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    Acoustic Emission PDF

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    Venkatesan Rajalingam

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    -Stions and Swers Levels I, I, and III Acoustic Emission Testing Method ‘Compiled by the Acoustic Emission Method Committee of the Personnel Qualification Division, Education and ‘Qualification Council of the American Society for Noridestructive Testing, ‘This publication contains suggested questions and answers in the Acoustic Emission Testing method for use in ‘conjunction with Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A for Personne! Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing. Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A is available from ASNT. Published by ‘The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, In ITLL Arlingate Lane PO Box 28518 Columbus, OH 43228-0518 Copyright © 1995 by the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, In. All rights reserved, No part ‘of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any ‘means without permission in writing from the publisher. ASNT is not responsible for the authenticity or accuracy of {information herein, and published opinions or statements do not necessarily reflect the opinion of ASNT. Products andlor services that may appear in this book do not carry the endorsement or recommendation of ASNT. ISBN 0-57117-010-3 Printed in the United States of America Table of Contents References Reference Usage List Level I Questions Answers Level II Questions Answers Level 1 Questions Answers wun 11 ll 13 15 7 Recommended Training References Acoustic Emission Testing Method ‘The following references were used in formulating the questions contained in this book. A. Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section V, Article 11, “Acoustic Emission Examination of Fiber Reinforced Plastic Vessels.” Fairfield, NI: ASME. Latest edition. B.* Miller, Ronnie K. and Paul Mclntire, eds. Nondestructive Testing Handbook, second edition: Volume 5, Acoustic Emission Testing. Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 1987. C. Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section V, Article 12, “Acoustic Emission Examination of Metallic Vessels during Pressure Testing.” Fairfield, NJ: ASME. Latest edition. D.* Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Control: ASM Handbook, Volume 17, ninth edition, Metals Park, OH: ASM International. 1989, E. Pollock, A.A. Practical Guide to Acoustic Emission Testing. Princeton, NJ: Physical Acoustics Corporation. 1988. F* Moore, Hatry D, ed. Materials and Processes for NDT Technology. Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 1981, G.* Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 03.03, Nondestructive Testing. “Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Resin (FRP) Tanks/Vessels,” Standard E 1067-89. Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials. Latest edition, 4H. Fowler, TJ. “Acoustic Emission Testing of Vessels,” Chemical Engineering Progress. 1989. ** Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Each question found in this book contains letter(s) and page number(s) in bold type immediately following the answers, For example, In acoustic emission testing per ASME Section V, “Aticle 11, sensor spacing on fiberglass-reinforced pressure (FRP) pressure vessels is governed by: a. the test article temperature b. sensor diameter ©. attenuation d. the type of couplant In this example, the letter “A” refers to Reference A in the list provided above, and “90.15” is the specific page in Reference A where the answer to the question can be found. Reference Usage List Acoustic Emission Testing Method Reference A: Total = 7 Level I (3) Level I (4) Level IIT (0) Rererence B: Total = 20 Level I (11) Level II (7) Level III (2) Reference C: Total = 5 Level I (2) Level It (3) Level THI (0) Reference D: Total = 1 Level I (1) Level II (0) Level HII (0) Reference E: Total = 7 Level I (1). Level II (4) Level Il (2) Reference F: Total = 4 Level I (0) Level II (2) Level IIT (2) Reference G: Total = 1 Level I (0) Level II (0) Level Ii (1) Reference H: Total = 1 Level I (0) Level II (0) Level III (1) Level I Questions Acoustic Emission Testing Method Hold periods at high loads during fiberglass- reinforced pressure (FRP) vessel examinations using ASME Article 11 are necessary to: a. calculate the felicity ratio ». check for leaks ©. monitor continuing damage 4. measure the Kaiser ratio 4.90.16 In acoustic emission testing per ASME Section V, Article 11, sensor spacing on fiberglass-reinforced pressure (FRP) pressure vessels is governed by: 4. the test article temperature ». sensor diameter €. attenuation 4. the type of couplant 90.15 How can an examiner be assured that proper contact hhas been made between the sensor and the vessel? 1. apply extra couplant around the sensor b. use heavy-duty fasteners on sensors and cables cc. measure the peak amplitude response from a simulated acoustic emission source 4. use acoustic waveguides A90.14-15 ‘The source of the energy of the acoustic emission wave during crack growth isthe: 4, acoustic emission sensor ». surface energy of the new crack . elastic stress field in the structure d. power supply from the mainframe to the preamplifier Bet Which of the following can be a significant source of background noise? a, inrushing fluid b. wind c. radio transmissions 4. all of the above c.a79 10. ‘The elastic energy that is released by materials when they undergo deformation is called: 1. transformation ». acoustic emission ©. brittle fracture 4. isotrophy fea One of the two major differences in the acoustic ‘mission method from other forms of NDT is that: . acoustic emission relies on visual interpretation of data . computers are used exclusively for analysis «. the energy detected is radiated from the defect itself 4. transducers are used to gather data BAZ ‘One advantage of using acoustic emission over other forms of NDT is that acoustic emission can: a. be used to evaluate an entire structure during one test b. be used to “size” a discontinuity in a material c. determine material thicknesses d. measure thermal gradients within a material BA. During loading, a metallic structure emits throughout the test period. ‘When the load is reduced and then reapplied, no emissions are noted until the previous stress level was exceeded. This phenomenon is an example of: 2. the Dunegan corollary ». the Kaiser effect ©: the Felicity ratio 4. aHsu-Nielsen source BAG ‘The founder of modem acoustic emission technology was: 1. Conrad Earl Krieder b, Professor Firestone ¢. James C. Bolling 4. Josef Kaiser Bay Acoustic Emission Testing Method, Level T u 2. 13, 14, ‘The test most often performed on a structure to 15, termine maximum sensor spacing is called: a. a flaw detection test ». an attenuation test . ©. an EMI test 4d. a Kaiser test B ‘The use of a couplant between the acoustic emission 16. sensor and the surface of the material being tested is to provide: a. protection forthe sensor b. ground loop elimination . a medium through which elastic stress waves can excite an acoustic emission sensor 4. none of the above B39 During a pressure vessel test, there is a rapidly 1". (exponentially) increasing count rate. There are several possible causes, The operator's frst priority is to examine the possibility that: b. the vessel i undergoing local yiclding due to high secondary stresses failure ofthe vessel is impending 4. the level of background noise has increased C81 In order for an acoustic emission (AE) system to 18. detect an active AE source in a material, the AE sensor must be placed: a. directly on the AE source . ’. anywhere in the general vicinity of the AE source ¢. as far from the AE source as possible 4. ata standard distance from the AE source BAZ Which of the following is measured in meters per second (m/s)? ‘% the time required for a crack to grow 1, the resonant frequency of a material . the velocity of sound in a given material ‘4. the rate’of strain when a material is being deformed D233 ‘A sensor is positioned 3 m from an acoustic emission (AE) source. If particular component of the AE ‘wave travels at 3000 m/s, how long will it take this ‘component to travel from source to sensor? a. I millisecond . 3 milliseconds . 9 milliseconds 44. 1000 milliseconds E ‘One of the major differences in the acoustic emission NDT method compared to most other NDT methods is that: ‘a, acoustic emission relies on visual interpretation of data b. computers are used exclusively for analysis ©. acoustic emission directly detects the growth of flaws 4. transducers are used to gather data BAZ ‘Which of the following facilitates the transmission of acoustic waves to a typical sensor? 1. active element b. surface of the test object, . couplant 4. damping material B.i23 VANE Level I Answers Acoustic Emission Testing Method nanne Seers aones goes 15. 16. 17. 18. aone Level II Questions Acoustic Emission Testing Method According to Table T-1121 of ASME Section V, 4. Article 11 (below), how much time must a pressure vessel, normally operated at 414 kPa (60 psig), be ‘operated at 207 kPa (30 psig) before acoustic emission examination? a. I2hours b. 30 hours ©. 2days 4 days 5. A90.13-14 TABLE T1121 REQUIREMENTS FOR REDUCED OPERATING IMMEDIATELY PRIOR TO EXAMINATION Time Spent a Percontot Minima Pressre andor toed ihr tahr cS 30 hr 2 days 4 days 7 days rr zfahitc veen wo taor mit be kre or mating ‘Rg yc ese oo ae ya 1 2. High amplitude events during the examination of fberglas-reinforced pressure (FRP) vessels usually indicates: 2. fiber breakage bs. debonding ©. fiber pullout 4. microcracking, A916 8, ‘When an clastic material is stretched elastically, the stress is: ‘a. greater than the strain ‘b. less than the strain ‘c. proportional to the strain 4. cqual to the strain 19-20 i Which of the following terms means a material's ability to resist crack growth? a. ductility b. toughness cc. hardness 4. resistance rat AA particular accelerometer has a resonant frequency of 30 kHz, When used to detect acoustic emission, it “rings” at this resonant frequency. The time between successive peaks (period) is: 30 milliseconds 33.3 milliseconds 30 microseconds 33.3 microseconds E Detection of an acoustic emission signal depends on: ‘2. duration of the signal exceeding the instrument dead time b. amplitude of the signal exceeding the threshold ©. risetime of the signal exceeding the lockout time 4d. frequency spectrum of the signal exceeding the system bandwidth E A limitation of the acoustic emission applied to metals is that it: a. isnot immediately repeatable b. can only find defects that break the surface €. requires vessels to be taken out of service for the test 4. requires personnel to be close to vessels at high pressures ‘A major benefit ofthe acoustic emission method is thatit: a, finds smaller cracks than any other method b. is readily repeatable ©. produces superior images of defects in thick- section steels 4. requires access to the structure only at the sensor locations Bas | | Acoustic Emission Testing Method, Level II 9. MARSEis: ‘a. the Mean Acoustic Ringdown Signal Envelope '. useful as a measure of continuous noise . often observed to increase with increasing load in tests of damaged structures d. all of the above C181 10. The concept that all, or nearly all, materials are capable of generating acoustic emission was first set forth in 1950 by: a. Dunegan . Parry ©. Kaiser 4. Johnson BAT 11. A typical source mechanism of acoustic emission is: a. erack growth b. movement of dislocations cc. matrix cracking in fiber-reinforced plastics 4. all of the above BAZ 12, ‘The Felicity ratio is a quantitative measure best used to evaluate: a. carbon steel reactors b. stainless steel piping «. fiberglass vessels and storage tanks 4, 7075 aluminum aircraft structures Bas 13, When selecting the best sensor frequency for a particular acoustic emission test, its important to consider ll ofthe following except: ‘attenuation characteristics of the material b. frequency spectrum and level of background noise ©. cable length 4. sensor spacing cas 14, After an initial proof test, a defect grows during a year in service. Acoustic emission can often detect this defect during a second proof test. Dunegan's reasoning for this phenomena is that the: 1. second proof test will be done at a higher load b, Kaiser effect will disappear after one year «©, local stress field around the defect will be higher

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