq and arom nediov dpdons, cihé mpayuartixd uepixts popes Oewposvray enfonya aav tinota nepioaérepo and SieBvh Tuite evds noryxdoptov xuvfuaros («Tadind Tuc ms dseBvoug Epyortons T&Eng»). 300 ERIC HOBSBAWM ta ROMTING KavhLOTA Toy TOMTOY, ws BALES, OXSRILA aUpLOBRTOSaAY TH vonSTTA tov avaTIEwY rOdTUAIs 4 Xow BiaxvBEpYnaNS, variate Tov ameRobvtay va anodeycoby aobyBata we thy KOOL ran xa0opovtas unoypedoers oe xdrowe dAAy avOpddram avddoyUeh ovtdryra: ~ovviibiag tach, exxdnoaotuch H Ovex néwo an? avriy. To npdBhnucr gdwnxe va eivor anoteheouoruxdrepa diaryevpioyo exet dro 1 xowavieh Bou etye aAAGEet oTOV EhéyloT BaOUS, Smov OL TYE wv ovOpdnuw Bev undyovtay ae ddAes Suvéyers and exeives Tov uta avetryyiaatn Oedryta névta, amehevdgowve uéox atyy avOptirwn POA, xan 6rov ot apyalor tpdroL THC LepaPYNxg avwoTepstHTAS xaL TNS TOW uaronompevns, roksuopens xat oyetixé avtdvouns vmotayyig Tapépet- vay o¢ 0x8. Edy xée wropovos va xwvntonouiioes my aypoTié tI vd- tag Iradiag népa and tov téno ty, fray 7 exxdnala xo 0 Pass. Tedyyor, 1 napadocan} avrihndn tov yworxdy (mov dev npémer va rapriletar we ty naByrixdtmta, av xan Sev URdpYOVY nOAAgs TEpUTTE- aeig otic Onoles var apLoBTacy TY RoayLaTU URapEN tv YouOKTN- udvav, epdoov avroi avyxow oto (810 Opfoxerua xa atov {810 had) e- yruauratoray diapxtds and tovg ovvenpytixots ov 190 audya WS TO t- Bavind povrého moRutweg avunepupopdic tov ummXdov. AvoTwyds, TH xpéem ota. onoia Aevtodpynae to Wovteo guts Yrav €E opiowod «Kav orepnpéva xa, exopéveac, avioxvpa, ar xé0e rpoondleln «eXavyX00- Yoo» tous yrav miOavd va xorraoTiae! to LovtéRo Ruydtepo Rettoupyt- x6, Evag «exavyxooviopdc» nov Oa. diormpovoe thy make dréctaéy xot- veovudig umotaryig (mOavidg pe xdmowe xorrdARnAn exwvdnoy napsBoons) Bey fray Oewpnrixd, aBdvartoc, AAG extde and chy nepinrwon tng lore- viag elvar B6oxoho vo. oxeprobpe xéro1 napdderyua exruxobs epap- uoyg otmy mpdén. Mropet oxdyn va AeyGel du. rero.es amdrrewpes ex- vy{oOVlcuod twv xowovamdy Beowsy wag napadooants rdEns ovve~ RGYOVTAY UROBBATUs tg xoWaVUxt tepapyiac, evBovéywor, TOY dye- awy Seowdy tov umNXdov we Tov xevt—IXd xvBepviTy TOV, oxémA ¥ 6- Yb, ORO KOU MEpLdodrepO xaréhnEe va avRpGURebeL Eva véo E1505 xpb- zovg. To «0 Oe6¢ aviter 10 Baothté» rrav dro xa nepicadzepo (éotw xat ovpBodxd) ute mo ooteheoucrtueh ROATUO} RPooTayy and TO «o Qedg var evroyet toy evyev4} xax tovs avyyeveic tov xa var Wag KOAITE OT} Béovaa xowaveh oq». To ev Rbyw xepdaLo yw tH Boeravixh Uovap- lo. plyvet xémowo pas atm Swoduaaia ave, av xor Oa vrav emiOvpntd va Bove iar pehéry oyerixd ue TI andmewpes and avbevexdtepE VoLt- uonompéves Suvactetec, Smug exelves tov AdBobpywv xou tov Poya- v6Q, 6x axtdthg var eéyZovy tous Aaows tOUg «ag UTMXSODS, AAA vor erver~ veddoouv ty apoatway tog ws Suvntudy rodtrdv. Tvopifoue 6ur, te- Auxd, avrés aéroyav, odh& y axorvyla tous Hrav, dpaye, avandpevety; MAZIKiT MAPATOTH MAPAAOREON: EvPamit, 1870-1914 got Aytlotpopa, 70 mpdBAnua trav nepioadtepo dvaxepés ae xedtTy EvTE- Dede vcr, Sov o1 xuBeprsttes advvatodoay va YonoLoMOLjaovY coTEne- oparixé tous 48 veLoTéUEvors Seowods noRttHAIs UMAKOY|g xa TioTNS, xa ce xpd Tov onolwy Be ywdtay mia amoteheoporixd anodextH 1 vouoroinoy tovg (ih 1 vouonoinan tov xowwvxos xaDeotstos Tov avunpoodnevay). Eryy repio3o 1870-1914 vmipyav aovviPota Ayo «véa xpdry». Ta nepioodrepa evpunaiixé xpdren, xa0id¢ erlang o1 ape pixavixés Bquoxparies, elyav 48y amoxrijae: tous Bastxods emtonnovg Beouobs, ouBora xan Rpaxrixés Rov n Moyyonia, éyovtag anoxniaet xdrow elBog avebaptnoiag and tay Kiva to 1912, Bewpotoe, anddvta opbé, we oroneia vee xar avayxata. Ta xpdey auré etyay npwtedou- aes, onpaies, eOvixods Gpvous, otparutixés atohéc xen mapdpoLe av- urapapaptosvra, mov ae peydéAo Baus Bacikovtav oto povtého Tuy Boctavav, tay onolw 0 eOvixds Suvos (ypovohoynuevos and to 1740) elvan midaveds 0 npdtos, xat tov TAR, tov onolav ty tpi~p~@uN oN uato urOnxav evpéac. Tar didpopa véo xoden xox xaeatara unopod- aay eize, drag 1 Toitn TarRuc} Anuoxparia, va mooapdyouy niow ota anobéuara mpoyevéotepwy array Snnoxpotdy avyBokiawdy efte, drag 1 Tepuavnh Avtoxparopia tov Mmiouapx, va ovv8vécovy ty ooapuy4 oe npoyevéorepn Tepyovuch Avtoxpotopla, ue tous p00 xan ta G6UBora evds @idchedBepov evuxoy0H, Svop!Adbs avdueoa ot1g usoales taker xan tm Svvactoxh ovvéyeia tg TowaLe!g povapyiac, TS onolag umixoot, and tm dexaeria tov 1860, ray o1 wroot xécowxor tS Teppaviag tov Mriouapx, Ané ta ueyéda xpdern udvo 1 IroMa expene va Eexivijos: and ty apy} yla va ASoet npOpApata nov o d’Azeglio ovvdioe om PodOn: «Anwrovpyjoaue thy radia: rapa momen var Squt- ovpyiaoupe xa Itadods». H napddooy tov Baatretov tyg LaBotag Sev ray modTixd Berd orowyeio Ew and tm Boperodvtwah yovuc eng xpA xan exxdnola, evorruwvéray ato véo trahixd xpdrto<, ‘Tows va. unv elven exrhnutixd nov 0 véo Baothe1o tg Halas, evovornouevo, wotdao, Ya om «Bquiovpyla Iradtovn, 3 dtanvedtay xa0dAov and evdovaraous oye- td Ue TY RapOYH YQoV aE Réve and to Eva H tO BO TOLC exart6 TOV mndvoyod, weyers Stov avrd éywe evtehids avardpevxto. Eyrobro1g, e6v 1 vouwmonoiqon tov véwr xparey xar xaBeotdtwv 4- ray oyetind aovvfOne, 1 emBeBaiieroy tous anévaver otmy mpdxANON TMS Dating modus Bev yrav. Ong onuerdoaue mponyooueva, 1 aUpoBr- ‘THON AUTH avtIMpoGReDdtaY xoplic, yapLats 4 de vvBvaays, and THY AdROtE eveotueh, Ghote avrayanotin}, ROMA} xoMTOTOINON TOY YO Yav ugow tng Opnoxetag (xuplag tov PoyauoxaBodwxtsy0d), ts takveig ovvewSnronoinans (xowavucig Snuoxpatiag) xa tov eBvIxtaLOb, f tov- Adquato tg EevopoBiag. Moditixé, or auprofintioers autés Boyxav tay 302 ERIC HOBSBAWM. mov oparh éxppach tos ory yf{po xau, orMY REpioSo AUTH, Fray a- Eedudduta ovvBeBepeves efte we thy Srapéy tov Sixaudpatos yov toy uatiy etre we tov aryiiver ytr ty xarrdortnon Tov Bixoucswartog avtOB™ c- yovag nov dieEaydtav evavtiov avuntihov nov elyon xvpitag rapautnbet and to va BieEdyovy pdyec xaOvotepnuevns OmodopLRaNc, MEypL to 1914 xémoro et50g Btevpvyevon, av dye xaDOALXOD, Bixcudyorros HpOV Ya ‘roug dvBpes uToxe oe Avotpania (1901), Avatpta: (1907), BéAyio (1894), Acwvicr (1849), DwhavBia (1905), ToAAcr (1875), Pepuarvia (1871), Frodo (1913), NooBnyla (1898), Zoundta (1907), EABericr (1848-1879), Hyopévo Baoideto (1867-1884) xan HITA, av xo caved udvo ovprr@pariné avvdva- Gorov we Todt} Squoxpacia. Evrovrolc, axdun xen exel Gov o1 Oe~ auot Sev xray Syuoxparxol, auth xa” eavrh n Umapkn evdg walixod €- xRoyiKod atyartog Spayatonoiodae to KPOBImya ty Siocr¥}onans tg vO- utmogpoadyns tov. H advéxorn évodog ts GooLAABquoxoatuays y}pov omy avtoxparopte} Pepuavia: Sev avnavyobae Atydtepo tous xuBepviitES ang exeidH 10 Péuyoraryx, mocryworcind, elye TORS won Sbvayn. H StadeBouémm nedoBog tm exhoyuaig Snuoxpatiac xa n ovvaxdhov- On eupdnan tng watts rodituaig Eovatatav, enopevac, my exwdnon rav enlonuov napaddcewy otmy nepiodo 1870-1914. Auré Be nov ty xoréomor Wialtepa enrroxcunh, Atay 1 xvpLapyia t600 tov wovtérov Tey OIAEhEbDEpw sovToryUorIKdy BeaUdv da0 Ka TIE OLAEAEtBEONG WSe~ onoylag. To npdto cEaapahte dyt Oewontixods, aNd udvo eumELLXObs oayUo's evavtioy Hs exAoyuehs Smwoxoatiac. Hodeypatt, Yfrav Bboxoho vot unv avayévovy o1 DideredBepor, apy& 4 Yoryaga, enéxtaoy tov TOA rudy Buccuwpdtwr ae Shovg TOUS ROAitEs ~ TOVAdLoT oTOUS évdpES. H debrepn elye metdyer toug mo Beauorixods orxovouixods BprdtpBoug xa xowanxods Uetaoynuamiopods Ts ToOTIBGYTAS cvaTNMETIXd THY cITOUL- xéryta évaver tg Beouonornsévys avdAoyixdrHTAG, tig ayopales avvad- Aayés (zo «Beaud tov yoruatos») vavts tov avOpdnivey Seousy, thy rakve} tepapyla Evaver tne vepapyiag twv Staxpiaewy, tyy Gesellschaft é- vavet tg Gemeinschaft. ‘Exot, ovotmportixé améroye va npoapéper exel: Yous toUg Kowwwrexodg Beoyous xa tous Seopobs eEovoiag Tov Dewpo- vray BeBopgvot ae npoyevéatepes xowovies xa, dtc, efye Eexwvijoet we 076 Y0 vat toUs arodvvaydaet, PeyUa nov to nétvye. Exo BaOud nov ot udtes napéuevaw exrdc moderns, # trav érorec var axohoubi}oouy 7 MEEKBEOn aorLxh téEN, Bev UMMOYE UElLov nodTIxd LfrnLaL. ‘Opes 8n and tm Sexaetia tov 1870 xat evredbey ywdtav do xa To Paveps, StL ot pdteg avoprywovtay otyy ToAttue} xou Bev pmopodoe vau Baatatet xar- vels o? avtés dt 8a axohovbijaovy ta apevtinte TOUS. Meté tm Sexaeria tov 1870, enopévons, xau oyed6v BeBata ae cvvdva- oud pe THY eupdvion THE RoduTVEHs uatdy, xvBeprites xoL Raparmontés MAZIKH TAPATOTH MAPASOSEAN: EvPamH, 1870-1914 303 ang peoalas téEng avaxdduntay ex véou ty onovdardryta tay «avopbo- Royixdv» otoryetwv ory Stac¥jpnon tov xoWwwVviKod taTOU xett THE xOWe- vung téEns. Onws mapatnpet o Graham Wallas oto Human Nature in Politics (1908); «Onooodinore emtycipel va Bacice: ty nodtue tov oxéin oF eravekéraoy Hg Aettovpyiag ty avOedmwns bons, Tenet va apyice Rpoonabdvras vo Eemepcoet ty thon Tov va UmEpBaAREL THY TvEDpOTt- xoryta tov avOpdnov».' H véa yevid atoxaatev Se SvaxorebryKe var v- mepvuxioet thy thon auth. Avtot avaxdruipay ex véov avopbodoyixt oroysia. atov around poytous (Janet, William James, Dedwr), otmy xot- vowxy dvyoroyia (Le Bon, Tarde, Trotter), uéow ty¢ avOpwnodoytac atovg pwtdyovoug Aaobs, oF ToaxTIXEs twv Onolwv Be Paivovtay TAEov va Siapvdtacovy andids ta nadine yopaxtmpLotixé tH¢ abyYeovNS av- Opwndrysas (uring o Nrvpxéy dev cide ta otorysia Glwv twy Opnoxet- Gv ong teheroupyies twv avarparidy Wocyevesy;’) axdun xou ae exeivo to 0yvpd Tov anotehovae THY REuRTOVGIa tov Wavixod avOpdmwov Aoyt- x08, tov xAaomd EAAnvoys (Frazer, Corford).$ H nvevporua} wedér ing TOTHAIS Xat THE xoaviag LETaoYNBaTloTHXE and THY avayvepLan tov yeyovdros, Tug OTISY}ROTE xa va Hrav exeivo Tov xpcTobaE eveaué- veg Tig avARoyixés ovrdrntes, avrd, néwtus, Sev Yrav 0 opbohoymdg v- TohoyLoUds Tw atouMdy BEAdy. Aev eivat 636 0 xarkArmdog yp0¢ va avarbaoupe, Eotw xan enItpO- x63ny, THY TvEvparIXh GUTH aROWdxpLVEN and TOV KACOLXS ~pLAEREvDEpL- Ou6, THY Onoia UdvO ot OLxovoUOASyoL amétUyaY va axoAovErGoLY.7 H oygon tg HE THY euneipln tng watvag RodLTUXIg elvat paveon, edixc orm xOoa Srov, a6yQuva ue tov Burke, y umovptovatia: eiye «xoupenid- get andtope, [...] to némdo ty¢ akiompémetag tg Curis [...] tts euxdeor- ores avtandzes nov éxavay THY toyS evyevdh xan Thy evmelBela @IAE- RebOepn»® pe tov mo aperdxAnto tedro xau THA BoOyxe, teixd, Yo vf, ovtipérom we Tm Stapxt avéeyxn vo xvBepver ue wtcr RoAuTIO} Sywo- xparia orn ox& Tg xowovunic exavdoraons (Maprows Kouposva). Za- 6s, Bev Fray aoxerd va AvTo’WaoTe Ya THY eEaavan avtOd tov a1p- yalov xowveavixod ovyxoRkntix08, mg exxdnaiag xan cng wovapyias, xopis 4, Graham Wallas, Human Nature in Politics, AovBivo 1908, 0. 21. 5, Emile Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, AovBtvo 1976, Tpcrn éxBo- on otc yoOixd, 1912, 6. J.G. Frazer, The Golden Bough, 3n &xB., AovBivo 1907-1930" F.M. Cornford, From Religion to Philosophy: A Study ofthe Origins of Western Speculation, AovBivo 1912. 7, ThBawis eneidy; elyary thy ecavdeqra va eEadelpovy and to nedlo Tyg onTUEIS TOUS oudiinote Sev unopodae va opiate: ws opBoroyUx} GvUTEpLPODE TOU UEyLaTOROLE! to a~ moréheous, we to x6at0s ~weré tH Sexcteria tov 1870- pag onarevels avpplxwoans tov ayexewievou tous. 8, Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, ex8. Everyman, 0. 74. 304 ERIC HOBSBAWM. xy ovunddera, dng éxave o Taine werk thy Kopyosve..2 Hray axdun DeyStep0 mpaxTIKd va anoxataoradel o xaDOAXds Baatducs Srag HOEAAY ot povapyxot (xadRov ot xadStEpo: Bio~pnuorés tA RapaBoo.acig Oe- oogferas xo miotys, Smug ata nepirtwon Tov Maurras). Mux evadha- xtwch «notch Opnoxeian éxpene va. xataoxevaotel. Emmy avékyxn av- +H amaytobae 0 muprivas tg xoIwvohoylag tov Nrvpxéy, to épyo evc agoowpévon un cooador} Penovundxdvou. Evrodroic, énpene avrd va Beopoberne! and drydtepo EEoyous Siavontés, aNd Mo mpaxtiKobs odtixobs. Oa Fray avénto va vnoarypi~oupe 6u1 0: éyOpwnot nov xvBepvoboay tay Toltn Anuoxpatia Baoifovtay xuplag atmy extvdnon véov napadd- cewy npoxeylévov va netSyovv xowwwvnei otadepstyta. AvriBera, Baol- Yovrav ato oxdnpd monitxd yeyovdc, duty Ackié ifrav udva omy mhevpd tg Exdoyvais weLodmplag, 6u1 to xowavixoenavaotaTixs TpOAE- apiét0 xa 01 Proyepol TMapilévor unopodaay Siapxds va. unepd@ilo- vrou ond to yopid xan vig wlxpés nOhEIg NOV amotEAoboay ™ UEYEAN mheiodnpia tov AnQvoLod, Kau StL to YvfjaL néDOg Tov Syuoxparixdiy dnpopdpav rg vradOpov yw 1m TaARuch Exavéoraon xo t0 pisos ya ta peydha omovoyixd ovupépovta unopotaay, avv4uc, va xatevva- aroby pe Spduoug xoréArn ra xataveunuévong oe dhe wc Sowentixés e- napylec, ue thy Unepdomiay tov vOMAGy aypotIKdy tyLdY Kau, oxeBdv Beas, us tm Sorhpnon tov PSpwv oe youNAd extneda. O onovdalog eoondorys conaoriis yudpite w exave drav enekepyatorav ty €- woyue} tov opr‘. mpoagebyovtag ato veda. tov 1789 ~6y. tov 1793 xa, vuvobae tm Anuoxootia ory xopdqwoy tm¢, anévavet oTrY OnOLA a varéuBave to xabyxov va elvan matée mpOS 70 cUU@EPOY TOY aURE- Aovpydy ts exdoyefs mepupgperac Languedoc." Tlavews, 9 exwénon napaddoeuy éraike ovoraotixd pdho ory Btaeth- non tis Anuoxpariac, tovAdqato Bapaxitovté ty anévaytt ot0 60- audios xa tM) Aekié. H Toit Anuoxparia, nooouprivras oxdriue ty enavaotanuch napddoon, elte cowrepixevoe tig xowwvixés enavaote- aaig (brag ug Teptaddrepes aooiahotixés) elte ug anopdvooe (6me6 Tic avaipyoavvB.xariatixéc). Axohobbing, rpc wrav of Oéon va xIvyTO- roujaer axdun xar THY TAcLopnpla tev Somtixedy aveundiov THs ota a ptatepd yo vnepamion tng SnLoxptiag xa Ts TapEABobous emavé- araays, of evaio tak xd pérwno nov xaiotoboe ty AckWé udvinn WeLo~ ngla oto €Bvos. Modeypernt, dig anooapnviter 20 eyys1p1510 Clochemerle OxETIKd. we THY MOALTDEH tAg Toles Annoxpariag, xbpra hertoupyla t16 9. J.P. Mayer, Political Thought in France from the Revolution to the 5th Republic, NovBivo 1961, 0. 84-88. 10. Jean Touchard, La Gauche en France depuis 1900, Tlapiot 1977, 0. 50. MAZIKH MAPATOTH TAPAAOSEQN: ExPamH, 1870-1914 305 Ackuég trav vo. xdver xdett Gore o1 xodoL PenovuMAxdvor vor xivytoro!- obytat evartioy t7¢. To Zoowdorxd Epyorxd xivnua. avtuatexdtay, o& xéno10 Ba8Ld, THY RpoadpTROH Tov and THY ATLA} AnLoxparia, xat é- tot eEnyeizat 0 erijaios coptaopds tov rotopiKod yeyovdtos tg TMapiot- vig Koppodvag oto Mur des Fédérés (1880) evavtiov tng Seoponoinans ang Annoxpariag enions, état cEnyeizar n avecatéotaon mC napado- croohg ond ™m véa «dieBvip>, GAG THA exionun, «MaccaddriBa» wg eOvixod tg Suvov atm Siépxeia mms vRbVEa|S Nrpéupoug xa e1BIKé OTH Budkoxera tg Staydyng oYerIMd we Ty ovuPETOYH twv cooLaLordY OTIC aotxés xvBepvifoetc (Millerand)." O1 napadoovaxot yraxeBivor Squo- xpétes ovvéxtoay, 610 Mato tov extonnov avpBohoyos, va vToYpaU- uilovy ty Siapoperixéeyté Tous and tous weTpLORAbels xa TOV xvplap- yous. O Agulhon, nov éyet peherfoer ty yapaxrmoioth uavi. avéyeo- ong uvqpelov, xvplag ys Brag ts Anuoxpotiag, atmy xeplobo 1875- 1914, onpeudver euparixd du atic piloonaatixés Squorixéc nepupeperes 1 Marianne fray your}, tovrdéyoro ato eva athBog, evs orig mo UETOLO- radels Hrav vouévn aktonpencss."? Qordo0, to Baatxd yeyovds Frav dt. exeivor nov éeyyav 70 gavraaiaxd nel, to dvyBoNoys, ts napads- aeig tg Anwoxparias, Hrav 01 dvOpamor tov Kévtpov yaoxapepévor aay dyOpanot tg dxpag Aptotepsc: ot piloondates coaiadatés, o& nagOL- pioneh Exppaon eivar «Sree t0 paravéent, xdxxIv0 an’ wo, dono and péoa xan névta ory mhevp& 70 oul Bovrvpayevon. And tH ottyUh mov énaibay va ehéyyouy tic tyes Tg Anuoxpariag -ané thy nepiodo tov Adiixod Merérov xau Jotepa-, 0: nuépes tng Toltns Anuoxpariag 4- av uetonuéves, Yrépyooy onyavrnés evdelFerc, duty perponadig penovunrucavey urovptovatian avoryvespile tm boy tov Basxod noritx0d mpoBAhpaTss ang («dy exOp0ds ot’ aprotepd») and tyy Borepn Sexaetia tov 1860 xa éneita, xan evepyonoriOyxe var t0 AbaeL e@daoy n Anuoxpatiar ¥rary arabepé omy cEovoia."® Me dpoug extvdqong napaddcuv, welc weito- veg xauvoroples elvar ialrepa ovvagels. H xpden vrav n ovdrtuen e- 6g KOoULXOS 190d8vay0V THC exxdnalag -cTOLyEKbdNS exraidevon, dia- notioyéyn we enavaororixéc Kou Snpoxparinés aoyés xan mepreyspevo xat BieEorydpevn an tous xoouixods avtiotoryoug tov xAipov —H (owe, 41, Maurice Dommanget, Eugene Pottier Membre de la Commune et Chantre de l'Internationale, Tlapto: 1971, xe9. 3. 12. M. Agulhon, «Esquisse pour une Arcéologie de la République; I’Allégorie Civique Féminine», Annales ESC, xxviii (1973), 0. 5-34 tov (tov, Marianne au Combat: 'Tmagerie et la Symbotique Républicaines de 1789 & 1880, Napiat 1979. 13, Sanford H. Elwitt, The Making ofthe 3rd Republic: Class and Politics in France, 1868-84, Baton Rouge, 1975. 306 ERIC HORSHAWM BeBouevys ts PrdyLas tovs, Tov Lovaydy, twv exnaevtixdy (insti- tuteurs)." Aev umdpyet aupBodia, dt enpdxerto yin oxdrin Snurovpyia. MS MeGIUNS Tolrns Anyoxpariag xat, Sedouévov tov Tapowsuddoug ov- YKEVTPWTLOWOS tHE YaArAts xoBéovnons, To TEpLeYspevo Tw eYyEIpL- Siwy mov oxond elyav va wetatpeipovy dy. ydvo yworxo’s ae TéAKoUS GARG xan Shovg tous TéAAOUS Ge Kado Annoxpatrxods, Sev a—péOnxe omny ty. Hpdeyuart, 1 «Ogonton» tng tag tg Padauerig Exowéotaons oe Anpoxpario. xo and ty Anpoxparia éyer wedetmbet dieEoSixc. 5 H Bdebtepn xauvoroula trav 1 extvonon twv Snudouwy tehetoupysdv." H mo onuavend an’ avtés, 1 Huda tng Baotihng, uropet va xoovonoyn- Get ue axpiBetx ota, 1880. Auth ovvdsate entanyes xa avertanues exdn- deboerg xaur halinés ywoorés -Rpoterviiuara, YopOLS atOVs So6Wous- oe [LoL eriora emBeBatwon tng TadMag ws é6vouc tov 1789, otyy onola xé0e TéAhos, dvipac, yovaixa xou nodl, unopotice vx ovupertoyet. Evtobtotc, ev dupnve nepddpr0, nov Soxoha unopotce va unogbyet, yi TepLo~ odtepes otpateupéves Aaiixés exdyddaeig, y yevxt thon ytav var wet oynparioes my xinpovomé Tyg Exavdiotaoys o¢ avvdvacuevn éxppacn, agevdc, xparixig nounddoug eniderEng xa LoxS0g xa, apetépov, evya- piotnons twy Toattay. Mux AtyStep0 udviun LoPHA SnudLwY coptacydy ‘roy oF meprotaciaxés mayxdoutes exOécerg TOV TPdawEPAY ot AnLo- xparia my emdewon mg eunuepiag, tng texvadig moOdS0v —ITdpyos tov Auper- xan tov rayx6ou10 anorxtaxd OpiauBo nov ppdvritay we éu- aon var extonuatvovy."? H tptrm, trav 1 uotveh napayeyy tov Sxpscwy pvnueloy nov 45n onpewdoape. Mpénet va naparnoyooupe ot n Toten Anuoxpatia Sev ev- vootoe ~avribera and didhes ydipec- to oyxcdn Snudarer tipi, and va onola PodNa eiye 489 ROAAG ~cv xa or weyédes exBéoeic depnacy opt~ ovéva an’ avré miaw tovg oto Mapiot, ote xox ta yrydevtuce ayd Awa za. To x0plo yapaxtnpLoTIKd TIS YoAAULIS «ayoALaToLaviagy'® Yrow 7 Anuoxporia ry, mpohaBaivovtas exetvy tay uvnuelwy tov moAguov wetée 14. Georges Duveau, Les Instituteurs, Tagtat 1957° J. Ozouf (erys.), Nous les Maitres d” role: Autobiographies d'Insttuteurs de la Belle Epoque, Thupiat 1967. 15. Alice Gérard, La Revolution Frangaise: Mythes et Interpretations, 1789-1970, Hapiot 1970, xep. 4. 16, Charles Rearick, «Festivals in Modern France: The Experience of the 3rd Republic», Journal of Contemporary History, xii, ap. 3 (lobhtog 1977), 0. 435-460" Rosemonde Sanson, Les 14 Juliet, Féte et Conscience Nationale, 1789-1975, Nlapta. 1976, ue Bip woypagia. 17. Tea nig noderixés mpobéaets tov 1889, npBA. Debora L. Silverman, «The 1889 Exhibition: The Crisis of Bourgeois Individualism», Opposition, A Journal for Ideas and Criticism in Architecture, Avot, 1977, 0. 11-91. 18, M. Agulhon, «La Statuomanie et I'Histoire», Ethnologie Francaise, xy. 3-6 (1978), 0. 34. MAZIKH HAPATOTH HAPAAOREQN: ErPamH, 1870-1914 307 +0 1914-1918. Eizape S00 cidn wwmueiov onic mOherg Kat tis emexpyyoméc nowdrntes TIS YSPAC: THY Etdva. tI¢ [Lag THs Anoxpertiag (ue ty Hop- of tg Marianne, xov tHpa etvau macyxdouLer Yvwari) Ka Tt YEvELopd- ES Howes TOALT&Y TOD eméAeEE o ToMIXds TaTPLUTLOLdS va. BEWpet on- povtxés, and to RapehOdy xa to napdv. Mpcyportixt, eves xataoxent Lquctay rg Aquoxpatiag xpopaveds evOappvvéray, 1 KewtoBovNa xo 0 xd0t0g Tw EPYAY AUTOY avahauBavéray Ge enimedo tomKd. OL emt- yetonnaries, ppovriovrag yua thy ayops auth, RodapEAY emthoyés xa rédinhes Ya To Bardvea xdOe xowSentas tHe Anuoxoariag, and TH qroysteon UexoL THY TAovoitepN, Tov EExWvodaay and tig TLO UErPLES nooropés tg Marianne, o€ ducpopa peyéOn, Ueypr OAdowna ayéruara noulay Siactdcewy, we Béoerg xan aAnyopIxd 4 Nowe cournodyo- ta, Ue Ta oFolK UTOpOCAY va TEpIBAAAODY Ta TOBIA TIE Ot MLO gLAdSO- Eeg nepupépetes."® Ta mohutedt atvora otyy Mhareta tg Anuoxpatiag zou ty Mharela tov ‘E8voug oto Tapiot napetyay ty goyarn exdoyth ang ayodwarorotiag aunic. Tar wmuela avté nymdaroby cIg Beperdders apyés tg Anuoxpariag aircon ata oyvok tH otHY UraLBo- xaL uropet va BewpnBoby ag or opatot Seauol UETAES tv dnpogdpwv xa tov ébvous. Opiopéva didha yapaxtyprotind tov exlonnoy «erwonpéve» napa- Bdcewy Hg Toltns Anuoxportas uropet va onnerbody ev cvvtopia. Av eEaipebovy nepintdoers rapaddcewy Tov oyerZovtay we tm pin on- pavrxdy npoaGrey tov tomxos mapeAOdvtog H we THY URduMON TORI xoy TOMTAdY pamggotay, OL exvofaEls apopooay medic Extdg toTo- plas. Avrd, Sixwag appiBoria, ovetddrav ev wépet oto Yeyovbs drt 700 rov 1789 wropic. (exrdg fows and T ODVAGH UE «tOUg TPOYSvOUS {Lag Tardrec») Obpile ty exxdnota xou tm povapyia, xar ev goer emery} 1 oropia and to 1789 yrav Sawer HOARY Rapd evoromt Sévapy xaBe xAdSOg —, xaAGTEPA, BaOud<- Perovpunrmanopod eixe tous Bt- xo8g tov avelotoryoug Howes xaur axpeloug oto exavactattxd mév0e0, 6 nag delyvet wotopioyoagia ths Padhueig Exavoraons, Dro arydhyorrr suv PoBeomtépov, Mipaund 7 Aavtdv exppdotnxay rapataktaxés d10- popés. Avtifeta amd tic HIIA xat ta xpaty tTHS Aativuxys Auepixys, 1 Todauc Anuoxpatia, enopévac, anouaxpsvOnxe and tm Aarpeia Tov Ocuedwordv Marépwv. Mportunce, dndadh, yertxe cbpBora, anéyovrag ota Yooupardonud Tg axdyn xO cind +7 YOR Beydtav Tov avarpépo~ vrav oto cOvixd mapenOdy UexoL xan ya apxeTe yoone, wets to 1914, wonovdtt ta Repiocdtepa evpwndiné xodern (many Tyg Bpetaviag zat t™¢ TxavdwaGiac) avaxdrvmray tH YonTela tovg and ta peace Tyg Sexcteriang 19. Agulhon, «Esquire pour une Archéologie», 6.7. 308 ERIC HOBSBAWM zov 1890 xou evredbev. Ta abuBora. Yrav Atya: to Tplyowyo (nov elxe xorraatel xaB0AKS xat Rolixd ot atora tov Syudoyou, 0 orotog Yay mapiy o¢ x&0e nohitixd yauo H GAAn tedetif), to uovdypayus Tyg Anuo- xparlag (RF) xau 70 y6t0 (edevbepia, wéryta, adehpdryta), 1 « xardreons weoaiag téEns, tov TeyvITdY xaL TOY ywoL- xOY TOV aLcHévovtay va ameLrotyToL xo aNd tous 50. TlapaddEwe, to mo Squoxparixd xan Eva and to mo xadapd ro0cSi0- prouéva. €0vn, té00 edapixc a0 xou covrayporind, civtiwertomiae T06- Bryne eOvini tavrdrytag Rapduo.0, and oprauévec amdibetc, Ue exeivo ‘ing avtoxparopueis Pepuaviac. To Bacxd norirxd nEBAnuce tov HITA, epdoov elye eEaherpbet 1 midavérnta axdoxong, trav mg va. aopotd- Get uta exepoyevh usta —npog zo téRog THE REPLbSOD, wLa watuxr depLED Rov oysd6v Hrav adiveto va. ™m Stoxewrorel xavetc- avOpdnwy nov H- av Auepixavol dy. ex yeverig aM and weravdiotevoy. Avtot éxpene va yivouy Aueprxavol, Or exwvonuéves napaddacic twv HIIA otny Tepto- 80 avr oxedidornxav nowrapynd ya va Tetbyouy to at6yo avtd. ATO 1 ula TRevp& ot uETawdiates evbapesvovtay ve. anodeyroUy teheté ce avduynon 76 voropiag tov éOvoug —tqy Exavdoraon xan tovg Deuedr- xée rarépes tng (q 4n lovdiov) xox ty Mopotectavtve) aryyhooaEovuch napé800n (Huépa tov Evyapiotudy)-, drag mocypuorink exavev, apod roa avtés éyway apylec xa evxcuples ya Snudotec xa uatixés eop- raatixés exdndcoers,” (Avriorpoga, 70 «éBvoc» anoppdpnge TG GUARO- yixés tehetoupyles twv uetavaotdy -Hugpa tov Ayiov Tlacpmiov, apyd- tepa Hygpa tov KodduBov- atov tot tg apepixavunis Garis, xupleag péow tay LoyVEdy agopoutixdy unyomoudy tg SyworLxig xou xoaTL- wis Todwtunig). And thy GAAy Teves, to exmawevtixd cboTHLA WETa- oynpariotnxe oe unyovi, RORitUEhg xoWovKOROiNONS LE UNYevOLObS nag 1 Aatpeta THC apEpIxavinhc anuatag, ov, «we xaOnEpIh teAetOUP- ylo. ora axoReta tng yHpac, cLanrdOnxe and ty Sexaetia tov 1880 xa evretbey.3! H wéa tov auspixavoyod wg nodEng emedoyic —n andpaon 30. H toropiac avréy tev eopraotixisy exdmciaewy wéver var yoaupel, aAAé paiverat oc gts Ot autés Oeonlotnxay OAS neptaadrepo a¢ eBvixt xAluaxa ato tehevtaio téraptO 00 1900 audva. C.W. Douglas, American Book of Days, Néa Yépxn 1937- Elizabeth Hough Sechrist, Red Letter Days: A Book of Holiday Customs, OdaSEdpeu 1940. 31.R. Firth, Symbols, Public and Private, AovSivo 1973, 0. 358-359" W.E. Davies, Patriotism on Parade: The Story of Veterans and Hereditary Organisations in America 1783-1900, Kéwmnorsg, Mag. 1995, 0. 218-222 Douglas, d.n., 0. 326-327. 316 ERIC HOBSHAWM var wader xémovog cryyamnd, ver Utoes thy umyXodryTA- xa ws emroyh e15ixdy TenoWWhoewy, evepyeudy xan TodnwY aUpREpLPpOPALS GUVERAYTAY any avtlotoyn éwore tov «un apepixaviouot». Ee ydpes otic onoles 6- ota n tov Edovéedov Z’: «H ypnowonoinon, and évav Aad @Royeps AAR, worbo, RpaxtIXd, mag apyalag teXerovpyiag mpoxe.evov va ovuBodos: to abyypov0 ueyadelo Tyg avtoxparopias rove, 1 aveywdpion and yto erebdeon Snwoxparia evdg xpovourxod otéupatos we ovpB6dov Tyg TayX6~ auiag xupiapylac rg gudAg toVs, Bev arotehel anh povtaoperyopiac GARE yeyovds bipratov LotopX0b evdiapépoveoc».# AdEa xar weyaAoasyn, mhobtog xat eEovola, unopocay, cvpBoduxd, va ta Bidcovy ot Praxol uEow tov BaotAiKod Beouod xa. tov teRetOUpyLy tov. Ooo weyadstepn n taxts t600 tystep0 ehxvotUO}, LOPE! va TEL xénouog, Ytav 7 dots} emtroyy Yo wovapyic, Euels, uroposye va Ovpi- coupe du. ory Bupsmn 1 povapyla napéuewe y xaBodud xparveh yop- 9H weroES 1870 xou 1914, extdg mg ToARlag xu tm¢ EABeriac. 34. B.C. Bodley, The Coronation of Edward Vit: A Chapter of European and Imperial History, Aovbivo 1903, 0. 153, 201. MAZIKU TAPATOTH HAPAAOSEON: ErPani, 1870-1914 319 ul 01 mréov xaBoduxés nodimmés napaddaets nov exvofOnxay atny Teplodo aor} tray to entrevypa xparén, Evtovtor, 1 évod0g opyavepévoy yo- Trudy xvndtov nov anarosoay yworotd y axdun evaroucrixd status arévoytt ota. xpdern, oB4ynGe oe apsuores cEeAiEetc, Optopéva: and tor xavipara avté, xvplis o noditixdg KaBohxropds xo Stémpopa etn cOvi- Kouod, Yvdoilay andhuta ty onaoia tyg teAetoupylas, Tg tepotEAe- otiag, tov U680v, ovpmeprAauBdvovtac, xavovine, Eva uvBohoyind Tea OeAy. H anyacia tov enwvonpéveo napaddccwv elven mo evtumwataxt Grav 01 napaddcers avrés mpexUTTaY avéeeca Ge OPBOROYIXé xrLoroL ov Yrav UdAAOV exBpixd npOS aUTEs xa OTEOBVTAY TPOXATAOKELE- ouévav avuBohixdry xou tehetoupyixddy e@oBiinv. 'Ero!, 0 xardtEp0¢ tPd- ‘Tog vo. pehetyooue THY EUdvLy Tous civat, Ge Ula térOLK Tepintwon, uéow tov cooartottxod epyarixos xuviuatos. H onovSaidtepn dtebviig teketoupyuch exdyrOon tov xumydtav av- tév, 1 Hpwtoperyie (1890), eFericrnxe avOdpunta oe pio exmdnutixd Booyela neptodo. Apyiné, oyedidotyXe cg ura Lovaduxh tavtdxoovn 7- ucpiowe anepyla xa. Siad}rwon yua ty epyaoun qu€ea tov oxted w- pay, nov opiate oe ya nucpourvia nov Hn cuvdedtav ent wepixc Yodvia we to aitnux avr ous HMA. H exthoyy t™¢ Nuspounviag autig otay Evpdrn jrav aopadds andkuta xpaypotiotia. TMOaves, onic HIIA, Sev efye teAetoupyixd yapaxtypa, aod eixe Hn xabtepwbet y «Hugo tov Epyatéy» oto téhog tov xooxarpiov. ‘Exer heyBel, dye tv- yato, dt opiotnxe ya vo. ovuninter uc THY MovBivyx Nré, thy maipaSo- ctowh NuEpounvia ya ™m MEN tov woBaTMPLOY cv"BoNalwov orm Néa Yépxn xc ty TevovrSdvic.® Modovor: avr}, Omg napsuores neplodor ovpBdcewv oe uéon TH Tapadocianys evpwraibaig yewpylag, apyuxds et- Ye aoredéaer true tov avuBorxd Poptiopévov erhatov xdxAOV tov Toofiopnyavixod étovg epyaolas, 1 abvdeo% Tyg We t0 BlounYaviKd Tp0- Retaptdrto Fray aagag toyaic. H véa Epyorin xou Loouaworuny AteOvyig dev opaporiomxe xéro1a Wtalreon popgr exSnddaewv. H wWéa evds pe~ OTIBOA epyaréy dy udvo Bev avagépinne omy apy} andpaon (1889) TOV atpotog avTOb, GARG anopolTNXe UE Ieoroyixé emYeroUata amd Sidepopovg oxpatevpévous exavacréres. Evtovtoig, 1 emioyy) mas UEpounviag t6d0 TORY poptCUéyng UE aupBorious and apyaia rapddoon anodeixrmxe onnavtxy, éorw xo av ~Onwg Syddvet o Van Gennep- at Taddia, o avexanprxaviayds tov €0- yorixo8 xivhyaros avtiotéBnxe ato va cuumEpIAnQBoby mpaxtixés ma 35. Maurice Dommanget, Histoire du Premier Mai, Tlapicx 1953, 0. 36-37. 320 ERIC HOBSBAWM, padoo.x0d gorxdp ory Howrouayié.® And my apy, 0 Yloptaoyds Mpoaehuvae xaL anoppdpnoe teetOVpYIKd xaL GvUBOAKE oTOLye!aL, 151 alzepa exetvo utag otovet Opyoxevtuxis H umEpQLOUE|G teheTHIS («Mai- feier»), ui yropty nau ue tt B60 Ewores tg AéEns. (O Evyneds, apod avapéperan a” auryy xapaxrmpovrdic ty «BiadH won», yonowonorel tov 600 «Feier» and to 1893.5" 0 Avthep avayvaoite zo atoryelo avtd atmy Avatpia and to 1892, 0 Vandervelde oto Béhywo and to 1893). O Andrea Costa to eEéppace avrd neplextixds ya thy Ironia. (1893): «Ot KaBodt- xol éyovv to Héaxa, exopévaag xaur ot epyérec Oa éxovv 10 dix tous Té- oxa>.® evs unépyovv onombrepes avapopés omy Ievryxoorh. Mux ne- olepyy avyxprtnet «Ipwtoporyiéctuen BiBaxo4» and to Zaphepovs (BEAy10) emiBudver Yio t0 1898 we to xowk emtypdupora «Ipoherépior dhov Tov Op eveabetren xar «Ayandite aAAHAOUS. Kéxxwes onuates, ta. wovadixé xaBoduxé. abuBoAa tov xvxiuortoc, Um yav and to Eexivmucr, aAAd t0 (S10, ae nOAAEs ypEC, xau ta NOVADB1A: 70 Yapsparro army Avarpla, to xdxxwvo (xéotIv0) tpLavté@UAAO at Tep- uavia, to éyp.o tpraved@vrro xa n ranapobva omy Taikhla xan 0 Méng, a6uBORO avavéwans nov dteladve 6ho xe TepLaadtepo Kat o oTOIOG, o- 76 to ugoo tng exacting tov 1900, avtiaraorddnxe and tov xolvo tg xoidddag, napanéunovtag oe yn nokiixés oxgoeic. Alycr elvan yvaoré oyettxs: we ™ YAddaoa aut} tov hovhovduiy Tov, xpivovtag enlong and ta rovjuorta tng Mowtouayiés ot cooodtatuah hoyoteyvic, ovvdesrav avOdpurta ue tm yLopTh. Aogartds, avté Yrav To Basixd yopaxtypLoti- x6 tng Mpwroporids, exoyh avavéoons, aavéimtvEns, edmidag xar yapds (va BopnBosue to xopttot we to avOiapEvo xRaBi tov Méeq ov atm haiix wun avvdéeta we tog mvpoBodouods ts Mpwropayiéc: tov 1891 oto Fourmies)." EEfoov, 1 Mpctoporyié Siadpaydeice onnaveixd e620 corny avénvEn tg vas aooumdtatueis emovoypapiag tng Sexaetiag tov 1890, oryy onola, napé Hv avapevduevn Eupaoy otov aytva, exixpa~ robae 1 ehnida, 1 eumotoabyy xu n moodeyy107 evds haumpdtepon [EA- Rovtog ~ nov avyvee exopatSrav werapopixc wg avdrrvEn Sév8p00.! 36. A. Van Gennep, Manuel de Folklore Francais I, iv, Les Cérémonies Périodiques Cucliques et Saisonnidres, 2: Cycle de Mai, Taptot 1949, 0. 1719. 37, Engels po Sorge 17 Matov 1893, Briefe und Auseiige aus Briefen an F. A. Sorge u.A., Erovryxép3n 1906, 0. 397. BA., exions, Victor Adler, Aufstze, Reden und Briefe, Buévy 1922, i, 0. 69. 38. Dommanget, 6.7, 0. 343. 39. E, Vandervelde - J. Destrée, Le Socialisme en Belgique, Tapiox 1903, 0. 417-418. 40. Maxime Leroy, La Coutiime Ouoriere, Tapio: 1913, i, 0. 246. 44. EJ. Hobsbawm, «Man and Woman in Socialist Iconography», History Workshop, vi (@bwvérewpo 1978), 0. 121-138" A. Rossel, Premier Mai. Quatre-Vingt-Dix ans de Luttes Populares dans le Monde, Maptot 197. MAZIKH APATOTH TAPASOREQN: ErPam, 1870-1914 Bat ‘Onug ovvéBn, 1 Hoden tov Mém eyxaandornxe o¢ wie exo eGaupe- ‘wos avérrvins xan enéxraong Tor epyarindy xou coowadiatixdy xiv udtov noAvépOpey xparav xa laws Be Oa uTopobsE va éxet xaxOLepe- Oct oe Aydtepo ehmiBopdpa nodTUA} arudapaupa. O apyariog ovuBoA- auss tng dvotEns, nov 7600 napaywyid oovdedrav we To Méuo, ralpuate réhewa omy mepintwon ong apyés ms Sexaceriag tov 1890. Brot peraoyquatiomxe rayéws of ix evtova poptioyéyn erhora ynopry xau teporencatia, H erfox exovéidniby evoryOn Ytcr ver Lxavorrouy- act THY anaitnon tov atpatevpevon atereyiiv. To apyixd modTIKd Te- prexduevo ts Nugpas ~To airmua epydoyins Mugoas oxrd wey avand- Gevxta vmoydonde npoxewévov va avoiker to Spsyo oe ono.adiirote ovvoijuata npotwoboay ta eOvixé epyarind xivfuorta ae évarv optopévo xp6v0 4, avvydéotepa, ae pra axaddpiae™ emBeBalwon ms napovalac THE Epyarueis téENs xt, o& TOAAES Rortwvixés ydpEC, TS avduynONS TOV «Maptipwy tov Evxéryov». To wovadixd apyind oroxeio nov diarnoyOn- xe tay 0 anddvta avvtoviapEvos, xoovixd, SeOmouds tig exdjAwonc: omny axpata nepintwon ts Palas tov 1917, 01 enovactéires eyxaré- Aeupav to 81xd tous nuEpordyio yia va Ytopt&aouy tv TIpwroueryé tous tay (Bia quéoa pe tov unddoimo xdoyo. Tpcyuart, 1 Squdore napéraon Tar epyortiy we raking oynudile tov mupiva THs tehetoupyiag, ‘Hrav, 6- Tag Rapatypotboay o1 axohuaorés, n Hovaducy apyla, amdyn Kou oevérwe oa orig piloonaatixés nou enowaoranixés enetelons, nov ovvedzav We 7M Brounyowuxy epyartuh téEn xan ue xayud ddA, Qorsa0 ~tovAéyLoTO ory Boetavio-, avyxexpyséves xowdeates Blounyavixidy epyardy cixav On SelEer onnddia. exvdnong Yevixdv ovdAoyLxd exppdcewy tov EaD- 0b T0VUg wG TpHUatog tov epyaTKd xwvAUaTOs. (I ywopTH twy avOpa- xapbyxav tov Nrdépay xabiepdoyre yr mpwry Pops to 1871). Onwg 6- Reg or napduores teAetés Hav, H ye xa ave, Baowxd, wx evydoorn omoyeverone exd#dwon. Ot xAaoixés nodtixés exdyddaeig Sev zirav vRO- xpewtixd cov avriiv. (Avtés 0 yapaxr4pag wRopet axdun va. RapaTnEN- Oet ae tétotes erayevéotepes «emtvonuéves napaddaeign Smwos 7a ebvt- x6 PEOTIBEA THE TadUEIE xouLOOVIOTUAAS E@NLEpIdG Unita). Onws Ores tous, état xa auth avvdsate tm Smudare xen ty Wuatveh xapomoinoy xat evduuia we THY emBeBalwon tg apoalwans oro xlvqua, nov YraV Baorx6 aroryelo ary auvetdnan rig epyarunic zéEnc: pntopeta -o71c nue- pcg exetvec, dao ueyardrepns didipxeiag té00 to xadbtEpO, APOE Uta xa- yj oiria ara éurvevon xu Staoxéda0y-, AABapA, ofuara, ovvOqyarc, 42, Edward Welbourne, The Miners’ Union of Northumberland and Durham, Késnput 1923, 9. 155: John Wilson, A History of the Durham Miners’ Association 1870-1904, Nrépay. 1907, 0. 31, 34, 59° W.A. Moyes, The Banner Book, Gateshead 1974. Autés ot eviioies exByhdacrg na~ povardtovrat va éyouv Eexwnaet oto Tidpxoaip to 1866. 322 ERIC HOBSBAWM x.0.%, To mo xploo aroyeto tay du emBeBaiwve ty napovala ts epyarring réEng usow tng emmbpwons THC SOvayns THs EpYaTiAchs téENC: Ue THY anoyh and tHy epyaota. Tapaddewc, n emruyla ts Hpwtoua- yids érewe var elvan avdhoyn we thy axopdxpvvar tas and Tig vYKEKEI- uéves xaOquepés Spaormordentes tov xwviuatos. H weyaddtepy emttu- lo. fray exei Sov ot coowdorxés BAéeIg exiparovoay ent tov NOMI 71x08 PEARIBLOS Kau tov avvdixahoTXO UMOAOYLLO Tov, dmws oT) Boerowia. xou ty Teppavio,' érewe vac evvoet pia exdfrwon ty moctn Kupraxh, tov whva Evo tng erhouas qucphavas ancpyiag thy npdtn tov Mém. 0 Bixtop Avthep, evaiatytos orig diadéoers tw avorpLaxdsy Epya.- rev, etye emwelver ovyy anepyia ue diadfAwoy nad ty avuBovrh tov Kéovton, xan ovverts 1 Avorpne} Mpwropanik anéxtoe aovviy Bbvayn xow amiymon. ‘Exot, drag Eovpe Set, n Hewtopryié Sev exwor- Onxe téa0 entonua and tovg nyéres tov xwvhuaros doo eywe anodexch xat Oeoniotyxe and avtobs ue TY RPwtoBOUALA twv OnAdeY TOUS. H Bévayn rg véag napddoons capes exrysrOnxe and tous €x0p005 ang. O Xithep, ue thy of ela alaByon nov diédete oyetixc we 10 ovUBOAL- oud, Bofxe emBountd dy. udvo va vIoDerHoet to xdxx1v0 and Tm onWouio. TeV epyariy aAAG xo THY [ta THY Hpwtouayd, uerarpEnoveds THY TO 1933 o¢ erionun «eOvuh quépa twv epyariv» xa, ovvaxdhovie,, ano- Bvvaydvovtag tov nporerapaxd tH yapaxniioa.\® TMapeumuntdvews, uropodue va naparnpyoovue 61 ovueoa get UETaTpaRe! oe YEVIKh ap- yla. tay epyaouévov omy Evpeonaticy ‘Evoon. H Tpwropayri xar napdpores epyatinés tehetoupyies avijxovy xérov avépeo ot «roditxés» xar «xowarreécn napaddoers. Ltig npidres a- viixovy usw tev oygoedv tous pe walinés opyawdacic xan xOupata mov unoposoay -xau mpdyyart oxémevay- va yivovy xaBeorata xan xoden, xan orig Bebrepes exeidy cE pooav yo. tm ovveldnon twv epyartiv yl THY Gnapkh tous ws ywpraryic téEns, BoBEvtOs bt. avTy Be Siaywo1- Lorav and tig opyavisseic tng taking. Eve oe noAAés nepinrdaeis nig atHy nepintwon ts Avatpranig coarodSnuoxpariag ¥ twv Bpetavedy ov- Apaxwpsywor- réEn xar opydvaaon éyway oroxeia akeyspiora, avr 3 onuatver dt tavrivovray xhac, «To xivqua» avérrvee tus dixég tov napadéoec, mov ug ovpuepitovtay nyétes xau otparevpEvor uROGTTOL- xrés, aRAd dye avorynetir ot dnpApSpOL xaL OL OTABO!, xa aevttorpOHA. 1 43. Carl Schorske, German Social Democracy, 1905-17: The Development of the Great Schism, Néo: Yépien 1965, 0. 91-97. 44, M. Ermers, Vietor Adler: Aufstieg u. Grisse einer sozalstischen Parti, Buéwm xau Aeupia 1932, 0. 195. 45. Helmut Hartwig, «Plaketten zum 1, Mai 1934-39», Aesthetic und Kommunikation, vii, Tf, 26 (1976), 0. 56-59. MAZIKH HAPATOTH WAPASOREON: EvPOMH, 1870-1914 33 +dEn uropoboe va avantwEer tic Sixes Tyg «emwonusves napadéaeic», nov cite Fray avebdprates and ta opyavapeva: muviuata ete oxdun xo Grontes ota pétia Tv axtiBiovdv. Ato an’ autés, Katt ot 860 Gages npoidvra mg enoyis as, akiter va tig Sobue avvontixé. H rodry elven 1 eugémon —xvpling ory Bpetavia, dnd mBawisg xa ae dARES YpEC ang evdopaciag «we exdiAwon tg tékng. H Sebtepn ovvdéetat Le to po G16 aOdntioys. Aey elvan tvyaio, Tov 7 ceIpd tov xapixddy axe8lov nov oaripile ev- Yevixé tov napaBoouxd avBpuxd nodmmious tng epyatwaig takin tS na- Audig Blounyawuxig Tepr63ou tg Beetaviag (xvpling tH¢ Bopetoavertodt- wig), Ox éxpene vor emidéer wc vécho tg xan GUUBOAO THY TpayLéaxa., 7 onole, npayparinc oymudrite 70 uBhqucr tov wéAovg tng téEns tov Boe- tavod nporerapiov dtav Bev Ftav om dovdeté: onoxadodvtay «Andy Capp». Mia napdyowa e&lowon ovdueon otmy ten xaL THY Tooyweoxa umfpye, o€ xértoto Babys, ory Tadd’? xou, entons, mBaveds oe oproye- va uépn tng Tepuaviac. Erm Boetavia, etxovoypapixés evdeiters, tovdd- 970, vRod|AOvoLY drt MpOAErdpIOG xau tHErYLdOXa, YeviIKd, Bev tavtiLo- vrow mp0 tng Bexaeriag tov 1890, ard& dr Ueyot to téhog ts TepLddOv ov Edovégdou ~Sreag exiBeBaucdvory pwroyoagles mhiPovs Tov pebyst and noBoapaupriodc arydves % poles ovvabpotaeic- 9 tadt10y avrh tay oxed6y TAVoNS. H avaxodh tTHg RPOAEtApLAKAS TPEYbaXAS TEpYLEVEL 0 xpovnoyptipo ts. Autds ¥ auth, Umopel va uROpLdLerat xénoL0G, Oa Bost dz 1 tatopla ts tooyidoxac ouvdéerat ue exetvmy tng avéertvENs wv polndy abhnudrwy, apod avtds 0 ialtepos txog xanéhov eypa- vikeron mpwta cay abdntxd cidog ond yeaa atHY avertepn xau ™ Ueoala taken. AveEdoryta and tay mpoéhevoy Ts, Eywe aagids yapaxrnootiné Ing epyatuatis THENS, dx udvo excid4 Un GARwv réEEwY, H exetvor mov avépyovtav ae uta téro1e xowavuch O€on, de Bx HBerav va toUg UREp- Bedovy UE tog npoderé&PLoUc, aAAG, elons, enEIdy o1 yeWodvaxtes EO- yéres Be podvrtay (exrds, avaypipora, o€ nepinridoeic weytihng emton- usrtntac) var xarbmravy tar xepddua. ToUg UE OMOLOVBYnOTE and TOUS dih- Aovg MoAvdpLuovg BialEryovg Méxor ty Bexaeria tov 1890, ro nod00rd wy onovdaatéry ng Bowns and omoyé- veteg tg Besitzbiingertum etye avtnfel and 23% o€ nepinov 40%, eved e~ xelvov and THY mapadootne} exoryyehuorue} urovptovatia (Bildungs- biirgertum) etye néoet and 42% o€ 31%." To (810 ovveBy mOavesg xeu o7H Boetavic,, av xa, ory Sexaeria tov 1890, you maparnpntés onuelio~ vay axdun ue éxmdnEn, dtr or AyyAor onéma eyxaréhermay 70 oyorelo net to 16.7 Avté BéBata dev foyve mAov yin thy «avdtepn weoaia GEN, av xan ato Litmus avrd Ayn oveTmuatue} eoyaaia éyer yiver. H BevtepoBAOuta. exnalSevon mpdapepe éva evpd xpLTMplO oyerIKé UE ayy widtyta tov uehoug Tyg Wedalag téEns, AAA Eva xoITYILO KOAS Ye vuxd ya vor opiter ¥ var evroniter tig taygiog avkowdpeves, aAR& mévrt0¢ cipi8unrixd Uaddov wixpés, edit mov, efte T1c ovopdaovpe xuBepvedan t6- 65. Avawpépetaa oto E.J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Capital, AovBivo 1977, 0. 59: F. Zunkell, THY ERLPPOH tog ot vedtepy Yetd. ‘Exot, to Beta Theta Pi [Onws yive- tat evdéws avtyntd npdxertar yi tx Yoduporta tov EAAnvixod arpa- 71, «Mg avvéreia ms yevonts tdons ovountoyod tov Ayyhov, navi ax’ dha tov Ay- yay nov avépyovray ommy Kove xA(uoxa, n exralBevay tov Meaatov Tétewy ceiver va wopponoiettat Béioet sou Rpdturov tm Avébtepns Meaaiag TéEys, av xat we Aeyérepn xactovdwo7 x06v0v xat xorwatog». Descamps, L’Education dans les Beoles Anglaises, 6.m., 0 67. To gatvoyevo xd0e tho naps xaBaph Boetawxd Frav. 72. The Book of Public School, Old Boys, University, Navy, Army, Air Force and Club Ties, evoar~ ‘yory: James Laver, Aovdivo 1968, 0. 31. BA., enions, Honey, 6.7. 73. Honey, 6.x, 0. 153. 74, W, Raimond Baied, American College Fraternities: A Descriptive Analysis of the Society ‘System of the Colleges of the US with a Detailed Account of each Fraternity, 6, €x8., Néa Y6pxn 1890, 0. 20-21. 75. Bernard Oudin, Les Corporations Allemandes d tudiants, Tlapio. 1962, 0. 19° Detlef Grieswelle, «Die Soziologie der Késener Korps 1870-1914», ato Student und Hochschule im 19 Jahrinondert: Studien und Materialien, Pxénwyxev 1975. MAZIKH HAPATOTH TAPAAOREQN: EYPOM, 1870-1914 333 Bytov, Biira, Orisa, mt, 70 (B10, enlons, mio xdérw, we GAR Yedupa tov eAAnvx08 aAPABr TOD, Ya TapdpoLoVg BVARyOUS - U.7.M.] elye SexaéEr xepdrare. aropotrov 70 1889 aAAK exardy 3éxa to 1913, udvo Evav ofxo aderpSrHTAG tO 1889 (av xa elyav yrOTEL WEPIXO!), GARE oapdvra ere to 1913. To Phi Delta Theta efye tov ncito avAhoyo anopottwy tov to 1876, aAdé t0 1913 0 apiBude eixe avEnBel o¢ Tepinov exard. Ing HINA xot oty Teppavia, ta Sia-yeveadoyixé até Sixtua ématEav 70 pdRO tovs avverdyrs, mOaveds emer} xen atI 360 avrés YES 0 aO- yrds toVg pbAOG WE TPOUNDELTdY avOpdrwov SvvaUXOD oe SnudoLH Aerrovpyfuata Yrav TOA’ capri. Ta «Alte Herren» nov Spactno.oTo!- ovvtay ota «Késener Korps», ot opyavtiaetc ez avt0b tov elSovg om Bexaeria tov 1870, reprkduBavay 18 vroupyobs, 835 Syudowovg Aevtovp- yous, 648 Iuxaotixobs aEUIZatobyoUs, 127 aELoparosyoug Twov SnBotl- xdv apy, 130 otpotuites, 651 droue. tov tazpxod ¥AGSOv (to 10% a’ aurots otehéyn), 435 xaOnyntés tng SevtepoBAOpwas xcu Tyg mave- mommuraniig exnaiSevang xar 331 dieqydpous. Avtot Eexepvotcay onuo- ved tovg 257 «yauoxrhwovecr, tovg 241 toanetizes, Stowentés exauper- Gy Kau eumdpovs, toUg 76 Ge TexVIXt xa TOUS 27 Ge EmOTHLOVIXE ERaY- yéhwara xa tovg 37 «xadnuréyves Kou exdbrecn.”® Or npcdres adehoen- TEC apepixavindy xoreylov édway entong Eupaon oe TéroLEg OPYAVADEL anogottwy (n Beta Theta Pi to 1889 aeuvovdray yin tovg 9 yepovara- até, tovg 40 Bovdeutéc, tous 6 noeaBeutés xan tous 15 xvBeoviitec), AAG, Snag Selyver o Tivaxag 2, y orovouneh xan ROATUeh avénrvEN roug EBwoe ute LErpLe avodix} Bon, eves atm Sexaetice tov 1900 atic a- Sehpdryres avrés cEéyovo Béon xatetyav or xamitaworés. Hodeyport, é va. atiua Srw¢ to Delta Kappa Epsilon, nov to 1913 nepidcuBave évav Cabot Lodge xat évav Oe63a90 PovoBert, xaBi¢ entong 18 ekéyovtes zpumetites tg Néas Young, avdueca otoug onolouc 0 J.P. Morgan xat 0 Whitney, 9 1oxvp0ds emtyerpnuaties and t™ Bootdvn, 3 otvdoBétes T16 Srdvrapt Our xaw axdyn, omy anoyaxpvouévn Mwveodra, évav James N. Hill xo évav Weyerhaeuser, npénet va umipEe wun xatonhnxrixt emuyet- pnuarich papa. Bem Boctavia, civar coarse va nope Sut ta é&tona Bixtva rov SqurovpyhOnxay and oyorela xen xodEyia, evioxvdpeva. and ‘THY omoyeveroxy ovvéxera, THY EMILEIONBETUXA KoWeaIKdTHTE Ka Tis A= oyes, Yrav TO anoreheopatixé and TI exionuec evéscerc. O Baduds a- noteheowarinétytas uropei va xpwWel and to wotopIxd ovpdrav dmw< 10 (Spvua via 10 ondéawo tov yeveahoyixo8 xb31xa oto Bletchley xu 7 Movéda Evixay Emyewpioewy oto Aedtepo Mayxdouto MéAeuo.77 Ot e- 76. Grieswelle, 6.7, 6. 357. 77.R. Lewin, Ultra Goes to War, AovBivo, éx8. 1980, 0, 55-56. 334. ERIC HOBSBAWM. TINAKAE 2 Andporrot mg Delta Kappa Epsilon (Dartmouth)” Aexoeric 1850 1890 Anpdotes ummpeates xat vouind m1 mw larpuxd 3 17 Wogrxot 6 40 AwBacoxairin 8 12 Entyeiproets 8 7 Anuoowoypagia xat Suavénoy 1 10 ‘Aotné 3 5 Bivono 50 102 * Delta Kappa Epsilon Catalog (1910). nionues evisoers, edv dev mepropitoveay oxdriua ce uta edit —6nwe yeouavucy «Késener Korps», 1 omola RepiAbuBave to 8% Tov yeouaveey onovdasry to 1887 xa: 10 5% to 19147, unopodue var ROGUE dzt cv- véflanay onuaveixc otyy Rapoyh yeviKey xpLTMplaY xoLMovIxtiS «ave ywoptopsrntag». H wSidtyta tov péAovg onoLaodiinote ABehosry tac EA- Invixey Toaupérav -axdun xou tov excryyehuarixdy mov noAamAaod- otmxay and co téog tHe Sexcteriag tov 1890 xaut 1 xartoyeh onovaadij- note yooRéras pe Siacyanes Aovpldes oe xéroL0vg cvvdvaanoss yowud- twv cEpmpetovoay to avyxexpyiévo oxond. Evtobror<, 0 xpioit0g drums UNYavLoNds YwR oTPWLATOROINOn evs Bewpntixk avonxtos xar enextewouevov avariuatos Fray 1 avtoentAoyh anodextdy xowovmey eraipov, xan curd envredyOnxe, nave am’ do, ugow tng apyaiag apiotoxparuni evaoydimong we ctOAyucrta, omotc uetaoynpariotnxe oe ovotmua enioquoy aydvev evavtioy avtayeve- otdy mov emAéyovray we ty extiunon, Ste dEav Béoer xowwowxtdy xpt- elev. Etvan onuavexd, 621 to xaAGTEpO KPLTHOLO THE «xowsrNTAG TOY SquoWwy oyorei@v» nov avaxokgryxe, eivat and Tm uerérm oyeTInd Ue to not axohela Fray éroysa vor RalEovy ronwidia peraks tovs,® xa StL otic HIIA, 9 chit tay navertotnuioy (ta Aprotoxpatixd Mapadoovoxd Kodéyta - Ivy League) xabopitovtay, tovddquato army xupiaoyn BopeLo- avatonie TepLoyh, and TY emIRoyh xoReylov nov didAeyav va TaiEouy 78. Grieswelle, 6.7, 0, 349-353. 79. 0 Baird napabéree 41 adehpsrytes to 1914 nov Sev avapépovtat x0 1890. 28 ax’ avrés BosBnxav etd to 1900, 10 xpo tov 1890, 28 mepropifovtay at Suenyopovs, yia~ {po8s, unyavixos, oBovroyiaTpObs xat EAhes exBrudtmTES xapLEpas, 80. Honey, 6.7, 0. 253 Xe. MAZIKH TAPATAPH MAPASOZEAN: BrPAMH, 1870-1914 335 ustaks tovg noddapaipo, 10 onoio oy ovyxexpyévy 160A trav ovOLE- arin éver GOqua xoReytaxd. Odte xat civat ovunt@potixd, 671 OL ent- anyor aAneixol ceydves peraks OEpdpdng xar Kempt avarréyenxav ovaaarixé wets to 1870 xo e1Bixc peraks 1890 xu 1914 (BA. Ttvaxcr 3). Bey Teppavia, ro xowavixd avré xorrvp10 avaayvapiloray exdixé: «To yopaxtyptatix6 nov Eexwpiter ty axadnuaire) veoraior cog eSuct xowwovex) oudda (Stand) and thy vnddou xowevte, elvat Evvo1x tng “Satisfaktionsfahigkeit” [ anodoy} tg nedxAnons o€ Lovouayia, Iydady, StexBlxnon evd¢ avyxexpyrevov xowavixé xaBoproyévov ootérov tris (Standesehre)»,®! An)ob, 0 de facto Staywptopss ovyxodunrdtay we evar xat? dvoua avor~ x06 adore. TINAKAE 3 Taxtixot ayves OF pdpins-Kéuinprrt xard xoovoloyudh xardcakn Xpovoroyia Ap. ceytovaow AOAnuc Tipo tov 1860 4 Kolxer, xomaoia, paxéres, tévig Aexaeria 1860 4 AOhntexés aorjaets, oxonoBoRy, uriDwipd0, orerh Aexaeriac 1870 4 Txohp, noBéapaip0, péryxumt, 620 Aexaeria. 1880 2 Avajudiios Spduos, tems Aexaetia 1890 5 Mnof, x6xei, oxércovyx, xoAbyBnom, youdrep ndho 1900-1913, 8 Topvactunh, xdxet ext néyou, x6xet o& x6pt0, xoupaes 4o- tonodyhéirwy, duelxvotivia, Expaoxia, xodpoes avroxivh- av, avapoiyion ce hépo we potoRodihara, (Oproyéva an? urd apyérepe eyxcrtadelGnxcry) * Yrokoylotmxay ané wmv Royal Insurance Company, Record of Sports, 9y &x8., 1914. Avt6 nas exavagéper ae Eva, aimd tar m0 oquavtné otoryeta tov veov xOWOVLKdY ToaTIXeY THE TepI6BOD Has: ota ono. H KoWwovLA LoTopLoL wv OTOP THE avitepns xa Uecalac téEng Uever vor yoauprel,®? GARE E86 uroposue va. Rowe Toia Rpéynoat, Mpcitov, ot tehevraties rpEIg Sexaetieg tov 190v cutive oquexdvouv évay amogactotix6 Uetaoynuatious ory Bud Boon nadaucy, emwvdnon véwr, xa tm Deoponoinan Tw REpLoddrEpLv a- OAqudcov o€ eOvux} xa ae dteOvi, axdum, xAluaxc, Aebrepov, av7y n BE ouorotnon npdapepe t600 tc Sywdara Preplve Yio ta ono, nov xéRoLOS ‘81. Gunter Botzert, Sozialer Wandel der studentischen Korporationen, Munster 1971, 0. 123. 82, Tia optopéva oxetixt atorysia BA. Carl Diem, Weltgeschichte des Sports und der leibeserziehung, Exouryxdépn 1960 K1.C, Wildt, Daten zur Sportgeschichte, Teil 2. Europa von 1750 bis 1894, Schorndorf bei Stuttgart 1972. 330 TRIG MOBSHAWM (e1pwvd) unopet var ovyxpiver we m Uda yx ta Sypdare relia xa 7H ayduora otyy rodutud}, 6o0 xa évav pnyavioys yw tay enéxtaon Bpa- ormpiorytwv mov wéxo: tote nepLopifovtay ory aplotoxoatia xa TY moda. urovptovatia, mavé va apouodyet tous tPdroug Lars Ts GE tar Stevpvvdzevn wAipoxa tov «peouiwy réEewv». To dts avtds 0 UN vouds, omny nreparun Epi, napéueive neplopiayévog o€ [te c1pxe- th wetoth edit mpo tov 1914, elvan Eva. GAR Gitnua. Tolroy, napetye é- va unyomoud yw va avvbéoe. droua ood8vapov xoWwevixos emuédov ov Biapoperinc Bev elxav opyaxobs xowmovixots Seopovs xr lowe, nave on’ dha, yu va rpoagéper evav véo EdAO yux tig aarés yuvadxes. To GOAnua mov enpdxerto va yivet t0 TAEoV yapaxtypLOTixd TOY Le coiwv téEewv, unopel va parice xa ta rpia aut ororyeia. To tévic E~ mivorOnxe atm Boetavia to 1873 xat andxrqoe 70 xdaaxd tov ebvixd tovpvoud exe! (Toviumdetov) to 1877, téooepa yoduia. Tow and to ae prxavixd xat Sexarréooeoa yoovia new and ro YaAAIxd cBvixd mpcorcOAn- ua. Andutyae Be tHy opyavapevy die0v} tov didoraoy (Kmeddo Neél- Bic) 70 1900. Onig xau to xorg, éver &AAO 4OAnwce mov enpdxerTo ver cr noderytel aovv4diora ehxvowixd yia Tic weoules takers, 3e BaciLorav oF nadia} mpoondbera xa ot AEaxes tov —Siayewploueves uepixés opéc UdARoV axeIB& oximata nov anaizosaav UEARov danavyph avvTHENoN- Be avvdéovtaw we «Alyes» xau Rerrovpyovaay ws Suvmtixd H Roaywort= xd KoWwovind xEvTPG: OTH REpintwaN TOV YXOAp, OVaLAOTIXE Ya TOUS dvBpec (xau army nparyyarixdryta, yevxé ya exyyeyomuaries), eves ory repintwoy tov tévic, uct tous véoug Tm¢ Heoalag téENG ayestepwv TOY Qohav. Emindéov, efvar onuaveixd drt ot aydves ya yovadixes cxohobOn- cay raryéos 7H Beapobérman tov aydvay ya vBpec: ta pove raryvidier téug TOY YovaIdy e1ayABav oto Toviynrerov enr& yoda werd ta. arvel- oroIXe Tov avBdv xout ta aqeprxarixc xa yodxé eOvind mpwraOArucr ta €Et yodua werd tm Oomoy tovs,® Lyed6v yx node pope Eva oop mpocédide ae akwoagBactes yuvaixes rng avdrepng xox Tg peoalag té- Eng avoryveaprapévo Squdato pdro ws Eeywprorery avOpeomveay dvewy, EE ané 7m dettoupyia tous we autsyov, Buyarépwy, untépwv, ovVTPSpLY H Gdhwv cEapmpdrwv wv avBpcv evrds 7 extdg tm¢ orxoyévetas. O pdRog Tov atyY avéihvon THs Ye~pagérmans THY yuvaIKdy anauTel UeyaASTECN Rpoaoyy ond 6,nt Ect, ueyp1 tPA, ovyxevrpidoEel, Snug xa oxéon TOV ue ta takibia nau tig Siamonés THs peoaiag téEnc.* 83. Encyclopaedia of Sports, S. Brunswick xa Néa Yépxm, &8. 1969: Lawn Tennis. 84, Tha wa mosey avayveapran ts Moyns tov tEvig ws «atOLYElov mms EEEyEpONS TOY Ywy xat tov Buyarépev tg weoalag tang», BR. T.H.S. Escott, Social Transformations of the Victorian Age, Aov8ivo 1897, 0. 195-196, 444. BA, extons, R.C.K, Ensor, England 1870- 1914, OF(pépbn, 1936, 0. 165-166. MAZIKH HAPATOTH MAPASOBEQN: Exram, 1870-1914 337 Etvat edéuota anapatryto va texpnoudaovue to yeyovds, duty Be- oponoinan Tey onop npayyatonouiOyxe Tic Tehevtales Sexaeries tov at- cova, Axéun Kou at Boetavia, ta oxop OeopoderifOnxav Udhig now and 27 Bexaetia tov 1870 -r.x., 1 Evwon ya to xbmehho nodoapaipov x00- vonoyeitar and 10 1871, 10 mpwrd0Anua xpixet ae enimedo xopntetas a- 76 10 1873~ xau and tére entvoHOyxay ROdAG véa oop (tévic, uRdve[L- vtov, x6xel, youdtep 6X0, x.0.x.) ¥ eroryOnoav de facto ae Ovid} xAlua- xa. (yxoh@) % ovaTmLaronoujOnxay (unk). AAA’, otyy Evpdrn, ta anop aty adyxe0vn UoEpH ToVg anoréhecay ovVELBHT ELoHYWYH} KOLO vucdv akuaby xa tpdnwv Larig and ™m Boeravia, xupliag and daoug ern- pedlovtay and to exnadevrind abormua ts Boetavudtig avétepns ta Eng, 6rtws 0 Bapdvoc de Coubertin, nov ray Bavyaoriig tov dp. Arnold.®> Avr nov elvat oquavtxd evan 9 tayStyta pe THY onola. Eytvav OF pete popes avrés, av xau y MoayparTix} Oeoponotnan mpe xémug nepLaadte- 0 xo6vo. ‘Exot, 1 abdntwoh Spactnpbrmta ms peoalag téEng avvddace 340 atowysia tg exwénons ts napddoons: 10 modITINd xaL to xoWwwnIxd, Ané 1m pia TAevpd ovviaroboe pia avveldqeH, av xan avvflag dy. exi- ony, Tpoorabera aynwortopos was xvBeowoac eit Béce: tov Boeta- vx05 povtéov, 70 onoio ovpRAoave, avraywvtéray 4 emediioxe var a vuxotaaTiae. ta naaWtepa aplotoxparixd-ctpatuaTind yovtéAa HS ameipotuaig Evpdmms, xo état, ondAoya pe tig tomixés ovvbiixes, ovv- BEOKE Ue covmoNTIXk 4 GREAEDEPA otOYEla Tw TOMMY ondtepaVv xat pecaloy téEewy.% And tay dAAn mhevpd, avviatoboe pia mo avBdp- unt andneipa xabigpwons takmay yooupdy évavt. tov watery, xvpliag Ue tm avotmnarueh Eupacy otov epaarteynous cg xprtmplov tng aOANTI- wig Bpaormpdtmtag tng avedtepns xa ueoalas rdEng (Smw¢ oto tévic, army évoon noBoapaipov pceyxum. Evaver tov ovv8éouou nodoagaipov xa TIg Aiyxas e&yxum, xa0d¢ xa otovg Ohvumiaxots Ayésves). Evtod- ToWG, amoteobse, exlons, wie andreloa va avanrvyrel t690 Ever eWd1xd, véo, aotixé nedtuno Spastmpioritav ax6hng xat vag tPdmO< Lootig -xoLL yuct 101 B60 PAL xa mpoaaTIAXds H extds tov dated” doo au Eva E- Aaotixd, Biactaduxé xprefpio tov uEhovg opddac. 85. Pierre de Coubertin, L'Ezole en Angleterre, Napa: 188° Diem, 6.7, 0. 1130 x.e. 86, Marcel Spivak, «Le Développement de I'Education Physique et du Sport Francais de 1852 & 1914», Revue d'Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine, xxiv (1977), 0. 28-48" D. Lejeune, «Histoire Sociale et Alpinisme en France, XIX-XXs», Reoue d'Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine, xxv (1978), 0, 111-128. 87. Avté npénet va to Staxpivoune and ta mpdtuna tov abhytixdy BpaorypLoTyTOV xan Tay vraipuoy SoaotpLoTI Ta avadbuycis ms Raduds aprotoxpariag Kat Tov axpATI- xy, goto xat av uepixés popes avrol emBiBoveay axa véa onop 4 wopets oop. 338 ERIC HoBSBAWM 01 a@honaudtés, t600 tov pay 600 xan mg ueoalas téENs, ovvdsa- Cor ty erivdnan TODiKaY xan xoIWaVIXeY napaddacov xa WE Every 6A- Rov axdun tedn0: nooapépovtac éva wéso eBvuis taUtOROINONS xat mhacwaruas xowdtmtac, Avr dev Fray véo x08” eaurd, apod ot pati xée qvorxés aaxhaeis ovvdovtay ané uoxpod ue prAchedbepa-eOvciati- x6 xaviuara (10 yepyavixd Turner, to Taéyuxo Sokols) % hertoupyoboay Gs ororjsia eBvucis avayverprons (oxonoBort we tovpext ota EABeria). Todypaz, 1 avtoy} tov yepyavixod Yonvactixod xwiporos, ae Bion e- Oveaotueh, yevuxd, xan aveBpertavund, Bualtepa, emiBodduve aageg my P6030 tov palixdy abrmudtwv om Tepuavia.’® H éyo80g twv anop rapelye véeg exppdoeic eOvixiauod uéaw TIS emthoytig H TS Extvdnons cBvixé e1Sixdy aOhnudetwry — ovadind pdeyxumt ae Buéaxooy aed to eryyhi- x6 noddc@apO xa to xEAtIX0 TOddaQAIPO aTHY Iphavoia (1884), TOD a- néxtnoe vio watve, unoorrioén xdérov cixoot ypdua apydrepa.® Evtostois, worovdr: 7 etduh Siacwvdeon Ts PVOUNAS doxnons UE TOV &- Avoid w otoryeiov tev eOvouotxdy xvqUdtov napépeWwe onLaVTHEh —orwg om Beyyédn?”- and rte xou batepat, dopants, Frav AeyStepo onyavrueh ané 360 dAAa Pouydueve. To npdto on’ avr vray 1 cvyxexpmévy exdifhwon tov Seoudy ov avvéBeuy Bdoug toVg xartolxoug tov eOviK0d xpétoUs, aveEsorNTA and roninés xu mepupepeiaxés Siapopéc, mus OTMY EvtEis ayyYAuEH OBO apaipuch xovdrobpn %, axpiBéotepa, o¢ téro10vg aOAyTIXobs Deowous 6- nag 0 nodydarxdg Tipog tg Poanag (1903), axodovbospevos and to Tipo tg Iradias (1909). Ta pauvdueva, avté yivovtay ddo xa TL on pavtd xabds avarticcovtay avOdpunta 4 néow eymoprdy uma ausv. To 3edze90 Fray oF BieBvels aBAntixot aydve nov TOAD obvroya. ovurdipovay tovg eBviKods xo pracay oTHY TUR} tovs éxpaon army avaBiwon toy Odvurtenedy ro 1896. Eve ofuepa yyopitovpe xoidé tay &ccasy omy orola rapsuoto: ayéives amnotehoboay unoxatéotato eOvunig tavrdentac, elvan oquavttxd va Opicovpe du now and to 1914 uddig etyay apyfoet va. anoxtody t0 abyypovo yapaxnhipa tous. Apyixd, «ot dieOveigr arycsves ypnotuevay va unoypaupovy THY evéryza tev e- Byav 4 Tov owroxparopidy, ae Weyer BabUs UE tov tPdmO TOD to éxa- vary ot Bua-nepupeperaxol aryesves. Or Bpetavixot diebvels aydves ~Orewe avvidac 01 xpwrondpor- Frav aydves weraes tov eOvedv cu Boerav- xv Nnaudy (oro nodéagaipo: ot aytsves ty Boetaviag orm dexaerio 88. John, 6.7., a, 107 xe. 89. W.F. Mandle, «Sport as Politics. The Gaelic Athletic Association 1884-1916», ozo R. Cashman - M. McKernan (emiy.), Sport in History, Queensland U.P., St. Lucia 1979. 90. John Rosselli, «The Self-Image of Effeteness: Physical Education and Nationalism in 49th Century Bengal», Past and Present, 86 (1980), 0. 121-148. MAZIKH TAPATOPH HAPAQOREQN: ErPamit, 1870-1914 339 tov 1870, ue ty Ipravdia va ouunepraupévera: om Sexaeria tov 1880) 4 Sippy zynuérwv tg Boetavucig Avtoxparopiag (Aoxiraor- xot Aydveg Gpyoay to 1877). O npsdrtog Sebviig RodoapapIxds aydvas extdg tay Bostavixdy Nyoudy yrav wetakd Avoroiag xo Ovyyapiag (1902). O1 dieBveig abAntixot aydvec, we Atyes eEaupéoerc, mapéuewvay e- puorreyixol -SyAadi onop tH¢ peoalag réENg- axdyum aL to TOdd- opaipo, 6mov n AteOviig Opoorovdia (F.LF.A.) oxquatiotyxe and ydpeg ue xo} watodh oroariipiéy yua to nouyvid: to 1904 (TaAri,, Békyto, Aavia, Kérw Xépec, Ioxovia, Loundia, EdBetia). Or Orvumtaxol napé- pewav 7 xbpra diebviig apévar yx to GOAnUa avr. D’ avrdv to Babys, 7 ebvuxy tavronoinon uéow tov aBAytoyod evavtiov tw Eévay atyy 7: plod0 aut patvera va éyet undépker mowrapyixde pauvouevo tHg uecalaec tans. To yeyovds uropet va elvan xa0” eavrd onpavtixd. Ago’, drag éxov- pe Bet, ot weoales téE els we thy evpbtepn Evvoie BovMay THY UTOXEILEVL- 2h opaduxh tavtonoinay ovvibes Sboxoln, exerdi Sev ray mocywariné a exapxds uixeh weropnola yia ve. xabepdae eve. efBog emovixcdy eddy wrag eBvixod ebpoug AgoyNg mov évave, Tapadelyyatos xéorv, Tous Teptaadtepoug an’ avtovs TOV elyav mepcae and tv OEO603n xan to Kéynprtl, obte Yrav enapxids evopévor ue xowt uoloo. xa Svvn- ux} addndeyyon, Smeg 01 epyéres.2! Aovytixé, ot uecales téECIG edxoda Staywplotmxav and tous xardtepovs tous LE TOdMOVS Smws n avOTNOH eUUovh orov epacrteyvind ablytous, xaBddg eniong we tedmOUs Loris xa okies «xaOwonpemiopod, ya va pny avagépovue to Sterywocus oty drapovy. Oerixé, unopel var AeyBet dtr evxodStepo yu’ avtés Hay var xa~ Srepdoovv pix aiabyon tov va aviiovy xérov pale wéow eEwteprxdy ovuBdrov, werakS tov onoiey tx cbyBoAc tov eBvixtouod (marpUOTI- ouds, trepiadiouds) Fray, lowe, ta 70 oquaven. Ox uRopobae xéroL~ 0g va unootnpiet dtu vray tumixd napdderyya narouotumie téEng to yeyovds, dtu 4 véo Hf avepysuevn socio. réEn evxordrata Bore 706- roug va avayveopiter toy eautd tHg avAAOYIX6. Avté civar Oewprriné. Uto napdy xepdAauo Sev unopobue var MPOYLO- pyooupe nepiccdtepo. ESd elvat duvets va emtonudvoupe pdvo étt v- 91. 8a ¥rav evBiaupépov, o¢ ySpes nov emirpénovy mm Bidxpion AUTH, va epevviiger xa~ veis tig adhayés o7y apoBaia xoweovxt xorhon tov Sedtepov evixod xpootnoD, ovUBS- Rov xowavinis aBehpooivns aad xau npoownveic omerdtytas. Aveueoa otis avéotepes abers elvan ovxeta n xoron Tov Ueraks cvuuadnreoy (Kat, Gris we toUg yéAROUg RORUTE~ AviKoW'g, Rotiny oxovdactéc), avvabEpovs-akuouartwx0g Kat var avvauph. Ot epyéeres, ax6~ un xat drav de yyapiovtav uetakd tovs, xonoono.odoay to Sebtepo evixd ovornLart- x4, Leo Uhen, Gruppenbewusstsein und informelle Gruppenbildung bei deutschen Arbeitern im Jahrhundert der Industrialisierung, Bepodvo 1964, 0. 106-107. Ta epyarixé xwvfyarta tov Be- quobémoay uerakd tov Uehdy tons (wAyarmré Kipie xox ABERGED). 34° ERIC HOBSBAWM TaPYEL TOVAdYLoTO [LA Ex TPcTHG Sipews EvdetEN YLa to yeyovdg avTs, 7 onola Biamordverar orov RatpiaTioUd tov UTAAAMrKdY oTPOLETOV ms Beetavias otov Tédepo tg Notas Agpuxic®® xan oto pddo twv Se- Exdv evotixady patixcdv opyavdcewy -cuvrpintind tng weoalas tééns AAG byt pe abvOeon ehix- oy Tepuavia and ty Sexaetin tov 1880 xa ustd, xa0ddg ou ota EXEn nov aaxotae atovs (yepuavépervovs) portn- tég mavemtatyiov o ebvucopuds tov Schénerer ~ éva otpd~a TS HEOa!- ag téENS Babe onnadepévo and tov cBvixtond de TOAAgS evpwRaiixés x0pe6" 0 ebvouoyds nov xépdile EBapog tavriotxe ovvtpiTtId UE THY Todt Ackié. Lin Sexaetia tov 1890 ot apyink piAchedOepor-cOvi- miatés yepuavot youvaatés eyxoréheupay ta nodLE eOvixé yoduara wor Lind ya ver vioferyigovv to véo worwpo-canpo-xdxxivo AéBapo: to 1898 ydvo 100 and ta 6.501 Turnervereine diarnpobaay to rad6 patpo-xdx- xwvo-yovaaipl.% Auté mov eivar oapéc, eivor du. 0 cOvimtoyds éywve Roxatéotato Tg xowovudis ovvoris figow jag eOvEdig exxAnotas, wag Bactrnaig omoyé- vets 7 GARwy avvextixdy napaddccwy, avto-rapovarecew GUAROYL= xdv opddev, wag véog Aotirrig Opnoxeiag xau étt y then Tov ancttodae évay tér0t0 tPdn0 avvoyzig xarTk x6pI0 A6yO Ftow 1 avaRTvadsyEVT HE- cata téEn, 4 uddAov excimn n weyddn evBraeon usta nov t600 yapa- UTILOTIXG aTEPOVTAY GAAwY LopPeY avvO;A¢. U0 onusio aVts va to eravohéBouye, 1 exwdnon tov noditxdy Rapaddoewy ovuninter we Tyy emvonon Tov xowwvixery. Iv To va cEaxprpesaet xaveig to cbumheyya tov «ertvonpevov rapadéce- cov» orig Borixés ySpeg peraES 1870 xau 1914 etvar ayerixc ebxoRo, Zxo xepdrato avtd avapépOyxay apxers apadetyworta térouwv exworaewy, and us ypaBéres tov nodudy oxorelay xaL tx Bact wBnraic, THY Enétewo rng Baotidng xau tig Ovyarépes tg Auepixavuni Exavéiota- ans, Ty Hpwrouayté, tous AeBveic xau tous Odvumtaxotc Aytves wéxot tov Tehxd tov Kunédov xan 0 Topo yg Takia wg Squogidelc tede~ 92. Richard Price, An Imperial War and the British Working-Class: Working-Class Altitudes and Reactions to the Boer War, 1899-1902, Aovaivo 1972, 0. 72-73. 93, Tpénet va onpeun6et drt ory Fepuavie y gorrmrucl edit Korps avtioxd0nxe otov a vriompitioys, aveldera and Tig un edit opyawdaeis, uoRovért de facto tov epépuote (Grieswelle, 6.7, 0. 353). Quoting, 0 cotomurtiouds eipixOnxe ato YEpUAVIXE YouVADTIXS xlvqua we migoeis ex Tay xéte, Evan xdrotag avttotaans and Thy nade eBviKopAEhED- Seon aotuxh nyeala tov xwvfuarog (John, d.n., 0. 65). 94, John, 6.7, 0. 37. MAZIKHU MAPATOTH HAPASOZEQN: Eran, 1870-1914 34! roupyles, xa 0 Deouds tg Aatpelag tH onUalas ot1g HILA. EoyrOmxav emiong 01 noditixés cEeNEeig xou 01 xowavixol petaoynparionol mov uropel va eEnyobv autd to obumheyua,, av xa OL teAevtaioL mepLaadre- 00 avvortixd xan Oewontixd and tug mpdtes. O Adyos elvar Set, SvotD- 40s, EUXORSTEPA TExuNOLdVOUBE ta xivmTPM Kau tig TPOBECEIG exeiveev nov etvat ce 0éon va Deopuorosfoouy exionya téro1~¢ xawvotoyles, axdyun xa tig ovvérerés tous, Raps tis véeg Roaxtixés OV avaddovtat avOdp- unta and ty apy. Ot Beeravo! totopiXo! tov UEAAOVTOS, avuRdpovo! ver Roayyaronoujaovy napbuores Epevves yia tov datepo 206 auddva, Oa é- yovv TORS wrxepdtepn Svoxoria ue thy avddvon, ag TowUE, tov tehe- ovpymey avyencudy ms Bohogoviag tov Képn Mountbatten and 6,11 we rug véeg autés moaxrixés drag n ayood (avyvék we weyddn Bonevy) arto umd dioxprrdv nwaxidov avrouvyrov. Be xdle nepinwon, 0 ot6yos tov BiBAiov avt0d eiveu vor eveappdver m wehérn evds oeruc véov BE- warog, xou x60€ npoonoinan dt. 0 yeIpLory Kae Kad Tpdr0 Siapoperi- x6 a6 Soxyacrixd 0a Fray extds torov. Evtobzo1c, napapévouy rpere der tg «emtvonons tH mapaBoonc» army nepiodo avti nov anaitobv, coumepaoparixé, oplouéva. oovortixt. oy brat. To npdro etvat n diéxp107 perakd exeivay twv véwv mpaccimdy tng Repiddov nov anodetxernxay dt Siapxosy xan exelvav nov anodelyryxarv éu de dtapxody. Avadpourxd, gaiverar dui n nepioBog nov xaAGTeL tov Tlocs70 Toryxdopto Téreuo onyarodoret ure diaipeon petaks twv yhoo- acy tov avpBormod Adyov. Onws atig atpatatixés otOAEc, av7s Tov uropodse va anoxdnDel oneperinds tednog éBwoe tm Bon TOV oT mola. Or otodég emivorOyxay yl ta wolnd xomwora tov Mecoroné- uov, nov dboxoda uRopoboaY va eniaREatoBY tH SixaLohoyla TOV xa- uovprat, anéquyay tar Comoe yoouara, nootdvrag mo povytés ano- Yodaers drag 70 wadoo xan 70 xage Tov Dacierey xa tw EBvix0G0- aiahtarav.% Ayo appiBoria, paveayrepés evdvuaoies ya tehetoupy!- xég eoprés emwvorjOnxav xou yi déw8pes tay meio 1870-1914, wohovdr: Bdoxoha ba Gvunbodue napabelyporta ~ exrdc lows Ue tov pdn0 THE E- néxtaong tov nadaidtepwv atiA ae vous Beopobs tov {S1ov tov xa status, drae o1 oxadnuaixés viBewor nou xarbRTpES TOV Ke@aLOd Yue ven xoneyia xan mrvyia, Ot mahiés evBouaotes, aapards, dicrnoOnxav oxdun. Evtobtotg, xénotog éyet ™m Como evrdnwon dui, and thy &rodn auth, 1 meptodog exetvy ovvempyOnxe and to cvadwpevruévo xepdrato. 95. O1 mo Yionpés rérores atonés gaiverat va etvat Tar UME ROVEULOG aL OF KOwxIvES yoaPdres soy xumudron ung dooakatuaig veohalas. Ae yrapite nepinrdacig xosuatos x6xx0v0v, ROpTOXaR: 1 xizptvOD RoUdutaOD, odreE xénOLA yvioLe RORIYPCLN TEAETOPYUA} euon. 342 ERIC HOBSBAWM An6 dd2n éxodm, 007600, avarrdyrnxe oaytds ever mahs lap we Bi- aitepo evdovarzays. H powia yo xaraoxenh ayoAudreoy xau addnyopied Btaxoopnueva 4 ovuBodwxd Bqudoa xvipra éyet Hn avaupepBel xox eAéry.- ota augiBédAUE 6x. aut xopUPdOnxe ueTakS 1870 xou 1914. Evtos- OIG, 70 lap avt6 tH ovuPohuUig exKOWuviag RpoopILSraY va UTO- Ywphae. Spaporné uetakS tov nodeuwv. H cEauperve} tov Squorde™y- Ta ERPSKEITO var amodenjrel oysBdv 7600 Hoayd Bia doo n abyxoovn E- xonén evdg ddAov elBovg avyBorwouod, ts «véag téyyng» (wart nou- veau»), Odte 1 paluoh meoaapyoyh ms RapaBoo.weis aARnyoplag xa Tov avuBokopod ya SqUdaovg oxonot's, UTE 0 avtoaxedin0N65 was véos xo un axpLBoRoynuévag YRdaaug yt 70 Utd H tO OnALKS, GAA Reeves evds KAURVASYPALLOD GvUBOALLOD, xupling YLa WuoTX0HS 4 N- urBurTixods axonobs, gaiveran va. éyet touptdker nepiaadtepo and TpO- wpe atic Sores xowarixés avédoynes ta avédeizav. Lyerixk we tovg Aéyovg, usvo UnoBéoeLc UnopodyE vo. xdvOUpE, xa ede Bev elvau o xa- tdidAmRog 6TI0g YU" AUTO. Ané ty GAAn mhevpé, unopel va AeyBel Sx Eve GARO ipa SqUdovav avpBodwod Adyov, 10 Beatorxd, anodeixrnxe nepioadrepo Sapxés. OL Bqudores tedetovpyies, o1 mapeAtoels xa o1 tehetoUPYIXEs ODYKEVT—C- acig pativ xA0e ddA maps vées fra. Evrodtors, n enéxraoy tovg ya emionwous axonos xan aventonuors xoouixods oxonots (uatixés exdn- AGoerg, Rodoapapixol ayioveg xaL tx SuoLa) oryY repiodo auth elver udMov exrhyrcud, Eninhéov, xortaoxenh emionuoy YOowv teporehe- orlac, ov i6n ouverd)z& exrepdermxe Yi. T0 Yeppavind ebvixi0¥s, paive- rat va éxet yiver ovarmporinf oxdun xau o€ ypEC nov Ueypt Tote Ayn mpoaoy} Edwav a avtd -va oxegtel xavelg to Aovdivo atyy nepio’o tov Bdovdpdov-, evi Be Oa énpene va napaprépovue ty exwvdnon army Repi080 aut} ovaactixé Véwv xaraoxevdv yix Bedwota xo de facto policy tedetovpyuay dmwc eivar ta aOAntixd otédia, vnaiOoa xa cowtepixd.® HW Baatueh Rapovaia atov Tehixd tov Kunédhov oto Tovéumet (ard 10 1914) xox 9 Yonoonoinon rérouy xtipliav drag to Sportspalast 070 BepoRivo ¥ to Vélodrome d’Hiver oto Tapio: and ta uatixé xohuara tov avriaxorywr ywpdy ot0 Meconddeuo, reounySovy THY avantwEn exioquwy ywpwv yur Snudores patixés teherovpyies (y Koxxw MAareta and to 1918) nov enpdxerto va xaAepyndel ovotmua- ud and ta Qactorine xaOeorGra, Mnopodue va anELdoovue, Rape- umintéviws, du oe avtiotoyla we thy eEdvehnon TS Todds yAdooas ov Syydo.0» avuBodowos, ot vées ThoElc yia rérolES BypdoLEs teAE~ 96. TlpBX. Wasmuth’s Lexicon der Baukunst, Bepodivo 1932, vi: «Stadthalle»- W. Scharau- Wils, Gebitude und Gelinde fiir Gymmastik, Spiel wnd Sport, Bepodivo 1925 D.R. Knight, The Exhibitions: Great White City, Shepherds Bush, AovBivo 1978, MAZIKH TAPATOPH TAPAAOSEQN: EYPOMH, 1870-1914 343 tovpyieg frav n éupaon omy amhdrmta Kau tm wmpetaxdtmta naph Ooty adAnyORLE, Btaxdaunon Tyg Ringstrasse otm Biévy tov 1900 audva ¥ tov wynuctov tov Bocopos EupavousA orm Poyn.”? réon nov #6n elxe Biapavet ary Buch pas nepiodo.® Enopévaas, atm oxnvit tng Syudavas Loris n Eupaon petatoniotyne at- 6 t0 oxediK0"s hertouepds ene¥epyaouevo xat norxirhov oxnvuxcdv avvdhav, xowdy vor eivar «xdxxwa» Ue tov ted plas acipsc xapTOBY nov agnyetta ua totopia ue tov td was tamoepl, ory xivnon wy www tov yonouin ~ cite, drag ovyBaiver oe otpatiatixés ¥ Bact duxés mopnés, uta tehetoupyud} uerodmpla evepyel moos dperog evs a %ix06 xowod nov napaxonovbet cite, dmwg ovuBatver ota ronttUxé alt xd xevhuara tng meprd8ov (Greg ot exdydidaeig ts Mowrouoryedc) xe orig pcyéides patixés aOdyrixés exdnrdoerc, mpayuoronoretvar wo aver win noonoudy xau xowoe. Or thoeIs avréc mpoopiLovzay ya mepatrépea avéntuEn pert 10 1914. Xepig napanépa Bewonrixés vmo8Eaetg oyerixé Ue awry ™ Uop@H Snudoa Tehetoupyiac, 3e galverat Rapdhoyo va tH ovoxeriooupe we THY Tapaxuy TS Tadés mapaBooNS xa tov exdnL0- xpotious tg moe. H dedtepn dyn tng emvonuémns RapdBoons ory nepioBo auth apope tug moaxrixés nov tavrilovrat ue evdixés xonvovnés rékeig Hf otpmyara ae Sidxpioy and ro uéhn evpstepar diarakvady avdroymey ovtoryrov drug elvan tar xpdirn ta «éOvn». Eves xéenotec térotes moaxrinés efyav oxed.aoret enioqua ws eushivara rakveis avvetBnons -01 moaxtixés 5 Tpwropayids uetaks twv epyardy, n avaBiwon ts «napadoa.axiign ev- Svuasiag tov ywpucdv (de facto, ueraEs twv mAovoidtepwv)-, Evag ue yasrepo¢ apibuse Sev tavtoroiobyeay Oewortixc xa, ROdyWOT, TOA 2ég npaxrxés anoteAosoay rpooapuoyy, eEeiBixevan x xocrdreenon moa weUKGY TOV apYXé eyxadoryxaY and ovdrepa xoIvavIKe atPdpTdL And ta née, 1 taEve Yop €8d ovpdtav Ue TpEIG tPdRoUG: HE TH Buarripnon tov céyyov Tov xoatuxdy Wovudray and TY aprotoxparia 4 ™ weoula tain, we tov xowwvixd anowheLond ¥, ovvnborepa, Ue TO upd xdatog 4 tH anomdeHTA TOV averyxatov xeparmovy.xod eEoRA- uot (yiimeda révic % vypStOROL ya xovAyL aypLyaRon), AAG mde arn” dha ue tov avorys diaxwptoys pstaks epacrteyvauod, to xpLt¥pLo tov onop ota. avitepa orpducrco, xouL eraryYeAportoLoH, tov Roy!xo8 tov e- naxdovbov avdyeca otHy xorresteon epyartunh réEn Kou ty TéEN TeV nohewv.® ABAhuara yapoxcnouatd wag tang aviueoa ota yaUNAdTE 97. Carl Schorske, Fin de Siecle Vienna: Politics and Culture, Néa Yopxm 1980, xep. 2. 98. TloBd. Alastair Service, Edwardian Architecture: A Handbook to Building Design in Britain 1890-1914, Aovbivo 1977. 99. 0 enayyeAuatiouds ovvendyerat Eva Babud enayyehuarucis eEeiBixevons xat tee 344 ERIC HOBSBAWM 00: hoiixé: otpdpara ondvia. avertixgmeay avverdyté wag téro1e. Exel 6- nov éywe avrd, avv*big avvéBn we ty vL0BEryoy aOAnudt@Y amd Thy avéstepn téEn, thy extémion Tov RpONYOUUEVaY Aettoupyy tov aBAhLA- tos Kou Thy avéervEn, axohosBac, evdg avvhov kpcxtixdy de véa KOL- veovnet Béon (xovdrobpa tov nodoagaipov).. Or npoxtuxés, Sinbodueves, Aondy, xoweovinc OOS Ta. xéeceo —CL) THY OL plotoxparia omy prouptovatia, and thy uRovptovatia otny epyactuxh 6- En- fray mibavedg xvplapyes ory Teplod0 auth, byt Udvo ota ano, aAAG otmy evdouacta xat ty VALE xoUATOBpA yevend, SeBopEveay THs SdvaxuNS Tov avoumoyod UeTaED twy peoaiav réEewv, tov akuby rng LaTHEg aUTO- Bedriwons xau tay emitevypdray aviireon otic ehic eg epyarcing tek ng.” Avréc wetaoynuariomxay, aANé ot votopixés tov mnyés Rapéuelvav o- porés. To avtifeto xivnuc Bev vray cendy, GAAS otyy repiodo avr Hrav Auydtepo opard. Kénores uevonples (aprotoxpétec, Stavoospevor, Ta- pexxMvovtec) uropel vor Bosuatov optoueves Aalixés vnoxovATOupEC Ket Bpaormpidryres ~Smwg m téxvn tov wowLr YOR, GARE 9 omovBaLdrep7 apopoinan noktiopxdy npoxcixdy avarrdyryxe avéxeda atic xattbte- ges takers A, ya tO wabixd Aolixd xows, expdxerto va avuBel apyorepa.. Optoyévar ompddta cxv708 Frav opaté and to 1914, ov xvpting Siayeco- AaBodvray wesw yg StaoxEda0yg xt lows, névwo an’ GAa, wéow tov xowveavrx08 YOO, Tecyua Rov uropel va cUvBéerar we THY avEavduery Yewpagérnon Twv yuvarndy: U6Ba Yl pdoyxraiin to taryxd, Evrodto.s, onowdinore Epevva tov rohmonxdy exvoroewv otay Tepiodo GUT} dev umopel apd va onueusoer thy cvérreven Tov auTOX96vav URO-nOM- tansy xorwtepwy TéECaY xau TOY Rpaxtixdy nov be YOwoToSaav tino- Ta ata povtéha tov avirepoy xowavrxdy rékewy ~ axe4y «wg uRoTpO!- 6y Tg aottKonoinons xan tg waves Uetavdorevane. H xovdtovpa tov tayxs ato Mrovévog Alpes eivan éva napéderyua.!™ O BaByudg atov o- nolo dha aut evvdooovtat dé ple ovtiitqon oyerixd UE THY exwvdnon ang napddoons npéne: var napuyever Cirque Squdovov diaddyou.

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