BAMalayalamkadhasahithyam10612 PDF

kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FU-yp-t°-j≥
IYm-km-ln-Xyw
CORE COURSE
For
BA MALAYALAM
II SEMESTER
(2011 Admission)
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
CALICUT UNIVERSITY PO, MALAPPURAM, KERALA, INDIA - 673 635
142
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 1
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
BA MALAYALAM
II SEMESTER
CORE COURSE
IYm-km-ln-Xyw
Prepared by:
Dr. Biju Joseph,

Department of Malayalam,
Thunjan Memorial Govt. College,
Tirur, Malppuram (Dist).
Layout: Computer Section, SDE
(c)
Reserved
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 2
Df-f-S°w t]Pv \º¿
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 5
t\mh¬ 9
imcZ 17
[¿Ω-cmP 20
c≠n-Sß- gn 22
Ac-\m-gn-I-t\cw 24
am‰mØn 27
sNdp-IY 31
hmk-\m-hn-Ir-Xn 36
ac-∏m-h-Iƒ 37
a\p-j-y-]p{Xn 38
Ccp-ńs‚ Bflmhv 40
]£n-bpsS aWw 43
sNń-∏q-°ƒ 45
{]]-©-Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ 50
apcp-I≥ F∂ ]mºmń 52
e©v 54
H‰ 56
`qan-sb-∏‰n A[nIw ]d-tb≠ 59
]¥n-t`m-P\w 61
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 3
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 4
IYm-km-lnXyw
Dt±-iy-e-£y-ßƒ
t\mh¬, sNdp-IYm kmln-Xy-ßsf kw_-‘n®v kmam-\ym-ht- _m[w D≠m-°p-I.
ae-bmf t\mh¬, sNdp-IYm kmln-Xy-Øns‚ hf¿®sb a\- n-em-°p-I.
ka-Im-eo\ t\mh-en-s‚bpw IY-bp-sSbpw kz`m-h-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-I.
Ncn-{Xhpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb Hcp D¬∏-∂-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Cu kmlnXy cq]-ßsf
Dƒs°m-≈p-I.
samUyqƒ 1
t\mh¬˛]m- › mXy ]uckv X y \n¿hN- \ - ß ƒ˛t\m- h ¬ apt∂m- S n- I ƒ hniz-

km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ ˛ sdmam≥kp-Ifpw t\msh-√p-Ifpw ˛ ]m›m-Xy-km-ln-Xy-Ønse BZy-Ime t\mh-
ep-Iƒ-˛h
- n-iz-{]-kn-≤ß
- f - mb t\mh-ep-Ifpw t\mh-en-Ãp-If - pw-˛h
- n-t\m-Zhpw hn⁄m-\hpw ˛ a\p-jy-{]-Ir-Xn,
PohnXw kwkvIm-c-ßƒ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ]pXnb Adn-hp-Iƒ temIw apgp-h≥ ]c-°p-∂Xv
t\mh-ep-If - n-eqsS `mc-Xob t\mh-epIƒ-˛B - Z- y-Ime t\mh-ep-Iepw t\mh-en-Ãp-If - pw-˛t- \m-h¬ ae-
bm-fØ
- n¬-˛a - p-t∂m-Sn-Iƒ-˛B
- Z- ysØ ae-bmf t\mh¬˛ hyXy-kvXm-`n-{]m-bß - ƒ ˛ 19mw \q‰m-≠nse
t\mh-ep-Iƒ Cµp-te-JbpwA\p-Ic - W
- ß
- f- pw-˛C
- µ
- p-te-Jb - psS Ncn-{X-]c
- hpw kmkw-Im-cn-Ih - p-amb
{]m[m-\yw.
Ncn-{X-t\m-he
- p-Iƒ ˛ kn.-hn. cma≥]n-≈b
- psS Ncn-{X-t\m-he
- p-If
- psS khn-ti-jX
- I
- ƒ ˛
{]m[m-\yw.
X¿÷a t\mh-ep-Iƒ-˛h - n-iz-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-If

- psS X¿÷-aI
- ƒ, tSmƒtÃm-b,v hnIvS¿ lyqtKm,
Nmƒkv Un°≥kv, slanMv th XpS-ßn-bh - c
- psS IrXn-Itfm cho-{µ-\m-YS- m-tKm¿, _¶nw-N-{µ-Nm-
‰¿Pn, Xmcm-i-¶¿ _tµym-]m-[ym-b, ic-®-{µ-Nm-‰m¿Pn Bim-]q¿Æm-tZhn XpS-ßnb C¥y≥
kmln-Xy-Im-c∑
- m-cpsS t\mh-ep-Itfm BImw.
tIc-fob kmaq-lnI kmwkvIm-cnI A¥-co£w {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp∂ t\mh-ep-If- n-epsS

am{Xw A\m-h-cWw sNø-s∏´, AXp-hsc ]pdw-temIw Adn-bm-Xn-cp∂ Pohn-X-ß¬-˛-km-[m-c-W-
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 5
°m-cp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm\ h¿§-Øn-t‚bpw Pohn-Xw-˛-]p-tcm-K-a\kmln-Xy-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-hhpw

kzm[o-\hpw t\mh-en¬-˛t- \m-h¬ km[-cW - ° - m-cs‚ Iem-cp-]a
- mbn amdn kml-Ncyw XI-gn, tIi-
h-tZ-hv, _jo¿, Fkv.s
- I., Ddq-_v, apØn-cn-tßmSv XpS-ßnb Fgp-Øp-Im¿.
hniZ]-T-\-Øn\v
1. imcZ ˛ N¥p-tam-t\m≥
2. [¿Ω-cmP ˛ kn.-hn.-cm-a≥]n≈
3. c≠nS-ßgn ˛ XIgn
samUyqƒ 2
kmap-lnI am‰-ßƒ ˛ hy‡nsb tI{µo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ ]pXnb ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ-˛-a-\-»m-kv{X-
Øns‚ kzm[o-\w-˛h - y-‡nbpw kaq-lhpw ˛ s]mcp-Øß - fpw s]mcp-Øt- °-Sp-If
- pw-˛h
- y‡nbpw am\-
knI {]iv\ß
- f- pw-˛`- m-jb
- p-tSbpw cN-\b
- p-tSbpw khn-ti-jX
- I
- ƒ.
cmP-e£van, Fw.-Sn. am[-hn-°p-ń, sI. kptc-{µ≥, tImhn-e≥, \¥-\m¿, sNdp-Im-Sv, ]md-∏p-d-
Øv, ae-bm-‰q¿ cma-Ir-jvW≥, kn. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥, h’-e, F≥.-]n. apl-ΩZv XpS-ßn-bh - c- psS cN-
\-Iƒ. t\mh-en≥ B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Bhn¿`m-hhpw kzm[o-\-ßfpw Bhn-jv°-cW coXn-bn¬
h∂ am‰-ßƒ ˛ hy‡nbpw kaq-lhpw XΩn-ep≈ s]mcp-Øt- °-Sp-Iƒ ˛ hy‡n kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚
{]iv\-ßƒ ˛ imkv{X-Øns‚ kzm[o-\w-˛-hn-izmkØ-I¿®-Iƒ˛-aq-ey-Nyq-Xn-Iƒ-˛-A¥¿ap-J-Xzw-˛-
A-kvXn-Xz-kw-_‘ - n-bmb {]iv\ß - ƒ-˛c- m-jv{Sob k¶¬∏-ßf - n¬ h∂ am‰w-˛k
- z-]v\ß
- f- psS \jvSw
˛ {]Xo-£I - f
- psS ssItam-iw-˛a
- m-\k
- nI hn{`m-¥n-Iƒ, Bib°p-g∏ - ß
- ƒ/A\y-h¬-° - c - W- w.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
Ac-\m-gn-It- \cw ˛ ]md-∏p-dØv
a‰mØn ˛ kmtdm-tPm-k^v
klm-b-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ
t\mh¬ kmlnXyw ˛ Fw.-]n. t]mƒ
t\mh¬ kmlnXy Ncn{Xw ˛ s{^m^; sI.-Fw. Xc-I≥
ae-bmf t\mh¬ 19-˛mw \q‰-≠n¬ ˛ tUm. tPm¿÷v Ccp-ºbw
BZy-Ime ae-bmf t\mh¬ ˛ s{]m^: Xpºa¨ tXmakv
Ncn-{X-t\m-h¬ ae-bm-fØ
- n¬ ˛ I¬∏‰ _me-Ir-jvW≥
kn.-hn. Ncn-{Xm-Jym-bn-II
- f
- n-eqsS ˛ Fw.-sI. IrjvW≥
{]Xn-]m{Xw `mj-Wt- `Zw ˛ F≥.-Ir-jvW∏
- n≈
ssZh \oXn°p ZmP-£n-Wy-an√ ˛ tUm.-sI. `mkvIc
- ≥ \mb¿
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 6
t\mh¬ \Ωp-tSXpw Ah-cp-tSXpw ˛ Pn.-F≥. ]Wn-°¿

t\mhepw cmjv{So-bhpw ˛ F.-Fw. hmkp-tZh≥ ]n≈
samUyqƒ 3
sNdp-IY
- m-˛\
- n¿∆-N\
- ß
- ƒ hni-Zo-Ic- W
- ß
- ƒ ˛ hniz-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ ˛ ]m›m-Xy-km-ln-Xy-
Ønse sNdp-I-Y-Iƒ ˛ hniz-{]-kn-≤-cmb sNdp-I-Ym-Ir-Øp-°ƒ ˛ sNdp-I-Y-sb∂ kmlnXy
cq]-Øns‚ hf¿® ˛ bqtdm-]y≥ `mj-If - n-¬˛-em-‰n\ta-cn-°≥-˛B- {- ^n-°≥ `m-jI
- f
- n¬˛-a\
- p-jy-{]-
Ir-Xn-bpsS kq£vak - m-£m¬°m-cs- a∂ \ne-bn¬ sNdp-IY - b
- psS ÿm\w.
sNdp-IY `mc-Xob `mj-If - n¬-˛h
- f- ¿®-˛s- N-dp-IY ae-bm-fØ
- n¬-˛s- sh-tZ-in-Ik
- zm-[o\w BZy-
Im-es
- N-dp-IY
- I
- ƒ-˛]
- {- X-{]-h¿Ø-\w-˛]
- {- X-am-kn-II- f
- psS {]Nm-cw-˛A
- \pI-cW- ß
- ƒ-˛t- I-cf- o-bm-¥c
- o-
£-Øn¬ \S-Ønb ]p\:krjvSn, BZy-IY - m-Im-c≥-˛B - Zy sNdp-IY 19-˛mw \q‰-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\w.
Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ XpS°w ˛ 1930 ItfmsS cq]-s∏´ \ho-Ic - W
- Ø
- ns‚ h‡m-°f - mbn
h∂ XI-gn, tZhv, _jo¿, Ddq-_v, s]m≥Ip∂w h¿°n, Imcp¿, hn.-Sn. Bs#.-B¿.-_n., efn-Xmw-_nI
A¥¿P-\w, sI. kc-kz-Xn-bΩ F∂n-h-cpsS IY-Iƒ-˛-bm-Ym-X-Y-k-t¶-Xw-˛-km-[m-\-cW a\pjy-
cpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fmb IYm-]m-{X-ßƒ, kzmX{¥y ka-c-]-›m-Ø-ew-˛-tI-c-f-Ønse CSp-X-]£
cmjv{Sob kzm[o\w ˛ {]Xyb imkv{X-]-c-amb kzm[o\˛-]q-tcm-K-a\ kmln-Xy-Øns‚ {]`m-h-
Imew sNdp-I-Y-bpsS afi-e-Øn¬ hcp-Ønb am‰-ßƒ.
hntZ-i-]-T-\-Øn\v
hmk-\mhn-IrXn ˛ tIkcn thß-bn¬ Iq™n-cm-a≥ \mb-\m¿
ac-∏m-hI - ƒ ˛ I
- m-cq¿
a\p-jy-]p{Xn ˛ efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿P\w
samUyqƒ ˛ 4
F) sNdp-IYbn¬ h∂ `mhp-IXz ]cn-Wm-aß - ƒ-˛1950 ItfmsS IYm-]m-{X-ßf - psS am\-
knI temI-ßsf Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p∂ coXn Dcp-Øn-cn-bp-∂p. hy‡n-bpsS kmaq-ln-I-kzXzw Bhn-
jv°c - n-°p-∂X - n≥\n∂p amdn B¥-ck - z-XzsØ Bhn-jv°c - p-°p-∂X
- n\p {]m[m\yw, Sn. ]fl-\m-`≥,
Fw.-Sn., am[-hn-°p-ń, F≥, taml-\≥, tImhn-e≥, \¥-\m¿, ae-bm-‰q¿ cma-Ir-jvW≥ XpS-ßn-bh - ¿.
hniZ ]T-\-Øn\v
Ccp-ńs‚ Bflmhv ˛ Fw.-Sn.-hm-kp-tZm-h≥\m.¿
]£n-bpsS aWw ˛ am[-hn-°pń
sNń-∏q-°ƒ ˛ tImhn-e≥
_n) B[p-\n-IXm {]ÿm-\w-˛-]p-Xnb `mhp-I-Xzw-˛-bm-Ym¿∞ysØ A]-cn-Nn-X-h¬°-cn-
°p-Iw-˛B - [ - p-\n-IXm {]ÿm-\Ø - ns‚ cN-\m-X{- ¥w-˛h - y-XykvX BJym\ coXn-If - v#r-˛b
- q-tdm-]nsπ
AkvXn-Xz-hm-Kw, iq\y-Xm-hmKw apX-emb BJym-\c - o-Xn-Isf X¿°p∂ coXn Ah-ew-_n-°¬, Fw.-
]n. \mcm-bW - ∏- n-≈, H,-hn. hnPb≥, Fw. apIp-µ≥, ]fl-cm-P≥. skXp, ]p\-Øn¬ Ip™-_vZp-≈,
hn.-sI.F≥. Im°-\m-S≥, k°dn-b, B\-µv, kn.-hn. {iocm-a≥, ]´-Øp-hnf Icp-Wm-I-c≥, XpS-
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 7
ßnb IYm-Iq-Øp-°ƒ.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
{]]-©Ø - ns‚ Ahn-in-jvSß
- ƒ ˛ k°-dnb
apcp-I≥ F∂ ]mºmń ˛ Fw.-]nb \mcm-bW
- ∏
- n≈
e©v ˛ hn.-sI.-F≥.
kn) sNdp-IY - b - psS ka-Im-enI apJw ˛ Fgp]-Xp-If - psS XpS-°Ø - n¬ B[p-\n-IXm {]ÿm-
\-Øns‚ hgn-ItfmSvv Htc kabw ASp-∏-hpw AI-ev®bpw ]pe¿Øn Fgp-Xn-b-h¿-˛-]m-c-Un, ]mTm-
¥-c_- ‘- w, arK-IY
- I- f - p-sSbpw sFXn-ly-ßf - p-sSbpw LS-\m-˛B- J- ym-\c
- q-]ß
- ƒ-˛B
- [- p-\n-IX
- b
- vs°-
Xn-sc-bp≈ Ie-lw-˛] - p-Xnb `mhp-IX - z-Øn-s‚ At\z-jWw ˛ kv{Xohm-Zw, ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-Im-ht- _m-[w,
{]m¥-h¬°-cn-°s - ∏-´h - c- psS kzXzm-hn-jvIm-cw, BtKm-fh- ¬°-cW - Ø- n-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ {]mtZm-in-
I-X-bpsS {]Xn-tcm[w ˛ kmaq-lnI Pm{K-X, kq£va cmjv{Sob ss\Xn-I-[m-c-W.
F≥.-F-kv.-am-[-h≥, F≥. {]`m-I-c≥, kn.-hn. _me-Ir-jvW≥. hn.-]n. inh-Iq-am¿, sshim-
J≥, AIv_¿, Atim-I≥ sNcp-hn¬, sI.-]n. \n¿a¬ Ipam¿, t{Kkn, taXn¬ cm[m-Ir-jvW≥
inlm-_q-±o≥ s]mbvØpw-IS- h - v. hn.-B¿. kp[o-jv, kmdm tPmk-^v, KoXm lnc-Wy≥, AjnX N{µ-
aXn, knXmc Fkv., k- q-[oc sI.-B¿,-ao-c, sI.-]n. cma-\p-Æn, _n. apc-fn, kt¥mjv F®n-°m-\w, ]n.
kptc--{µ≥, kp`mjv N{µ≥, B¿. DÆn. Cµp-ta-t\m≥, sI. tcJ, [\y-cm-Pv, kn.-A-\q]v XpS-ßnb
]pXnb Fgp-Øp-Im¿.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
H‰ ˛ hn.-]n. ihn-Ipam¿
Cu `qan-sb-∏‰n A[nIw ]d-tb≠ ˛ kn.-hn. _me-Ir-jvW≥
]¥n-t`m-P\w ˛ kt¥mjv F®n-°m\w
klmb {KŸ-ßƒ
sNdp-IYm klnXyw ˛ Fw.-]n. t]mƒ
sNdp-IY C∂-se, C∂v ˛ Fw. ANyp-X≥
IYm-]T
- \
- ß
- ƒ ˛ ]n.-sI. ]c-tam-iz-c≥ \mb¿ {KŸm-hen
IY BJym-\hpw A\p`-hk
- Ø
- bpw ˛ sI.-]n. A∏≥
sNdp-I-Y-bpsS Oµ v ˛ tUm.-hn. cmP-Ir-jvW≥
\n»-_vZX
- bpw \n¿ΩmWhpw ˛ C.-]n. cmP-tKm-]m-e≥
IY-bpsS IY ˛ tUm, sI.-F-kv. chn-Ip-am¿
ae-bm-f-Ønse BZy-Ime sNdp-IY ˛ tUm, sI.-F-kv. chn-Ip-am¿
100 h¿jw 100 IY ˛- tUm, sI.-F-kv. chn-Ipam¿
sNdp-IY hm°pw hgnbpw ˛ tUm, sI.-F-kv. chn-Ip-am¿
IYbpw `mhp-IXz ]cn-Wm-ahpw ˛ tUm, sI.-F-kv. chn-Ip-am¿
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 8
t\mh¬
t\mh-en-s\-°p-dn®v k¿∆- k-Ω-X-amb Hcp- \n¿∆-N\w D-≠m-bn-ń√. G‰hpw B[n-Im-cn-I-

ambn KWn-°-s∏-Sp∂ HmIvkvt^m¿Uv \nL-≠-phns‚ t\m´-Øn¬ ""Gsd-°psd k¶o¿Æ-amb
Hcp CXn-hr-ØØ - n¬, `qX-Im-eØ-- n-se-tbm, h¿-Øa
- m-\I
- m-eØ
- n-se-tbm, bYm¿∞ Pohn-XsØ {]Xn-
\n-[o-I-cn-°p∂ kw`-h-ß-sfbpw IYm-]m-{X-ßs-- f-bpw Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p∂ kmam-\yw-\o≠ KZy-I-Y-
bm-Wv t\m-h¬''.
Fw.-]n. -t]mƒ: ""a\p-jy-cp-sS hnImc hn-Nm-cß
- sf {]mIm-in-∏n-°p-∂Xpw kw`hy-hp-amb Hcp CXn-
h
- rØsØ BJym\w sNbvXv Im-hy-\p-`q-Xn-bp-≠m-°p∂Xpamb {KŸ-amWv t\mh¬ kmln-Xy- w.
hnem-kn\n: ""t\mh¬ hgn-h-°nse IÆm-SnbmWv''.
t\mh-ense IY: A\p-hm-N-Is‚ IYm-Iu-Xp-IsØ k¥¿∏Ww sNøpI am{X-a√ t\m-hense
IY-bpsS Dt±-iyw. AXn\v apØ»n IY-bm-bmepw t]mcm-bva-bn-√. IY a\pjy-\n-ep≈ ]e ASn-
ÿm-\-hm-k-\-I-sfbpw ]qcn-∏n-°p-I-bmWv F∂v AXns\°pdn®v ]T\w \S-Øn-bn-´p≈ ]ecpw
Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. Xs∂-°p-dn®pw A\y-sc-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ Pn⁄m-ksb AXv H-cf - t- hmfw Xr]vXn-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. A\y-cp-sS A
- \
- p-`h
- ß
- sf kzmbØam-°m-\p≈ Hcp D]m-[n-bm-Wn-Xv. hy‡n-bp-sS -
C-Øn-cn-h´- Ø
- n¬ \n∂pw {]]-©Ø - ns‚ hnim-eX
- b
- n-te°v k©-cn-°m-\pff hml-\a - m-bn-´pw A
- -
Xns\ ImWmw.
CXn-hrØw (plot)
t\mh-ense IY GXm-bmepw shdpw IY am{X-a√
- . IY F∂p ] -- d- b
- p-tºmƒ kw`-hß- f- psS
Hcp-irw-Kw- Ft∂ hnh-£b
- p-≈q. t\m-he
- n¬ A{Xbpw t]mc. kw`-hß
- ƒ°v Imcy-Im-cW - _- ‘w
thWw. Ah-bp-sS-k∂
- n-th-iØ
- n\v bp‡n]cX thWw. Aß-s\-bp≈ IY-sb \mw CXnhrØw
F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. Pohn--X-Ønse kw`h-ßƒ°n√mØ Imcy-Im-cW _‘w t\me-hnse CXn-hr-
Ø-Øn\v thW-sa∂v iTn-°p-∂Xv t\mh¬ Pohn-Xa - √
- , a\p-jy-kr-jvSa - mb Hcp Iem-in¬]-amWv
F∂-Xp-sIm-≠t- {X. Iem-in-ev]ß- ƒ°v _mlyhpw B-¥c - h-- p-amb kwhr-ØX(unity) Bh-iy-am-
Wv. t\m-h-en\vv AXp \¬Ip-∂-Xn¬ CXn-hr-Ø-Xn\p (plot)hen-sbmcp ]-¶p≠v Bhn-jvImcw
tXSp∂ A\p-`h - ß
- sf t\mh-enÃv \nb-{¥n®p \n¿Øp-∂Xv tπmńeqsSbmWv.
{]ta-bw: tπmńt\msSm∏w ]cn-K-Wnt°≠p∂ as‰m-∂mWv {]tabw. t\mh-ense hnjbw F-∂
A∞-Ønepw Cu hm°v- D-]t- bm-Kn-°p-∂p≠v. Hcp IrXn-bn-se {- ]-[m-\s
- ∏´, tI{µ-amb Bh-iy-sa-
∂ \n-e-bn-emWv CXv- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. t\mh-en-s‚ "bqWn‰n' Dd-∏p h-cp-Øp-∂Xv tπm´v

BsW¶n¬ tπmńs‚ Znibpw t\mh-ens‚ kz`m-hhpw \nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xv {]ta-b-am-Wv. Zp-¿_-e-
amb tπm´pIfp≈ IrXn-Isf c£-s∏-Sp-Øm≥t]mepw i‡-amb {]ta-bß
- ƒ°v km[n-°pw. IY
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 9
hnI-kn-∏n-°m≥ -A-\p-`-h-ßƒ sXc-s™-Sp-°p-tºmgpw Ahsb khn-tij{Ia-Øn¬ hn\y-kn-

°p-tºm-gpw t\mh-enÃns‚ t_m[sØ \bn-°p-∂Xv {]ta-bß - f- m-Wv. {]tab-hp-ambn Fs¥-¶nepw
Xc-Øn¬ _‘-an-√m-Ø˛AXns\ t]mjn-∏n-°m-Ø˛Awi-ßƒ ]p-d¥≈s∏Sp-∂p. A¥na hni-I-
e-\-Øn¬ t\m-he -- nÃv krjvSn-°p∂ k¶-ev]- tem-I-Ønse `q{]-Ir-Xnbpw Imem-h-ÿbpw A¥-
co£hpw \n¿Æ-bn-°p--∂Xv t\mh-ek - nÃv kzoI-cn-°p∂ {]ta-bamWv. GXv t\mh-en-Ãn\pw GXm-
\pw N
- ne- {]tabßsf am{Xta ssIImcyw sNøm-s\m-°q. ho£W hnkvXr-Xnbn¬ AXp-ey\mb
tSmƒtÃm-bn°pt]mepw CXp _m[-Ia
- m-Wv. Cu ]cn-anXn Hcp Zu¿∫-ey-am-bn-cn-°W
- s
- a-∂n-√.
ho£W tIm¨ (point of view)£-((pointW-tIm¨ (Point of view)
t\mh-ens‚ LS\bnse -kp-{]-[m\ LS-Iw CXm-Wv. t\mh-en-Ãn\v Xs‚ -IYm hkvXp

hnt\-bpw I- Y
- m-]m-{X-ßt- fbpw t\m°n-°m--Wm≥ Fhn-sS-sb-¶n-ep-sam-cn-SØv \ne-bp-d∏ -- n-t®-]‰- q. AXn-
s\-bmWv ho£WtIm¨ F∂p-hn-fn-°p-∂X - v. Cu ho-£W
- t- Im¨ t\mh-en-ep-S\ - ofw H∂m-Imw.
Htc kw`hw Xs∂bpw ]e tImWp-If - n¬\n∂pw t\m°n-°m-Wm-hp-∂X - m-Wv. thWs-sa-¶n¬ t\m-
h-en-Ãn\v IY-bnse Hcp IYm-]m-{XsØ Bth-in-°mw. Aßs\ Bhiyw t]mse Abm-fp-sS- I-
Æp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.
IYm-]m-{X-ßƒ
GXp t\mh-en-kvdd- n-s‚bpw Ign-hns‚ bYm¿∞ a

- m-\Z- fiw ]m{X krjvSn-bn-ep≈ sshZ-
KvZy-am-sW∂ Imcy-Øn¬ \n-cq-]I - ∑- m¿ s]m-Xpth tbmPn-°p-∂p. t\mh-ep-Iƒ Hm¿Ωn-°s - ∏Sp-∂-
Xp-t]mepw ]e-t∏mgpw IYm-]m-{X-ßf - n-eq-sS-bm-Wv. "[¿Ω-cmP' F∂p tIƒ°p-tºmƒ lcn-]© - m-
\--s\-bmWv Hm¿Ω-h-cn-I. IYm-]m-{X-ßsf °pdn®p Nn¥n-°p-tºmƒ Ft∏mgpw Hm¿-Ωn-t°-≠Xv
Ah¿° vt\m-h-en\p ]pdØv Aÿn-Xz-an-s√-∂p-≈-Xm-Wv. t\mh-enÃv IY-bn-epS\ofw \¬-In-bn-
´p≈ hnh-c-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw kqN-\-I-fn¬ \n∂pw- A-\p-hm-N-I≥ k¶-ev]n-s®-Sp-°p∂ kzcq-]-
amWv GXp IYm-]m-{X-hpw. Hmtcm IYm-]m-{X-sØbpw Hmtcm- D-t±iyw ap≥ \n¿ØnbmWv t\mh-
enÃv krjvSn-°p-∂X- v. AXn-\\
- p-kc- n-®m-bn-cn°pw cN-\b - nse kao-]\
- w. Nne IYm-]m-{X-ßƒ IYm-
I-Y-\-Øn-\p--th≠n am{X-am-Imw. Nne¿ GsX-¶nepw Bi-b-Øn-s‚tbm hnizm-k-Øn-s‚tbm
{]Xn-\n-[otbm ZrjvSm-¥tam BImw. Nne¿ t\mhen-\v- Akm-[m-c-W-amb am\w \¬Ip-∂-Xn¬
th≠n-bm-hmw. C\nbpw Nne¿ CXn-hr-Ø-Øns‚ hnIm-k-Øn-\p-th--≠n-bm-Imw.
IYm--]m-{X-ßs - f-°p--dn®v Gsd N¿®-sN-øs
- ∏-ń-´p≈ H∂p c≠p Imcyw IqSn kv]¿in-t°-≠X - p-≠v.
IYm-]m-{X-ßƒ "hy‡n-Iƒ' Bbn-cn-°W - tam "amXr-II- ƒ' Bbn-cn-°W - tam F∂p-≈X
- mWv Ah-
bn--sem-∂v. types Iƒ an°-hmdpw GsX-¶nepw Bi-b-sØtbm k¶-ev]-sØtbm {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-
°p-∂X - m-hmw. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Ahbv°p Poh-\pw I - p-db
- pw. kmam-\y-Øn¬ hntijw tN¿Ø-
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 10
k-¶o¿ÆX ssIh-cp-Øp-tºm-gmWv ]m{X cN\ icn-°pw -hn-P-bn-°p-∂-Xv.
PohnX Z¿i\w
F√mw ]d™p Ign-™mepw _m°n-\n¬°p∂ H∂mWv t\mh--en-Ãns‚ Pohn-X-Z¿»-\w.

GXp-Ir-Xn-°pw- A-¥na hni-Ie - \
- Ø
- n¬ aqeyw- \¬Ip-∂Xv Cu L-SI - a
- mWv. ImcWw AXn-eq-sS-
bmWv {KŸI¿Øm-hns‚ hy‡n-kØ A\m-hr-Xa - m-Ip-∂X
- .v Abmƒ tem-Is-- Øbpw Pohn--Xs
- Øbpw
kzta-[b- mF- ß- s\ t\m°n-°m-Wp∂p F∂p-≈X - mWv {][m-\w. Po-hn-XØns‚ ]nd-In¬ a-d™ - n-
cn-°p-∂ k- q-£va`- m-hß
- sf Is≠-Øm-\p≈ Ign-hm- W - nXv. {]Xn-`b
- psS Xnf-ßp∂ hmƒØ-eb - p-am-
W-X.v
t\mh¬˛]m--›m-Xy-]u-ckvXy ]cn-I-ev]-\-Iƒ
t\mh-¬ F∂ ]Z-Øns‚ [mXz¿∞w ]pXn-bXv F∂m-Wv. ]Xn-\©mw iX-I-Øn¬ C‰-en-

bnepw ]Xn-\mdmw iX-I-Øn¬ {^m≥knepw Cw•-≠nepw {]N-cn® \qX-\-I-Y-bv°mWv t\mh-
se∂ t]cp e`n-®-sX∂v Fw.-]n.-t]mƒ "t\m-h¬ kmlnXyw' F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ tcJs∏-Sp-
Øp∂p. Novus˛ Hcp eØo≥ ]Zw (A¿∞w˛ ]pXn-b-Xv) Novella-- ˛ Hcp C‰m-en-b≥ ]Zw
(A¿∞w˛ ]pXnb hkvXp-°ƒ) Ch c≠pw tN¿∂-mWv Novel F∂ ]Z-ap-≠m-bs - X-∂vNn-e¿ hni-
Zo-Ic-- n-°p-∂p. GXm-bm-epw- Novel F∂ ]ZØn\v ]p-Xnb BJym-\-IY F∂¿∞w Iev]n-°mw.
Po-hn-Xm-hÿ
- b
- psS ka-{K-kzm-`mhw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ B[p-\nI kmlnXy cp]-amWv t\mh¬.
cq] `mh-ßf
- n¬ ]pe-cp∂ A]q¿-∆s - sh-Nn{Xyw sIm≠v t\mh¬ klr-Zb
- c
- psS BI¿jW tI{µ-
ambnXo¿∂-n-cn-°p-∂p. "kaq-l-Øns‚ CXn-lmkw' F∂p t\mh-ens\ kmam-\y-ambn \n¿h-Nn-
°mw. hy‡nbpw kaq-lh - pw, hy‡nbpw hy‡n-bpw, hy‡n-bnse Xs∂ A-¥¿`m-hß - ƒ F∂nh
XΩn¬ \nc-¥c kwL¿jßƒ kw`-hn-°p-∂p. Ch-bpsS ]q¿Æ-Xb - m¿∂- B-hn-jIv m-ca
- mWv t\mh-
ens‚ kzcq]w.
t\mh-ens\ kw_-‘n-°p∂ ]m›-mXy˛ B[p-\nI ]cn-I-ev]\Ifp-ambn s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sp-

Øn-s√-¶nepw kwkvIr-X-km-ln-Xy-Ønepw hn]p-e-am-sbmcp IYm{]]©w -\n-e-\n∂p t]m∂p.
"kwkvIrXkmlnXyNcn-{X'-Øn¬ IrjvW ssNX\y C°m-cy-ßƒ hni-Z-am-°p∂p≠v. c≠n\w
IY-Isf ]‰n At±lw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. H∂v, bYm¿∞--Øn¬ Po-hn-®n-cp∂ hy‡n-Is - fbpw \S∂
IY-I-sfbpw tIm¿Øn-W-°nb BJym-bn-I-Iƒ. c≠v, `m-h-\-bn¬ cq]-sa-SpØ IY-Iƒ. Zfin-
bpsS "-Z-i-Ip-am-c-N-cnXw', (F.-Un. Bdmw \q‰m-≠v) "hmk-h-ZØ' (F.-Un. Ggmw \q-‰m-≠v) XpS-ßn-
bh BJym-bn-II - ƒ°v- D-Zm-lc- W
- ß
- f
- W
- v. F∂m¬ ]m›mXy t\mh-ep-Isf A\p-Ic - n-®mWv C¥y-
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 11
bn¬ hn-injym tIc-f-Øn¬ t\mh¬ {]ÿm\w Bcw-`n-®-Xv. hnizt\mh¬ kmlnXyw t\Snb

hnIm-kØ - ns‚ Hu∂Xyw `mc-Xo-bt- \m-he - n\v Ct∏mgpw A{]m-]y-am-Wv. C¥y≥ k - m-ln-Xy-Øn¬
t\mh¬ F∂ Iem-cq]w G‰hpw {]^p-√-am-bn-Øo¿∂Xv _wKm-fn-bn-em-Wv. Ncn-{X-Øns‚ GSp-
I-fn¬ \n∂v CXn-hrØw sXc-s™-Sp-ØmWv _wKmfn kmln-Xy-Im-c-\mb _¶nw N{µ≥ (1838-
˛1894)-BZ- y-Ime t\mh-ep-Iƒ cNn-®X - v. _wKm-fnse kvtIm´v F∂-t±lw {]Io¿--Øn-°s - ∏-Sp-Ib
- pw
sNbvXp. "Zp¿tK-i\ - µ
- n-\n'-bpsS CXn-hr-Øk - w-hn-[m-\Ø
- n¬ "sFhmt\m'bpsS {]I-Sa - mb kzm-[o-
\-ap-≠v. {I-taW ImenI {]m[m-\y-ap≈ kmaq-ly{]-iv\ß - f- n-tebv°v At±-lØ
- ns‚ XqenI Xncn-
™p. Xmcm-i¶ - d- ns‚ "BtcmKy \ntI-X\w-, hn`q-Xn-`q-js‚ "Bc-WyIv' F∂o t\mh-ep-Iƒ _wKmfn-
km-lnXyØnse F°m-es - Øbpw anI® krjvSn-If - mWv.
t\mh¬ ae-bm-f-Øn¬
t\m-h¬ cq]Øn¬ ae-bm-f-Øn-en-d-ßnb BZy-IrXn dh: tPmk^v ]o‰v, "]n¬{Knwkv
t{]m{Kkn'\p Xøm-dm-°nb hnh¿-Ø-\-amb "Xo¿∞m-SI ]p-tcm-KXn' (1840)-bm-Wv. 1878-˛¬ {]kn-
≤o-Ir-Xa- m-b- an- nkv tImfn≥kns‚ "LmX-Ih
- [
- '-Øn∂v BZy-t\m-he - ns‚ ÿm\w Nne¿ \¬-Ip-
∂p-≠v. 1882˛¬ B¿®v Uo°≥ tImin-bpsS "]pt√-en-°p©p' ]pd-Øp-h-∂p. Nne-cpsS Zrjvv-Sn-
bn¬ 1887 ¬ shfn®w I≠, A∏p-s\-Sp-ßm-Sn-bpsS "Ipµ-eX'bmWvv BZy t\mh¬. C∏-d™ IrXn-
Iƒs°√mw Ncn-{X-]-c-amb {]m[m\yw Iev]n-°m-sa-¶nepw, e£-W-bp-‡-am-bn-cn--s°-Xs∂
B]mZNqVw kmc-ky-]q¿Æ-amb BZysØ ae-bmf t\mh¬ 1889˛¬]p-d-Øp-h∂ H. N¥p-ta-
t\ms‚ (1847-˛1900) "Cµp-teJ' bm-Wv. bmsXmcp hf-®p-sI´pw C√msX Hgp-°≥ -a-ń¬ ]d-™p-
Xo¿Øn-cn-°p∂ Cu IY-bpsS kmaqly {]m[m-\yhpw kmln-XyK-pW - hpw a\pjy kz`mhmhn-jvI-
c-Whpw \-ΩpsS kmln-Xy-Øn¬ Hcp ]pXp bpKw Xs∂ DZvLvS\w sNbvXp. N¥ptat\m≥ Pohn-
®n-cp∂ ImesØ acp-a-°-Ømb Xd-hm-Sp-I-fnse A¥-co-£hpw {]iv\-ßfpw CXn¬ \nd™p
\n¬°p-∂p. "Cµp-teJ' bpsS almhnP-bØ - n\p Im-cW
- w AXn\h-ew-_a - mbn Hcp Cw•ojvv t\mh¬
D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-´pw, Cu IrXn-°v kn≤n® \qdp iX-am\w ae-bm-fn-Xz-am-Wv. ]m{X-Nn--{X-WØ
- n¬ am{X-
a-√, ]›m-Øe t_m[-Ønepw, BJym\ kuK-ay-Ønepw Cu ae-bm-fnØw A¥¿`-hn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
"Cµp-teJ-'bpsS BapJ-Øn¬ N-¥p-ta-t\m≥Xs∂ ]d-bp-∂p≠v, Xm≥ Kr-lØ

- nepw Np‰p-
]m-Sp-If
- nepw kwkm-cn-°m-\p-]t- bm-Kn-°p∂ {]Nm-ca
- p-≈`- mj, AXns‚ hymI-cW km≤y-XI
- ƒ-
H∂pw Xs∂ t\m°msX At-X]-Sn- kzo-Ic
- n-°p-Ib
- mWv sNbvXn-´p-≈s
- X∂v . Ie-bn¬ IqSn kmaqly
]cn-jI
v c
- W
- w\
- n¿∆-ln-°p∂ {KŸ-Im-c≥. N¥p tat\ms‚ c≠msØ t\mh-emb "imcZ' A]q¿Æ-
am-W.v
ae-bmf t\mh¬ kmlnXyw ]nd-∂X

- p-Xs∂ Gsd-°psd ]q¿Æ-Xt- bm-sS-bm-Wv. N
- ¥
- p-ta-t\m-
-sSm∏w kn.-hn.-cm-a≥ ]n≈ bmWv Cu Db¿®-b°p Imc-W-am-b-Xv. kn.-hn.-cm-a≥ ]n≈ `qX-Im-e-
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 12
sØ Xs‚ t\mhep-I-fn-te°v Bhm-ln-®p. Ncn-{X-Øns‚ ]ivNm-Ø-e-Øn¬ k¶ev]w sIm≠v

Hcp alm-tem-Iw k
- rjvSn°pI-bmWv At±lw sN-bX v X
- .v am¿Øm-fih - ¿Ω, [¿Ω-cm-P, cmacmP_l-
Zq¿ F∂nßs\ aq∂v Ncn-{XmJym-bn-II - ƒ At±-lw-cN - n®p At±-lØ - ns‚ `mj--Kw-ò-ch
- pw `- m-hm-hn-
jvIc- W
- k- a
- ¿∞-hp-am-Wv. {KmaoW Pohn-XØ
- ns‚ ip≤-amb em-fnXysØsb-∂t- ]mse cmP-Iob
Pohn-XØ- ns‚ BV-w_c {]uVnIsf-bpw kzm`m-hn-IX - t- bmsS {]-Im-in-∏n-°p-hm≥ B `mjbv°p
Ign-bp-∂p. ]m{X-Nn--{Xo-Ic-W-Øn¬ kn.-hnsb t∏mse ssh`-h-ap≈ t\m-h-se-gp-Øp-Im¿ Ipd-hm-
Wv.
"Cµp-teJ' \nc-h[n A\p-I¿Øm-°sf krjvSn-®p. \mbn-Ia - m-cpsS t]cp-If
- n¬ t\m-he- p-
Iƒ s]-cp-In. CXn-s\ -Bt-- £-]n-®p-sIm≠v Ing-t°-∏m´v cma-ta-t\m≥ Fgp-Xnb "]-dtßmSo ]cn-
Wbw' (1892) ae-bm-fØ - n¬ Bt£-]l - m-ky- t\m-he
- n\p XpS°w Ipdn-®p. Icm´v A-Nyp-Xt- a-t\m≥
Fgp-Xnb "hncp-X≥i¶p' hmWv ae-bm-f-Øn¬ "XkvIc' t\mhen\v Bcw-`-an-´-Xv. sI. \mcm-b-W-
°p-cp-°-fpsS ]m-d-∏pdw (1906), DZ-b-`m\p (1925) F∂o IrXn-IfneqsS A\ym-]-tZ-i- -t\m-h-ep-Iƒ
ae-bm-fØ- ns‚ ÿm\-ap-d∏ - n-®p. A∏≥ Xºp-cms‚ "`mkvIc - t- a-t\m≥' `m-jb - nse BZysØ A]-
-k¿∏I t\mh-em-Wv. Ct±-l-Øns‚ Ncn{X t\mh-emWv "`qX-cm-b-¿' (1923) tIc-f-h¿Ω henb
tImbnØºp-cm≥ Cw•o-jn¬ \n∂p `m-jm-¥cw sNbvX "AIv_¿' F∂ U®p t\mh¬ P\{]oXn-
bm¿÷n°p-Ib -- p-≠m-bn. Cu Ime-L´- Ø - n¬ kn.-hn-bpsS Ncn-{Xm-Jym-bn-II - fpsS al-Xzhpw {]Nm-
chpw I≠v B hgn-tbbpw Iptd Fgp-Øp-Im¿ \S∂p. cma≥\-ºo--is‚ tIc-tf-iz-c≥,- I-ev]\
IrjvWt- a-t\ms‚ tNc-am≥ s]cp-amƒ, sI.-Fw. ]Wn-°cpsS tIcf knwlw, AºmSn \mcm-bW - -
s∏m-Xp-hm-fns‚ tIc-f-]p-{X≥, kn.-Ip-™n-cm-a-ta-t\ms‚ ]≈p-h-°-Ωm-c≥ F∂nh ChnsS kvac-
Wo-bß
- f
- m-W.v C°m-eØ
- p-≠mb kma-ql
- nI t\mh-ep-If
- n¬ {]tXyI-]c
- m-a¿-ia
- ¿ln-°p∂ H∂mWv
ap¥n-cn-tßm´v `h-{Xm-Xs‚ \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sn-s‚˛ A^v∏s‚ a-Iƒ(1933). \ºq-XncnamcpsS hnhm-lm-
Nm-c-ß-fn-ep≈ s]mcp-Ø-t°-Sp-Iƒ Cu t\mh¬ s]mfn-®p-Im-´p-∂p. Cw•o-jn¬ \n∂pw _wKm-fn-
bn¬ \n-∂p-ap≈ t\mh-ep-I-fpsS hnh¿Ø-\-ßfpw Cu ImeØp \S-∂p.
ap∏-Xp-I-fn¬ ]ptcm-K-a\ {]kv-Ym-\-Øns‚ Bhn¿`mhw ae-bm-f-Øn-ep-≠m-bn. t{^mbn-
U≥ a\:im-kv{X-Xz-ßƒ°pw am¿Ivkn-b≥ Nn¥m-[m-cI - ƒ°pw t\mh--en¬ ÿm\w e`n-®p. Fgp-
Øp-Im-c\v kaq-ltØm-Sp≈ {]Xn-_-≤X {]I-S-am-bn. A[-ÿnX P\ß-fp-tS-bpw -I¿j-I-cp-
tSbpw sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-tSbpw Pohn-X{-- ]-iv\-ßƒ t\mh-ep-I-fn¬ {]ta-b-ßfm-bn. Cu \thm-
∞m\ Ime-L´- Ø - nse {]apJcmb t\mh-enÃpIfmWvv ssh°w apl-ΩZv _jo¿, ]n.-tI-ih - t- Z-hv,
XIgn inh-i-¶-c-]n-≈, Fkv.-sI.s]m‰-°m-´v, ]n.kn. Ip-ń-Ir-jvW≥ (D-dq-_v) F∂n--h¿..
_jo-dn-s‚ "_m-ey-Im-ek
- Jn'bpsS (1944) bpw tIi-ht- Z-hns‚ Hm-Sb
- n¬ \n-∂v (1944) F∂
t\mh-en-s‚bpw {]-kn-≤o-Ic
- W
- t- ØmsS ae-bmf t\mh-ens‚ \thm-∞m\ L´w Bcw-`n-®p. _mey-
Im-ek - Jn, _jo-dns‚ BJym-\c - o-Xn-bpsS khn-ti-jX
- s
- Im≠vv {it≤-ba
- m-bn. Hcp t{]a-IY Ah-
X-cn-∏n-°p-IbmWv "_mey-Im-e-k-Jn'-bn¬ _jo-¿ sNøp-∂-Xv. XpS¿s∂-gp-Xnb "‚p∏p-∏m-s°m-cm-
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 13
t\-≠m¿∂p', "-a-Xn-ep-Iƒ', "]mØp-Ω-bpsS BSv', "B\-hm-cnbpw s]m≥ Ipcnipw', am{¥n-I-]q®'

F∂nhsb√mw ae-bm-fn-Iƒ B¿Øn-tbmSpw Bth-i-tØmSpw kzo-I-cn-®p. X\n°p am{Xw Ign-
bp∂ \¿Ωhpw, ]cn--lm-khpw Ie¿∂-ssien _jo-dns‚ t\mh-ep-I-fpsS khnt-i-j-X-bm-Wv.
i‡nbpw ]ucp-j-hp-ap≈ ssien-bpsS DS-a-bmb tIi-h-tZhv sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-sS- Po-hn-X-Zp--cn-
XßfmWvv apJy-ambpw Bhn-jvI-cn-®-Xv. A≤zm-\n-°p-∂ P\-h¿§-Øns‚ kmln-Xy-\m-b-I-\mbn
At±-lw. HmS-bn¬ \n∂v , duUn, \Sn, De-°, IÆm-Sn-- Xp-Sß
- nb IrXn-Iƒ kmaq-ly-hn-a¿-i\
- s
- a∂
\ne-bn¬ i‡-ß-fp-am-Wv. `mh Xo{hX--bn¬˛ssien-bpsS i‡n-bn-e√˛HmS-bn¬ \n∂v, {`m¥m-e-
bw, Ab-¬v°m¿ F∂nh a‰p IrXn-Isf ]n∂n-em-°p-∂p. tZhns‚ t\mh-ep-Iƒ sXmgn-em-fn-I-
fpsS Bflm-`n-am-\hpw [m¿ΩnI ]ucp-jhpw Db¿Øp-∂-Xn¬ {]ap-J-amb ]¶p hln-®n´p-≠v.
1948--˛¬{]-kn-≤s
- ∏-Sp-Ønb "c≠n-Sß
- gn' tbmSp IqSn-bmWv XIgn {]kn-≤\- m-bX
- v. AXn-em--hn-
jv°-cn® I¿-j-I-sXm--gn-emfn PohnXw ae-bmf t\mh-en¬ ]pXp-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. hnj-b-kzo-I-c-W-
Øns‚ ]pXpa sIm≠pw {- ]-Xn-]m-Z\ - Ø
- ns‚ i‡n-sIm≠pw c≠n-Sß - gn ae-bmf t\mh¬ km-ln-
XyØn¬ Hcp hgn-Øn-cnhv Ipdn-®p. tXm-ń-bpsS aI≥, sNΩo≥, GWn-∏-Sn-Iƒ, Ib¿, F∂nh-bn-
eqsS XI-gn-bpsS H∏w ae-bmf t\mhepw hf¿∂p. 1985 ¬ A-t±-l-Øn\v ⁄m\-]o-T-]p-c-kvIm-
chpw e`n-®p. tkmjyenÃv dnb-enÃp am¿-§-amWv XI-gn-bp-tS-Xv. Ip´-\m-ńse I¿j-I-cpsS Bfl-
s\m-º-c-ßƒ BhnjvIcn°ptºmƒ XI-gn-bp-sS Xqen-Ibv°v FXn-cn-√.
AKm-[a
- mb a\p-jym-\p-Iº
- b
- psS Dd-hn-Sa
- mWv s]m‰°m´v. a\p-jys\ N-ße
- s
- I-ń-em-°nb
F√m kaq-ln-I˛- k
- m-ºØ
- nI˛a-X˛- L
- S- \
- I
- s
- fbpw At±lw FXn¿Øp. aqSp-]S- w, \mS≥ t{]aw,-hn-
j-I\y-I, sXcp-hns‚ IY XpSßn At\Iw cN-\-Iƒ. "Hcp tZi-Øns‚ IY'-bv°v ⁄m\]oT
kΩm\w (1981) ¬ e`n®p. Ihnbpw IYm-IrØpw k©m-c-km-lnXyImc-\p-sa-√m-am-bn-cp-∂p, a\p-
jys‚ \∑-bn¬ ]q¿Æ hnizm-k-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ B t\mh-en-Ãv.
a\p--jy-s\, \nc-h[n taml-ßfpw At\Iw ]cmP-bß - fpw D≈ kmaqly Pohn-bmbpw ku-
µcykº-∂a - mb [¿Ω \n-jvT\ - mbpw I≠ t\mh-enÃmb ]n.-kn. Ipń-Ir-jvW≥ (D-dq-_v), a\p-jy
a\- ns‚ A
- K - m-[X
- I
- f
- n-te°v Dufn-bnńd-ßn. AhnsS Xn∑-tbm-sSm∏w \∑bpw Is≠-Øn. D-Ωm-
®p, an≠m-s∏-Æv, kpµ-cn-Ifpw kpµ--c∑
- m-cpw, AΩn-Wn, AWn-bd XpS-ßn-bh
- s
- b√mw At±-lØ
- ns‚
PohnX ho£Ww shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Ddq-_ns‚ G‰hpw anI-®I

- rXn kpµ-cn-Ifpw kpµ--c∑
- m-cpam-
Wv. Cu t\mh-ense apJy--I-Ym-]m-{X-amb hnizw kz¥w {]Xncq]-am-sW∂v Ddq-_v ]d-bp-∂p.
\thm-∞m\ Ime-L´- Ø - n¬ \n-ch - [n t\mh-en-Ãp-Iƒ cwK-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂p Ah-cn¬ ssI\n-
°-c ]-fl\ - m-`]
- n≈ (H-gp-°p-Iƒ), tPmk^vv ap≠-t»cn, (sIm-¥b - n¬ \n∂p Ipcn-in-te-°v), sh´q¿
cma≥ \mb¿ (Po-hn-°m≥ ad∂p t]mb kv{Xo), \mK-h≈n B¿.-Fk - .v I
- p-dp∏v (- tXmń),C.-Fw. tImhq¿
(Im-Sn), Po. hnth-Im-\-µ≥(-I≈ --- n-s®-√-Ω), sN-dp-ImSv (a-Æns‚ am-dn¬). ae-bm-‰q¿ cma-Ir-jvW≥(-
b-£n) t]m™n-°c dm^n (kz¿§--Zq-X≥), sI. kptc-{µ≥ (am-b, Im-´p--Ip-cß - v) XpS-ßn-bh - ¿ {it≤-
b-cm-Wv. a\-im-kv{Xm-]-{K-Y-\-]-c-ßfpw am¿Ivkn-b≥ XXz-Nn-¥m-Zn-jvT-nX-ßfpw Hs°-bmb cN-\-
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 14
Iƒ Ch-cp-sS IrXn-I-fn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p.
tImhne-\pw(-hn.-hn.-Aø- ∏
- ≥) ]m-d∏ - p-dØpw (sI.C aØm-bn)-kh - n-tij ]cm-a¿i-a¿ln-°p-
∂-hc- m-W.v amdn hcp-∂k
- m-aq-ln-I˛- k
- m-ºØ - n-I˛- h- ym-hk
- m-bnI ]cn-Xÿ
- n-Xn-If- n¬ thcp-Iƒ \jvSs∏´p
t]mIp-∂ km[m-cW a\p-jys‚ s\mº-cß - ƒ I≠-hcmWh¿. ]pXnb aqey-ßƒ ]g-ba-- q-ey-ß-fpsS
ta¬ IpØnshbv°ptºmƒ Krlm-Xp-cX - z-tØmsS tIgp∂ a\pjys‚ Bflmhp I≠-dn™v Ah¿
]-I¿Øn. ]md-∏p-dØ - ns‚ "\nW-aW - n™ Imev]m-Sp-Iƒ', "At\z-jn--®p-Is - ≠-Øn-bn√'-, "Ac-\m-gn-I-
-t\cw', "BIm-i-Ønse ]d-h-Iƒ' F∂n-h-sb√mw ASnÿm-\-]-c-ambn \jvS-s∏´ kz¿§-sØ-
tbm¿Øp≈ hnem]ßfm-Wv. Pohn-XØ - ns‚ \nc¿∞-IX Cu Ime-L´- Ø - n¬ Hm¿Øp-t]m-Ip--∂X - v-
kzm-`m-hn-I-amWt√m. t\mh-en-Ãmb tXm-hn-e\p CtX kzc-Øn¬ IYm-I-Y\w \S-Øn. ]´mf
PohnXw a\p-jys\ Fßs\ [q-fn-bm-°p-∂p-sh∂v At±lw Xs‚ "F ssa-\kv _n', "Xmgv hc',
"Ggm-sa-Sß - ƒ' F∂o t\mh-ep-If - n¬ hy-‡a - m-°p--°p-∂p.
]gb k{º- Z m- b - Ø n¬ t\m- h ¬ c- N \ XpS¿∂- h - c pw- hm- b - \ - ° msc kºm- Z n- ® p.
ap´-Øp-h¿°n, Im\w C.-sP. XpS-ßn-bh- ¿ k-cf
- a
- mb `mj-bn¬ A- \- p-hm-NI -- c
- psS Pn⁄m-kb
- p-W-
¿Øp-Ibpw {]oXn t\Sp-Ib
- pw-sN-bX
v p. ckn-∏n-°p∂tXmsSm∏w kmaqly hna¿-i\w km[n-°p∂
Iptd-t∏-tcbpw ImWmw. Fkv. sI. amcm¿, s]cp-º-Shw {io[-c≥,-]-Ω≥, hn.-Sn.-\-µ-Ip-am¿, Aø-
t\Øv XpSßn B ]ńI \o≠p t]mIp-∂p.
hn.-sI.-F≥ F∂ B - t- £-]l
- mky t\mh-enÃpw (]n-Xm-al
- ≥, B-tcm-lW
- w) "a™n'-s‚-{k-
jvSm-hmb Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mbcpw khn-ti-j -]-cm-a¿i-a¿ln-°p-∂-hc-- m-Wv. kmaq-lnI
cmjv{So- b - a - fi - e - ß fnse I]- S - \ m- S y- ß sf tIhew aS- e p- s hń ASn- ° p∂
hn.- s I.- F ≥. B[p- \ nI ImesØ G‰hpw henb Bt£] lmky- ° m- c - \ m- W v . "
t\mh-ense kwKoXw' F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏´ IrXn-bmWv Fw-- Sn- bp-sS a™v. t_m-[-[mcm
k{ºZmbw C{X- b pw- hn- P - b - { ]- Z - a mbn as‰mcp ae- b mf t\mh- e nepw D]- b m- K n®p
I- ≠ n- ´ n- √ . hnem- k n- \ n, h¬k- e , tImhn- e ≥, cmP- e - £ van, Fw. kpIp- a m- c ≥,
]n.-sI. _meIrjvW≥, F≥. ]n. apl--ΩZ- v, DÆnIr-jvW≥ ]-Øq¿, sI.-F¬. taml-\h - ¿Ω XpSßn
Ht´sdt∏¿ t\mh¬ cwK-Øv kw-`m-h\ \¬In-bh
- c-- p-≠v.
Im^vI, Imap XpS-ßnbhcn¬ \n∂p {]tN-Z-\a-- pƒs°m≠ Im°-\m-S≥ ae-bmf t\mh-

en¬ \qX-\s - sN-X\yw \¬In. B[p-\nI kaq-lØ - n-\pssI h∂ hnizm-kc - m-ln-Xyhpw aqey \ncm-
khpw krjvSn® ]p-Xnb Ah-t_m-[h - p-am-Wv. Im°-\m-S≥ Bhn-jvIc-- n-°p-∂X - v. DjvWt- a-Je
- , A-
{X-Xb
- psS Xmgv hc, hkqcn F∂n-hs
- b√mw Cu Z¿i-\Ø - ns‚ k¥-Xn-If - m-Wv. B[p-\nI ae-bmf
t\mh-ens‚ hnImk-Øn¬ {]-ap-J-amb ]¶p-h-ln® as‰m-cmfmWv Fw. apIp-µ≥. ]pXnb Xe-ß-
fnte°v t\mh¬ F∂-km-lnXy cq]sØ \bn-°p-Ibpw ]pXnb am\-ßƒ tX-Sp-Ibpw sN-øp-∂h - -
cn¬ kn. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥, ]p\-Øn¬ Ip-™-_vZp≈ apX-em-b-h-cpsS t]cp-Ifpw {]tXyIw ]cm-
a¿in-°p-∂p.
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 15
ae-bmf t\mh¬ Ahn-sSbpw \ne\n∂n√. B[p-\nI kwth-Z-\-Øns‚ {][m\ h‡m-hv-

A¿-Pp\t\m IrjvWt\m A√ Aiz-∞m-am-hmWv F∂v amSºv Ip-™p-Ip-´≥ hniz-kn-°p-∂p.
(A--iz-∞m-am-hv, {`jvSv) a\p-jy-\nse auenI hnIm-cß - ƒ Imahpw t{Im[-hp-am-sW∂v ]fl-cm-P≥
hniz-kn-°p-∂p. (\-£{- X-ßt- fXp Imh¬ tk-Xp-hns‚ ZrjvSn-bn¬ a\p-jys‚ apJy h - n-Imcw [\-
tam-la - m-Wv. (]mfi-h] - pcw) B\µn\v `mhn-bn¬ H - ´pw hniz-kn-°m-\m-hn√ (Bƒ°q-´w). AkvXn-
Xz-Øns‚ thcp-I-sf-bpw -Po-hn-Xn-Øns‚ \nKqVm¿∞sØbpw Xnc-bp-∂ H.-hn. hnP-bs‚ -J-km-
°n-s‚- C-Xn-lm-kw, Zo¿L-amb Iym≥hm-kn¬ X-ea - p-dI- f
- psS CXn-lm-kw c-Nn-°p∂ hnem-kn\nbpsS
A-hI - m-in-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh - {it≤-ba - mWv. kn. B¿. ]c-ta-iz-cs‚ "{]IrXn \nbaw', kn. hn. _me-
Ir-jvWs‚ "Bbp- ns‚ ]pkvXIw' Sn. hn. sIm®p-hm-h-bpsS "hr≤-k-Z\w' F∂o t\mh-ep-Iƒ
DØ-cm-[p-\n-Ik - z-`mhw ImWn-°p-∂h - b
- m-Wv. ]n. kptc-{µs‚ "alm-bm\w", AIv_¿ I°-ń-ens‚
"arXyp-tbm-Kw', sI. ]n. cma-\p-Æn-bpsS "kq^n ]d™ IY', sI. cLp-\m-Ys‚ "`qan-bpsS s]m°nƒ'
tk\s‚ "Ah-\-hs‚ ]n∂mse' XpS-ßnb t\mh-ep-Ifpw {it≤-b-am-Wv. kt¶-X-_-‘-a-√mØ
Imhym-\p-`qXn krjvSn-°p∂ t\mh-ep-If - psS \√-Imew]nd-°p-Ib - m-Wv. ae-bm-ft- \m-he- ns‚ `mhn-
]pXpXe-ap-db - psS ssIbn¬ kpc-£n-Xa - m-Wv.
t\msh-√-Ifpw sdmam≥kp-Ifpw
a[y-bp-KØ - n¬ ]m›mXy kmln-Xy-Øn¬ "sdmam≥kv' "t\msh√m' F∂n-ßs\ c≠p IYm-
cq-]ß
- ƒ hnIm-kw {- ]m-]n-®p. hockm-lk- nI IYIfmWv sdmam≥kp-Iƒ. `qX-t{]-Xm-Zn-If - n-ep≈
hnizm-kw-, hoc-mcm-[\, kml-kn-IX- , BZ¿i-t{]-aw, Cuiz-c`- ‡n F∂n-hb
- m-bn-cp-∂p, sdmam≥k-
s‚ -L-S-I-ßƒ. AXv Iev]-\-bpsS kz—µhn-lm-c-Øn\v If-sam-cp-°p-Ibpw irwKm-c-ho-cm-¤pX
ckßsf DW¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Pohn-X-Øns‚ bYmXY Nn{X-W-amWv "t\msh√'Iƒ ImgvN-sh--®-Xv. Ah-bpsS I¿Øm-
°sf BI¿-jn-®Xv a\p-jy-{]-Ir-Xn-bm-Wv. kaq-l-Ønse A\m-Nm-c-ßsf D]-l-kn-°p-∂-Xnepw
am\p-jnI Zu¿∫-ey-ßsf \¿Ω-t_m[-tØmsS hc-®p-Im-´p-∂X
- n-ep-am-bn-cp-∂p- A-h¿°v Iu-Xp-Iw.
t\mh-ens‚ kl-Pmw-i-ß-fmb bmYm¿∞y Zo£bpw Imev]-\n-IX
- b
- pw bYm-{Iaw "t\msh√m'
"sdmam≥kv' F∂o cq]-ßf
- n¬ {]-IS--am-Ip-∂p. t\msh-√b
- psS apIp-tSm-Zm-lc
- W
- a
- mWv s_m°m-®n-tbm-
hns‚ "U°m-a-tdm¨ IY-Iƒ'. Nm¿entam≥, B¿X¿ F∂o cmPm-°-∑msc tI{µ-am-°n-bn-´p≈
IY-Iƒ sdmam≥kp-Iƒ°pw DZm-lc- W
- a
- m-Wv.
(sI.Fw X-cI
- ≥-˛a
- e
- b
- mf t\mh¬ kmlnXyNcn-{Xw)
* ]m›mXy kmln--Xy-Ønse BZy t\mh¬ F∂-dn-bs
- ∏-Sp-∂Xv?
D: dmt_e {^©p `mj-bn¬ cNn® "Km¿Km≥hmbpw ]m{Sp {Kqhepw' (1536) F∂ IrXn.
* Cw•ojv kmln--Xy-Øn-se- BZy t\mh¬?
D: dn®m¿Uvks‚ "]aoe' (1740-˛41)

IYm-km-ln-Xyw 16
imcZ
H. N¥p-ta-t\m≥
ae-bm-ft- \mh¬km-lnXyØnse {]mX:kvac-Wo-b\

- mb [nj-Wm-im-en-bmWv H. N¥p-ta-
t\m≥. 1847 P\p-hcn 9 \v hS-I-c-bn-emWv At±lw P\n-®-Xv. 1889 sk]v‰w-_¿ 7 \v A¥-cn-®p.
At±lw Fgp-Xnb "Cµp-teJ' bmWv e£-W-bp-‡-amb BZysØ ae-bm-f-t\m-h¬. 1889
Unkw-_d- n¬ Cµp-teJ {]kn-≤o-Ic - n-®p. c≠m-asØ t\mh¬ "imcZ' ]q¿Øn-bm-°m-\m-bn-√.
"imcZ'bpsS aq∂n-semcp `mKw cNn-°p-hmt\ hn[n N¥p-tat\ms\ A\p-hZ- n-®p-≈q. a\p-jys‚
Xo£vW`- m-hß- t- fbpw Ah-\n-ep≈ Xn∑-tbbpw Ah-Km-Va - mbn ]Tn-°p-hm-\mWv "imcZ' bn¬
t\mh-enÃv ]cn-{i-an-®X
- v. "imcZ' bn¬ At±lw ]I¿Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv X\n°p Nnc-]c - n-Xa
- mb
Hcp temI-tØbpw \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ \n∂p-sa-SpØ GXm\pw a\p-jy-tc-bp-am-Wv. Cµp-te-J-
bn-se-∂-t]mse Ime-Øns‚ {]h-W-X-Isf A[nIw hc®p Im´p-∂n-√. AtX kabw Ime-
Øn\pw AXo-X-amb am\h {]Ir-Xn-bpsS kq£va-amb Bte-J-\-Øn¬ At±lw kºq¿Æ-
ambpw {i≤ ]Xn-∏n-°p-∂p.
imcZ ˛ t\mh¬ kw{Klw
tImS-Xn-bpsS temIsØ Bhn-jvI-cn-°m≥ B{K-ln-®-Xn-\m-emhmw imc-Z-bpsS IYm-
_o-P-ambn Hcp hyh-lm-c-sØ-Ø-s∂ N¥p-ta-t\m≥ sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂p. kXyw kXy-am-sW-
¶nepw kaq-l-Øn¬ km[p-hm-Im≥ tImS-Xn-bpsS AwKo-Imcw th≠n hcpw. Aß-s\-sbmcp
kXy-amWv ]qt©m-e° - c CS-Ønse A—s‚ acp-aI - f
- mb Ieym-Wn-bΩ - b
- psS ]p{Xn-bmWv imc-
Z-sb-∂p-≈-Xv. A®≥ Ieym-Wn-b-Ωsb hr≤\pw hncq-]-\p-amb Hcp \ºq-Xn-cn°v hnhmlw
Ign®p sImSp-Øp. \ºq-Xncnbn¬ \n∂p c£-s∏-´v, IrjvW≥ F∂ `rXy-t\mSpw sshØn-∏´- ¿
F∂ B{in-Xt- \mSpw IqSn Ieym-Wn-bΩ Imin°p t]mbn. Ah-cpsS B`-cW - ß
- ƒ Xń-sb-Sp-
°m-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p sshØn-∏´- c - psS Zp¿tam-lw. AXp k - ^
- e- a
- m-bn-√. Imin-bn¬ sh®p Ieym-
Wn-bΩ cma≥ tat\m-s\∂ Nn{X-Im-cs\ I≠p. Hu]-Nm-cn-I-amb hnhmlw \S-ØmsX Xs∂
Ah¿ `mcym-`¿Øm-°-∑m-cmbn Xma-kn-®p. sshØn-∏-´¿ D±njvS Imcyw km[n-°msX C—m-`w-
K-tØmSp IqSn \mń-tebv°v aS-ßn. cma≥ta-t\m\pw Ieym-Wn-b-Ωbpw Imcy-ÿ-\mb i¶-
c\pw `rXy-\mb IrjvW-\p-samØv Imin-bn¬ Xma-kn-®p. B Zº-Xn-Iƒ°v ]nd∂ aI-fmWv
imc-Z. imc-Zsb Imin-bn¬ sh®p I≠n-´p-≈h - c- mWv i¶p-hm-cycpw ]m¬Ip-fß
- c {Xnhn-{I-a≥
\ºq-Xn-cn-bpw. IÆn\p ImgvN Ipd-hm-bXp ImcWw Nn{X-sa-gp-sØ∂ sXmgn¬ XpS¿∂p \S-
Øm-\m-hn-s√-∂p I≠v cma≥ta-t\m≥ IpSpw-_k - t- aXw sXt°m´p Xncn-®p. cmta-iz-cØp sh®v
Zp¿hn[n Ieym-Wn-b-Ωsb A]-l-cn-®p. kµ¿`-h-im¬ cma≥ta-t\m-s\bpw IrjvW-s\bpw
cmta-jz-c-Øp-sh®p I≠ sshØn-∏-´¿ Ahsc \mń-tebv°p £Wn-®p. cma≥ta-t\m-\n¬
\n∂pw \s√mcp XpI t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m-sa∂v ]´¿ hnNm-cn-®p. AXp \S-°msX h∂-t∏mƒ Abmƒ
cma≥ta-t\ms‚ i{Xp-hm-bn-Øo¿∂p.
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 17
imc-Z-bnse ]q¿∆-I-Y-bm-Wn-{X-bpw. cma≥ tat\m≥ \mń-seØn imcZ CS-Øn-se-bm-
sW∂p ImWn®v "CS-Øn¬ A®\v' IØ-b°

- p-∂t- XmsSbmWv IY-bm-cw-`n-°p-∂X
- .v A®s‚ _‘p-
sh-¶nepw _≤-i{- Xp-hmb DZ-b¥ - fn cma-h¿Ω Xncp-ap¬∏mSv cma≥ta-t\ms\ kz¥w hoń¬ Xma-kn-
∏n-°p-Ibpw CS-Øn¬ A®-\p-ambn tIkp \S-Øm≥ F√m HØm-iI - fpw sNbvXp sImSp-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. i¶-cs\ A]m-bs - ∏-Sp-Øm≥ sshØn-∏´- ¿ sNbvX {iaw Hcp km[p-\-ºq-Xn-cnsb ac-W-
Øn-emWv Iem-in-®X - v. F¶nepw IrjvWs\ hio-Ic - n®v Ah-\n¬ \n∂pw kºm-Zn® kq£vah - m¿Ø-
sb∂ cq]-Øn¬ ]´¿, imcZ cma≥ta-t\m\v Hcp ]Tm-Wn-®n-bn¬ D≠mb Ipń-bm-sW∂v A®s\
t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øn. A®≥ Cu hnh-cß - ƒ ImWn®v Xncp-ap¬∏m-Sn\v IØ-b-°p-∂p. IØp Inń-b-
t∏mƒ DZ-b-¥-fn-bn-ep≈ \ºq-Xn-cn-am-cn¬ Nne¿ A‘m-fn-®p-sh-¶nepw Xncp-ap¬∏mSv teihpw
Ipep-ßn-bn-√. apdbv°v tIkp-\-S-Øm≥ cma≥ta-t\m≥ Xøm-sd-Sp-Øp. cmL-h-ta-t\ms\ Xs‚
h°o-embn \ntbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. A®s‚ h°o-e∑ - m¿ I¿∏q-cø - \pw imhp-ta-t\m-\p-am-bn-
cp-∂p. tIkp \S-°p-sa∂ L´w hcp-tºmƒ imc-Z-tbmSv A®s‚ A\-¥n-c-h-\mb cmL-h-\p-Æn-
bpsS aI≥ IrjvWt- a-t\m-s\∂ kpap-J\ - mb bphmhv kl-X] - n-°p-∂X - mbn ImWmw. Hcp ]t£
imc-Zb - psS `mhn-hc - \
- mbn N¥p-ta-t\m≥ hn`m-h\ sNbvXXv Cu bphm-hn-s\-bm-hmw. imc-Z-bpsS
IY ChnSw hsc h∂p \n¬°p-∂t- X-bp-≈q. CXns‚ hnImkw Fß-s\-bm-hp-sa∂v hnh-cn-°pI
km[y-a√ - .
(im-cZ ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ \S-∂n-´p≈ {ia-ßƒ IuXp-I{- ]-Za - m-sW-¶nepw hnP-b{- ]-Za- m-bn-cp-∂n-√.
kn. A¥- ∏ m- b n, Sn. Fkv . A\- ¥ - k p- { _- “ - W yw, Ipdp- ∏ w- h o- ´ n¬ tKm]me
- ] n- ≈ , ]øw- ] ≈n tKm]m- e - ] n≈ F∂n- h ¿ imcZ ]qcn- ∏ n- ® n- ´ p- ≠ v.)
Pn√m PUvPn-bm-bn-cp∂ N¥p-ta-t\m≥ X\n°p ]cn-Nn-Xa - mb Pohn-Xa

- W
- U
v e- Ø
- ns‚ kq£va-
kz-`m-h-ßƒ Bhn-jvI-cn-°m-\mWv "imcZ' bn¬ bXv\n-°p-∂-Xv. hyh-lm-c-Ø¿°-ß-fn¬ ckw
ImWp∂ ]gb Xe- a pd; Ah- t cm- s Sm∏w GXp \oN- I ¿Ω- Ø n\pw
aSn-bn-√mØ {Zhym-{K-ln-Iƒ. Cu Po¿Æ-ka - q-lØ- n-s\-Xnsc DW-cp∂ kml-kn-Ib - p-hX
- z-Øns‚
Nn{Xo-I-c-W-amWv N¥p-ta-t\m≥ B{K-ln-®-Xv. ]t£ AXp k^-e-am-Im≥ t\mh-en-Ãn\p Ign-
™n-√. aqt∂m \mtem `mK-ßf - n¬ hnI-kn-t°-≠n-bn-cp∂ CXn-hr-ØØ - ns‚ H∂mw-L´w am{Xta
"imcZ' bnep-≈q. F∂m¬ IYm-]m-{X-kr-jvSn-bpsS A]q¿∆-`w-Kn-bn¬ "imcZ' {]tXyI A`n-\-µ-
\-a¿ln-°p∂p. a\p-jy-{]-Ir-Xn-bpsS `n∂-ap-Jß - ƒ i‡nbpw kuµ-cyhpw \¬In N¥p-ta-t\m≥
Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. IpSn-e-aq¿Øn-bmb sshØn-∏-´-sc-t∏mse hy‡n-Xz-am¿∂ Hcp IYm-]m-
{XsØ hniz-km-lnXyw apgp-h≥ ]c-Xn-bmepw I≠p-]n-Sn-°pI {]bm-kw.
hy‡n-bpsS ka-{K-`m-hm-hn-jvIc- W
- Ø
- n-ep-]cn N¥p-ta-t\m≥ Dt±-in-®Xv kaq-lØ - nse `n∂-
tN-cn-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ kwL¿j-Øns‚ Nn{Xo-I-c-W-am-h-Ww. ]pXnb kmaq-lym-h-t_m-[-Øns‚
krjvSn°p th≠n-bp≈ ]S-sbm-cp-°-Øns‚ {]tNm-Z\w ]pØ≥ Xe-apd B¿÷n® BwK-e-`m-
jm-hn-⁄m\-am-W.v "Cµp-teJ'bnte-Xp-t]mse "imcZ' bnepw Cw•ojv hnZym-`ym-kØ - ns‚ {]m[m\yw
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 18
Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°m≥ {KŸ-Im-c≥ ad-°p-∂n-√. cma≥ta-t\ms‚ Bfl-IYm IY-\Ø - n¬ \n∂v AXp

hy‡-am-Wv. F∂n-cn-°nepw Cw•ojv ]Tn-®mte kzX-{¥-_p-≤nbpw A`n-am-\-t_m-[hpw {]hr-≤-
amIq F∂ Bibw {]N-cn-∏n-°W- s
- a∂ ]nSn-hm-in-sbm∂pw N¥p-ta-t\m-\n-√. imc-Zb
- psS AΩbv°v
Cw•ojv hi-am-sW∂ kqN-\-sbm∂pw t\mh-en-en-√. ]t£, Imc-W-h¿ \n›-bn® hncq-]\pw
_p≤n-iq-\y-\p-amb kw_-‘° - m-cs\ hn´p-t]m-Im\pw kz¥w CjvS {]Imcw Hcp ]pcp-js\ Is≠-
Øm\pw Ah¿°p Ign-bp-∂p-≠v. "Cµp-teJ' bpsS krjvSn-bn¬ ]pe¿Ønb ap≥hn-[n-Iƒ ChnsS
Hgn-hm-°n-bn-cn-°p-Ib - m-Wv. IY-bpsS kzm`m-hn-Ih- n-Im-kØ
- n\p hgn-sbm-cp-°p∂ bYm¿∞ {]Xn-
`m-hn-emkw "imcZ'bnem-Wv IqSp-X¬ kv]jvS-am-°p-∂-Xv. GXp \ne-bnepw ka-Im-enI kw`-h-
ßsf ]ptcm-Ka - \- ]
- c
- a
- mb at\m-`m-ht- ØmsS ]p\-cm-hn-jvIc- n-°m≥ \njvI¿jn® {]Xn-`m-im-en-bm-
bn-cp∂p H. N¥p-ta-t\m≥.
klm-bI - {- K-Ÿß - ƒ:
1) ae-bmf t\mh¬km-ln-Xy-Nc - n-{Xw.
2) B[p-\n-I-a-e-bmf kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw {]ÿm-\-ß-fn-eq-sS.
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 19
[¿Ω- c mPm
kn. hn. cma≥]n≈
1858 ˛ sabv 19\v Xncp-h\

- ¥
- ]
- p-cØ
- mWv kn. hn. cma≥]n≈ P\n-®X
- v. 1929 am¿®v 20\v A¥-
cn-®p. ae-bmf t\mh¬ kmln-Xy-Øn¬ Ipe-˛] - ¿∆Xw t]mse inc-kp-b¿Øn \n¬°p∂ k¿K-
[-\-\mWv kn.-hn. cma≥]n-≈. ""At±-l-Øns‚ kao-]-Øn¬ tIc-fo-b-cmb a‰p t\mh-se-gp-Øp-
Im¿ BZn-Xy-`K - h- ms‚ tXP:{]k-cØ - n¬ ]I¬hn-f° - p-Iƒ t]mse aßn-t∏m-Ip∂p'' sh∂ D≈q-
cns‚ {]kvXm-h-Øn\v \nd-°q´v Gdp-sa-¶nepw AXn¬ kXy-Øns‚ Ig-ºp-≠v. a\p-jy-{]-Ir-Xn-
bpsS `n∂-ap-Jß - ƒ kq£va\ - n-co-£Ww sNøm\pw auen-Is - sN-X\ - y-tØmsS Nn{Xo-Ic - n-°m\pw
kn.-hn. °p km[n-®p. Ncn-{X-Øns‚ Hcp {]tXyI Zim-k‘nbn¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ hy‡n-I-fpsS
k¶o¿Æ-amb am\-kn-I`- m-hß - sf Ah-tbm-Sn-Wß - p∂ Iev]nX IYm-km-cØ - n\v hy‡n-cq]w \¬In
ka-{K-amb Pohn-XZ- ¿i-\a - m-hn-jvIc - n-®n-cn-°p-IbmWv kn.-hn.-cm-a≥]n-≈.
kn. hnbpw Ncn-{Xm-Jym-bn-Ifpw
ae-bm-f-Ønse Ncn-{Xm-Jym-bn-Im-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ D]-⁄m-Xm-hmbn kn.-hn. cma≥]n≈
Adn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂p. 1891 ˛ ¬ {]kn-≤o-Ir-Xa - mb kn.-hn.bpsS am¿Øm-WvUh - ¿Ω-bmWv BZysØ ae-
bm-fN- c - n-{X-t\m-h¬. am¿Øm-WvUh - ¿Ω FgpXn 23 h¿j-ßƒ°p-tijw [¿Ω-cm-Pbpw ho≠pw
7 h¿j-ßƒ°p tijw cma-cm-P_ - l - Z- qdpw Fgp-Xs - ∏-´p. Cw•-≠n\v kvtIm´pw {^m≥kn\v Uyqabpw
_¶m-fn\v _¶nw-N-{µ\pw alm-cm-jv{S-Øn\v lcn-\m-cm-bW B]vsXbpw Fß-s\tbm Aß-s\-
bmWv tIc-f-Øn\v kn.-hn.-cm-a≥]n-≈bpw F∂v D≈q¿ tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-
Øn.
Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmPy-N-cn-{XsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv kn.-hn. Xs‚ aq∂v BJym-bn-
Ifpw cNn-®X - v. h©n-cm-Py-Nc - n-{X-Ønse G‰hpw kvac-Wo-ba - mb Hcp L´-Øn¬ \S∂ kw`-hß - -
fmWv kn.-hn.-bpsS IrXn-If - psS AkvXn-hmcw. am¿Øm-WvUh - ¿Ω, Im¿Øn-IX - n-cp-\mƒ F∂n-h-
cpsS Ime-Øm-Wt- √m F´p-ho-ń¬]n-≈a - m-cpsS {]m_-eyw, Xºn-am-cpsS cmPym-hI - m-ih - m-Zw, ssakq¿
kp¬Øm-∑m-cpsS B{I-a-Ww, k‘n XpS-ßnb At\Iw kw`-h-ß-fp-≠m-b-Xv. Ch-sbms°
aq∂p Ncn-{Xm-Jym-bn-Ib - n-ep-ambn Ah-Xc - n-∏n-°s - ∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. Nne apJy-IY - m-]m-{X-ßƒ aq∂nepw
ImWmw. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ `c-Ws - Ø-s®m-√n-bp≈ a°-Ømb-˛a - cp-a°
- Ø - mb Ah-Im-in-Iƒ XΩn-
ep≈ hg-°mWv "am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω' bnse apJy-{]-Xn-]m-Zyw. am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ωbpw At±-l-
Øns‚ AΩm-h≥ cma-h¿Ω-cm-Pm-hns‚ a°-fmb Xºn-amcpw XΩn-ep-ff Ah-Im-iÿ - m-]\- a- ’
- -
c-amWv IYm-h-kvXp. \m´p-{]-am-Wn-I-fmb F´p-ho-ń¬ ]n≈-am¿ Xºn-am-cpsS klm-bn-I-fm-bn.
DØ-ac - m-Pt- k-hI - ∑
- m-cpsS Bfl-ho-cy-Ømepw {io]-Zva\ - m-Ì
- m-cp-Wy-Ømepw i{Xp-°sf ]cm-Pb - -
s∏-SpØn am¿Øm-WU v h - ¿Ω bph-cm-Pm-hmbn hmgn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂p. F´p-ho-ń¬]n≈-am-cpsS ]ucpjw
[¿Ω-cm-Pm-bnse lcn-]© - m-\\≥ F∂ IYm-]m-{X-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv kn.-hn. {]I-Sa - m-°p-∂X - v. D∑q-
e-\miw hcp-Øn-bn´pw ]n≈-am-cpsS hwi-Øn¬ ]nd∂ B¨X-cn-If - psS hodpw hminbpw `c-W-
ÿm-\sØ hnd-∏n-°m≥ t]m∂ I¿Ω-ti-jnbpw [¿Ω-cm-Pm-bn¬ Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂p. AtX-k-
abw ssakq¿ kp¬Øm-\mb sslZ-c-en-bpsS Nmc-∑m¿ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ thj-{]-—-∂-cmbn
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 20
IS-∂p-IqSn cmPm-hn-s\-Xnsc \bn-°p∂ NXn-{]-tbm-Kß

- fpw AXns\ cmPm-tI-ih
- Z- m-ks‚ t\Xr-
Xz-Øn-ep≈ cmP-`‡
- ¿ X{¥-]q¿∆w ]cm-Pb
- s
- ∏-Sp-Øp-∂X
- p-amWv [¿Ω-cm-Pb
- nse CXn-hr-Øw.
[¿Ω-cmPm ˛ kw{Klw
[¿Ω-cm-Pm-bnse IY-bm-cw-`n-°p-∂Xv sIm√-h¿jw 929se inh-cm{Xn Znh-k-am-Wv. A∂v

Ipf-{]-t°m´v Ip©p-]n-cm-ń-Ø-ºn-bpsS hoń¬ \n∂pw B `h\w Ipfw tXm≠p-sa∂v i]n-®p-
sIm≠v tIi-h-s\∂ tIma-f-_m-e≥ Cd-ßn-t]m-Ip-∂p. B _me≥ t]m°cp aqkm apX-em-fn-
bpsS B{in-X-\mbn tPmen t\m°p-∂p. GXm\pw h¿j-ßƒ°p tijw tIi-h≥ \os´-gpØp
tIi-h-]n-≈-sb∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-´p. [¿Ω-cm-Pbnse apJy-I-Ym-KXn Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv A\-¥-
tam-Xncw ImWm-Xm-hp-Ibpw AÆm-]ø - s
- \∂ h¿ØI{]-amWn h[n-°s - ∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂t- Xm-sS-
bm-Wv. Cu IrXy-Øn¬ kmXzn-I\ - mb tIi-h\ - p-Æn-Øm\pw alm-cm-Pm-hns‚ kNn-h\ - m-bn-Øo¿∂
tIi-h] - n-≈bv°pw ssIbp-s≠∂p hcp-ØW - s - a∂v tbmKo-iz-c∑ - m-cmbn cmP-[m-\n-bn¬ Ign-bp∂
D{K-l-cn-]-©m-\\pw im¥-l-cn-]-©m-\\pw \n¿_-‘-ap-≠v. D{K-im-¥-∑m¿ Ig-°q-´Øp hońse
{Xn]p-ck - p-µc - n-°p-™ΩbpsS ]p{X-∑m-cm-sW∂v A\-¥] - fl
- \
- m-`] - S- Ø
- e - h
- ≥ {Kln-°p-∂p. AÆm-
h-øs‚ h[-Øn¬ ]¶p-s≠∂ Btcm-]W - Ø
- ns‚ t]cn¬ _‘-\ÿ - \ - m-°s - ∏´ DÆn-Øm≥ A¤p-
Xm-hl - a - mw-hn[w A]-lr-X\
- m-Ip∂p; tIi-h] - n-≈b - psS {]Xn-tbm-Kn-sb∂p ap{Z-Ip-Øs - ∏´ DΩn-Wn-
]n≈ sIm√-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cß-s\-bp≈ IpX{¥ßsf√mw lcn-]© - m-\∑ - m¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv DÆn-
Øms‚ ]nXm-hmb \¥n-bØ - p-Æn-Øm-t\bpw kz¥w amXp-e] - p-{X-\mb N{¥-°m-ct- \bpw tIi-h-
]n-ff
- b- n¬ \n∂-I‰n kz]-£Ø - m-°p-hm-\m-Wv. F´p-ho-St- cmSv am¿Øm-WvUh - ¿Ω sNbvX t{Zml-
ßƒ°v cma-h¿Ω-tbmSv {]Xn-{Inb sNøp-sa∂v Ah¿ \n›-bn-®p-d-®n-cp-∂p. N{¥-°m-cs‚
Zp¿tΩmlw Znhm≥Pn-]Zw t\Sn-sb-Sp-°-W-sa-∂m-bn-cp-∂p. {Xn]p-c-kp-µ-cn-°p-™-Ω-tbbpw `mKn-
t\-bn-bmb ao\m-£n-tbbpw N{¥-°m-c\ - mWv ]cn-]m-en-®p-t]m-∂X
- v. F√mw a\- n-em-°nb A\-¥-
]-fl\- m-`≥ D{K-im-¥∑- msc t\¿h-gn°p sIm≠p-hc - p-hm≥ sNbvX {ia-ßs - f√mw hn^-eß - f
- m-bn.
F¶nepw DÆn-Øms\ At±lw tamNn-∏n-®p. DÆn-Øm\pw ao\m-£nbpw t{]a-_≤ - c- m-bn-Øo¿∂p.
IYm-¥y-Øn¬ Ah-cpsS hnhm-lhpw \S-∂p. CXn-\Iw ssakq-cnse sslZ-cmen k¿∆-k-∂m-l-
ß-fp-ambn Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns\ B{I-an-°m≥ ]pd-s∏-´p. h©n-cm-PysØ H‰n-s°m-SpØp sslZ-
dns‚ {]oXn-t\-Sn-bm¬ knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ \n∂v [¿Ω-cm-Pm-hns\ \njvIm-k\w sNbvXv X¬ÿm-
\Øv Ib-dn-∏-‰m-sa∂v D{K-lcn]©m-\-\≥ hymtam-ln-®p. F√mw kq£va-ambn \ncq-]n®v D{K-im-
¥-∑m¿ Hcp alm-b-⁄-Øn\p Xøm-sd-Sp-°p∂p: F∂m¬ sslZ-cmen thWm-Sns\ B{I-an-t°-
s≠∂p sh®p. cma-h¿Ω-tbmSv {]Xn-Imcw sNøm-\p≈ k¿∆-{i-aß- fpw \njvê - a
- m-sW-∂d- n™
D{K≥ kz¥w lnX-Øn-s\-Xncp \n∂ A\p-P≥ im¥s\ IpØn-ho-gvØn-bn´v shSn-ac - p∂p]pcbv°v
Xo sImSpØp; Bfn-°Ø - nb Xobn¬ kzbw AI-s∏´v ktlm-Zc
- \
- p-samØv ba-]pcn ]qIn. CXmWv
[¿Ω-cm-Pb
- nse IYm-kw-{K-lw.
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 21
c≠n- S - ß gn
kw{Klw
]I-e¥
- n-tbm-fw-- ]m-Sß
- f
- n¬ ]-Wn-sb-SpØv s]m≥ IXn-cp-Iƒ hnfb-n°
- p∂ Ahicpw a¿±n-
X-cp-amb Ip´-\m-ńse I¿j-Is- Xm-gn-em-fn-Iƒh¿§ t_m[-tØmsS DW¿s∂-gp--t∂‰v Nqj--WsØ
]cm-Pb - s
- ∏-Sp-Øp∂ hotcm-÷zehpw hnIm-c\ - n¿`-ch
- p-amb IYm-hn-jvIm-ca
- mWv c-≠n-Sß
- g
- n.
F´p X-d-bn¬ Im-fn-∏-d-b-s‚bpw Ip™m-fn-bp-sSbpw aI-fmWvNn-cp-X. Ahƒ \√ H∂m-
¥cw the°m-cn-bm-Wv. I‰ saXn-°m\pwIf ]dn-°m\pw ho´p tPmen-°pw Ahƒ k-a¿∞bm-
Wv. ]ecpw Ahfw hnhmlw Ign-°m≥- B-{K-ln®v s]ÆptNmZn®p hc-Wp-s≠-¶nepw Ahƒ \√
hne-bpf≈ Nc-°mWv F∂-Xns‚ t]cn¬ Ah-fpsS A—≥ Im-fn-∏d-- -b≥ Ah-fpsS hne h¿[n-
∏n-°p-∂p. C-´p-sI´pw Xd-bnse shfp-Ø-bpsS aI≥ tImc≥ Nncp-Xsb I√ymWw Btem-Nn-®p-
h-∂p. 50 cq]bpw 25 ]d-s\√pw BWv Ah-fpsS hne. Im¿jn-I-sIm-gn-em-fn-bmb tImc≥ Xs‚
kplrØv Ip™m-∏n-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS ]pjv]-th-en-bn¬ Hutk-∏ns‚ ASp-Øp \n∂pw
HmW-∏-Wn°v \n¬°mw F∂-Xns‚ Icm-dn¬ ]Ww ISw hmßp-∂p. \m´p \S-∏ns\ FXn¿Øv
Nncp-Xsb hnhmlw Ign-®X
- n-\m¬ tImc\v Xs‚ ho´p-Im-tcbpw IpSpw-_t- Øbpw \jvSs
- ∏-Sp-∂p.
I√ymWw Ign™v tImc\pw Nncp-Xbpw Hutk-∏ns‚ HmW∏Wn-bn¬ G¿s∏-´p. Hcp I¿j-

Is‚ F√m DØ-ch - m-Zn-Øt- Øm-Sp-IqSn tImc≥ ]pjv]then-bn¬]-Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂p. C-Xn-\n-Sb
- n¬
Ip´-\m-ń¬ ]pXnb am‰-ßƒ°v Xncn-sX-fn-bp-∂p. {InkvXp a-XØ
- n-te-°p≈ ]cn-h¿Ø-\hpw tÃ‰v
tIm¨{K- ns‚ cq]o-I-c-Whpw Ip´-\m-ńse I¿j-I-cpsS Pohn-X-hyh-ÿsb Xs∂ am‰n adn-
°p-∂p. lnµp {In-kvXym\nbm-bpw, {InkvXym\n lnµp-hm-bpw, ]cn-h¿Ø\\w sNbvXp. Ip™m∏n,
]t{Xmkmbn, tbml-∂m≥ A\-¥\
- m-bn.
sImbvØp ImeØv sh≈w IpSn-bv°m≥ Hcp I‰ kz¥-am-sb-SpØ tImcs\ apX-emfn

IW-°n\v iIm-cn-®p. AXv Ahs‚ Bflm-`n-am-\sØ {hW-s∏-Sp-Øn. Ah≥ ]pXnb Hcm-fmbn.
apX-emfn Iqen Ipd-®-t∏mƒ tIm-c≥ sXm-gn-em-fn-Isf kwL-Sn-∏n®v kacw \S-Øn. Ah-Imiw
\ne-\n¿Øn. AtXmsS Ip´-\m-ńse Im¿-jn-I-ta-Je kwL¿j-]q¿Æ-am-bn. Ah-Imi \ntj-[-
ß-fpw \nXy-kw-`h
- a
- m-bn. Im¿jnI {]am-Wn-am-cpsS kzm[o\w sIm≠v bqWn-b≥ {]h-¿Ø-Ic - p-sS-
ta¬ I≈-t°-kp-If - p-≠m-bn. tImc-\pƒs∏sS ]e-hcpw Hfn-hn¬t]m-bn. Hcp Znhkw cm{Xn IpSn-
en-se-Ønb tImc≥ I≠Xv ]pjv]then-bn¬ Nmt°m Nncp-Xsb _em¬-°mcw s - Nøms\mcp-ßp-
∂-Xm-Wv. Ah≥ Abmsf X√n-s°m-∂p. tImc\v e`n®-in£ 15 h¿jsØ Pbn¬ hm-k-am-bn-cp-
∂p. ]q¿Æ K¿`n-Wn-bmb Nncp-Xsb Iq´p-Im-c-\m-b- Nm-Øs\ G¬-∏n-®n-´mWv Ah≥ t]mb-Xv.
NmØ\pw Nncp-Xbpw Bß--f-bpw -s]-ß-fp-ambn Pohn-®p.
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 22
Ip´--\m-ńse a¿±nX PohnXw Ah-cpsS i‡n- kam-l-cn®v kacw sNbvXp. XS-hp-in£

Ign™p Xncn-s®-Ønb tImcs‚ ssIIfn¬ Nncp-Xsb NmØ≥ Xncn-®v G¬∏n-°p-∂p. tImcs‚
aI≥ sh-fp--Ø- sIm®pssI Npcpń sIm≠v Ir-jn-`qan I¿j-I¿°v F∂v Dds° hnfn-°p-∂p.
tImcs‚ Xe-ap-db - psS kz]v\w shfp-Øb - psS ImeL-´Ø - n¬ bm-Ym¿∞y-am-Ip-sa-∂ k
- q-N\
- bmWv
t\mh¬ ip`-]c - y-hk
- m-bn-bm-hp-tºmƒ e-`n-°p-∂X
- v.
]T\w
Ip´-\m-S≥ I¿-j-I-sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS h¿§-k-a-cØ -- ns‚ kq£va-Nn{Xw \ap°v Cu IrXn-
bn¬ Im-Wm-hp-∂X - m-Wv. ASn-®a
- ¿Ø-s∏´ Hcp P\ kaq-lØ - ns‚ lrZb kv]µ\-ßf - psS apg°w
Cu t\mh-en-\v al-Xz-]q¿Æ-amb A¥-co£w \¬Ip-∂p. ASn-aX - z-Øns‚ Zp:Jm\p-`h- ß
- fn¬ \n-
∂p-W¿∂v kz¥w hn[n Xncn-®-dn-bm-\p-≈ IcpØv Ch¿- B¿-Pn-®n-cn-°p∂p. c≠n-S-ß-gn-bnse
tImc\v A[zm-\-Øns‚ alna Adn-bmw. B A[zm\wj Pohn-X-Øn-s‚ A¥ v Dd∏p \¬Ip-
∂n-s√-∂-dn-bp-tºmƒ {Iq-c-amb B Hcp kXyw Ah\v t_m[y-s∏-Sp-∂p. ""kz¥w Poh≥ If™p
]Wn-S-sb-Sp-°p-∂-I¿j-I¿°v Ah-km\w H∂p-an-√m-Xm-Ip∂p F∂v kXyw''. IqSmsX ]d-b\p
]pe-b\p Adn-bmsX Ccp-fn¬ I-f-ß-fnse I®nIq-\-Iƒ°n-S-bnepw IsÆ-ØmØ Zqc-tØmfw
]c∂v InS-°p∂ ]mS-Ønse hmgva s\√ns‚ CS-bn-ep≈ hc-ºp-I-fn-eq-w- kv{Xo-Iƒ°v t\sc \S-
-Øp∂ AXn{I-a-ßsf shfn®Øp sIm≠p hcm\pw Cu IY {ian-°p-∂p-≠v. XIgn inh-i-¶-c-
∏n≈ sXmgn-ep-sIm≠v h°o--em-sW-¶nepw P∑-hm-k-\-sIm≠v \mń≥]p-dsØ I¿j-I-\m-hp-I-
bmWv ChnsS BI¿-j-I-amb XpS°w {Zp-X-K-Xn-bn¬ ]ncn-ap-dp-Inb Ahÿ-bn-te-°p≈ hnIm-
kw, ]n∂oSv kzm¿∞-Ihpw `{Z-hp-amb kam-]-\hpw Cu IrXn-bn¬ ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
]pdw-X≈- s - ∏-´p-t]mb h¿§w A{X-thKw Cu kmaqly hyh-ÿb
- n¬\n∂pw ]pdØp t]mIn-
√. adn-®v Po-hn-XØ
- ns‚ F√m `m-Kß - f
- nepw B h¿§-Øns‚ i‡n-hØ- mb t\¿Ø tNcp--hI
- ƒ
]S¿∂p ]nSn-°p∂p F∂pw \ap°v Cu IrXn-bn¬\n∂pw hmbn-s®-Sp-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 23
Ac- \ m- g n- I - t \cw
kw{Klw
{InkvXob ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ c-Nn-®n-´p≈ t\mh-emWv Ac-\m-gn-I-t\-cw. Ip™-\m-®-\mWv

t\mh-ense tI{µ-IY - m-]m-{Xw. Ipt™-\m®-\n-eqsS h-fc- p-Ibpw Ipt™\m-®\ - n-eqsS Ah-km-\n-
°p-Ibpw sN-øp∂ Hcp t\mh¬. hr≤-\mb Ipt™-\m-®-\v A©v Bä---°fpw Hcp s]ä-°-
fp-am-Wp-≈X
- .v CXn¬ aqØ aI-\pw- B-sI-bp-≠m-bn-cp-s∂m-cp- s]ä-°fpw Imem¥-cs - ∏-´p. ]nent∏m-
b-®m-b≥, Ioh-do-Xv, NmØp-Ipń, Ip™p sN-dp-°≥ F∂n-h-cn--eq-sS- h-f-cp∂ Hcp \√ IpSpw_
Nn{X-amWv Ac-\m-gn-It-- \-cw.
Ipt™-\m-®s‚ `mh-\b - n-eq-sSbpw Nn¥-bn-eq-sSbpamWv t\mh¬ hnI-kn-°p-∂X - .v Ipt™-
\m-®≥ 90 Ign™ Hcp hr≤-\m-Wv. NmØpIp-ń-bpsS hoń-emWv \n¬°p--∂-Xv- F-¶nepw hSnbpw
IpØn D®-bv°p≈ DuWn\v Hmtcm a°-fp-tSbpw hoń¬ t]mhp-Ib - mWv ]Xn-hv. Hcp Znhkw Xh-
W-b-\pk--cn®v Ioh-do-Xns‚ hoń¬ t]mbn aS-ßn-h-cp∂ ka-bØv Xe-I-dßn hogp-I-bpw AtX
XpS¿∂v C\n XhW \n¿-Ø-em°n A∏-\v sN-e-hn-ep≈ Imiv hoń¬ sIm-Sp-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-°p-
Ibpw sNøp-∂p. amØp-°p-ń-bpsS `mcy Zo\mΩ h√y-∏-®\v F∂pw -Hcp Xmßpw XW-ep-am-Wv.
Ipt-™\-m®s‚ F√m Imcyhpw t\m°n \S-Øp-∂Xv Zo-\m-Ω-bmWv. amØp-°pń \m-Sn\v \s∂-
¶nepw hoSn\v Imcy-sam∂pw C√m-Øh - \
- mWv. Ipt™\m®s‚ Htc-sbmcp kplr-ØmWv inh-i-
¶-c-Ip-dp-∏v. X\n°v kwkm-cn-°m\pw Id∏v hmßn-Ø-cm\pw D≈ \s√m-cp- Iq-´v.
hyXykvX aX-ßf - m-sW-¶nepw aX-ßf
- psS ASn-Ø´v F√mw H∂p-Xs - ∂-bm-sW∂pw, ss__n-
fn‚-sbpw cmam-b-W-Øn-s‚bpw ktµ-i-ßƒ H∂p Xs∂-bm-sW∂pw Ipt™\-m®\v Adn-bmw.
At±-lØ - n\v Ft∏mgpw Hmtcm kphn-ti-jß - ƒ ]d-bm-\p-≠m-Ipw. Ioh-do-Xns‚ aI-fmWv Ip-ń-b-
Ω. \Sp-hn-esØ k¥-Xn-bmWv. Cfb k¥Xn-bmb eoem-Ωb - p-sS-hn-hmlw Ign-™n´pw CXp-hsc
Ipń-b-Ωb-bpsS an∂p-sI´v Ign-™nń-√, CXn-s‚ ImcWw X-\n-s°mcp tPmen-bp-≈-Xm-sW∂v
Ahƒ Icp-Xp-∂p. Ahƒ- Hcp hmZym-cm-Wv. Ah--fpsS iºfw sIm-≠mWv B IpSpw_w Pohn-®p-
t]m-Ip-∂-Xv. an∂p-sIń Ign-™m¬ AXv \n¬°pw AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ Ioh-doXv GsX-¶nepw
]d™v IeymWm-tem-N\ - I- ƒ ap-S°
- pw.
Ipt™\m-®≥ CXp tNmZn-s®-¶nepw Hcp adp-]Sn Ioh-do-Xns‚ ssIøn¬\n∂pw In´p-∂n-√.
dmtl-eΩ, Ipń-b-Ω-bpsS aqØ-a-Iƒ. Ah-fpsS hnhmlw Ign-s™¶nepw Hcp \nXy-tcm-Kn-bm-
bXv ImcWw Ahƒ ho-ń¬Øs∂ \n¬°p-∂p. Ah-fpsSw ac-Whpw Ip™m--t\-®\v Ac-\m-gnI
t\cw sIm≠v ImtW≠n h∂p.
Ipt™\m-—s‚ aI-\mb Ip™p sNdp-°-\mWv Cu IpSpw-_-Ønse Hcp Xe Xncn-™
k¥Xn. ]t£, Hcn-°epw Ip™p sNdp-°s - \- Ip™\m-®≥ ]gn ]d-bp-∂n-√. ]nen-t∏m-®≥ [-\n-
I-\mb Hcph\mWv. ]t£- Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬ a\-k-am-[m\w C√m-ØXv ^nen-t∏m-®-\m-Wv. ^nen-t∏m-
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 24
®s\bpw the-°mcn A∂m-Ω-tbbpw ImWm≥ I-gn-bmØ ImgvN-bn¬ ImWp-∂p. CtX-Xp-S¿∂v

tPmWn-Ip-ńbpw A∏\pw XΩn¬ hg-°n-Sp-Ibpw tPmWn hb-\m-ń-te°v t]mhp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
H∏w the-°mcn s]Æn-t\bpw sIm≠v t]mIp-∂p.
amØp-°p-ń°v BZysØ `mcy-bn¬ D≠mb aI-\mWv cmP-≥. cmP\v ]´m-fØ -- n-emWv tPmen.
eohn\v hcp∂ Imcyw Adn™v Im¿ØnI ]≈o-e-®≥ Hcp hnhm-l-Imcyw sIm≠p hcp∂p A-
®≥ Ch-cpsS IpSpw-_-am-b-Xn-\m¬ H∂pw Btem-Nn-°msX hnhmlw Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂p. cmP≥
s]Æp I≠p im¥-Ω. im¥-Ωsb cmP\v CjvSs - ∏-´p. CXn-\n-Sb
- n¬ Ip™m--t\®s‚ ]cn-Nb - °- m-
c≥ Hcmƒ h∂v Hcp Imcyw ]d-bp-∂p. im¥-Ωb - psS AΩ-bpsS `¿-Ømhv acn-®X - m-Wv.h - n-[h
- b- mb
tijw B kv{Xo°v Im¿Øn-I-∏-≈o-e-®s‚ tNmcbn¬ ]nd-∂-XmWv im-¥-Ω. CtX-Xp-S¿∂v
IeymWw th≠m F∂v Xocp-am-\n-°p∂p. ]t£ cmPs‚ ]nSn-hm-in-bn¬ B IeymWw \S-°p-∂p.
Xs‚ Cf-bX - mb cmPs‚ h
- n-hmlw \S-∂n´pw Xs‚ IeymWw \S-°m-ØX - n¬ Ipń-bΩ - bv°v hnj-
a-ap-≠m-bncp∂p. Ipń-bΩ, Xs∂ Hcmƒ°v CjvS-am-sW∂pw Abmƒ hn-fn-®m¬ Xm≥ Cdßn
t]mIp-sa∂pw ]d-bp-∂p.
hnhmlw Ign™v DS≥ Xs∂ cmP≥ t]mIp-∂p. im¥-Ωbv°v hncl thZ-\. CXn-\n-S-
bn¬ Xs‚- ]q¿∆ Ime-ßƒ Ip™m--t\-®≥ Hm¿Ωn-°p-∂p. s]ÆΩ F∂ Hcp kv{Xobp-ambn
X\n-°-Sp-∏-ap-≠m-bXpw AtX Xp-S¿∂p≠mb hg-°n¬ Xs‚ `mcy A∂mΩ acn-°p-Ibpw Hcp-
kvYe X¿°-sØ-Xp-S¿∂v Ipt™-am≥ ac-Ws - ∏-´Xpw hnhmlw \n›-bn® Xs‚ aIƒ Ip-™Ω - -
a-cn-®X
- pw Ip™m--t\-—≥ Hm¿Ωn-°p∂p. ab-°ß - f
- n¬ A
- h
- ¿
- Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Xs∂ kz¿§-tem-I-
tØ°v Iqń-sIm≠v t]mIm≥h-cp-∂Xpw A-bmƒ Adn-bp-∂p. ]t£ B Ac-\m-gn-It- \cw Ct∏m-
gpw Bbn-ń-√. hey-∏-®-s‚- Nn-e-hn\v th≠n Ip™p sNdp-°s‚ aI≥ Zm-\n-°pń A™qdpcq]
\¬Ip-∂p. Bcpw Adn-bmsX \¬Inb B A-™q-dp-cq] ]ns∂-hg - °
- n¬ FØn-t®-cp-∂p. I≈-
°-S-Øns‚ t]cn¬ Zm-\n-°pń Ad-Ãn-em-hp-∂p. CXn-\n-S-bn¬ Ipń-b-Ωsb ImWm-Xm-hp-∂p.
Ipt™-\-®-t\mSv ]d-™-t]m-se Ahƒ tXmakv kmdns‚ IqsS t]mbn. hg-°n-\pw -h-°m-W-
Øn\pw Hcp-ßn-sb-¶nepw Ipt™-\-®s‚ hm°p {]Imcw B hnhmlw \S-Øn.
tXmakv kmdv B hoS-n\pw Ipt™\m®\pw Hcp XpW-bmbn `hn-®p. Cu IY-bnse as‰mcp
kw`-ha - mWv cmPs‚ ac-Ww. ]´m-fØ - n¬ sh®v cmP≥ ac-Ws - ∏-´p. CXv B IpSpw_Øn\p-ta¬ H-
cp-BL- m-Xa- mbn h∂v `hn-®p. cm-Ps‚ ac-Wt- ØmSv IqSn G‰hpw henb am‰w kw`-hn-®Xv im¥-
Ωbn-em-bn-cp-∂p. im¥Ω ssZhn-I-X-bn-te°v Xncn-™p. X\n°v C\n-sbm-cp- Zm-º-Xy Pohn-X-an-
s√∂v im¥Ω Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂p. cmPs‚ ac-Wt- ØmSv IqSn B IpSpw_w A\m-Ya - m-Ip-∂p. amØp-
Ipń \mSn\v am{Xta sIm≈q hoSn-\v sIm-≈n-√. Cu Imcyw- ap≥Iq-ń- I-≠v Io-h-doXv amØp-Ip-ń-
tbmSv Hcp IS XpS-ßm≥ ]d-bp∂p. Hcp ]¶p I®-hS- w. ]¶p-Im-c\ - mbn inh-i¶
- c
- °- p-dp-∏ns\ Xnc-
s™-Sp-°p-∂p. Aßs\ kmam\yw \√ coXn-bn¬ Øs∂ I®-hSw Bcw-`n-°p-∂p. CXn--\n-Sb - n¬
im¥-Ω-bpsS ]nXrXzw Im¿-Øn-I] -- -≈n-e-®≥ sX-fn-b-n°p-∂p. Xs∂bpw im¥-Ω-bpsS AsΩ-b-
°p-dn®pw A]-hm-Z-ßƒ ]c-Øn-b-Xm--sW∂v sXfnhp klnXw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. Iºp-Iƒ- D-W-
ßn-t∏mb êw Imbv°mØ ]Sphr£w t]mse Ipt™-\® - ≥ \n¬°p-∂p. CS°v ab-°Ø - n-te-
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 25
°v hogp-Ibpw t_m[-an√msX {]hr-Øn°pbpw sN-øp-∂p. Hcp Znhkw Ipd®v sh≈-Øn\v th≠n

Zo\m-Ωsb hnfn-s®-¶nepw hnfn-tI¬°p-∂n-√.
amØp-Ipń ]nen-t∏m-®s‚ aI≥ tPmWn-Ip-ńsb XncnsI sIm≠vv hcm≥t]mb ka-bhpw
Zo\m-Ωs- b Im-Wm-ØXv sIm≠v Ip-t™-\® - ≥- G-ßt- \sbms°sbm hSnbpw Ip-Øn-∏n-Sn®v hmXn¬
X≈n-Xp-d-°p-∂p. Ahn-sS -Ip-t™-\-®s‚ D‰ kplr-Ømb inh-i-¶c Ipdp∏pw Xs‚ acp-a-fƒ
A√ aI-fmbn I≠ Zo\m-Ωb-pw .......... Ipt™-\-®≥ Xmsg hoWp. IÆp-Xp-d-∂-t∏mƒ a°-sf-√m-
hcpw ap∂n-ep≠v. ]t£, BZyw At\z-jn-®Xp amØp-Ip-ńsb BWv. ]t£ Ah≥ h∂n-ń-√.
Zo\m-Ω-bp-sS- ap-J-tØ-°v t\m°n. Ahƒ -BsI Nqfn \n¬°p-I-bmWv Fßs\ t\sc
\n¬°pw. Zo\mΩ sh≈w sImSp-sØ-¶nepw AXv Xń Xm-sg-bn-´p. Bf-dn--bm-ØXv sIm≠v sN-øp-
∂-Xm-sW∂v F√m-hcpw hnNm-cn-®p. Fs¥m-s°tbm ]d-bm≥ Xp\ns™-¶nepw H∂pw B¿°pw
hy‡ambn√. amØp-Ip-ń-tbmSv Hcp Imcyw ]d-bWw F∂v am{Xw ]d-™p. am\w c£n-°m≥
th≠n inh-i-¶-c-°p-dp∏v Idp-∏n¬ hnjw tN¿Øv -Ip-t™-\-®s\ sIm∂p. CX-dn™ Zo\m-Ω-b-
°v \n-b{- ¥Ww \jvSs - ∏ńcp-∂p. G‰-hpw- D-ds° tcmZ\w tI´-Xv Zo-\m-Ωb
- p-tS-Xm-bn-cp∂p. F√m-
Øn\pw km£n-bmbn \n∂ Hcp- X-e-a-p-d-bnse Ah-km-\sØ- C-e-- sR-´‰ncn-°p-∂p.
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 26
am‰mØn
kmdm-tPmk^v
kw{Klw
"B-em--lb
- psS s]-ä-°ƒ' F∂ t\mh-ens‚ XpS¿®-t]mse kw`-hn-®- t\m-he
- m-Wv kmdm-
tPm-k-^ns‚ "am‰m-Øn. eqkn-bpsS hf¿®bpw ImgvN-I-fp-amWvv Cu IrXn-bn¬ Bhn-jv°-cn-®n-
cn-°p-∂Xvv. Ncn-{X-Øns‚ s\Sp-¶≥ ]m-XI-- f
- n-eq-sS-b√
- , DuSp-hg- n-If
- n-eq-sS-bmWv eqkn k-©c
- n-°p-
∂-X.v
[\n-Ibpw hr≤-bp-amb {_nPn-Øb - psS B{in-Xb
- mbn sNdp∏w apX¬ Ign™v IqSp-Ib - m-
Wv eqkn. ]ip-°-fpw -]-d-ºn-se-Ir-jnbpw ho´p-tPm-enbpw F√m-ambn Pohn-XsØ Hcp -k-a-c-
am°n am‰n-bn-cn-°p∂hƒ. ]Ømw Xc-Øn¬ ]-Tn-°p∂ Ahƒ°v ]T-\Ø - n-\mbn \o°n shbv°m≥
ka-b-an-√. Ac-bv°p∂ ka-bØv Cw•ojv ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse Ihn-X-Iƒ sNm√n ]Tn-°p-
∂XpsIm≠v ]pkvIØ - ns‚ F√m Xmfp-If - nepw NΩ¥n Ie¿∂ sh≈w sXdn-®v- D-Wß- n-bX
- ns‚
]mSv ImWmw. NmWIw aW°p∂ tZlhpambn ¢m v apdn-bn¬ HmSn-°n-Xs - ®-Øp-tºmƒ Ah-fh - n-
sS-bp-sam-cp- ]cnlm-k]- m-{X-ambn amdp-∂p. \nhrØn sI´v Hcp hmk-\m-tkm∏v hmßn tX®-Xn\p
{_nPn-ØΩ Btcm-]n-®Xv \o tImgn ap´ I´v hmßn-b-X-t√-sb-∂m-Wv.
{_nPn-Øb - psS aqØ Bß-fb - psS aI-fmWv keo-\. keo-\b - n¬ \n∂m-Wv eqkn Pohn-X-
sØ-bd- n-bp-∂X - v ˛ kzmX{¥yw Adn-bp-∂X - v. keo-\b- vs°m∏w {-- ]m¿∞-\bv°v t]mb-t∏mƒ k-eo\
Xs‚ IÆp-Iƒ apgp-h≥ BÏp-ń-I-fn¬ ]-Xn-∏n-°m\mWv Xm¬]cyw Imń-b-Xv. eqkn-bm-I-s´,
cm{Xn Ggp-aW - n°p X - s∂ AS-bp∂ {_nPn-Øb - psS hoń¬ \n∂p≈ tamN\w Bkz-Zn-°p-Ib - m-bn-
cp-∂p. cm-{Xn-bp-sS k - u-µc- y-ad- n-bm-Xn-cp∂ eqkn cm{Xn-bpsS BIm-i° - mgvN ImWm-\mWv {ian-°p-
∂-Xv. keo-\b -- n¬ \n∂pw t{]a-te-J\ - Ø- n--s‚bpw t{]aØn-s‚bpw hymJym--\ß - ƒ eqkn°v In´p-
∂p. k-eo-\bv°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb s\¬k¨ F∂ `¿Ømhn-s\-bmWv In´p--∂X
- v.
{_nPn-Øb
- psS sNdp--hm-’eysa¶nepw eqkn Adn-bp-∂Xv Ahƒ EXp-aXnbmIp∂ ka-b-
Øm-W.v sR´-tem-sS-bm-sW-¶nepw ]® tImgn-ap´ hmbn-sem-gn®v sImSpØpw a‰pw B NSßpIƒ°p
{]m-[m\yw \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. B Hc--hÿ - b- n¬ am{X-amWv {_nPn-Øb - n¬ kvt\-la
- b
- n-bmb H-cΩ
- sb
Z¿in-°m-\m-hp∂-Xv. A\m-Y-bmb eqkn°p ]e-t∏mgpw CXn-\p-tijw D]--tZ-i-ß-fm-Wv; IqSm-sX
-No-Ø∏
- d- ®
- nepw. X≈ tXhn-Sn-»n-bm-sW∂v Ahsf ho≠pw ho≠pw Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂p≠v {_nPn-Øm- Ω.
eqkn-bpsS ¢m nse Ipń-bmWv tkXp. tkXp-hn¬ eqkn°p h√m-sØmcp BI¿j-W-ap-≠v.

]t£ Hcn-°¬t]mepw ,tk-Xp-hn¬\n∂pw eqkn°v A\p-Iq-ea
- m-sbmcp t\´w t]mep-ap-≠m-bn-ń-√.
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 27
s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ A®-S°w ]men-°W

- s
- a∂ {_nPn-Øb- psS hm°p-Iƒ eqkn FXn¿°p-∂ps≠¶n-
epw, Ahƒ B N-´-ßƒ ewLn-°p-∂n-√. a\-- n¬ Xo{h-amb B{K-l-ßƒ Ds≠-¶n¬t]m-epw.
sNtdmW Ae--°p-Im-cn-bm-Wv. tNmtdm-Wb - mWv eqkn-bp-sS- \yqkv dnt∏m¿´¿ F∂p ]dbmw.
A¬∏w s]mSn∏pw sXmßepw sh®XmWv sNtd-Wb - psS hm°p-Iƒ F∂v eqkn°v Xs∂-bd-- n-bmw.
sNtdm-W-bn¬ \n-∂pw,- ]p-Ø≥]--W-°m-c-\mb \mSp-hn-´p-t]mbn ]Ww kºm-Zn® Hm∏s\°pdn®v
Adn-bp-∂p. Hm∏≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hntZi s]¿^yqw, hvkv{Xw, F√m eqkn°v AXn-ib-am-bn-cp-
∂p. sNtdm-W, Hm∏-s\-s°m≠p eqkn-sb- sI-ń-°m-\mWp {ian-°p-∂-Xv. {_nPn-Ø- Akq-b-tbm-
sS-bm-sW-¶nepw Hm∏s\ hoń-te°v £Wn-®-k-a-bØv eqkn°v kΩm-\-ambn Hcp û≠≥t]-\-
bmWp \¬In-bX - v. \∂mbn ]Tn°W-sa∂ hm°pw. eqkn ]Ømw ¢m v hn-Pb - n-®t- ∏mƒ XpS¿]-
T-\Ø
- n-\mbn {_nPn-Ø Is≠-Ønb am¿§w, \o kz¥-am-bn-Hcp hcp-am-\a - m¿§w Is≠Øn ]Tnt®m
F∂m-bn-cp-∂p. eqkn Xf¿∂n√ Ahƒ Hcp hmg-tØm´w D≠m-°n. hmin-tbmSv IqSn-Øs∂
tImtf-Pn¬t]m-hm≥Xp-S-ßn. Hcp AΩ-bp-sS I-cp-X¬. kvt\lw B thf-I-fn¬ Ahƒ°v In´p-
∂Xv sNtdmWbn¬ \n∂m-Wv. Ah-fn¬, Ah-fpsS ico-c-Øn¬ Ft∏mgpw Hcp Icp-X¬ sN-tdm-
Wbv°p≠v. hmg-°pe ]mI-ambn hnf-sh-Sp-°m≥ hcp-∂-bm-fmWv h¿§o-kv. h¿§o-kn¬ \n∂pw
Cd®n sh´p-Im-c-\m-b-- sIm-®m-∏p-hn¬ \n∂p-ap≠mb Xn‡m-\p-`-h-ßƒ AXn-Po-hn-°m≥ Icp-Øm-
hp-∂Xv Cu Icp-Xe - m-Wv.
adn-b] -- p-cw -F∂ tZihpw Cu t\mh-en¬ apJy IYm-]m-{X-am-Wv. Hcp {Kmaw \K-c-Øn-s‚
Itø-‰Ø - n\v hnt[-ba - m-Ip-∂X - pw AXns‚ kzm`m-hn-IX \jvSs - ∏-´v Ir-{Xn-aa
- m-bn- Xocp-∂Xpw t\m-h-
ens‚ BJym-\Ø - n-se {- ]-[m- \- s
- ∏´ Hcp AS-cm-Wv . hn-im-ea - mb s\¬∏m-Sß - fpw AhnsS A≤zm-
\n-°p-Ibpw Xfn¿-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Pohn-X-ßfpw adn-b-]p-c-Øns‚ kzm`m-hnI Xmf-ß-fm-bn-cp-
∂p. B Xmf-Øn\p `wKw hcp-Øp-∂Xv "sImt´-°m-S≥ tNdp' F∂ A\y \m´p-Im-c≥ BWv. A\y-
\m-´p-Im-c≥ F∂ t]cv {Km-aP - o-hn-XØ - ns‚ `mK-am-Wv. \K-cØ - n¬ F√mhcpw A\y-cmbn Pohn-°p-
∂-Xn-\m¬ B hnfn-t∏-cn¬ hnti-jn®v {]k-‡n-bn-√. tNdphpw Iqćpw Bcw-`n-°p∂ "ho´p-Ir-jn-
bmWv' adn-b] - p-cs - Ø- am‰n \n¿-Øp-∂X -- n¬ {][m-\-- ]¶phln-°p-∂X - v.
eq-kn-bpsS tImtfPv PohnXw XnI®pw hyXy-kvXa-- m-bn-cp-∂p. tImtfPvIpam-cn-If
- psS `mj
]db-m≥ {ian-® eqkn-tbmSv {_n-PnØ ]d-bp-∂p. ""P\n® A∂v sXm´v F\n°v Htc `mj-bmWv.
Hmt¥mSn-bm¬ F¥m-tcmSpw'' F∂v. N{µp-hm-bn-cp∂p eqkn-°vIq-´v. Cw•ojv A≤ym-]-I\p-ambn

N{µp hmIv X¿°Ønte¿s∏-Sp-tºmƒ am{X-amWv eqkn i_vZn-®-Xv. N{µp-hn-s\ A\p-Iq-en®v
eqkn kwkm-cn-®p. Ahfp-sS -i-_vZw, `mj, At∏m-gmWv ¢m v Ad-n-bp-∂Xv. Ah-tfmSv kpµcn
\n\°p tem°p (\n-ba- ]
- T
- \
- w) tNcmw. `mhn-bp-s≠∂p ]d™ kabw `mhn-bn¬eq-kn°v {]Xymi
bp≠mIp-∂p≠v. ]t£ {_nPn-Øb - p-sS B
- Sp tImgn-If
- psS i_vZØ
- n¬ B Bthiw XWp-Øp-d-
™p. Hc-≤ym-]-Is‚ in£ G‰p hmtß≠n h∂-tXmsS eqkn ]T\w- \n¿Øn.
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 28
{Kma-Ønse s\¬ hb-ep-Is - f√mw aÆn´v \nI-Øn \K-cØ

- nse taem-f¿°p Xma-kn-°m≥
\q-dp-I-W-°n\p BV-w_-c-h-k-Xn-Iƒ ]Wnbptºmƒ adn-b-]p-c-Øns‚ apJy-[m-c-bn¬\n∂v ]pd-
Øm-Ip-∂Xv B {Kma-Øns‚ kzm`m-hnI Pohn-X-am-Wv. hnIm-cn-b-®≥ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p∂ ]m¿∏n-S-
]-≤Xn (]m∏m-\-K-¿* F∂ t]cn¬) B {KmasØ Xmßn\n¿Øm≥ t]mIp-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. {Kma-
Ønse apgp-h≥ Bfp-If - p-tS-bpw ]¶m-fn-Øt- ØmsS hoSn-√mØ F√m-h¿°pw hoSv F∂ Bibw
Ht´sd Pohn-X-ßsf {]Xo-£m-`-cn-X-am-°p-∂p-≠v. cq]w sImØnbpw eqknbpw \nc-h-[n- t]cpw
]m¿∏nS ]≤-Xn-bn¬ k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.
tkXp-hns\ ImWp-∂Xv BZyw kvIqƒ Ipń-bmbpw ]n∂oSv ln∏n-bmbpw XpS¿∂v \-Ivke - n-
Ãmbpw Ah-km\w ]pXp-X-e-apd-bp-sS {]XoI--amb Hcp ÃpUntbm t^mt´m-{Km-^dmbp-am-Wv.
tNdp-hn-s‚-bpw- a‰pw N-Xn-°pgnbn¬s]´v t\m´p-IØ - n®v Nmb Xnf-∏n-®p- ]-W° - m-c\
- m-sW-∂d- n-bn®
Hm∏≥-, B-kq-{XWw C√msX ]Ww A\m-hi - y-ambn sNehgn-®p-]m-∏c
- m-Ip-∂p. Ah-km\w F√mw-
\jvSs- ∏-ń´pw ]mh-ßƒ°v th≠n [\-kl - mbw \¬Im≥ Ah≥ k∂-≤\ - m-hp-∂p-≠v.
sNtdm-Wb - v°p ]m∏m-\K - d- n¬\n¿Ωn® AºXp hoSp-If - n¬ \-dp°phoWn-√. BZysØ \dp-
°p-ho-WXp thiym-hrØn sNbvXn-cp-∂ k - c
- k
- p-hn-\mWv. sNtdmW `¿Øm-hn-\pw a°ƒ°pw th≠n
kzbw Fcn-™a - c- p-Ib
- m-Wv.
{_nPn-Ø-bp-sS -]-Xn-hp- ]-√-hn-I-fn¬ hogvN kw`-hn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. F√m ka-b-Øpw Dd-
°w a - m-{Xw. t- cm-Ka
- d- n-s™Ønb, AXp-hs - c- Im-WmØ _‘p-°ƒ kzØns‚ Ah-Im-iI - W
- °
- p-
Iƒ \nc-Øp-∂p. Ahn-tSbpw eqkn°v `£-W-ap-≠m-°p-∂-Xn¬ `m-c-ta-dp-∂p. Dd-°-Øn¬ {_n-Pn-
Ø kz¥w tZlØp sIń-bn-cp∂ Xm-t°m¬Iq-´Øn¬ sXmSp-∂-tXmsS Ah¿°p-ho≠pw Hcp
DW¿hp-≠m-Ip-∂p. B DW¿hv ]t£ A[n-I-Zn-hkw \o≠p \n∂n√.- {_n-PnØ acn-®p. Ah-km-
\-\n-an-j-Øn¬ B IÆp-I-fn¬\n-∂p-Xn∂p hoW- I-Æp-\o¿ eqkn-tbm-Sp≈ ]›m-Øm-]-am-bn-cn-
°mw..... kvt\l-am-bn-cn-°mw....!
{_n-PnØbpsS -a-c-W-tijw eqknsb Bcpw Xs∂ ]cn-K-Wn-®n-√. B cm{Xn ]pe¿∂-
t∏mƒ {_n-PnØ B temI-Øn-en-s√∂ Hm¿Ω-bn¬ DSp-Øa-- p-≠v, {_n-PnØbpsS H® \nd-®p- tS-∏v,
tkXp FSpØ t^mt´mbpw am{X-sa-SpØv K¿`-]m-{X-Øn¬ \n∂pw Hcp- in-ip-hg- p-Xn-bn-dß
- pw- t]mse
eqkn ]pd-Øn-dß
- p-∂p.
ho≠pw eqkn-sb-Im-Wp-∂Xv CivIm........ CivIm..... F∂ Xmf-tØm-sS-Ae
- °
- p-∂n-SØ
- m-Wv. AsX
Ahƒ Xn-c-s™-Sp-Øp ˛ Ah-fp-tS-Xmb PohnX am¿§w. Hcp -am-‰m-Øn-bm-bn.......
]T\w
{]ta--bØ-- nepw `mjm Xe-Ønepw Nne khn--ti-j-X-Iƒ Cu t\mh-en¬ ti-jn-°p-∂p-≠v.

Ncn-{X-Øn¬ hnim-ea - mb cmP-]m-XI
- ƒ am{X-a√
- , Ht´-sd- DuSp hg-nI
- ƒIqSn D
- s
- ≠∂v Cu t\mh¬
\sΩ Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂p. `mj-bnse D¬I¿j-t_m-[sØ XI¿ØpsIm≠v, Hmc--tØ°v am‰n \n¿Øn-
bn-cp-∂-- `mjm hnti-j-ß-sf- t\m-h¬ ]p-\-cm-\-bn-°p-Ibpw sN-øp-∂p.
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 29
A\m-Yb - mb eqkn F∂ s]Ïp-ń-bpsS Pohn-Xa - mWv am‰m-Øn-bn¬ Bhn-jvIc - n-°s - ∏-Sp-

∂Xv. [\n-I\- pw h- r-≤b
- p-amb {_nPnØbpsS B{in-Xb - mbn sNdp-∏w- ap-X¬ I-gn™v IqSp-Ib - mWv
eqkn. tImgn-Ifpw BSp-I-fpw, ]ip-°-fpw, ]d-ºnse Irjnbpw ho´p-tPm-en-I-fpw F√m-ambn
Pohn-XsØ Hcp ka-c-am°n am‰n-bn-cn-°p-I-bmWv eqkn. hf¿®-bpsS Hmtcm L´-Ønepw Ah-fn-
ep-≠m-Ip-∂- ù-Xn-Ihpw am\-kn-Ihpamb B- ]-cn-Wm-aß - sf t\mh¬ kq-£vaa - m-bn ]
- n-¥p-Sc - p-∂p-
≠v. eqkn-tbm-sSm∏w sN-tdm-W, tkXp, Hm∏≥ XpSßn Ht´sd t]cp-Iƒ, Pohn-X-ßƒ t\mh-
ens‚ BJym-\-L-S-\-bn¬ k-l-bm{X sN-øp-∂p-≠v. AXv sIm≠v Xs∂ Hcp IYm-]m-{X-Øns‚ -
G-Im-{K-_‘
- a - mb BJym-\a - √. Ht´sd NnX-dnb Pohn-Xß- f- psS _lp-kz-cX
- b
- psS BJym-\a - mWv
t\mh-en-ep-≈-Xv. henb Pohn-X-Øns‚ henb A\p-`-h-ßƒ am{X-a-√. Pohn-X-Øns‚ shfn-ºp-
d-ß-fn-te°v am‰n \n¿Øs∏Sp-∂-h-cpsS sNdnb A\p-`-h-ßfpw BJym\w sNø-s∏-tS-≠-Xp≠v
F∂- Im-gvN-∏mSv t\mh-en-ep-S-\ofw i‡-ambn {]h¿Øn°p-∂p-≠v.
a-dn-bm-]pcw F∂t-Z-ihpw Cu t\mh-ense apJy IYm-]m-{X-am-Wv. Hcp-{Km-aw- \-Kc-- Øns‚
ssItb-‰Ø - n\v hnt[-ba - m-Ip-∂X- n-\pw t- \m-h¬- B-Jym-\Ø - nse {][m-\s
- ∏-´- Hcp AScm-Wv. hnim-
e-amb s\¬∏m-S-ßfpw AhnsS A[zm-\n-°p-Ibpw X-fn-¿-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ adnbm-]p-c-Øns‚
kzm`m-hn-I- Xm-fß- f- m-bn-cp-∂p. B Xmf-Øn\v `wKw hcpØp∂Xv sImt´-°m-S≥ tNdp F∂ A\y-
\m-´p-Im-c-\m-Wv. "A\y-\m-´p-Im-c≥' F∂ t]cv {Kma-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ `mK-am-Wv. \K-c-Øn¬ F√m-
hcpw A\y-cmbn Ccn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ AØ-c-sam-cp- hn-fn-t∏-cn¬ hn--ti-jn®v {]k--‡nbn√. t\mh-
ens‚ Ahkm\am-Ip-tºm-tg°pw tNdp A - \- y-am-Ip-∂X
- ns‚ Nn{Xw Cu hnfn-t∏-cns‚ A{]-Xy-£a- m-
I-en¬ Xs∂-bp-≠.v tNdphpw Iqćpw Bcw-`n-°p∂ ho´p Irjn-bmWv adnb]p-csØ am‰n \n¿Øp-∂-
Xn¬ {][-m\ ]¶p hln-°p-∂-p-≠v.
{Kma-Ønse s\¬hb-ep-I-sf√mw aÆn´p \K-c-Ønse taem-f¿-°p- Xm-a-kn-°m≥ \qdp-I-
W-°n\v BUw-_c hk-Xn-Iƒ ]Wn-bp-tºmƒ a-dn-b]
- p-cØ-- ns‚ apJy-[m-cb
- n¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øm-Ip-
∂Xv B {Kma-Øns‚ kzm`zmhnI Pohn-X-am-Wv.
adn-b-]pcw {Kma-Ønse hnIm-cn-b-—≥ Bhn-j-I-cn-°p-∂- ]m¿∏nS ]≤Xn B {KmasØ

Xmßn \n¿-Øm≥ t]m-cp-∂X
- m-bnc-p∂
- p. {Kma-Ønse apgp-h≥ Bfp-If
- p-tSbpw ]¶m-fn-ØØ
- n-eq-sS-
ho-Sn-√mØ F√m-hh¿°pw hoSv F∂ Bibw t\mh-ense Ht´sd Pohn-X-ßsf {]Xo£m`cn-X-
cm-°p-∂p-≠v. Km‘n-b≥ tkmjy-en-k-Øns‚ Cu hnNmc amXrI {]hrØn ]Z-Øn-se-Øn-°m-
\p≈ {iaßƒ t\mh-ens\ Gsd k¶¿j-`-cn-Xam-°p-∂p-≠v.
t\mh-ens‚ `mjm-Z-¿-i-\hpw hntijs∏´-Xm-Wv. Xr»q-cns‚ {]m¥-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Po-hn-
°p∂ a\p-jy-cpsS kzm`m-hn-Ih- pw ssNX\yhØphp-am-b- `m-jb- mWv t\mh-en¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-
∂-Xv. Hmc-tØ°v am‰n \n¿Ø-s∏-ń-cp∂ samgn-h-g-°ß-- sf `mjbp-sS -ap-Jy-[m-c-bn-te°v {]th-
in∏n°p∂-Xn-eqsS t\mh-en-Ãns‚ Pohn-X-Z¿i\w shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. `mjsb kw_-‘n-
°p∂ Xd-hm-SnØ k¶¬∏-ßsf IS-]p-gIn Fdn™ _o‰n¬kv F∂ KmbI kwL-sØ-Ip-dn®v
Bh¿Øn®p hcp∂ ]cm-a-¿i-ßƒ t\mh-en-Ãn-s‚- `mjm Z¿-i-\-hp-ambn _-‘-s∏--SpØn hmbn-
°m-hp-∂X- m-Wv.
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 30
sNdp-IY
sNdpIYIƒ ]≠psXm´v ]e\mńepw D≠mbn´p≠v. Ahsbms° sNdpIYbpsS

inev ] amXrItbmSv ASpØp\nev ° p∂phbmsW¶nepw kmt¶XnIm¿∞Øn¬
Ahsbm∂pw sNdpIYIf√. sI´pIY (Tale) arKIY (Fable), b£n°Y (Fairy tale),
At\ym]tZiw (Allegory)Zr„m¥ IY (parable) sFXnlyw(Legend) ]pcmhrØw (myth),
kw`hIY\w (Ancedote) XpSßnb hn`mKßfnemWv Ah Dƒs∏Sp∂Xv. thZßƒ,
D]\njØpIƒ, ss__nƒ, F∂nhbnse IYIƒ, ]©X{¥w, IYmkcn’mKcw F∂o
IYmk©bßƒ, Ad_n°YIƒ, _t°m®ntbmbpsS sU°mad¨ IYIƒ F∂nh
sNdpIYbpsS apt∂mSnIfmsW∂p ]dbmw.
]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m≠ns‚ BZy ZiIßfmIptºmtgbv°pw Atacn°≥
sFIy\mSpIƒ, djy, P¿Ω\n XpSßnb cmPyßfn¬ C∂sØ sNdpIYtbmSSpØp
\n¬°p∂ cN\Iƒ {]Xy£s∏´p XpSßn. F∂m¬ sNdpIY Hcp kmlnXycq]sa∂
\nebn¬ BZyambn AwKoIcn°s∏Sp∂Xv Atacn°bnemWv. C¿hnMv, \Ym\ntb¬
lm¿tØm¨, FUvKm¿ Ae≥ t]m F∂nh¿ CXn\p t\XrXzw \¬In. djybn¬ ]pjvIn≥,
tKmtKmƒ, X¿÷\ohv {^m≥kn¬ sadnta, ^vfmt_¿, _¬km°v XpSßnbhscms°
sNdpIY F∂ kmlnXy cq]sØ hf¿ØnsbSpØ IYmImc∑mcmWv. ]ns∂ ]ns∂
B `mjIfnepw sNdpIYbv°v XzcnX hnImkap≠mbn. ]sØmºXmw \q‰m≠ns‚
A¥yambt∏mtgbv°pw Atacn°bn¬ sl‚n Pbnwkv, {^m≥kn¬ tam∏kmMv, djybn¬
sNt°mhv XpSßnbh¿ sNdpIYsb A\p]aamb IemkrjvSnIfm°n am‰n. H∏w
{it≤bamb temI`mjIfnsems°bpw sNdpIY A\p£WhnIkzcamb kmlnXy
cq]ambn hf¿∂p hcnIbpw sNbvXp.
Nne kz`mhhntijßƒ kmam\yambn Nq≠n°mWn°sa∂√msX sNdpIYsb
\n¿∆Nn°m≥ {ian°p∂Xv kmlknIambncn°pw. ImcWw, \n¿∆N\ßsf AXnPohn®v
\nc¥cw ]pXnb kz`mhßƒ kzoIcn®v kzbw \hoIcn°p∂ kmlnXy cq]amWXv.
CXnhrØw, IYm]m{Xßƒ, GIm{KX F∂o hyhÿIsf√mw C∂v tNmZyw
sNøs∏Sp∂p.
Nne \nco£Wßƒ
* {]mYanIambn sNdpIY Hcp kw`hsØtbm cwKsØtbm hnImcsØtbm
BhnjvIcn°p∂ kw£n]vXamb KZymJym\amWv; H‰bncp∏n¬ hmbn®p
Xo¿°mhp∂{X sNdpXv. Hcp hm°p IqSnt∏mbn Ft∂m Ipd™pt]mbn Ft∂m
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 31
tXm∂mØhn[w kq£vahpw k¥penXhpambncn°Ww AXns‚ inev]w.
* t\mhense∂ t]mse hnhcWmflIa√ sNdpIYbpsS cN\mcoXn; IhnXbptSXp t]mse

hyRvPIamWv.
* GIm{KXbmWv sNdpIYbpsS aueoIkz`mhw. IYbpsS ÿmbnbmb `mhw
BZymhkm\w At`Zambncn°Ww. t\mhen¬ ImWs∏Sp∂ `mhsshPmXyw sNdpIYbn¬
A\phZ\oba√. (F..]n. t]mƒ˛ (sNdpIYm {]ÿm\w)
* ÿeImeßfpsS hnime]›mØeØnep≈ PohnXmhnjvImcw, IYm]m{XßfptSbpw
kw`hßfptSbpw _mlpeyw XpSßnbhsbms° sNdpIYbn¬ A{]k‡amWv. Hcp
khntijaplq¿ØØneqsS IS∂p t]mIp∂ IYm]m{XØs‚ {InbItfbpw
am\knINe\ßtfbpw BhnjvIcn°p∂XneqsS a\pjyhÿbpsS Hcp apJw
shfnhm°pIbmWv sNdpIYbn¬ sNøp∂Xv. (sI.Fkv. chnIpam¿)
1891˛¬ hnZymhnt\mZn\nbn¬ {]kn≤oIcn® hmk\m hnIrXnbmWv aebmfØn¬
kmt¶XnIm¿∞Øn¬ Xncn®dnbs∏´ BZy sNdpIY. KZyØn¬ FgpXs∏´ Nne sNdnb IYIƒ
AXn\paptºXs∂ A®Sn°s∏ń´ps≠¶nepw Ahsb√mw kq£v a hniIe\Øn¬
\mtSmSnIYIfptStbm, sI´pIYIfptStbm hnh¿Ø\tam ]p\cmJym\tam Bbncp∂p. hmk\m
hnIrXn°p tijap≈ \mep ]Xn‰m≠Iƒ aebmf sNdpIYbpsS BZyLámbn
hntijn∏n°s∏Sp∂p.
1891˛¬ "hnZymhnt\mZn\n'bn¬ thßbn¬ Ip™ncma≥ \mb¿ (1861˛1914) {]kn≤w sNbvX
"hmk\mIrXn' bmWp aebmfØnse {it≤bamb BZysØ sNdpIY.
H∂mw Xeapdbn¬s∏´ a‰p {]apJ IYmIrØp°fmWv, AºmSn \mcmbWs∏mXphmƒ
(1871˛1936), HSphn¬ Ip™pIrjv W tat\m≥ (Fw. B¿. sI.kn. 1882˛1940)kn.Fkv .
tKm]me]Wn°¿,(1872˛˛1930) aq¿t°mØvIpamc≥(1874˛1941)sI. kpIpamc≥ (1876˛1956) C.hn
IrjvW∏n≈ (1894˛1938) F∂nh¿. kw`h{][m\ßfmb IYIfn¬ °qSn [¿tΩm]tZiw
\SØphm\mWv Ch¿ apJyambpw {ian®Xv. Imev]\nIXzhpw ]Lmb\mflIXbpamWv ChcpsS
IYIfn¬ ImWp∂ kam\y {]hWXIƒ. NnecpsS IYIfn¬, kmaqlyhna¿i\hpw
ImWp∂p≠v. Cu ]mcºcyw XpS¿∂hcmWv hn.Sn.`´Xncn∏mSpw (1896˛1982) ap¥ncntßm´v `mh{XmX≥
\ºqXncn∏mSpw (1902˛44) Fw.B¿ `´Xncn∏mSpw (1908˛)\ºqXncn C√ßfnse Ccp´dIfn¬ hnXpºnb
kv{Xo PohnX ssZ\yØns‚ bYmXY Nn{XoIcWamWv ChcpsS sNdpIYIƒ.
Cu \q‰m≠ns‚ aq∂masØ ZiIØn¬ aebmf sNdpIYbpsS kph¿ÆZi
Bcw`n°p∂p. tZiob {]ÿm\w, kzmX{¥y kacw, almflmKm‘nbpsS ktµim
lzm\ßƒ, djybnse HIv t Sm_¿hnπhw. am¿Iv k nb≥ XXzNn¥IfpsS {]Nmcw,
temIalmbp≤Øns‚ Xn‡êßƒ, h¿§obIem]ßƒ, C¥ymhn`P\w XpSßnbp≈
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 32
tZiob˛ A¥¿ tZiob kw`hßƒ°p ]pdta k¿. kn.]n. bpsS a¿±\`cWw,

acpa°ØmbØns‚ ]X\w F∂n ßs\bp≈ {]mtZinI {]iv\ßfpw Cu ImesØ
sNdpIYIƒ°p i‡nbpw ssNX\yhpw \¬In. ]finX KthjI\pw hna¿iI\pw
]ptcmKa\hmZnbpamb tIkcn _meIrjvW]n≈ (1889˛1960) ]m›mXy temIsØ \qX\
kmlnXy {]hWXIsf aebmfnIƒ°p ]cnNbs∏SpØn. kaImeoI PohnXsØ
hnπhmflIamb ho£WtØmsS kmlnXyhnjbamt°≠Xns‚ BhiyIX tIkcn
DZvt_m[n∏n®p. At±lØns‚ A`nemjßfpsS km£mXv°mcsa∂hÆw ImeL´Øns‚
tXP mhln®psIm≠p ]pXnb IYmIrØp°ƒ Db¿∂p h∂p. Cu c≠mwXeapdbnse
t{ijvTcmb IYmIrØp°fpsS ap≥\ncbnemWv XIgn inhi¶c∏n≈bpw (1912˛1999)
tIihtZhpw (1904˛83).
hnπhmflIamb dnbenksØ IemflIambn BhnjvIcn°pIbmWv XIgn Xs‚
sNdpIYIfn¬. At±lØns‚ BZy Ime cN\Ifn¬ GsdsIm≠mSs∏´ Hcp IYbmWv
"sh≈s∏m°w' \mń≥ ]pdØp≠mb shffs∏m°Øn¬ DSaÿ\m¬ Dt]£n°s∏´ Hcp
\mbbpsS Zb\obmhÿbmWv CXnse IYmhkvXp. kaqlØnse A\oXnIfpw A{Iaßfpw
h©\bpw I]S \mSyßfpw XIgnbpsS cq£hna¿i\Øn\p ichyambn. Ip´\mńse
I¿jIcpsS PohnXhpw {]iv\ßfpw AhXcn∏n°ptºmƒ XIgnbpsS XqenIbv°p i‡nbpw
kuµcyhpw ssIh∂p.
tIihtZhv Hcp tkmjyenÃv dnbenÃmWv . ^mIv S dn sXmgnemfnIfpsS
PohnX{]iv\ßfpambn´mWv At±lw IqSpX¬ CS]gInbXv. AhcpsS sIm®p sIm®p
kt¥mjßƒ°pw henb henb ZpcnXßƒ°pw Xs‚ IYIfn¬ tZhv ÿm\w \evIn. \¿Ωhpw
\mSIobXbpw tZhns‚ IYIfpsS khntijXIfpamWv. AhnkvacWob hy‡nXzap≈
IYm]m{Xßsfbpw kmlNcyßsfbpw krjv S n°p∂Xn¬ tZhn\p≈ ssh`hØn\p
\nZ¿i\ßfmWv˛ At±lØns‚ ]e IYIfpw.
Cu Xeapdbn¬s∏´ {]apJcmb a‰p sNdpIYmIrØp°fmWv s]m≥Ip∂w h¿°n,
ssh°w aplΩZv _jo¿, Imcq¿ \oeIWvT]n≈, Fkv.sI. s]m‰°m´v, ]n.kn. IpńIrjvW≥
F∂nh¿. tIm´bw Pn√bnepw Np‰pap≈ {Kma{]tZißfnepw A≤zm\n®p Pohn°p∂ ]mhs∏´
I¿jIcpsS {]iv\ßfmWv s]m≥Ip∂w h¿°nbpsS IYIfn¬ Nn{XoIcn°s∏Sp∂Xv.
ssZhØns‚ t]cn¬ kaqlØn¬ \S°p∂ NqjWßfpw h¿°nbpsS hna¿i\Øn\p
]m{Xo`hn°p∂p≠v. Cu ImeL´Ønse G‰hpw henb lmkyIYmIrØv ssh°w aplΩZv
_jo¿ BWv. XnI™ lyqa\nÃmbncn°p∂tXmsSm∏w \nd™ lyqadnÃpIq-SnbmWv _jo¿.
a¿±ItcmSp≈ tcmjhpw a¿±nXtcmSp≈ klm\p`qXnbpw sIm≠v At±lØns‚ IYIƒ
\nd™ncn°p∂p. "sFdWn'bpsS {]tbmKØnep≈ XnI™ sshZKv Z yw At±lw
{]Z¿in∏n°p∂p≠v. hnhcWßfnepw ]m{XkrjvSnbnepw kw`mjWßfnepw
A\\pIcWobamb Hcp coXn At±lw ImgvN sh®p. sXmgn¬ sIm≠p ss{]adn kvIqƒ
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 33
hm[ymcmbncp∂ Imcq¿ Aev] i_f°mcmb hm[ym∑mcpsS PohnXZpcnXßsf Nn{XoIcn°p∂

\nch[n IYIƒ cNn®n´p≠v. CSØc°mcpsS PohnXthZ\Iƒ Nn{XoIcn°m≥ Ct±lØn\p
{]tXyI]mShap≠v.
s]m‰°m´pw Ddq_pw GXm≠v Htc \ncbnemWv . a\pjykz`mh sshhn[yßfpsS
hnkvabmhlXbmWv˛ s]m‰°mńs\ BI¿jn°p∂Xv. PohnX kXyßƒ°v Ct±lw Imev]\nI
]cnthjw Nm¿Øp∂p. {KmaPohnXsØbpw \mS≥ IYm]m{Xßsfbpw Nn{XoIcn°ptºmgmWv
s]m‰°mńs‚ XqenI AXns‚ Ih\]mShw {]ISam°p∂Xv. s]m‰°mńs\t∏mse Xs∂
a\pjy\n¬ ip`m]vXnhnizmkw ]pe¿Øp∂h\mWv Ddq_pw. a\pjycpsS kpJ ZpxJßfn¬
IYmIrØpw ]¶ptNcp∂p.
aebmf sNdpIYbpsS Cu kph¿ÆZisb kº∂am°nb FgpØpImcn¬ efnXmw_nIm
A¥¿÷\w, sI. kckzXnbΩ, C.Fw. tImhq¿, \mKh≈n B¿. Fkv. Ipdp∏v, t]m™n°c
dm^n, sh´q¿ cma≥ \mb¿, aebm‰q¿ cmaIrjvW≥, Sn.sI. kn. hSpXe, hn.sI. F≥ XpSßnbhcpw
Dƒs∏Sp∂p.
kzmX{¥ym\¥c ImeL´Øns‚ taml`wKhpw aqeyØI¿®bpw ss\cmiyhpsa√mw
{]Xnên°p∂p. aq∂mw Xeapd°mcpsS IYIfn¬. Sn.]fl\m`≥, Fw.Sn. hmkptZh≥ \mb¿,
F∂nhcmWv C°qćn¬ {]apJ≥. ImeL´Øns‚ thZ\Iƒ icn°pw Dƒs°m≠v Ch¿ A¥¿
apJcmbn. GImInIfpsS sshb‡nIamb hnImchnNmcßsfbpw kwthZ\ßsfbpw Ch¿
BhnjvIcn®p. temI kmlnXyØn¬ sNdpIYbv°p≠mb hnImk]cnWmaßƒ a\ nem°nb
Ch¿ aebmf sNdpIYbv°v \qX\am¿§ßƒ ImńsImSpØp. ap≥ Xeapd°sct∏mse Ah¿
kmaqly ]cnjv I ¿Øm°tfm, PohnXhna¿»Itcm BIp∂n√. IYm]m{XßfpsS
lrZbm¥cmfØnse Hmfßƒ°p kmlnXyØn¬ ÿm\w \¬Inb ChcpsS IYIƒ aebmf
sNdpIYsb _lpZqcw \bn®ncp∂p. BZ¿ißfpsS XI¿®°p th≠n thZ\n°p∂
GImInbpsS a\ mWv ]fl\m`s‚ IYIfn¬ kv]µn°p∂Xv. \nkzm¿∞amb kvt\lØn\pw
\njvIf¶amb kuµcyØn\pw th≠n At±lØns‚ lrZbw Zmln°p∂p. XIcp∂ \mb¿
XdhmSpIfpsS IYIfmWv Fw.Sn. sb BZyImeßfn¬ {it≤b\m°nbXv . XpS¿∂p
taml`wKßfpsSbpw H‰s∏SepIfptSbpw IYIƒ At±lw cNn®p. a\pjy a\ nse \odp∂
s\mºcßƒ Iem]cambn BhnjvIcn® aq∂mw Xeapd°mcpsS {]apJ\mb h‡mhmbn Fw.Sn.
hmkptZh≥ \mb¿. am[hn°pń, F≥. ]n. aplΩZv XpSßnbhcpsS kw`mh\Ifpw
CØcpWØn¬ KWnt°≠hmbmWv.
CtX ImeØpXs∂ ]´mf°mcpsS PohnXm\p`hßƒ Nn{XoIcn°p∂ Ipsd IYIƒ
D≠mbn. tImhne≥(Aø∏≥.hn.hn), \¥\m¿ (]n.kn. tKm]me≥), ]md∏pdØv (sI. C aØmbn)
F∂o {]Xn`mimenIfmWv ]´mf PohnXØnse A\p`h sshhn[yßsf IYbnsebv°p
IqńsIm≠ph∂v aebmf sNdpIYbv°v \qX\taJe Imń sImSpØXv. `mjbv°pw PmXnbv°pw
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 34
F√mw AXoXambn Htc sS‚n¬ H∂n®pIqSn kpJZpxJßƒ ]¶nSp∂ ]´mf°mcpsS GIm¥
ZpxJßƒ°v Ah¿ NndIpIƒ \¬In.
Im°\mS≥. Fw. ]n. \mcmbW]n≈. H.hn. hnPb≥, k°dnb F∂nhcpsS

cwK{]thitØmSpIqSn aebmf sNdpIYbpSw \memw L´w Bcw`n°p∂p.
Ch¿ taml`wKØns‚ h‡m°f√, A¥¿apJcpa√, "FÃmªnjvsa‚n's\ tNmZyw sNøp∂
{]t£mÌmcnIfmWnhƒ. aqeyßƒ XI¿∂ B[p\nIbm{¥nI temIØn¬ e£yclnXcmbn,
AkvXnXzw tXSnbebp∂ a\pjycpsS AhÿbmWv ChcpsSNn¥m hnjbw. A`qX]q¿∆amb
sshImcnIXo£WXbpw {]XoImflIXbpw Bib]cXbpw [njWmflIXbpw
_nw_Iev]\Ifpsa√mw ChcpsS IYbv°v ]pXnsbmcp i‡n \¬Ip∂p. tkXp, Fw.kpIpamc≥,
]´Øp hnf IcpWmIc≥, ]p\Øn¬ Ip™_vZp≈. hn.]n. inhIpam¿, F≥. Fkv. am[h≥,
kn.hn. _meIrjvW≥, F≥. {]`mIc≥, bp.sI. Ipamc≥, Sn.hn sIm®p_mh, C.hn {io[c≥, hn.
B¿ kp[ojv, AIv_¿ I°ń¬, t{Kkn, _m_p Ipgna‰w, Fw, cmPohvIpam¿, sI.-]n. \n¿Ω¬Ip-
am¿, AjnX, tPm¿Pv tPmk^v. sI.,sI.]n.kptc{µ≥, AjvSaq¿Øn, hn.Fkv. A\n¬Ipam¿, sI.
cLp\mY≥, AtimI≥sNcphn¬, F≥.]n.aplΩZv, lmcnkv, \fn\ot_°¬, cLp\mYv, ]tecn,
kp`mjv N{µ≥, _n. apcfn, kt¥mjv. F®n°m\w, sI.B¿ aoc. Cµptat\m≥, {]nb. F.Fkv.,
[\ym-cm-Pv, kn.-A\
- q]v XpSßn A\h[n {]Xn`mimenIfm¬ A\p{KloXamWv aebmf sNdpIYm
temIw.
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 35
hmk-\m-hn-IrXn
tIk-cn-Ip-™n-cm-a≥\mb-\m¿
ae-bm-fØ
- nse e£-Ws
- amØ BZy-sN-dp-IY thß-bn¬ Ip™n-cm-a≥\m-b\
- m-cpsS (1869-
˛1914) hmk-\m-hn-Ir-Xn-bm-Wv. hy‡n-kz-`m-h-Øn-sebpw kmap-Zm-bn-I-Po-hn-X-Øn-sebpw hnI-e-X-
Isf tkm]-lmkw hy⁄n-∏n-°p-∂h - b
- mWv tIk-cn-bpsS IY-Iƒ. t\cnb {]mtZ-in-I® - p-hbmepw
\mS≥ssi-en-If - mepw kc-khpw kwkm-c`- m-jt- bm-SS- p-Øp-\n¬°p-∂X - p-amb efn-X`- m-jb - n¬ tIkcn
A\m-bm-k-ambn PohnX bmYm¿∞y-Øns‚ K‘-ap≈ IY-Iƒ ]d-™p-t]m-Ip-∂p. ]gb IYm-
Im-c∑- m-cn¬ ]e-cp-tSbpw IY-If - n¬ sNdp-IY - °v Bh-iy-an-√mØ hnh-cW - ß - fpw AXn\p Xmßm-
\m-hmØ IYm-Ime ssZ¿Lyhpw kw`-h-k-¶o¿Æ-Xbpw F√mw IpØn-Øn-cp-In-bn-´p-≈-Xmbn
ImWmw. F∂m¬ BZy-I-Ym-Im-c-\mb tIk-cn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ Cu tZmj-an-√. sNdp-IY F∂
cq]-Øn\v A\p-t]-£W - o-bamb GIm-{K-Xs - b∂ [¿Ω-sØ-°p-dn®v tIkcn t_m[-hm-\m-bn-cp-∂p.
kw{Klw
I¿Ω-^-e-Øns‚ A\n-hm-cy-Xsb Btem-N-\m-ar-X-am°n \¿Ω-t_m-[-tØmsS Nn{Xo-I-cn-
°p∂ IY-bmWv "hmk-\mhn--Ir-Xn.' a°-Ømb hgn°pw acp-a-°-Ømb hgn°pw tamj-W-hm-k-
\-bm¿÷n® Hcp-h≥, \∂m-°m≥ {ian-®-h-cpsS {]bXv\w hn^-e-am°n hf¿∂p, ]e-I-f-hp-Ifpw
\SØn kº-∂\ - m-bn. HSp-hn¬ Hcp \ºq-cn-bn-√Øp If-hp-\S- Ø- n-bt- ∏mƒ, HØm-i° - m-cs‚ kzm¿∞-
{]-Xn-]Ø
- n-aqew Dd-°a - c- p∂v IqSp-X¬ sImSp-ØX - n-\m¬ \ºq-Xncn ac-Wa - S- ™
- p. I≈≥ e£y-am-
°m-Ø-Xm-bn-cp∂p AXv. tamjvSmhv apX-se√mw Imap-In°p \¬In. Ah-fm-Is´ C√sØ hI-
bnse Hcp tamXncw t{]a-]q¿∆w Abm-fpsS hnc-en-e-Wn-bn-®p. Ipd®v "Ducm-©mSn' bmbn-cp∂p
AXv. t]meokv At\z-j-W-Øn\v Kuchw IqSn-b-t∏mƒ I≈≥ Hgn-™p-\n-ev°m-\mbn aZn-cm-in-
°p-t]m-bn. AhnsS Hcn-°¬ Hcp IS-bpsS apºn¬ Bƒ°q-´hpw IqsS kpµ-cn-bmb Hcp KWn-
I-sbbpw I≈≥ I≠p. Hcp-h≥ hmbpw s]mfn®v Ah-sf-Øs∂ D‰p-t\m-°p-∂p. B hmbn-t\m-
°nsb H∂p ]‰n-°W - s - a∂v I≈\p tXm∂n. I≈≥ Abm-fpsS t]m°-‰S- n-®p. B Iº-°m-cs\
H∂p ]‰n-°-W-sa-∂-√m-sX, tamjvSn-°-W-sa∂ Dt±-iy-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p. AsXmcp hmk-\m-hn-Ir-Xn-
bm-bn. Inń-bXv Hcp t\m´p-]p-kvX-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. cm{Xn-t\m-°n-b-t∏mƒ Xs‚ hnc-ense tamXncw
ImWp-∂n-√. shfp-∏n\v FWo‰v At\z-jWw \S-Øn. Inń-bn-√. Xm≥ sNøp∂ hnUvVnØw
F¥m-sW-∂-dn-bmsX t\sc t]meokv tÃj-\n¬ t]mbn ]cmXn sImSp-Øp. D®bv°v t]meokv
tamXn-c-°-≈s\ ]nSn-Iq-Sn. ]t£ Abm-fpsS t]m°-‰n¬ \n∂p Inńb tamXncw DS-a-ÿs‚ (I-
Ym-\m-b-I-\mb I≈-s‚) ]gb Ifhv sXfn-bn-®p. Bdp-amkw XShpw ]{¥-≠-Snbpw in£ Inń.
CXmWp IY. in£ Ign™p tamNn-X-\mb IYm-\m-b-I≥ kzm\p-`hw hnh-cn-°p∂ cq]-Øn-
emWv Cu IY-bpsS BJym-\w. a\:]cn-h¿Ø\w h∂ I≈≥ ]m]-tam-N-\-Øn-\m-bn, Imin°p
t]mIp-Ib
- mWv Xms\∂v {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂n-SØ
- mWv IY Ah-km-\n-°p-∂X
- v.
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 36
ac- ∏ m- h - I ƒ
Imcq-¿ \o-e-I-WvT-]n≈
]T\w
ac∏mh-Iƒ Fgp-X-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Bbn-c-Øn-sØm-≈m--bn-cØn Adp-]XpI-fpsS BZy-Im-e-

Øm-Wv. P∑n-Xz-Øns‚ A[n-Im-ch
- y-hÿ
- nXn amdn ]-Icw hcp∂ P\m-[n-]X
- y-Øn¬, `c-WI
- qSw
hen-sbmcp a¿±I i‡n-bmbn amdp-sa∂ Bi¶ Imcq-cn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
"ac-∏m-h-Iƒ' F∂ IY-bnse F\yp-a-td-‰¿ `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ {]Xn-\n-[n-bm-Wv. Bfp-
Isf FÆnØn-´s - ∏-Sp-Øp-I, `qan Af∂v AS-bm-fs- ∏--Sp-ØpI apX-emb IrXy-ßƒ Hcp tI{µo-
IrX hyh-ÿn-Xn°p Iogn¬ kaq-lsØ sIm≠p-h-cm-\pff cmjv{Sob kaq-l-ß-fpsS {ia-
Øns‚ `mK-am-Wv. {Sm^nIv \nb-aß - ƒ apX¬ ]m-kvt]m¿´p \nb-aß - ƒ hsc-bp≈ hen-sbmcp
\nb-ai- rw-Je- b
- v°I-ØmWv hy‡n ]uc-\mbn ]p\:krjvSn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂X
- v. Bimcn∏d--ºn¬ \-
fn\n It\-jp-amcn IW-°n¬ -H-cw-K-am-Wv. ""`¿Øm-hpt≠m''? F∂v tNm-Zy-Øn\p \fn-\n-bp-sS
adp-]Sn Ds≠t∂m Cs√t∂m Fgp-Xn-t°mfq F∂m-Wv. c≠n\pw A¿∞w H∂-√t√m F∂v
F\yq-at- d-‰¿ ]d--bp-tºmƒ "F∂m¬- D-s≠∂v sXfn-bmsX Fgp-Xn-t°mfq' F∂ adp-]Sn hcp-∂p.
sXfn-bmØ Fgp-Øv- Hu-tZym-KnI hyh-lm-c-Øn\pw XnI-®pw, hy‡n-]-c-amb kzIm-cy-tem-I-
Øn\pw CSbv°p \n¬°p-∂- ]uc kaq-l-Øn-s‚- hy-h-lmcw Xs∂-bmWv. Ah-fpsS kzXz-an-
-√mbva sX-fn-bm-Ø Fgp-Øn-eq-sS am{Xta sXfn-bp-I-bpffq. \fn-\n-bp-sS in-ev]-ßƒ kz¥w
Bfl-kz-cq-]sØ Bhn-jvIc - n-°p-∂Xv ]uc kaq-lØ- ns‚ kµ¿`-Øn-em-Wv. Ab¬ hoń-se-
Hcp s]Æv ap‰Øp h∂p Xpdn®p t\m°p-sIm≠v \n¬°p-tºmƒ \fn\n Acn-is - ∏-Sp-∂p. ]mh-
bp-≠m°n hn¬-°p-∂Xv cq]w ImWn®v BWp-ßsf BI¿jn-°m-\m-sW∂v ImØ]d-™t- ∏mƒ
\fn\n Ah-tcm-Sp- I-e-ln-°p-∂p-≠v. ]pcp-j-ta-[m-hnXzw \fn-\nbv°pNp‰pw Hcp hyqlw Na-
bv°p-∂X - ns‚ Nn{Xw- \ - ¬Ip-∂p.
AXn-s\-Xn-cmbn Xs‚ ssewKn-IX

- sb Bhn-jvIc
- n-®p-sIm-≠mWv Ahƒ in-ev]n-bm-bX
- v.
inev]ß - f
- n-eqsS \fn\n Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂Xv kaqlw ImWm-\n-jvSs - ∏-SmØ Xs‚- tcm-jß - fpw
Ima-\I- fpw BWv. "inev]w F∂Xv s]mXp-ÿe - ß
- f- n¬ {]-Z¿in-∏n-°s
- ∏-Sp∂ Ie-bmWv' ÿe-
Øns‚ kzIm-cy-Xsb ssItø-dnb inev]I - e
- b
- n-eqsS ]pcpj ZrjvSn D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ òXnsb
kzIm-cy temIw X\n°p Np‰pw hyqlw Na-bv°p∂ A[n-Im-cØ - ns‚ hyh-lm-cß - sf˛ \fn\n
t`Zn-°p-Ib- m-Wv. Ie {]Xn-tcm-[a - m-Ip-tºmƒ Iem {]h¿Ø\w D¬-∏m-Z\ - a
- m-Ip∂p F∂p IqSn
Imcq¿ Cu IY-bn¬ Is≠-Øp-∂p-≠v. \fn\n ]nSn®p \n¬-°p-∂Xv {Iqc-amb Hcp ]uc kaq-l-
Øn-em-Wv.
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 37
a\p-jy-]p{Xn
efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿÷\w
sIm´m-c-bv°-SpØv tIm´p-h-´Øv C√Øv 1909 am¿®v 30 \mWv efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿÷\w

P\n-®-Xv. {ioaqew {]Pm-k-`-bn¬ AwK-am-bn-cp∂ sI. Zmtam-Z-c≥ t]m‰n-bm-bn-cp∂p A—≥.
AΩ \ßø A¥¿÷\w. 1927-˛¬ hnhm-ln-X-cm-bn. `¿Ømhv Aa-\-°c C√Øv \mcm-b-W≥
\ºq-Xn-cn. Ihn-Xm-cN- \
- b
- n-eq-sS-bmWv efn-Xmw-_nI kmln-Xy-cw-KØv Im¬sh-®X - v. F∂m¬ sNdp-
I-Ym-IrØv F∂ t]cn-emWv {]kn-≤a - m-bX
- v. \thm-∞m-\L - ´- Ø
- nse sNdp-IYmIrØp-°ƒ°n-S-
bn¬ {]ap-Jÿ - m-\a- mWv efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿÷-\Ø - n-\p-≈X- v. ]Xn-s\m∂v kam-lm-cß - f
- n-embn
]c-∂p-In-S°- p∂ B IYm-tem-IØ - n¬ a\p-jym-hÿ - b
- psS `n∂-Xe - ß
- ƒ Ah-Xc - n-∏n-°p-∂p.
efn-Xmw-_n-IA- ¥
- ¿÷-\Ø - ns‚ {]ikvXamb t\mh-emWv A·n-km-£n. \ºq-Xncn kap-
Zm-bØ- nse {]iv\ß - sf Xo£vWa - mbn Ah-Xc - n-∏n-°p∂ t\mh-emWnXv. C¥y≥ kzmX{¥y ka-
c-Im-e-L-´sØ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn°p∂ Cu t\mh¬ `mc-Xob ]mc-º-cysØ Duń Dd-∏n-°p-Ibpw
sNøp-∂p-≠v. XnI™ e£y-t_m-[tØmSp IqSnbp-≈-h-bmWv efn-Xmw-_n-I-bpsS an° cN-\-I-
fpw. \ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-bØ- nse Zpcm-Nm-cß
- s- fbpw A‘-hn-izm-kP - o¿Æ-XI
- s
- fbpw Xpd∂p ImWn-
°p-Ibpw hna¿in-°p-Ibpw ]cn-jvIc - W
- ß- ƒ°p t{]cW \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp∂ F∂-XmWv Ah-
cpsS e£yw.
cmjv{Sobamb CXn-hr-Øa- p≈ IY-bmWv "a\p-jy-]p{-Xn.' Xnc°p ]nSn® a{¥nsb ImWm-

s\-Ønb kµ¿i-Icpw ]cm-Xn-°mcpw F√mw Hgn-™p-t]m-bt- ∏mƒ B kv{Xo IS-∂p-sN-∂p. "thKw
Imcyw ]dbq' F∂v B⁄m-]n-°p∂ a{¥n-tbmSv Ah¿ ]d-™p. ""Ccn-°W - n-√y, tKmhn-µ≥Ip-ń,
Ccn-°W
- n-√y. Ct∏m s]mbvt°m-fmw. H∂p ImW-Wt∂ H≠m¿∂p-≈q...'' a{¥n Xm\-dn-bmsX ]d-
™p-t]m-bn. ""Hm...-tl...s‚ Ip™m-Ø-eΩ!'' sImSp-Øp-sIm-SpØp \in® Hcn-√-Ønse Ip™m-
Ø-eΩ - b
- mWv Xs∂ Ip™p-∂m-fn¬ Blmcw X∂pw kvIqfn-eb - ®pw c£-s∏-Sp-Øn-bs
- X∂ Imcyw
Abm-tfm¿Øp. P∑nXzw \in-∏n-°m≥ ]pd-s∏´v hnP-bn® cmjv{Sob {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ s\Spw-Xq-
Wmb a{¥n-tbmSv B hr≤ kµ¿iI Xs‚ ]u{Xs\ aptºm´p \o°n \n¿Øn ]d-™p. ''H∂q-s√-
¶n¬ Cu DÆnsb kvIqfn¬ tN¿Øp Xcn-I. D®-°-™n-sb-¶nepw In´q-tem. `K-hmt\! Kpcp-hm-
bq-c∏m! c£n-°-tW.' sRń-Ø-cn-®p-t]mb a{¥n Ip™m-Ø-e-Ω-bpsS Icw-{K-ln®p ]d-™p.
""am∏p Xcq! AtΩ, am∏p Xcq!...-D-Æm-\n-√m-Ø-h¿°p th≠n-bp≈ ka-c-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ tNmdp hnf-
ºn-Ø∂ ssIIƒ Rßƒ ad-∂p-t]m-bn. F∂n´pw Ahn-Sp∂v Rßsf i]n-°p-∂n-√. B D®-
°™n t]mepw Fs‚ hcp-Xn-bn-√. ]t£ Hc-t]-£b
- p-≠v. AΩ-bn-√mØ tKmhn-µ≥Ip-ń°v Hc-
Ω-bm-htW Ahn-Sp-∂v....''
ae-bmf sNdp-IY
- b
- psS hne-bn-cp-Øe
- n¬ s]mXp-th-bpw, efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿÷-\Ø
- ns‚,
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 38
IY-Isf Ipdn-®p≈ ]T-\Ø - n¬ hnti-jn®pw N¿® sNø-s∏-ń-´p≈ IY-bmWv a\p-jy-]p-{Xn. 1967-

˛-emWv Cu IY ]pd-Øp-hc - p-∂X- v. sFIy-tI-cfw AXns‚ P\m-[n-]Xy hyh-ÿb - n¬ Hcp ZiIw
]n∂n-´-t∏mƒ kmaq-ly-L-S-\-bn-ep-≠mb am‰hpw AXns‚ {]Xym-Lm-X-ß-fp-amWv Cu IY-bn¬
Ah-Xc - n-∏n-°p-∂X - v.
cmjv{So-ba - mb Iogvad- n-®n-ep-If- p-tSbpw `q\n-ba ]cn-jI v c
- W
- ß
- f - p-sSbpw a‰pw ê-ambn A\m-
Y-amb IpSpw-_ß - f - psS {]Xn-\n-[nbpw {]Xo-Ih - p-amWv Ip™m-Øe - Ω
- . tKmhn-µ≥Ip-ń-bpsS `qX-
Ime kvarXn-Isf ap≥\n¿ØnbmWv IY aptºm´p t]mIp-∂-Xv. Hm¿Ω-Iƒ acn-°p-Itbm a\p-
jyXzw \nt»jw hm¿∂pt]m-Ip-Itbm sNømØ IYm-]m-{X-amWv tKmhn-µ≥Ip-ń. km[m-c-W-cm-
jv{So-b-°m-cn¬ \n∂pw a{¥n-am-cn¬ \n∂pw Abmsf th¿Xn-cn®p \n¿Øp-∂Xpw B hnIm-c-ßƒ
Xs∂. Imew-am-dn-b-Xnepw Pohn-Xm-h-ÿ-Iƒ XInSw adn-™-Xnepw Ip™m-tØm-eΩ Btcbpw
Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂n-s√∂ Imcyhpw {it≤-ba - m-Wv. Xs‚ Nne ad-hn-Is - f-°p-dn®v tKmhn-µ≥Ipń kzbw
]cn-X-]n-°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw AXv Hgn-hm-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-Xm-sW∂v Abmƒ°-dn-bmw. Iøm-fp-∂-h-
tcbpw AXn-\n-cb - m-Ip-∂h - t- cbpw Hcp-t]mse \n -lm-bc - m-°p-∂X - mWv A[n-Im-ch - y-hÿ
- b
- psS
LS\ F∂ bmYm¿∞yw Cu IY shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 39
Ccpńs‚ Bflmhv
Fw.Sn hmkp-tZ-h≥ \m-b¿ (1933˛)
t\mh-en-Ãv, sNdp-I-Ym-Ir-Øv, Xnc-°-Ym-IrØv A[ym-]-I≥ F∂o \ne-I-fn¬ {]kn-≤≥.

{][m-\-Ir-Xn-Iƒ: \mep-sI´v (1958), ]mXn-cmhpw ]I¬ shfn-®hpw (1959), Akp-c-hn-Øv (1962),
a™v (1964), Imew (1969)-c-≠m-aq-gw(1984) XpS-ßnb t\mh-ep-Iƒ. thZ-\-bpsS ]q°ƒ (1955),
\ns‚ Hm¿Ωbv°v (2956) Hmfhpw Xochpw (1957) Iptý-SØn (1959) Ccp-ńs‚ Bflm-hv, kz¿§w
Xpd-°p-∂-k-abw (1983) XpS-ßnb sNdp-I-Y-Iƒ 1996-˛¬ ⁄m\-]q-T-]p-c-kvImcw t\Sn.
Fw -Sn-bpsS IYm-tem-IØv H‰-s∏-´ hy--‡nXzßfmWv A[n-Ihpw Bhn-jvIr-X-am-Ip-∂-Xv.
At±-l-Øns‚ ]e {]-[m\ IY-Ifpw sNdp-I-Y-bn¬ Ihn™v hen-∏ap-≈-h-bm-Wv. am\-knI
kwL¿j-ß-fpw˛ B-flm-hns‚ hnlz-e-X-If-p-amWv Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-sX-¶nepw GXp-I-Y-bnepw
hy‡hpw aq¿Ø-hp-amb kmaq-lnI ]›m-Øew D≠mIpw. ÿehpw Imehpw kmaq-lnI LS-
\bpw AhnsS Ah-KW - n-°m-\m-hmØ bmYm¿∞y-ßf - m-Wv. `mhm-flI - a
- m-bn-cn-°p-tºmgpw, \t∂-
°p-d®v IY-If - n-sem-gn®v Gdnb ]¶p IY-If- nepw "IY' {][m-\a - m-bn-Øs∂ A-\p-`h - s - ∏-Sp-∂X
- n\p
ImcWw ]-›m-Øe - Ø
- ns‚ Cu aq¿Ø-amb bmYm¿∞y {]Xo-Xn-bm-Wv. Iq´p-Ip- S- pw_Øns‚-bpw,
Po¿Æn® \mep-sI-ń-s‚bpw, Xd-hm-Sns‚ s]mß-®-Øn-s‚bpw Hs° {]XoXym-flI ]›m-Ø-e-
Øn-em-Wv, "Iptý-SØn-bn-tebpw "Ccp-ńs‚ Bflmhn-sebpw "\pdp-ßp∂ irwJ-eI - fn-te-bp-sams°
A¥¿`mhw Bhn-jvIr-Xa - m-Ip-∂X
- v.
IY-bpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Gsd {i≤n-°p∂ IYm-Ir-ØmWv Fw.-Sn. AXym-h-iy-an-√mØ
Hscm‰ hm°p-t]mepw IS∂pIqSm-Xn-cn-°m≥ Fw.-Sn. {i≤n-°p-∂p. ae-bmf sNdp--IY AXns‚ LS-
\m-]-c-amb `{ZX ssIh-cn-°p-∂Xv Fw.-Sn. bpsS c-N-\-I-fn-em-Wv.
IYmkw{Klw
Ccp--ńs‚ Bflmhv F∂ IY-bnse h‡mhv {`m¥-\m-b t- h-em-bp-[\

- m-Wv. Ahs‚ hnNm-
c-ßf
- n-eq-sS-bmWv Cu IY hnI-kn-°p-∂X - v. IY-bpsS XpS--°Ø - n¬ Xs∂ ANyp-X\ - m-btcm-Sp≈
Xs‚ hntZzjw them-bp-[≥ {]I-S-am-°p-∂p. F√m-hcpw Dd-ßnb X°w t\m°n Abmƒ apdn-
bn¬ \n∂pw ]pd-Øp-IS- °- p-∂p. ANyp-X≥-\m-btcm-Sp≈ Xs‚ hntZz-jØ - n\p \nZm-\a- mbn Xte-
∂mƒ \S∂ kw`hw Hm¿Øp-sIm-≠-bmƒ ]Øm-b-∏p-c-bpsS ASp-sØ-Øn-b-t∏m-gmWv A{]-Xo-
£n-X-ambn AΩp-°p-ń-sb-°m-Wp-∂-Xv. Ah-fpsS kmao-]y-am-W-bmƒ°v kt¥mjw \¬Ip-∂-Xv.
Ah-fp-sS -ssa-em©nbn´p XpSpØ hnc¬Øpºp-I-fn¬ kv]¿in-°m≥ Abmƒ B{K-ln-°p-∂p.
Cu ka-bØ - n-\p-≈n¬Øs∂- a-‰p-IY
- m-]m-{X-ßf
- mb AΩm-as - b-bpw, h-en-bΩ
- s
- bbpw apØ-»n-sb-
bpw i¶c-s\bp-sa√mw them-bp-[s‚ at\m-hn-Nm-cß
- f
- n-eqsS \ap-°v Im-ń-Øc
- p-∂p-≠v.
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 40
Htfm¿ amß-bpsS \nd-ap≈ AΩp-°p-ń-bpsS ico-c-Ø-°p-dn®v Nn¥n-°p-tºm-gmWv Xs‚

ico-cØ- n-se hrØn-tI-Sn-s\-°p-dn®v Abmƒ t_m[-hm-\m-Ip-∂X - v. Ahn-sS \
- n∂pw \S∂v ]pg-bc
- n-
I-sØ-Øp∂ them-bp-[≥ Xs‚ AΩ-sb-°p-dn-t®m¿°p-∂p. X\n°p kzmX{¥yw \ntj-[n® B
hoSn-s\bpw Ahn-sS-bp-≈-h-scbpw Xobn-´p-I-f-b-W-sa∂v Abmƒ Nn-¥n--°p-∂p. apØ-»n-]-d™
IY-I-fnse NmØp-Ωm-\pw Xmi-Ωm\pw t{]X]n-im-Np-°-fp-sa-√mw them-bp-[s‚ kvac-W-bn-se-
Øp-∂p. Ccp-ńs\ them-bp-[\v `b-am-Wv. A-Xn-\m¬- A-bmƒ shfn-®sØ {]Xo-£n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
Xs∂ apdn-bn-en´p ]qńb ANyp-X∂ - m-bc
- psS Xe-sb-Sp-°p-sa∂v Abmƒ ]d-bp-∂p. BZy-sams°
cm{Xn-sbbpw Ccp-ń-s\bpw `b-s∏´ them-bp-[≥ ]Xn-sb-∏X - nsb AXns\ `b-s∏-Sm-Xm-Ip-∂p.
hoSns≥d hS-°p-`m-KsØ Nmbv]n-emWv them-bp-[s\ Nß-eb - v°n-ń-cn-°p-∂X
- v. Imense
_‘-\-a-gn-°m≥ Abmƒ h-√yΩtbmSpw sI©p-∂p. Xm≥ \-·-\m-sW∂p t_m[yw h∂-t∏mƒ
Hcp ap≠n-\mbn tKm]n-tbmSv Bhiy-s∏-Sp-∂p. Xm≥ {`m¥\-s√∂v hnfn-®p-]d- b - m≥ them-bp-[≥
{i-an-°p-∂p. Nß-eb - v°n-Sm≥ Xm≥ ]ń-sbm-∂p-a√ - t√m F∂v Zb-\o-Xt- bmsS tNmZn-°p-∂p. A®Ω
acn-®h- n-hc
- hpw AΩp-°p-ń-bpsS Ieym-W°
- m-cy-hp-sa√mw i¶c≥Ip-ń-bpsS ASp-Øp-\n-∂mWv them-
bp-[≥ Adn-™-Xv. AΩp-°p-ńsb °mWp-hm-\pw, X\n°v kpJt°-Sn-s√∂v Ah-sf- [-cn-∏n-°p-
hm\pw them-bp-[≥-- B-{K-ln-°p-∂p.
X-s‚- kzm-X-{¥y-Øn\v `wKw hcp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂ B Nß-e -I-Tn-\-{i-a-Øn-s\m-Sp-hn¬- A-
h≥ s]mń-°p-∂p. Im-en¬ _m°n \nev°p∂ Nß-eb - p-ambn \nem-hns‚ shfn-®Ø- n¬ them-bp-
[≥- Hm-Sp-∂p. "cmhnse Ah¿ t\m°p-ºmƒ SNmbv]n¬ them-bp-[≥ F∂' ]ńsb ImWm-\p-≠m-
In-s√∂ Imcy-tam¿°p-tºmƒ Nncn hcp-∂p-sh∂v them-bp-[s‚ Bfl-KX - w. "Iptý-´s‚ kq-°Sv
am‰pw F∂v Xt∂mSv ]d-™Xv AΩp-°p-ń-bm-Wv, X\n-°nt∏mƒ H∂p-an-s√∂v Ahƒ hn-izn-°p-
sa∂v them-bp-[≥ I-cp-Xp-∂p.
hgn-bn¬ sh®v them-bp[--s\°-≠-h-sc√mw {`m¥≥... {`m¥≥ F∂v \ne-hn-fn-®p-sIm-≠v,
Hgn-™p-am-dp-∂p. I√p-Is - f-dn-™p-sIm≠v them-bp-[s\ D]-{Zn-hn-®p-sIm≠v Hcp kwLw Abmƒ°v
]n∂n-ep-≠v. Imen-se- N-ße - bpw hen-®p-sIm≠vv Abmƒ AΩ-°p-ń-bpsS hoń-te°v Ib-dp-∂p.
F∂m¬ A-hs‚ {]Xo-£I - sf XI¿Øp-S® - p-sIm≠v Ah-s\ I - ≠
- ∏ - mtS {`m¥≥.... F∂p hnfn®p
sIm≠v AΩp-°pń AI-tØ-t°m-Sp-∂p. them-bp-[≥ ]ns∂-bh - n-sS-\n-∂n-√. tNmc-sbm-en-°p∂
apdn-bp-ambn Hcp-Np-ge
- n-°m-‰ns‚ thK-Øn¬Xn-cn-t™m-Sn. ]Sn-∏pc IS∂v ap‰-sØ-Øp∂p AhnsS
Iøn¬ Nqc-ep-ambn AΩm-ab - p-≠v, \·-\mbn AΩm-bp-sS a - p-∂n¬ \n¬°sh, Ah≥ izmkw apń-
sIm≠v ]d-bp-∂p. "F\n°p {`m¥mWv Gs∂ Nß-e° -- nSq........... Aßs\ Ah-km\ hnizm-kÿ - m-
\-amb hy‡n-t]mepw Xs∂ ssIsh-Sn-bp-ºmƒ {`m¥-s\∂p kΩ-Xn-®v, them-bp-[≥ kzta-[bm
_‘-\Ø - n\p hg-ßp-∂p.
""{`m-¥\
- m-°s
- ∏-Sp∂ Hcp sNdp-∏°
- m-cs‚ Bflm-hns\ GXm\pw t]Pp-If
- n¬ _‘n-®n-cn-
°p-Ib
- mWv "Cucp-ńs‚ Bflm-hn¬'. A—\pw AΩbpw \jvSs-- ∏´ them-bp-[\v _p≤n-{`-aa
- p-s≠-
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 41
¶n¬, B Xd-hm-ń¬ Ah-\p-`h - s- ∏´ kvt\l-iq-\y-Xb - m-WXn\p Im-cW - w. AΩm-hs‚ aIƒ AΩn-

Wn°p am{Xta Ah-t\mSp Zb-bp-≈q. Ahfpw AI-∂p-t]m-Ip-I-bm-Wv. imk-\bpw {]l-chpw
_‘-\h - p-am-bmWv km[m-cW \mń≥ ]pd-ßf - n¬ {`m¥n\v G¿s∏-Sp-Øp∂ NnIn-’. AXv- Aev]w
_p≤n {àw _m[n-®h - sc apgp {`m¥-∑m-cm-°p-∂p. Cu ]cn-]m-Sn-bpsS bmX-\b - \- p-`h
- n-°p∂ Hc-\-
¥-ch
- s‚ hnIm-ch - n-Nm-cß -- t- fbpw tNjvSI - t- fbpw kq-£vaa - mbn Bhn-jvIc - n-®n-cn-°p-Ib - mWv "Ccp-
ńs‚ Bflm-hn¬'. Hcp -tX-ß-tem-S-√msX AXp hmbn-®-h-km-\n-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bn-√. t_m[-[mcm
kt¶-X-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®mWv Cu IY-bpsS cN-\. F∂m¬ FØpw ]nSnb-pw XcmØ hn«Y Nn¥-I-
fpsS hnI-e-amb {]Im-i-\-a√ CXv. NnØ -{`-a-°m-c-\mb them-bp-[≥ tXm´-°m-c-s\- I-_fn-∏n®v
c≠p-X-hW ]pd-Øn-d-ßp∂p F∂Xp am{X-amWv CXnse ÿqe IYmw-iw. B kµ¿`ß-fnepw
AXn-\p-apºpw Abmƒ°-\p-`h - s- ∏´ Pohn-Xw, Abm-fp-sS- `-bß - ƒ,bmX-\I - ƒ, kvt\l-ßƒ, hntZz-
j-ßƒ, kz-]v\ß - ƒ F√mw B a\- m-Ip-∂ c - w-Kt- h-Zn-bp-sS b- h - \
- n-I \
- o-°n- t\-sc {- ]-Z¿-in∏n°p∂
hnImc Xo{h-amb Cu IY-bn¬ IYmImc-s‚ k - m-∂n≤yw \mw Adn-™p-sh∂v hcn-√. Cu kz`mhw
IY-bpsS XpS°w- sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂- hy-‡a - m-Ipw. ""t]Sn®p t]Sn-®p-sIm-≠mWv ]pd-Øp-h∂ - X- v. hmXn-
°¬ \n∂v BZyw Xf-Øn-te°p t\°n. A®p-X≥ \mb¿ Dd-°-am-Wv. Hcp \nanjw kwi-bn-®n-
c-∂p. Abmƒ Iq¿°w hen-°p-tºmƒ Igp-Øn¬ Dcp-≠p-If - n-°p-∂ a - pg ImWm≥ \√ ck-ap≠v.
Ac-bn¬ XncpIn sh® ]gp-°-Sbv° ho-gm-dm-bn-cn-°p-∂p. tcmaw \n-d™ henb ssI-Ø-≠bpw
Ad-∏p-tXm-∂pw- X-Sn® hnc-ep-If-pw I≠-t∏mƒ BZyw -H-c-cn-i-amWp h∂-Xv.
B ssIsIm-≠t- √ C
- ∂
- se k‘y-b°
v .v ........ C∂-se-bmtWm? AtXm Iptd Znhkw aptºm?
them-bp-[≥ Igp-Øp-X-S-hn. thZ\ Ct∏mgpw _m°n \nev]p-≠v.
Hcp Znhkw Bcpw Adn-bmsX B ssI shń-°f - b
- W
- w. hen-sbmcp aS-hm-°Øn t\¿tØ
sIm≠p h∂p kq£n-°W - w. F∂n´ tcmaw \nd™ ]cp-°≥ssI \neØp ]c-Øn--sh®p InS-°p-
tºmƒ ]-Xp-ßn-sN∂v H‰-sh´v ""IYm-Im-c≥ BhnjvI-cn-°m≥ Dt±-in-°p-∂ A\p-`-h-Øn\p Xnc-
s™-Sp-X-°p∂ ho-£-W-]-Y-Øn\pw XΩn-ep≈ _‘hpw CXn¬\n∂p a\- n-em-°mw. DZv{`m¥-
am-b B Bflm-hns‚ Ic-fe - n-bn-°p∂ ]nS®n-en¬ IqSn B Xd-hm-ńse a\p-jy-cp- sS Nn{Xhpw Ncn-
{Xhpw hnZ-KvZ-am-bn -{]-Xn-^-en-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂p Cu IY-bn¬''.
(sN-dp-I-Y˛ C∂se C∂v˛ Fw. ANyp-X≥)
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 42
]£n-bpsS aWw
]£n-bpsS aWw- F∂ IY-bn¬ Zriy-_nw-_ß

- ƒ sIm≠v ac-WØ
- n-s‚bpw cXn-bp-tSbpw
A¥-co£w IY-mI - mcn \n¿Ωn-°p-∂p. ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn-se ] - oVn-∏n-°p∂ kuµcyw F∂mWv
"]£n-bpsS a-Ww' F∂ IY-sb -sI-.-]n. A∏≥ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. {hW-ß-fpsS K‘w, NØp-
ho-gp∂ ]£n, Nµ-\Ø - n-cn-If
- psS K‘w, hnc-ep-If - n¬ tcma-ßf - p≈ sN-dp-∏° - m-c≥....... XpS-ßnb
Zriy _nw_-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw K‘-_nw_-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw ac-W-Øns‚ Zpcql km-∂n-≤y-amWv Cu
IY A\p-`-hn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Aß-s\- "]-£n-bpsS aWw'ae-bm-f-Ønse H‰-s∏´ IY-I-fpsS Iq´-
Øn¬s∏Sp--∂p. ]£n kzmX-{¥y-Øn-s‚bpw ssew-Kn-IX - b- p-tSbpw ac-WØn-s‚bpw Bi-bß - ƒ
hln-°p-∂ _nw_-am-Wv. hn`n-∂a - mb Pohn-X- A-\p-`q-Xn-If - p-sS k- w-Lm-Xa - m-Wv Cu IY-bn¬ ImWp-
∂-Xv. a\p-jys\ IpSp-°n-te°v \bn-°p-∂ {- ]-tem-`\ - ß - ƒ˛] - {- X-Ønse ]c-kyw, e£y-t_m-[a - n-
√mØ At\z-jWw (sS-IvssÃ¬kv Iº-\n I-s≠-Øm≥ {ian-°p-∂- \m-bn-I), bm-{¥nIX-bn-te-
°pw N - n-¥m-Ip-g∏- Ø
- n-te-°pw \bn-°p-∂ k - p-Jk
- u-Ic - ym-[n-Iƒ ˛ (Iq-‰≥ sIń-Sßƒ en^v‰v), kaq-
l-Øns‚ \Sp-hnse A\y-Xm-t_m-[w, a\-kn¬ ambmsX ad™vIn-S° -- p∂ a-cW- k - var-Xn-Ifpw acW
òXn-bpw, ]cn--{`m-¥n-tbmSv IqSn-°p-g™v InS-°p∂ A`n-em-j-ßƒ, sshIm-cnI t{]c-W-Iƒ°v
hiw-h-Z-cm-b a\p-jy-cm¬ kzbw IrXy-amb kml-N-cy-ßsf°p-dn-®p≈ kz-]v\m-flI hn{`m-¥n-
Iƒ (A-]-cn-Nn-X-\pamb IqSn-°m-gvN˛ AXv ac-W-kz-]v\sØ F∂ t]mse hnth-I-c-ln-X-amb {]-
W-bm-t\zj-WØn\n-Sb - n¬ kwPm-Xa - m-Ip∂ {]Xn-k‘ - n-Is - f-bpw- kw-{`m¥n-Is - fbpwIqSn A\p-kva-
cn-∏n-°p-∂p). kzbw IrXm\¿∞Øn¬ \n∂v ]mem-b\w sNøm-\p≈ {ia-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ a-\p-jy≥
sN∂v Nm-Sp-∂- am-cI - ß - f - mb Ducm-Ip-Sp-°p-Iƒ ˛ (X-Ic - m-dnemb en^v‰p-Iƒ) Cß-s\-bpf-f th¿Xn-
cn-°m-\m-hmØ ]e `mh-ßfpw IqSn-°-e¿∂ Pohn-Xm-\p-`q-Xn-bmWv ]£n-bpsS a-Ww. Ch-bn¬
H∂ns\ am{Xw Bkv]Z- a - m°n Cu IY-sb- hym-Jym-\n-®m¬, A\p-`q-Xn-bpsS ka-{KX \in-∏n-°p∂
A-anXeLq-Ic - W- a - m--bnt´ AXv Iem-in-°p-∂p. ac-W`- o-Xn-bpw ssewKn-IX - bpw ap∂n-´v \n¬°p∂Xv
sIm≠vv Ah-bp-sS- am{Xw {]Z¿i\imeb-√ ]£n-bpsS a-Ww.
ap≥Iqń \n›bn®p sh® hn[n-bn-te°v hnfn-°msX sN∂p-Ib

- d- p∂hfmWv CXnse \mbn-
I. tPmen At\z-jn-s®-Øp∂ hnhm-ln-Xbpw AΩ-bp-amb \mbnI Dying F - ∂ t_m¿Up≈ apdn-
bpsS GIm-¥X - b
- n-emWv Xf¿®-am-‰p-∂X- v. B sIń-Sh
- pw- AXns‚ `bm-\I - amb GIm-¥Xbpw ac-
W-Øns‚ km∂n≤yw DW¿Øp∂p. Ahn-sS-bp≈ a[y-hb - k
- vI\
- m-Is
- á- c- W- s- Ø-bpw- c-Xn-sbbpw
Hcp t]mse _nw_-h¬°-cn°p∂p. hoSpw Ipń-Ifpw XncnsI hnfn-®n´pw Abm-fpsS ssIhn-c-ep-
I-fpsS ap‰nb ]ucp-j-Øn¬ i‡-ambn BI¿jn°s∏Sp-I-bm-Wv Ahƒ. At∏m-gmWv Abmƒ
XWp-∏p-Im-eØ
- p h∂p-s]-´- a-™°- n-fn-sb "jq'C´ Imep-sIm≠v Nhn-ń-bc - ® IY-]d- b - p-∂Xv. XpS¿∂v
ac-WØ- n-s‚ \
- ndw a™-bm-sW∂pw aWw ]£n-bp-tS-Xm-sW∂pw Abmƒ]-db - p-∂p. Abmƒ A - h
- -
fpsS acW kz]v\-ßsf D±o-]n∏n-°p-∂p. ""arZp-e-amb Xnc-am-e-Iƒ \nd™ Zo¿Lambn
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 43
\niz-kn-°p-∂-I-S-en¬ h∂v hogp-hm≥, Be-ky-tØmsS sN∂v ebn-°p-hm≥ Zmln-°p∂ \Zn-

bt√... \o Hmat\-... F∂n-ßs\bp≈ hm°p-Iƒ ]d™v Ahsf tN¿Øp-]n-Sn-°p-∂p. acWw
kvt\l-Øns‚ ]cn-]q¿Æ-Xb - m-Wv AXv sIm≠pXs∂ ac-Wa - √, ac-Wh- p-am-bp≈ Ah-fp-sS I
- q-Sn-
°m-gvNb- mWv \Ω-fn¬ òXn P\n-∏n-°p-∂X
- v.- \m-bn-Ib
- psS imco-cn-Ia
- mb acWw Chn-sS- Hcp t- em-
Pn-°¬ I¨¢q-j-t\m am{X-amWv. Npcp-°-Øn¬ Po-hn-X-Øns‚ \nc¿∞IX-sbbpw £Wn-I-X-
sb-bpw- Ip-dn-®p≈ `mc-Xob Z¿i\-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-d-bn¬ ]Wn-Xp-b¿Ønb Hcp at\m-l-c-amb
IYm-in¬-]a
- mWv ]£n-bpsS a-Ww.
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 44
sNń-∏q-°ƒ
kw{Klw tImhn-e≥
{]W-bØ
- ns‚ DZm-Ø`- mhw A\m-hc
- Ww sNøp∂ IY-bmWv tImhn-es‚ "sNń-∏q-°ƒ'.
IYm-\m-bI - \
- mb hnP-b\pw `mcy cm[bpw X¶ Ft∂m-a\ - t- ∏-cp≈ Ah-cpsS aI-tfm-sSm-∂n®v Pm\p-
hns‚ AΩsb ImWm≥ t]mIp-∂Xp apX-emWv IY Bcw-`n-°p-∂X - v. Pm\p hnP-bs‚ {]W-bn-\n-
bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-fpsS A—\pw tN´\pw ]nSn-s∏´ AtX £b-tcmKw _m[n®v Ah-sc-t∏mse
Ahfpw ac-W-s∏-Sp-∂p. hnP-bs\ kz¥w aI-s\-t∏mse kvt\ln-°p∂ Pm\p-hns‚ AΩ Ah-
t\mSv Hcp hnhmlw Ign-°m≥ Bh-iy-s∏-´-X-\p-k-cn-®mWv cm[sb hnP-b≥ h[p-hmbn kzoI-cn-
°p-∂-Xv. Pm\p-hp-am-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ {]W-b-IY hnP-b≥ cm[bn¬ \n∂pw ad®p sh®n-cp-∂p.
hnhmlw Ign™v aq∂p-h¿j-ßƒ°p tijw aI-tfm-sSm-∂n®v hnP-b\pw cm[bpw Pm\p-
hns‚ AΩsb kµ¿in-°p-tºmƒ B AΩ X¶ F∂ Ip™n-eqsS Xs‚ aIƒ Pm\p-hns\
ImWp-∂p. h´-s®-hnbpw A¬]w N∏nb aq°pw, \oe-°-Æp-I-fp-ap≈ X¶°v Pm\p-hns‚ AtX
Omb-bm-bn-cp-∂p. X¶-bn-eqsS Pm\p-hns\ ho≠pw Hm¿°p∂ AΩ Fc-™n-∏q-s]-dp-°m-\mbn
kvIqfn¬ \n∂pw Pm\p-hns‚ IqsS hnP-b≥ Xs‚ Pohn-X-Øn-te°v IS-∂p-h-∂Xpw Ahs\
Xs‚ aIs‚ ÿm\Øv {]Xn-jvTn-®v, Agp°p ]pc≠ Ahs‚ hkv{X-ßƒ Igp-In-bp-W° - n-sb-Sp-
Ø-Xpw, apSn NoIns°mSp-ØX - p-sa√mw Hm¿sØ-Sp-°p-∂p.
Xs‚ kz¥w aI-sf-t∏mse X¶-sbbpw H°-Øp-sh®v AXp-anXpw ]d™v kt¥mjw {]I-

Sn-∏n-°p∂ Pm\p-hns‚ AΩ-bn¬ \n∂pw Xs‚ Ip™ns\ ]dn-s®-Sp-°m≥ cm[ B{K-ln-°p-∂p.
Pm\p-hn-s‚bpw hnP-b-s‚bpw {]W-b-IY Adn-bmØ cm[-tbmSv hnP-b≥ F√mw Xpd∂p ]d-bp-
∂p. B IY-I-fn-eqsS Hcp sR´-temsS hnP-b-\n¬ Hfn-™n-cn-°p∂ £b-tcm-K-Øns‚ e£-W-
ßƒ cm[ a\- n-em-°p-∂p. Xs‚ t{]b-kn-bmb Pm\p-hns‚ ùXn-I-i-cocw AS°w sNbvXn-cn-
°p∂ aÆn¬ ]qØp-\n¬°p∂ Nph∏pw a™bpw Ie¿∂ sNń-∏q-°ƒ ImWn®v ssIIp-Sb - p∂
X¶bv°p th≠n ]qhn-dp-°m-\mbn Ip\n-bp∂ hnP-b≥ \s∂ hnΩn-jvS-s∏´v Npa®v Xp∏p-p-∂p.
Bfl-]-c-X-bn-te°pw AXns\ sshIm-cn-‡bn-te°pw sNdp-I-Y-Iƒ AXn-thKw Nm™p-
sIm-≠n-cp-∂t- ∏mƒ ]cp-jb
- m-Ym¿∞y-ßf - psS \n›nX--Nn-{X-ßf - n-eqsS F√p-d∏ - p≈ IY-Iƒ tImhn-
e≥ Fgp-Xn. At±-lØ - ns‚ {it≤-bamb sNdp-IY - b
- mWv sNń-∏q-°ƒ. thdn-´p-\n¬°p∂ cN-\m-
ssi-en-sIm≠pw efn-X-amb ]Z-{]-tbm-K-ßfpw `mj-sIm≠pw hyXy-ÿX ]pe¿Øp-∂p≠v sNń-
∏q-°ƒ, IY XpS-ßp-∂Xv Xs∂ t\m°p-I. apØ-»n-°Y - I
- f
- n-se-t∏mse IYm-]m-{X-ßsf t\cn-´p-
]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ssien Ct∏mƒ Gsd-°psd am™p-t]m-b-h-I-fn-sem-∂m-Wv. IYm-]m-{X-ß-
fpsS kuµ-cy-sØ-bmWv Ahsc ]cn-Nb - s - ∏-Sp-Øm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂X - v. "A—-s\mcp kpap-J≥,
AΩ kpµ-cn, aIsfm Ah-sfmcp X¶-°pSw'' F∂mWv IY Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv.
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 45
{]W-bØ - ns‚ DZm-Ø`- m-ha - mWv sNń-∏q-°f - n-eqsS {io tImhn-e≥ Bhn-jvIc - n-®n-cn-°p-∂-
Xv. hnP-b\v Pm\p-hn-t\m-Sp≈ BKm-[-amb {]W-bsØ XojvW-am-bn-Øs∂ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
t{]aw ssIImcyw sNbvXv, Bkzm-ZI - l
- r-Zb
- Ø
- ns‚ arZp-eX - I
- f
- n¬ \mZw krjvSn-°mØ ImYn-I¿
\ap-°n-√. ]e-t∏mgpw k`y-Xb - psS DZm-Øt- a-Je- I
- s- f-t∏mepw D√w-Ln®v Ah ]mdn-∏d- ∂v t]mIp-
∂p. Cu cwK-Øn¬ hnP-bn® Htc-sbmcp ImYn-I≥ am{Xsa \ap-°p≈q ˛ Ddq-_v. tImhn-e≥ Cu
cwK-Ønepw H‰-s∏´p \n¬°p-∂p.
tImhn-e≥ t{]a-cw-Kß - ƒ krjvSn-°p-tºmƒ sshIm-cn-Ia - mb hn¢-_X
- b
- psS ambm-he - bw
AhnsS ImWm-\n-√. Poh-tN-X-\-bpsS BZn-Xm-f-amb cXnsb DZm-Ø-h¬°-cn®v Pohn-X-hp-ambn
ka-ck- s- ∏-SpØn Nn{Xo-Ic
- n-°m-\mWv tImhn-e≥ {ian-®X - v. t{]a-Øns‚ h¿Æ-]S- ß - ƒ ImWm≥
At±-l-Øn\v IÆn-√. hnP-b-t‚bpw Pm\p-hn-t‚bpw {]W-b-Øns‚ h¿Æ-X-e-ß-f√ At±lw
ImWn-°p-∂X
- .v \jvSs
- ∏-Se
- ns‚ thZ-\b
- m-WXv ]q¿Æ-Xb
- n-se-Øm≥ Ign-bm-sX-t∏m-bX
- m-WX
- .v Pohn-
X-am-Ip∂ ame sImcpØp XpS-ßn-sb-¶nepw B ame ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°m≥ Ah¿°v km[y-am-bn-√-
t√m. \nd-ap≈ t{]asØb√, Dan-Øo-t]mse \odn-∏n-Sn-°p∂ hni-∏ns‚ F√m ]cm-[o-\-X-Ifpw
sIm≠p hnßp∂ a\p-jym-flm-hns‚ t{]a-amWv hnP-bs‚ t{]aw. AXv DZm-Øa - m-Wv, Xo{h-am-Wv,
Bfl-t`-Zn-bp-am-Wv.
Pm\p-hns‚ acWw bmYm¿∞y-am-Wv. ]t£ Pm\p acn-°p-I-bn-s√∂v hnP-bs‚ {]Wbw
Nn¥n-∏n-°p-∂p. Pm\p acn®p t]mIp-sa∂v hnP-b≥ hniz-kn-®n-√. Ah∂p Pm\p-hn-t\m-Sp≈
kvt\lØn\v A{Xbv°v i‡n-bp-≠v, Zo]vXn-bp-≠v. Pm\p-hns‚ t…‰n≥N´bn¬ t]\m-I-Øn-
sImt≠m tªUvsImt≠m apdn-®p-≠m-°nb hnP-bs‚ t]cv ImWn-°p-∂Xv {]W-bØ - ns‚ XojvW-
X-bm-Wv . £b-tcm-Kn-bmb Ahƒ Nph∏pw a™bpw Ie¿∂ sNń-∏q-°ƒ t]mse-bmWv Xp∏p-
∂-Xv. Ah-fn¬ \n∂v In´p-∂-sX¥pw kpK-‘k
- p-c`- n-ea
- m-sW∂v Ah≥ ]d-bp-∂p. CXn¬ \n∂pw
hy‡-am-°p-∂X
- m-Wh
- s‚ {]W-bØ
- ns‚ XojvWX
- . Ah-fpsS tcmKsØt∏mepw sh√p-hn-fn-sb-
t∂mWw kzoI-cn® Ahs‚ kvt\lw Ima-Øn-\√ - , t{]a-Øn\v Xs∂-bmWv {]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂-
sX∂v FSpØp ]d-tb-≠-Xm-Wv. icocw shSn-™mepw kvt\lw \ne-\n¬°p-sa∂ "{[ph-an-l-
amwk \n_-‘-a√ cmKw' F∂ DZm-Ø-amb Bims‚ Imhy-k-¶¬]-Øn-te°v sNs∂-Øm≥
]mI-Øn-emWv tImhn-e≥ Cu IY Bhn-jvI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
{]W-bØ- n\v \¬Ip∂ AtX {]m[m\yw amXr-Xz-Øn\pw \¬In Ah-Xc - n-∏n-°m-\mWv tImhn-e≥
{ian-°p-∂X
- v. Pm\p-hns‚ AΩ-bp-tSbpw cm[-bp-tSbpw lrZ-bß - f
- n¬ amXrXzw B¿Øn-cº - p-∂p.
Pm\p-hns‚ AΩ-bn¬ \nd™v \n¬°p-∂Xv amXrXzw am{X-am-Wv. Pm\p-hn-t\mSpw ]nd-°mØ aI-
\mbn kq£n-°p∂ hnP-bt- \mSpw Pm\p-hns‚ ]p\¿P-∑s - a∂v Ah¿ hniz-kn-°p∂ X¶-tØmSpw
AtX kvt\lw Xs∂. Fc-™n-∏q-°f - mWv hnP-bs\ Pm\p-hns‚ AΩ-bp-ambn _‘n-∏n-®X - v. aI-
fpsS IqsS ]q°ƒ s]dp-°m≥ h∂ _mes\ B AΩ kz¥w aIs‚ ÿm\Øp {]Xn-jvTn-°p-
∂p. AΩ-bn-√mØ B _me≥ B kvt\l-Øn¬ Aen™p tN¿∂-Xm-bn-cn-°mw. Pohn-XØ - ns‚
F√m {]Xo-£-Ifpw AkvX-an-®n-cp-∂, Ah-cpsS hncm-k-amb ]I-en-te-°mWv hnP-bs‚ IØv
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 46
IS-∂p-hc - p-∂X
- .v hnc-ka
- mb Pohn-XØ
- n-te°v Ipń IS-∂p-hc
- p-tºmƒ Ah¿ {]Xo-£t- bmsS t\m°p-
∂p. th\-ense ag-t]m-se-bm-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-Øn-te°v B Ip™ns‚ IS∂p hc-hv.
{]Xym-i-tbmsS Pohn-X-Øn\v t\sc t\m°p∂ Hcp apJw Pm\p-hns‚ AΩ-bn¬ ImWmw. ""cm[
Ip™n\v t\sc ssI\o-´p-tºmƒ Xs‚ kz¥w Ip™ns\ Xń-∏d- n-°p∂ òXn-tbmsS Pm\p-hns‚
AΩ Ip™ns\ DΩ-dt- Ø°v sIm≠p t]mIp-∂n-SØpw X\sd kz¥w aIƒ Pm\p-hn-s\-bmWv B
AΩ B Ip™n¬ ImWp-∂-Xv. Ip™ns\ kz¥-am°n sh°m≥ Ah-cnse amXrXzw Ahsc
t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
amXr-Xz-Øns‚ kvt\l-Øn¬ Aen™p tN¿∂ kzm¿∞-X-bmWv cm[-bn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv.
Ah-fpsS iq\y-amb t_m[-aW
- vUe
- Ø
- n-ep≈ Akz-ÿX Xs‚ Ip™n-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ B[n-If
- m-
Wv. B AΩbv°v H∂pw Adn-™p-Iq-Sm. hnP-b-s‚bpw Pm\p-hn-s‚bpw {]W-b-_-‘-sØsb
hnP-b≥ Xs‚ AΩ-sb-t∏mse kvt\ln-°p∂ Pm\p-hns‚ AΩ-bn¬ X¶-sØ-°m-Wp-tºm-gp-≠m-
Ip-∂, Pm\p-hn\v th≠n shºp∂ amXr-Xz-sØtbm B AΩ-bv°-dn-bn-√. Ah-cn¬ B kv{Xo
XnI®pw A]-cn-Nn-X-bm-Wv. Xs‚ kz¥w aIsf Hc-]-cn-NnX Xń-sb-Sp-°p-tºm-gp-≠m-Ip∂ thZ-\-
bn¬ B a\ v ]nS-bp-Ib - m-Wv. Xs‚ aIsf kz¥-am-°m≥ {ian-°p∂ B kv{XotbmSp-≠m-Ip∂
hntZzjw "X≈' F∂ {]tbm-K-Øn¬ apgßn tIƒ°mw.
"Fs‚ Ip™n-s\-bnßp hmßn-Øcq \ap°v t]mImw.'
"Fs‚ Ip™v' ˛ Ip™v Ft‚Xv am{X-am-Wv. a‰m¿°pw Ah-Im-is

- ∏-´X
- √
- . cm[-bpsS amXr-
Xz-Øns‚ kzm¿∞X hy‡-am-°p∂ hm°p-If
- m-Wn-Xv.
""Zp:JØns‚ Bh-cW-a-Wn™ hb- p-sN∂ kv{Xo Xs‚ sIm®ns\ ]nSn-®-]n-Sn-bmse
kz¥-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.'' ˛ Zp:Jw \ng-en-°p∂ B kv{Xo°v Xs‚ aIƒ°v kt¥mjw \¬Im≥
Hcn-°epw km[n-°p-Ib - n-s√-∂m-Imw. sNdp∏w \jvSs - ∏´ B kv{Xo°v Xt∂mfw kvt\lw \¬Im≥
km[n-°p-Ib- n-s√∂v Ah-fpsS anYym-[m-cW - I- fpw "Ah¿°v Xebv°v kpJ-an-s√∂m tXm∂p-∂Xv'
F∂ Ah-fpsS hm°p-If - n¬ Hfn-™n-cn-°p-∂p. cm[-bpsS lrZ-ba - √m NqSp≈ c‡-amWv aIƒ°v
th≠n ]X-bv°p-∂X - v.
amXrXzw am{X-a√ Xs‚ `¿Øm-hns\ AXn-bmbn kvt\ln-°p-∂, Hcn-°epw At±-l-Øn-
s\m∏w as‰mcp kv{Xosb ImWm≥ B{K-ln-°m-Ø, CjvSs - ∏-Sm-Ø, `¿Ømhv Xt‚-sX∂v kzm¿∞X
ImWn-°p∂ `mcy-Iq-Sn-bmWv cm[. t…‰n¬ hnP-b-s\∂ t]cns‚ IqsS Hcp t]cp-IqSn ImWp-
tºmƒ "IÆp a™-fn-°p-∂p, Xe s]cp-°p∂p' F∂p ]d-bp-∂n-SØv B kzm¿∞X ImWmw.
cm[bv°v `mcy F∂ ]Zhn Ae-¶mcw am{X-a√ - , Ah-kt- cm-Nn-Xa- mbn hnP-b≥ kXyw Xpd∂v ]d-bp-
tºmƒ Ah-tbmSv s]mcp-Øs - ∏-Sm≥ cm[bv°v Ign-bp-∂p-≠v. hnP-b≥ Xs‚ {]W-bI - Y shfn-s∏-
Sp-Øp-tºmƒ thZ-\-b-√msX H∂pw (tZ-jyw, shdp-∏v) tXm∂p-∂n-√. adn®v kvt\l-a-bn-bmb B
`mcy `¿Øm-hn¬ Hfn-™n-cn-°p∂ "£b' tcmK-sa-∂ kXysØ Xncn-®-dn-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
_‘-ßf - psS sI´p-]m-Sp-If - n¬ IpSp-ßn-In-S°
- p∂ IY-bmWv sNń-∏q-°ƒ. B[p-\nI kaq-
l-Øn¬ \n∂pw A{]-Xy-£-am-hp-∂ amXr-Xzhpw {]W-b-hp-amWv sNń-∏q-°-fn-ep-≈-Xv. I]-S-
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 47
kvt\-l-ß-f√ ]c-kv]cw sI´p-]n-W™p InS-°p∂ kvt\l-_-‘-ß-fm-W-h. a\p-jy-a-\- ns‚

Bg°-b-ß-fn¬ apßn-sbSpØp hnf-ºp∂ hnZy-bmWv tImhn-e-\m-hn-jvIcn°p-∂Xv. IYm-]m-{X-
ß-fpsS am\-kn-It- em-Iß - sf Nn{Xo-Ic- n-°m-\mWv IYm-IrØv {ian-®X - v. hy‡n-bpsS kmaq-ln-I-
kzXzw Bhn-jvIc - n-°p-∂X- n¬ \n∂p amdn B¥-cn-Ik - z-XzsØ Bhn-jvIc - n-°p∂-Xn\Wv {]m[m\yw
\¬In-bX - v.
tImhn-es‚ IY-I-sf-°p-dn®v ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ tImhn-e-s\∂ a\p-jys\ Hgn®p \n¿Øn-°q-
Sm. `mjbv°v Nm´p-fn-bpsS i‡nbpw aq¿®bpw \¬In, Cta-Pp-If - n-eqsS lrZ-bsØ hnIm-cX - o-{h-
X-cw-Kn-X-am-°n, D¬°-bpsS Xo{h-amb {]Im-i-\mfw t]mse, Hcn-°epw an∂n-a-d-bmØ Zo]vXX
\¬IpI CXmWv tImhn-es‚ ssien. \mń≥]p-dß
- f
- psS thZ-\b
- psS Xo{hX Bhn-jvIc
- n-°m≥
tImhn-e≥ {i≤n-°p-∂p. hm°p-Iƒ sIm≠v _nw_-ß-fp-≠m-°p-hm≥ {ian-°p-I-bmWv tImhn-
e≥. {]Ir-Xn-bpsS km∂n-[y-amWv sNń-∏q-°-fn¬ Zriy-am-°p-∂-Xv.
ac-WsØ hnfn-®p-W¿Øp∂ a™-\n-dhpw Poh-c-‡-Øn-s‚ Nph∂ \nd-hp-ap≈ sNń-∏q-
°-fmWv IY-bpsS XpS°w apX¬ HSp°w hsc hncn™v \n¬°p-∂-Xv. Pm\p Npa®v Xp∏p-∂Xv
c‡-Øns‚ em©-\b - p≈ Xp∏p-\o-cm-Wv. IYm-IrØv a\-∏q¿∆w sNń-∏q-°sf ac-Wh - p-ambn _‘-
s∏-Sp-Øp-Ib
- m-Wv. km[m-cW ac-Ws - Ø-b√- , £b-tcm-Kn-bpsS ac-WamWv sNń-∏q-°f- n-eqsS CXƒ
hncn-°p-∂-Xv. BZyw £b-tcmKw _m[n-®Xv Pm\p-hns‚ A—-\m-Wv. AΩ-bvs°m-gnsI c≠p
a°ƒ°pw B tcmKw ]I¿∂v ac-W-Øn-\n-S-bm-°p-∂p. hnP-b-\nse Akz-ÿ-X-I-fpw, hnΩn-jvS-
ßfpw C∂p ImWn-°p-∂Xv £b-tcm-KØ - ns‚ e£-Wß - f - m-Wv. \msf, hnP-bs‚ aIƒ°pw Cu
tcmKw hcmw. hcm-sX-bp-an-cn-°pw. F¶nepw Ahsf sNń-∏q-°ƒ amSn-hn-fn-°p-∂p-≠v. sNń-∏q-
°ƒ £b-tcm-KØ - ns‚ {]Xo-Ia- m-Wv. "H∂p-ad- n-bmØ Ip™v' ˛ Ip™n\v H∂pw Adn-bn√ Ahƒ
sImXn-tbmsS ssIIp-S-bp-∂Xv hiy-ambn Nncn®v \n¬°p∂ sNń-∏q-°ƒ°v t\sc-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
tImhn-es‚ IY-If - n¬ A¥-co£ krjvSn-°v kp{]-[m-\a - mb ]¶p-≠v. hmb-\° - msc Nne-t∏mƒ
òI-c-tam, a‰v Nne-t∏mƒ AXn-Z-b-\o-btam Bb A¥-co-£-Øn¬ sIm≠v hn´v At±lw ]n≥hm-
ßpw. Pm\p-hns‚ ac-W-hpw, tcmK-hpw, AΩ-bpsS GIm-¥-Po-hn-Xhpw `bm-\I-amb A¥-co-£-
amWv krjvSn-®s - X-¶n¬ Xs‚ t{]b-kn-sb-°p-dn®v hnP-b≥ `mcy-tbmSv ]d-bp-∂X - n-SØv Hcp s]mń-
sØ-dnbmWv hmb-\-°m¿ {]Xo-£n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Cu A¥-co-£-kr-jvSn-bn¬ At±lw {]I-Sn-∏n-
°p∂ sshZKv[yw hmb-\° - msc Akz-ÿa - m-°p-∂p.
Hcm-ib
- _- o-Pw, Hcp hnIm-ct- cWp D≈n¬Ø-d™ - m¬ AsXmcp IY-bmbn hnImkw {]m]n®v
Idp-∏n-te°v ]Icpw hsc Akz-ÿ-amb a\- mWv tImhn-e-\p-≈-sX∂v ]d-bmw. Hmtcm hm°pw
[z\zm-fl-I-am°n Bhp-∂{X apg-°-Øn¬ Npcp-°n, A\p-hm-N-I-lr-Z-b-Øn¬ i‡-ambn Xd-∏n-
t®¬°m≥ Bh-iy-amb in¬]-ss\-]pWn A∏-t∏mƒ hm¿∂p-ho-Wp-sIm-≈pw. Nne-t∏mƒ IYbv°v
BZn-bp-≠m-In-√. a‰v Nne-t∏mƒ A¥y-hpw. sNń-∏q-°sf kw_-‘n®v IYm-¥y-Øn\v th≠n
hmb-\° - m¿ A¬]w Nn¥m-Ip-ec - m-tI≠n hcp-∂p. F¶nepw t{]a-Øns‚ ]cy-hk - m\w F∂ \ne-
bn¬ Pm\p-hns‚ tcmKhpw hP-b≥ G‰p-hm-ßp-∂n-SØv IY Ah-km-\n-°p-Ib - m-sW∂v Xs∂ ]d-
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 48
bmw. Aßs\ A\p-am-\n-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Hcp ]t£ hnP-b-s‚bpw Pm\p-hn-s‚bpw {]Wbw

]q¿W-am-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
tImhn-es‚ IY-I-fn¬ ambm-tem-I-an-√, C{µ-Pm-e-an√ ˛ ]®-a-\p-jys‚ Xo{h-amb a\-

nse ZrVo-`-hn® Nn¥-Ifpw hnIm-c-ß-fp-amWv AXn¬ A¥¿`-hn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. \nßsf `mj
sIm≠Xv IpØn apdn-th¬∏n-°pw. Bthiw sIm≠Xv tamlm‘-cm-°pw. Imc-Ww, tImhn-e≥
ssIbn-te-¥n-bXv t]\b√m, sh´p-IØ
- n-bm-Wv. F¥n-t\bpw XI¿°p-∂, Adp-°p∂ hnIm-cX- o-
{h-Xb
- psS sh´p-IØ
- n.
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 49
{]]-©-Øns‚ Ah-injvSßƒ
k°-dnb
sshNn-{Xy-]q¿W-amWv k°-dn-b-bpsS IYm-tem-Iw, BZy-Im-e-sØ-gp-Xnb XncyIv-I-Y-Iƒ

AkvXn-Xz-Øns‚ hyY-Ifpw DZzn-·-X-Ifpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. {]]-©-Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ,
Hcn-S-Øv, he F∂o IY-Iƒ Xs∂ DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ. BZysØ c≠p IY-I-fn-teXv Xh-fbpw
sImXp-Ipw. ac-tWm-∑p-Ja - mb Pohn-XØ - ns‚ k{¥m-khpw hy¿∞-amb At\z-jW - h - p-amWv Cu
IY-I-fn¬ [z\n-°p-∂-Xv. {]mY-an-I-ambn Ch XncyIv IY-Iƒ Xs∂. B \nebv°v `{Z-amb Hcp
`mh-Xew Cu IY-Iƒ°p-≠v. AtXm-sSm∏w AXo-hk - q-£vahpw hni-Zmw-iß - ƒ \nd-™X - p-amb
h¿W-\I - f
- psS kma¿∞yw sIm≠v a\p-jym-hÿ - I
- qSn [z\n-∏n-°p∂p Ah.
apXn¿∂-hc - p-tSbpw Xncy-°p-If - p-tSbpw cl-ky-tem-IZ- ¿i-\ß - f
- n-eqsS B[p-\n-IX - bv°p {]nb-
¶-ca
- mb Nne {]ta-bß - f
- mWv k°-dnb Ah-Xc - n-∏n-°p-∂X - v. ac-Ww, AkvXn-Xzw, kzXzw, ssewKn-
IX XpS-ßn-bhsb-∏‰- n-bp≈ DXvIW - T
v I
- fpw Pn⁄m-kI - fpw Cu IY-If - n-se \nKq-VX
- b- n-te-b°v p≈
t\m´-Øn¬ ImWmw. k°-dn-bb - psS B[p-\n-IX - m-t\m-á - m-WX - v.
"{]]-©-Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS-ßfn' se Xhf "cl-ky-am¿∂ Zqc-tZ-i-ßƒ°v th≠n-bp≈
Xo£vW-tam-l-Øn¬ he-™pw A]-cn-Nn-X-]p-jv]-ß-fpsS kuc`yw a\- m-iz-kn®pw aXn-a-d∂pw
AI-se-sbt¥m BIm-iß - f - n¬ Xm\-dn-bmsX \£-{X-kw-Lß - ƒ XpSn-°p-∂p-≠m-hm-sa-t∂m¿Øv
hnjm-Zn®pw' Zo¿L-am-sbmcp bm{X ]pd-s∏-Sp-∂p. \o≠-Imew k©-cn®v temI-sa√mw I≠p-I-
gn™v aS-ßp-tºm-tg°pw Xhf hb- p-sN∂v £oWn-®n-cp-∂p. ac-WØ - ns‚ ⁄m\w hmXn¬°¬
ap´p∂ i_vZw D≈n¬ AXn\p tIƒ°m≥ Ign-™p. aS-°-bm-{X-bn¬ A_-≤-Øn¬ Xhf Hcp
s]m´-°n-W-‰n¬ hoWp. c£-s∏-Sm-\p≈ {ia-ßƒ ]cm-P-b-s∏-´-tXmsS B s]m´-°n-W¿ Xs∂-
bmWv Xs‚ temI-sa∂v Xncn-®-dn™v Ahn-sS-°n-S∂p acn-®p. B[n-Im-cn-I-Xbv°p th≠n-bp≈
At\z-jW - a- mWv Pohn-XØ - ns‚ BXy-¥nI e£y-sa∂pw F∂m¬ Cu temIØv AXv Akm-[y-
am-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂p-ap≈ B[p-\n-IX
- m-Z¿i\w "{]]-©Ø
- ns‚ Ah-in-jSv ß
- fn'¬ \nd-™p-\n¬°p-
∂p. InW-dns‚ GIm-¥\ - n-Kq-VX
- b
- n¬ "CXp-am-{X-amWv Fs‚ temIw' F∂p ]d-™p-sIm≠v acn-
°p∂ Xhf a\p-jys‚ {]Xn-cq-]-am-sW∂p ]d-bm≥ hnti-j-_p≤n th≠. {]]-©-Øns‚ Zpcq-
l-kz-`m-ht- Øbpw AkvXn-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw bmYm¿∞y-Øn-s‚bpw At⁄-bX - s- bbpw Ipdn®v B[p-
\n-IX ]pe¿Ønb Zm¿i-\n-tIm-XvIW - vTI
- f
- mWv Cu {]Xn-cq-]m-flI - m-hn-jvIc
- W- Ø - n¬ thjw amdn
\n¬°p-∂X - v.
k°-dn-bb - psS "{]]-©Ø - ns‚ Ah-in-jvSß - ƒ' t]mep≈ BZy-Im-eI - Y- I
- f
- n¬ "\ap-°d- n-
bmØ Fs¥m-s°tbm Ds≠'∂ t_m[-hp-ambn Bcw-`n-°p∂ kµn-Kv[X AkvXn-Xz-Øns‚ {]iv\-
ß-fp-ambpw bmYm¿∞y-Øns‚ cl-kym-fl-I-X-bp-ambpw _‘-s∏-´mWv \n¬°p-∂-Xv. ]n∂o-SXv
sNdp-IY F∂ am[y-a-sØ-°p-dn®p Xs∂-bp-≈-Xmbn amdp-∂p. k°-dn-b-bpsS cq]-]-co-£-W-
ßƒ°p ]n∂n¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ apJy-LS- I - a
- m-WX- v B[p-\n-IXm {]ÿm-\Ø - n¬ k°-dnb Xs‚
CSw th¿Xn-cn-®p \n¿Øp-∂Xpw Aß-s\-bm-Wv. AtX-ka - b
- w, Ncn-{X-sØ-tbm, cmjv{So-bt- Øtbm
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 50
Ipdn-®p≈ Xo{h-amb \ne-]m-Sn-t‚tbm Z¿i-\-Øn-t‚tbm A`m-h-Øns‚ êw IqSn-bmWv Cu

kµn-Kv[X - . `mj-sbbpw am[y-as
- Øbpw Ipdn®v Cu IYIƒ {]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ Xo{h kµn-Kv[X - b
- m-
Is´ k°-dnb sI´p∂ Ifn-t°m-´sb lrZy-amb A\p-`-h-am°nØo¿°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
klm-bI - {- K-Ÿß
- ƒ:
1) GIm-¥-\-K-c-ßƒ DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ kuµ-cy-imkv{Xw ˛ ]n. sI.
cmP-ti-Jc - ≥.
2) sNdp-IY C∂se C∂v ˛ Fw. ANyp-X≥.
3) ae-bm-f-km-lnXyw Ime-L-´-ß-fn-eqsS ˛ Fcp-taen ]c-ta-iz-c≥]n-≈.
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 51
apcp-I≥ F∂ ]mºmń
Fw.]n \m-cm-bW-]n≈
B[p-\n-Ic
- mb I
- Y
- m-Ir-Øp-°f
- psS Iq´-Øn-¬ hyXy-kX
v a
- mb cN-\m-ssien sIm≠pw {]tab
kzo-Imcyw sIm≠pw hy-Xy- k
- vXX
- ]
- p-e¿Øp∂ IYm-Ir-ØmWv Fw.]n \mcm-bW - ]
- n≈ A\m-bm-k-
am-b Hcp apØ-»n-°YbpsS EPp-Xz˛ em-fn-Xy-ß-tfmsS IY-]d--bp-∂-Xpw Xpf®pIb-dp∂
\¿Ωt_m[hpw \mcm-bW ]n≈sb hyXy-kvX\ - m-°p-∂p. "Fen-bpsS {]mW-th-Z\
- - GXv ]ń°pw
a\-kn-emIpsa∂pw ]q®-bpsS hn-i∏p IqSn a\-kn-em-°p-∂-XmWv k¿-§-{Inb' F-∂-XpamWv
Ie-tbmSpw Pohn-Xt- Øm-Sp-ap≈ \mcm-bW- ]
- n-≈b - psS kao-]\
- w.
P¥p-tem-I-Ønse Hmtcm h¿-§hpw F∂√ Hmtcm hy‡nbpw \ne-\n¬∏n-\m-bp≈ Xo£-
Wk - a
- c
- Ø- n¬ {]Ir-Xn-bpw- a‰p ]cnX:ÿnXn-Ifpw A\n-hm-cy-am-°n-Øo¿°p∂ hyXn-bm\ hyXn-
N-e-\-ßƒ°pw ]cn-Wm-a-ßƒ°pw X-ß-fpsS BIrXn {]Ir-Xn-Isf t_m[-]q¿∆-am-bpw A√m-
sXbpw hnt[-b-am-°n-Øo¿°p-∂p. {]Ir-Xn--bp-ambn Nne [mc-W-I-fn-seØn apt∂m´v \oßp-∂p.
Nmƒkv Um¿-hn≥ variation F∂pw Natural selection Hm∂pw hnfn-°p∂ Cu {]Ir-Xn-bn¬\n∂v
a\pjy Pohnbpw hnap-‡\ - √ ""A¿∞ iq\y-amb AkvXnXzw t]dn \S--°p∂ a\p-jys\ kw_‘n-
®n-S-tØmfw iq\y-X-bpsS Cu temI-Øn¬ At∏m-g-t∏m-gp≈ \ne-\n¬]pw {]Xn-_-‘-ß-fpsS
AXnP-oh - n-°e
- p-amWv km¿∞-Ia - mb {]i-\ß
- ƒ'' F∂v kmap-h¬ _-°‰v ]d-bp-∂p. (\n-cq-]I
- ≥,
Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥) Ak-Yn-Xz-Øn\v A\n-hm-cy-am-b cq] ]cn-Wm-a-ßƒ°v kk-t¥m-jw -hn-t[-b-
ambn PohnX ka-c-Øn¬ ]cm-Pn-X-cm-hm-Xn-cn-°m≥ {i≤n-°p∂ a\p-jy-sc-bmWv \mw Fw. ]n .
\mcm-b-W-]n-≈-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ Im-Wp-∂-Xv. taml-`w-K-Øns‚ ssiXy taJ-e-I-fntem I©m-
hns‚ ambnI he-b-Øntem AXoµb [y\m-Øntem A`-bw-tX-Sp∂ I-Ym]m{X-ßsf At±-l-
Øns‚ IY-If - n¬ ImWp-hm≥ km[n-°m-ØXpw AXpsIm≠p t]mse Xs∂. {]YakrjvSn-bmb
"I≈≥' apX¬ "Fs‚ kXym-t\z-jW ]co-£-W-ßƒ hsc Cu hkvXp-X°v \nZ¿i\-am-Wv.
a{¥-\m-ZØ
- ns‚ B`n-Nm-c`- mcw tPymXn-jØ
- ns‚ {]h-N\
- k
- z-`mhw a\pjy a\-kp-If
- p-sS AXn-hn-
Nn-{X-amb ImgvN-∏p-d-ßfpw ]pcm--hr-Ø-ß-fpsS A¤pX {]]©-ßfpw \nd-™-XmWv - -
Fw. ]n. bpsS IY-Iƒ. F√m establishment Iƒ°pw FXn-cmbn \n¬°p∂ F√m A¿∞-
Ønepw {- ]-t£m-Ì
- m-cn-bmb Hcp Iem-Im-cs‚ i_vZa
- mWv At±-lØ
- ns‚ cN-\I
- ƒ.
]T\w
Ah-Xc- WØnepw `mjm-ssi-en-bnepw H‰-s∏-´v \n¬°p∂ IY-bmWv ap-cp-I≥ F∂ ]mºm-
ń. `mjbpsS i‡n kuµ-cy-ßf- p-tSbpw [z\\m-flI- X-bp-sSbpw Hc-]q¿∆ amXr-Ib
- m-Wv Cu IY.
PohnXsØ A]-{K-Yn-°p-Ibpw AXns‚ Zpcq-lX A`n-hy-⁄n-∏n°pw hn[w k¶o¿Æ-amb t_m[w
P\n-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I-bmWv B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS e£yw F∂ hkvXpXbmWv {]kvXpX IY
hnfn-t®m-Xp-∂X
- v.
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 52
sN∏Sn hnZym-°m-c-\mb Ip´∏ sNým-cp-sS -k-lm-bnbpw in¶n-bn-Sp-amWv ap-cp-I≥. Ip´∏

sNým¿ apcp-Is\ amkvac hnZy-sIm-≠v a-b°n InS-Øp∂p. CW-tN¿∂v InS-°p-∂ -{Xn-tIm-W-
ßƒ F∂ i‡--amb Hcp KWnX imkv{X {]Xo-I-Øns‚ am{¥n-I-i-‡n-bn-emWv Ip´∏-sN-ým¿
F√m hnZy-Ifpw ImWn-°p-∂X - v. Abm-fpsS A¥yhpw a™ƒs∏m-Sn-bn¬ hc-®n´ B cq]-Øn-em-
bn-cp-∂p. Ip´∏ sNým-cpsS t{]Xw apcp-Is\ Bth-in-°p-∂p. a{¥-hmZn t{]XsØ Iog-S-°n,.
{ItaW A\m-Y-\mb apcp-I≥ ]mºm-ń-bm-bn. t]Sn-®-p \m-Sp-hn-´p-t]mb IY-bnse h‡mhv
Xncn-®p-h-∂-t∏mƒ apcp-Is\ ImWp-∂p. Ah-t\m-sSm∏w Ahs‚ Ggv k¿∏-ßf-- pw D≠v. IdpØ
IÆS D≈-Xv sIm≠v apcp-I-\v A-bmsf a\-kn-em-Ip-∂n-√. IY-bn¬ k¿∏-ßfpw a{¥-°p-g-epw
-C-W-tN¿∂n-cn-°p∂ {XntIm-W-ßfpw, Npa-cn¬ ho-gp-∂ -\n-g-epw,- Xp∏¬ ]pd-tØ°v sXdn-°p∂
kwkm-chpw, Np´-tIm-gn-sb ] -- d- ∏- n-°p∂ a{¥-hm-Zn-bpsS Zfi-\hpw, \nth-Zn-°m≥ sh® s]mcn®
ap´bpw Nmcmbhpw, IpjvTw {Zhn-∏n® hncepIfpw F√mw IqSn tN¿∂v A - \
- p-hm-NI
- s‚ a\-kns\
]nSn-®p-e°
- p-∂˛- t- h-´b
- m-Sp∂˛òI-cm-¥c - o-£s
- am-cp-°p-∂p.
"apcp-I≥', "Rm≥', "hmb-\-°m¿' F∂o {XntIm-W-ßƒ krjvSn-°p∂ Zr-iy-_nw_w IY-
bpsS kq£va hmb-\-bnemWv hy‡-am-Ip-∂-Xv. Ahym-tJ-b-amb Pohn-X-sØbpw Zp:JsØbpw
CW-tN¿∂v InS-°p-∂ -{Xn-tImWØns‚ Cta-Pn¬ \n∂v \ap°v H∏n-sb-Sp-°mw. B {XntIm-W-
amIs´ ss]X-tKm-dkv apX¬- C-∂sØ a\p-jy¿ hsc-bp≈ i‡n {]Xo-I-amsW∂v IY-Xs∂
kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.
"apcp-I≥ F∂ ]mºm-ń°v' Pze-\m-flI
- a
- mb Hcp i‡n-bp-≠v˛- a
- m-cI
- a
- mb Hcp tcmK-Øns‚
k∂n-[n-bn¬ \n¬°p-tºmƒ F∂-t]m-se- A-\p-hm-N-I¿ Cu IY-bpsS apºn¬ `-b-N-In-X-cm-Ip-
∂p. XΩn¬ kmw-{I-an-IXz òXn D≠m-Ip-∂p. a\p-jy--\n-ep≈ "`bw' F∂ Cu ASn-ÿm\
hnIm-c-amWv "apcp-I≥-F∂ ]mºmń'bnse Nn¥m hnj-bw. a{¥-hm-Zw, Nm-Ø≥ tkh XpS-ßnb
anØp-Iƒ k¿§m-flI
- X
- b
- p-sS D
- d- hnSß-fm-sW∂pw Ah-sbms° A£-cß
- ƒ°v IcpØv sImSp-
°p∂p F∂p-ap≈ IYm-Ir-Øns‚ hnizmkw ssNX\yw t\Sn-bXm-Wo IY. AtXm-sSm∏w Ie-ºn-
t∏m-Ip∂ Pohn-Xs - a-∂ {- ]-tl-fn-Ibpw \mw Adn-bp-∂p. Hmtcm Xmh-fØ- n¬\n∂pw Bń ]mbn-°-
s∏-´v, th´-bm-Ss
- ∏-´v, Cc-bm-°s- ∏-´v, IpjvTw t]mte apc-Sn®v t]mIp∂ Hcp Pohn-XØ
- ns‚ ZmcpW
Ah-ÿ-bmWv Cu IY.
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 53
e©v
hn. sI. F≥
1932-˛¬ Xncp-hn-ezm-a-e-bn¬ P\n® hn.-sI. F∂ns‚ ]q¿W-\maw hS-t°-°q-´me \mcm-b-

W≥ Ipń-\m-b¿ F∂m-Wv. 1950¬ BZy-IY "_pjv j¿´v' it¶gvkv ho°n-en-bn¬ {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-
Øn. A[n-Im-cw, Btcm-l-Ww, ]nXm-a-l≥ F∂n-h-bmWv At±-l-Øns‚ {][m\ t\mh-ep-Iƒ.
"hn. sI. F≥ IY-Iƒ' F∂ kam-lmcw Gsd {]kn-≤w.
\nXy-Po-hn-XØ
- n¬ {]mtbW \mw A{X {i≤n-°mØ kw`-hß - ƒ hn. sI. F≥. \¿Ω-t_m-
t[m-¤m-kn-Xa - mb \nco-£W - N - m-Xp-cy-tØmsS BJym\w sNøp-tºmƒ Ahbv°p ssIh-cp∂ ckn-
IØw H∂p thsd Xs∂-bm-Wv. ]e-t∏mgpw Hcp lyqa-dn-Ãn\v Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm≥ hømØ AXn-i-
tbm‡nsb Iq´p-]n-Sn-®mhpw hn. sI. F≥ \sΩ Nncn-∏n-°p-I. "Imcn-t°-®-dp-Iƒ' hn. sI. F≥
˛ s‚ IY-If - n¬ kpe-à - m-Wv. ]m{X-kr-jvSn-bnepw hnh-cW - ß- f
- nepw ssien-If- nepw Ub-tem-Kp-I-
fn-ep-ambn hn. sI. F≥. IY-I-fnse ênXw hym]n-®p-In-S-°p-∂p.
"Nncn-bpsS ]nXm-al- ≥' F∂mWv sI. ]n. A∏≥, hn. sI. F∂ns\ hnti-jn-∏n-®X - v. A∏s‚
'tImam-fn-bp-K-Ønse ]pcp-j-tKm-]p-c-ßƒ' F∂ teJ\w hn. sI. F∂ns\ icn-bmbn AS-bm-f-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. KZy-`m-jb - n¬ hn. sI. F≥ krjvSn® hnπhw Gsd N¿® sNø-s∏-´X - m-Wv. `mj-
bv°p-≈n¬ `mj krjvSn®v X\n-ab - m¿∂ Hcp `mjm-cq]w krjvSn-°p-∂X - n\v hn. sI. F∂n\v Ign-
™p. hn. sI. F∂ns‚ BJym-\c - oXn tUm. Ih-Sn-bm¿ cma-N{- µ≥ kq£vaa - mbn \nco-£n-°p-∂p-
≠v. Ah-bn¬ {][m-\-s∏-´h Xmsg tN¿°p-∂p.
• `mjm-kz-cq-]Ø- ns‚ s]mSp-∂s - \-bp≈ am‰w.
• \mS≥`m-j-bpsS (Slang) \mS-Io-ba - mb {]tbm-Kw.
• ]WvUn-X`- m-jb- psS A{]-Xo-£n-X{- ]-tbmKw
• ¢otj (Chiche) IfpsS Aan-tXm-]-tbm-Kw.
• {]mtZ-in-I`- mj/aX-`mj/PmXn-`mj F∂n-hb
- psS {]tbm-Kw.
• hymI-cWw sX‰n-°¬/h{Io-Ic
- Ww XpS-ßn-bh
- .
• A\p-Ic- W
- w, hnh¿Ø\w F∂n-hb - nse X\Xp hnZy-Iƒ.
e©v ˛ kw{Klw
D®-bm-b-t∏mƒ ]Xn-hp-t]mse hni∏v \ΩpsS IYm-\m-b-I-\mb ]øs\ ]nSn-Iq-Sn. a{Zmkv
tlm´-ense DuWp-I-gn-™m¬ ]ns∂ _kn\p t]mIm≥ Imip XnI-bn-√. knK-c‰p Ipd®v ]Ww
AUvPÃv sNøm-sa-∂Xv Xe-t]m-bmepw H°p∂ Imcy-hp-a√ - . ]cn-Nb
- °
- m-c\
- mb tat\ms‚ A∂-
Øn¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-Im-sa∂v Xocp-am-\n-®t- ∏m-gmWv Atßm-t´sd Zqc-ap-≠X
- n\p ]pdta as‰mcp sIWn
IqSn-bp-≈Xv ]ø≥ Hm¿Ø-Xv.
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 54
"BIvsk-t‚m-sS-bp≈ HmIvk-t^m¿Uv Cw•o-jn¬ hN\w tIƒ°Ww. At∏mƒ∏ns∂

a{Zmkv tlm´-en¬ Xs∂ t]mbn ]´sc Aßv icn-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-f-bm-sa-∂mbn Nn¥. Xo‰-sIm≠v
s]mdp-Xn-apń It®mSw apSn™v Abmƒ I≈-h≠n Ib-dW- w. Cu al-\ob e£y-hp-ambn \ΩpsS
]ø≥ tImWm´v tπknse hcm-¥-I-fn-eqsS ]´sc em°m°n \S∂p XpS-ßn. Cu bm{X-bv°n-S-
bn¬ Hcp XpWn-°-S-bn¬ I≠ _pjv j¿ńs\ kz¥-am-°m-\p≈ tamlhpw ]ø-\p-≠m-Ip-∂p.
A[nIw Xma-kn-°msX Xm≥ AXp-t]m-sem∂v kz¥-am-°p-sa∂v a\- n¬ Xocp-am-\s
- a-Sp-°p-Ibpw
sNøp-∂p.
\S-°p∂ hgn-bn¬ "Nncn°pw X{ºm≥' F∂ \K-c-Ønse G‰hpw henb tlm´-en-\p-ap-
∂n¬ \n¿Øn-bn´ Imdp-I-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ B\-µ-h-√n-bpsS Im¿ ]øs‚ IÆn¬s∏-´p. Xt∂mSv
]d-bmsX Xs∂ Cu kz¿§-Øn¬ Ch-sf-ßs\ FØn F∂ sNdn-sbmcp ktµ-lt- ØmSpw AXn¬
IqSp-X¬ πm≥ sNbvX h√ ]cn-]m-Sn-bmImw F∂ A\n-hm-cy-amb Bizm-kt- Øm-Sp-Iq-Snbpw B¿`m-
S-Øns‚ DØpw-K-irw-K-ßƒ ]n∂n´v ]ø≥ Xs‚ kplr-Øn-s‚bpw AXn-Yn-bp-sSbpw ASp-sØ-
Øn. km[m-cW
- b
- n¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvXa
- mbn C∂sØ AXnYn ]´m-f°
- m-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂n-√. sFIy-cm-
jv{S-bp-hk
- w-LS- \
- b
- nse C¥y≥ {]Xn-\n[n ankv. \oena F∂pw hntZ-iØ
- p≈ C¥y≥ {]Xn-\n-[n-
bmb ]ø≥ sXmgp-Xp. Ah¿kw-`m-jW

- a
- m-cw-`n-®p. Ah-cpsS `£Ww Ign-™n-ń√ F∂X ]ø\v
Bizm-ka - m-bn. ]ø≥ Xs∂ `£-W-Øn\v Hm¿U¿ sImSp-Øp. ]ø≥ Xs‚ AS-hp-Iƒ ]b-‰n-
Øp-S-ßn. "{^m≥kn¬ \n∂pw \n¿∆m-l-I-k-an-Xn-bn¬ s]√-thm¨ h∂n-cp-∂pthm?' ]øs‚
tNmZyw Hcp {]kv tIm¨^-d≥kn¬ sh®v c≠p-sIm√w apºv I≠ ]cn-Nbw am{X-ap≈ Bsf-°p-
dn-®m-bn-cp-∂p. tNmZy-Øn-\p-]p-ds - a, Abmƒ Xs‚ kplr-Øm-sW∂p IqSn ]ø≥ Xń-hn-´p. \oena
_lp-am-\t- ØmSp IqSn Xß-fpsS {]kn-U‚ns‚ C¥y≥ kplr-Øns\ kwL-S\ - b
- n-te°v £Wn-
®p. kq∏p-Ig- n-°p-∂X - n-\n-Sb
- n¬ ]ø≥ "tdmam-°mcn' \oen-at- bmSv C‰-en-sb-°p-dn®v tNmZn-®p. ]n∂oSv
AØcw ÿe-ß-sf-°p-dn-s®-gp-Xm-hp∂ teJ-\-ßƒ, \oena hne-s∏´ hm¿Ø-Iƒ tNm¿Øn-Ø-
∂m¬ AXn\p ]Icw Xs‚ ]{X-Øn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°m-sa-∂mbn ]ø≥. Aßs\ kq∏ns\
km£n-\n¿Øn Ah¿ Hcp-S-º-Sn-bn¬ FØn-t®¿∂p. {ItaW ]ø≥ Xs‚ Imhy-hm-k\Ifpw
{]I-Sn-∏n®p XpS-ßn. "tdmam-°mcn' Aº-c-t∏msS ]øs\ t\m°n-bn-cp-∂p. t`mP-\-Øn-\p-tijw
Ihn-X-sb-°p-dn-®mbn Ah-cpsS N¿®. Ihn-X-bn¬ Hcp ssIt\m-°m-\p≈ \oen-a-bpsS B{Klw
X{¥-]q¿∆w ]ø≥ C√m-Xm-°n. CS-bv°nsS tcWp ]øs‚ Imen¬ t{_°p Nhn-´p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-
∂p. ]øs‚ kw`m-j-W-Nm-Xp-cn-bn¬ hoWp-t]mb \oena Ahsc Un∂-dn\p £Wn-®p. Acn-
jvSn®p Nm¿an-\m¿ hen-°p∂ ]ø≥ "lhm\m' ]pI-®p-sIm≠v kw`m-jWw XpS¿∂p. _n√v \oena
Xs∂ sImSp-Øp. \oen-a-bn¬ \n∂p tcWp ]øs\ kq{X-Øn¬ Xs‚ Imdn-\p-≈n-em-°n. tcWp-
hns‚ ]cn-`h - i
- c
- ß
- f- n¬ Gsd-sbm∂pw Akz-ÿ\ - m-ImsX ]ø≥ Xs‚ Hmô-kn\p ap∂n-en-dß - n.
c≠p kv{XoIƒ°n-S-bn¬ \n∂pw X¬°m-e-tØbv°p tamNn-X-\mb ]ø≥ AIta \ne-hn-fn®p:
""sImt∂m-fn-t\So IpS-eI - t- f, sImt∂m-fn≥.''
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 55
H‰
hn. ]n. inh-Ip-am¿
kaq-lØ
- ns‚ apJy-[m-cb
- n¬ \n∂pw ]m¿iy-h¬°-cn-°s
- ∏-´h
- c
- n-eq-sS-bpw, ssZh-Øns‚
hnNn-{X-ß-fmb a\p-jy-kr-jvSn-I-fn-eq-sS-bp-amWv inh-Ip-am¿ F∂ AXp-ey-Im-Yn-Is‚ k¿§m-fl-
I-bm-{X. Bfl-kw-Xr-]vXnbv°p th≠n Pohn-XØ - ns‚ kam-¥c - t- c-Jb- n¬ \n∂pw amdn k©-cn®v
am\-knI kpJ-tem-ep-]-Xbv°v ]pØ≥ ]Ÿmhv krjvSn-bv°p∂ Npcp°w Nne-cn¬ Hcm-fmWv
"H‰' F∂ IY-bnse Ip´≥\m-b¿. \mńse kº-∂\ - mb G‰hpw {]mbw sN∂ Ip´≥\m-b¿ Xs‚
\·X {]Z¿in-∏n®v AXn-eqsS Bfl-kw-Xr]vXn t\Sp-∂b - m-fm-Wv. s]¨h¿KsØ I≠m¬ DSp-ap-
≠ns‚ ÿm\w sX‰p∂ Cu htbm-[n-I≥ \m´p-Im-cpsS samØw shdp∏pw hntZz-jhpw kºm-Zn-®n-
´p-≠v. `¿Øm-hns‚ kzImcy Ah-bh - {- ]-Z¿i-\Ø- n¬ A]-am-\n-Xb - m-hp∂ `mcy aq∏n-ems‚ Imew
H∂p Ign-™p-In-ń-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ F∂p-hsc Icp-Xp-∂p. \mńse G‰hpw {]mbw sN∂-bmƒ Fs∂
]cn-K-W-\-tbm, _lp-am-\-tam, H∂pw Xs∂ Ip´≥\m-b¿°v e`n-°p∂n-√. Abm-fpsS s\dn-tISv
Abmƒ°v kaq-l-Øn\v D≠m-bn-cp∂ \ne-bpw, hnebpw C√m-Xm-hp-∂p. Abmsf AwKo-I-cn-
°mØ kaq-lsØ Abmfpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n-√.
a\pjyPo-hn-X-Ønse hn`n-∂-hpw, hnNn-{X-hp-amb Nne `mh-ß-fp-sS-bpw, A\p-`-h-ß-fp-sS-
bpw, ]®-bmb A\m-hc - W- ß
- s
- f-bpw, A\p-hm-NI - c
- n¬ Zp:Jhpw, kl-Xm-]hpw P\n-∏n-°Ww F∂
B{Klw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂n√ F∂-XmWv hmkvX-hw. ]Icw IYm-]m-{X-Øns‚ Bflm-hn-jvIm-c-sa-
t¥m, AXn-te°v IYsb Xncn-®p-hn-Sm-\mWv {ian-°p-∂X - v. Ip´≥\m-bc - psS \nb-ah - n-cp-≤k
- z-Im-cy-
A-h-b-h-{]-Z¿i-\sØ \m´p-Im-cpw, ho´p-Im-cpw, shdp-°p∂p F∂pw, Cu¿jy-tbmsS t\m°n-Im-
Wp-∂p-sh∂pw ]d-bp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw Abmƒ t\Sp∂ Bflm-hn-jvIm-cØ - ns‚ Bg-ßf - n-te°v Dufn-
bn-Sm-\mWv IYm-Im-cs‚ {iaw. kaq-l-Øn¬ H‰-s∏-SpI F∂Xv hfsc ZpcnXw \nd™ A\p-`-h-
am-sW-¶nepw CXn-s\-sb√mw adn-IS- ∂v De-IØ - n≥ apºmIth Xs∂ AS-bm-fs - ∏-SpØn sIm≠v H‰-
bm-Ip-∂X
- n-epw, kpJ-hpw, kuµ-cyhpw Is≠-Øm-\p-ff {ia-amWv Ip´≥\m-b¿ \S-Øp-∂X
- v. Xt‚-
Xmb ap{Z ]Xn-∏n-°m≥ kaq-l-Øn-tem, Pohn-X-Øn-tem, Abmƒ°p Ign-bp-∂n-√.

""F¥m-bn-cp∂p Cu sshIr-X-Øns‚ clkyw''? B clkyw Adn-s™-¶n¬ am{Xta
IYm-Im-c≥ CXn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p∂ {]Xo-Iß- f - psS Npcpƒ Agn-bq. ""IpS-Øn¬ aqSn-s°-ńb
k¿∏-sØ-t∏mse tamN-\Ø - n-\mbn CtX aÆn¬ InS∂v Cbmƒ ssIIm-en-´S- n® \mfp-If - p-≠m-bn-
cp-∂p F∂ {]tbm-K-amWv IY-bn¬ ]pXnb am\-ßƒ tXSn-t∏m-Im≥ hmb-\-°msc klm-bn-°p-
∂-Xv. k¿∏w Hcp {]Xo-I-am-Wv. AS-°n-sh-°m-\m-hmØ cXn-t_m-[-Øns‚ {]Xn-^-e-\-]-Z-amWv
k¿∏w. ka-tbm-Nn-X-ambn AS-°n-sh-t°-≠p∂ hnIm-c-ßsf aqSn-sh-°msX Bhn-jvI-cn-°p∂
Hcp IYm-]m-{Xw. sX‰n-s\-bpw, icn-tbbpw th¿Xn-cn-°msX hnIm-cB
- h- n-jvIc
- W
- Ø
- n\v Xp\n-bp∂
ka-Im-eo\ a\p-jy-cpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-bmWv Ip´≥\m-b¿.
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 56
A¥n-bnse {]Ir-Xn-Zr-iy-ßƒ `b-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ H∂m-Wt- √m. IYm-Im-cs‚ A¥n-bnse {]Ir-Xn-Zr-

iy-ßƒ F∂ {]tbmKw Ip´≥\m-bc - psS A\m-tcm-Ky-sØ-bpw, AtX XpS¿∂v Abmƒ A\p-`h - n®
Ah-K-W-\-I-tfbpw BWv {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\n-S-bn¬ Abm-fpsS am\-kn-I-X-e-Øn¬
Bfl-kw-Xr]vXn \¬In-s°m≠v; DZn-®p-b¿∂ ]q¿Æ-N{- µ-\mWv ""kzImcy Ah-bh - {- ]-Z¿i\w'' F∂
{]h-WX. `b-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ A¥n t\csØ {]Ir-Xn-Zr-iy-ßƒ°v hncm-aa - n-´p-sIm≠v IS-∂p-hc - p∂
]q¿W-N-{µ-\n-em-hv F√m `b-ß-sf-bpw, ambv®p If-bpI km[m-c-W-b-t√. Hgp-Ip∂ ]pg-bn-se-∂-
t]mse Abmƒ B kpJ-Øn¬ HgpIn \S-∂p. ]pg-bn¬ Hcp hkvXp Hgp-Ip-∂Xv Hmf-ßƒ
krjvSn-bv°p-at- √m, AXp-t]mse Xs∂ kaq-lØ - ns‚ kZm-Nm-csØ X®p-S° - m≥ {ian®p Ip´≥\m-
b¿°v t\sc kaqlw ]cn-lm-k-Nn-cn-bp-ambn Hmf-ßƒ krjvSn-®p. Gsd sshImsX Xs∂ B
Hmf-ßfpw AI-∂-I∂p t]mbn. hkvXp (Ip-´≥\m-b¿) GIm-¥-am-bn.
ka-bØ
- n-s‚-bpw, Zqc-Øn-s‚bpw, sh≈n-∏d- h
- I
- ƒ Abm-fn¬ \n∂v `n∂-Zn-iI
- f
- n-te°v ]d-∂p-t]mbn
F∂pw, IYm-Im-c≥ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. ka-b-hpw, Zqc-hpw, ImesØ \nb-{¥n-°p-∂p. Imew a\p-
jys‚ Ah-ÿ-I-tf-bpw, ÿnXn-K-Xn-I-tf-bpw, \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂p. Imew Abm-fnepw am‰-ßƒ
D≠m-°p-∂p. Xe°v Np‰p-ap≈ kzIm-cy-X-bpw, ]pXp-a-bp≈ ÿe-Ime kar≤n \nd-bv°p-∂p-≠v.
""AhnsS aßnb {]Im-i-Øn¬ H‰-s∏´ kv{Xocq-]-ßƒ Nen-®p, ]pgp-°sft∏mse Akp-c-c-Xn-bn-
eqsS Abmƒ ]q¿W-\mb ]pcp-j\

- m-bn. aßnb {]Im-iØ
- n¬ H‰-s∏´ kv{Xocq]w F∂ {]tbmKw
Nn¥-\o-ba
- m-Wv. CXv s_Uvsse-‰ns\ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. kaq-lØ
- n¬ kZm-Nm-cØ
- ns‚ AXn¿h-c-
ºp-Iƒ ewLn®Xn\v kaqlw H‰-s∏-Sp-Ønb kv{XoI-fm-Wn-h¿. AXm-bXv thiy-hr-Øn-I-fn¬
G¿s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ kv{XoIƒ. aßnb {]Im-iw, H‰-s∏´ kv{XoIƒ, F∂o {]Xo-I-ßƒ IY°v
]pXnb am\-ßƒ krjvSn®v A\p-hm-NI

- sc Nn¥-bpsS ]dp-±o-kb
- n-te°v B\-bn-°p-∂p. Ip´≥\m-
b¿ DSp-ap-≠-gn-°¬ F∂ {]h-W-X-bn¬ \n∂v amdn CØcw Bk-‡n-I-fpsS D∂-Xn-bn¬ FØn-
bn-cn-°p-∂p F∂Xv Abm-fpsS at\m-ssh-Ieyw h¿≤n-®n-cn-°p-∂p F∂-Xns‚ kqN-\b

- mWv. Abmƒ
C{X-\mfpw B{K-ln-®n-cp-∂s
- X√mw \nd-th-‰s
- ∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. \pg-™p-Ib
- d- pI ]pgp-hns‚ s]mXp-kz-
`m-ha
- m-Wv. AXp-t]mse kaqlw \ncm-Ic
- n-°p∂ thiym-aµ
- n-cß
- f
- n¬ Hcp ]pgp-hn-s\-t∏mse \q≠p-
I-bdn Bfl-kw-Xr]vXn Ic-ÿ-am°n Abmƒ ]q¿Æ-\mb ]pcp-j-\mbn amdp-∂p.
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 57
Abmƒ Xs‚ sXmÆq-‰©mw P∑-Zn-\-Øn¬ DuWp Ign™v ]pd-Øn-dßn Hcp-cpf tNmdv

]pd-tØ-°n-Sp-Ibpw Abm-fpsS DS¬ Xmtgbv°v sNcn-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Abmƒ Xs‚ a\p-jy-
i-cocw shSn™p. B Hcp-cpf _en-t®m-dmbn ]cn-W-an-°p-∂p. Abm-fpsS \c® IÆp-Ifpw
i_vZhpw ImXp-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ {ipXnbpw ck-\-bn¬ \n∂p≈ cpNnbpw Ah-km-\-izm-khpw
hsc Im°-sIm-Øn-sb-SpØp ]d-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂p. Hcp-]t£ X\nbv°p th≠n as‰m-cmƒt]mepw
_en-I¿Ω-ßƒ sNøm≥ D≠m-In√ F∂ Xncn-®d- nhp sIm≠mImw Abmƒ kzbw _en-X¿∏Ww
\S-Øn-bX- .v ]´-Sb
- n¬ Ip´≥\m-bc - psS arX-ic - ocw IØn-ba- c
- p-tºmgpw ]d-bØ - ° \ne-hn-fn-sbm∂pw
D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. ]pI-]n-Sn® ASp-°f - b
- n¬ \n∂pw CS-bv°nsS tIƒ°p∂ Abm-fpsS `mcy-bpsS
Ht∂m ct≠m tXß-ep-Iƒ am{Xw. Xs∂ A]-am-\n-X\ - m-°nb Hcm-fpsS acWw Ft∂ Ah¿ Icp-
Xp-∂p-≈q. GXp Ime-L-´-Øn-em-bmepw a\p-jy≥ Ahs‚ Bfl-kw-Xr-]vXn-bv°p th≠n \ne-
sIm-ffpw F∂-Xn\p sXfn-hmWv Cu IY. s]mXpsh ]d-bmdv a\p-jy-kl - P- a
- mb A`n-em-jß
- ƒ°pw
Bflm-hn-jvIm-c-Øn\p≈ shº-en-s\ms° ISn-™m-Wn-Sp∂ {]mb-amWv hm¿≤Iyw F∂m-Wv.
F∂m¬ Bflm-hn-jvIm-cØ - n\v {]mb-]c - n-[n-bn-s√∂ hkvXp-Xb - mWv Cu IY Db¿Øn-°m-Wn-°p-
∂-X.v
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 58
`qan-sb-∏‰n A[nIw ]d-tb≠

kn.-hn. _me-Ir-jvW≥
cN-\m-in-ev]Ø
- nse ]pXp-ab
- psS `wKn-sIm≠v Akm-[m-cW
- a
- mb Imhym-\p-`qXn ]I-cp-∂h
- -
bmWv kn. hn. _me-Ir-jvWs‚ IY-Iƒ. a[y-h¿§-Øns‚ D¬°¿j-hm-RvObpw taml-Ø-
I¿®bpw At±lw ImWp-∂p. adp-Ic - , IY, am-aq¬, {]W-bI - m-ew, `h-`b
- w, amem-Ja- m¿ Nnd-Ip-ho-
ip-tºmƒ, `qan-sb-∏‰n A[nIw ]d-tb≠ apX-em-bh IYm-k-am-lm-c-ßƒ.
IYm-kw-{Klw
Nn{X-{]-Z¿i\w \S-°p∂ Kyme-dn-bn-¬ sh®v kµo]v kpµ-cn-bmb Hcp s]Ïp-ńsb ImWp-
∂p. ImXn¬ henb dnwKp-I-fn´ apSn t_m_p sNbvX Hcp s]Ïp-ń. Ah-tfmSv Abmƒ°v
Ft¥m {]tXyI Xm¬]cyw tXm∂n. FIvkn-_n-j≥ c≠mgvN XpS-cp-sa-∂X - n-\m¬ C\nbpw hcm-
at√m F∂p IcpXn kµo]v t]mIm-s\m-cp-ßn. At∏mƒ ]n∂n¬ \n∂v Hcp hnfn-tI-´p. Xm≥
{i≤n® s]Ïp-ń-bmWv AsX∂v Abmƒ°p a\- n-em-bn. Ah¿ ]cn-N-b-s∏-´p. t]cv A\p-cm-
[-sb-∂m-sW∂pw hm°p-Iƒ aSp-Ø-t∏mƒ Nn{X-ß-fn-tebv°p Xncn-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-s∂∂pw Ahƒ
]d-™p. Ah¿ kwkm-cn®p \n¬°p-tºmƒ Btcm Xs∂ {i≤n-°p-∂-Xmbn kµo-]n\p tXm∂n.
Ah¿ bm{X ]d™p ]ncn-bp-tºmƒ Ft¥m Hcp `bw kµo-]ns\ ]nSn-Iq-Sn. Xs‚ \o°-ßƒ
{i≤n-®p-sIm≠v \nKq-Ve- £
- y-tØmsS Hcmƒ ]n≥Xp-Sc - p-∂Xv kµo]v Adn-™p. Xncn™p t\m°n-
b-t∏mƒ Abmsf ImWm-\n-√m-bn-cp-∂p. At∏mƒ kµo]v tN®n-bpsS Ip™p-a-I-fmb kp]¿Æ-
tamƒ°v Hcp skz‰¿ hmßm≥ IS-bn¬ Ib-dn. ISpw-\o-e-\n-d-Øn-ep-ff H∂p Xnc-s™-Sp-Øp.
hne-t]-im-s\m∂pw \n¬°msX skz‰-dn\p apI-fn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb hne Xs∂ sImSpØv AXp
hmßn. sXcphp apdn-®p-I-S-°p-tºmƒ kµo-]ns\ Btcm Nodn-∏m™p hcp∂ hml-\-ßƒ°v
t\¿°v ]nSn®p X≈n. kµo-]n\v t_m[w \jvS-s∏-´p-t]m-bn. t_m[w sXfn-™-t∏mƒ Xm≥
hmßnb skz‰dpw \jvSs∏s´∂v kµo-]n\p a\- n-em-bn. ""AXp Btcm sIm≠p s]mbv°-f-
s™∂p tXm∂p∂p CsXmcp ÿncw G¿∏m-Sm-Wv. Fs¥-¶nepsamcp A]-IS- a - p-≠m-bm¬ AhnsS
h∂v D≈ km[-\-ß-sfms° s]dp-°n-sb-Sp-°p-I. acn-°m≥ XpS-ßp-∂-hs\ Bip-]-{Xn-bn-se-
Øn-°mt\m Hcn-‰p-sh≈w sImSp-°mt\m A√ [rXn. t]m°-‰nse ]W-sa-Sp-°m\pw ssIbn¬
\n∂v hm®p-X-ń-sb-Sp-°m\pw. F{X-sb{X kw`-h-ß-fmWv Cßs\! ]d-™m¬ HSp-ßn-√. \nß-
fpsS skz‰¿ AXp-t]m-Is - ´. thsdm-scÆw hmßm-at- √m.'' Hcmƒ Abmsf Biz-kn-∏n-®p. ]t£
kµo-]n\v `bw IqSn-bt- X-bp-≈q. Xs∂ A]m-bs- ∏-Sp-Øm≥ Btcm ]n≥Xp-Sc
- p-∂p-s≠∂v Abmƒ°p
tXm∂n.
]gw hn¬°p∂ ]ø-\n¬ \n∂v Ipd®v B∏nfpw t]c-bv°bpw hmßn, Hcp c£m-I-h-N-sa-
∂-hÆw B s]mXn s\©n-ea

- ¿Øn-∏n-Sn®p sIm≠v Ccp´pw shfn-®hpw amdn-amdn hoip∂ sXcp-hn-
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 59
eqsS kµo]v \S-∂p. sXcp-hn\v he-Xp-hi - Ø

- p≈ Xntb-t‰-gvkn-t\mSv tN¿∂v, c≠p aXn-ep-Iƒ°n-
S-bn-eqsS \ofp∂ shfn®w Ipd-™ hgn-bpsS A‰-sØ-Øn-b-t∏mƒ, Ft¥m kwi-bn®v kµo]v
Xncn-™p-t\m-°n. Hcp \ng¬ s]s´∂v CS-Xp-hi - sØ aXn-en-t\mSv tN¿∂-Xmbn tXm∂n. kwibw
Xo¿°m≥ kmh-Im-i-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. kµo]v \oń \S-∂p. \mep-Np-hSp sh®-t∏m-tgbv°pw
]n∂n¬ \n∂v Btcm HmSn-b-Sp-°p∂ i_vZw tI´v kµo]v hncWv Hm´-am-cw-`n-®p. ]t£, Ah¿
c≠p-t]-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. BZy-tØ-bmƒ HmSn-b-Sp-Øp. kµo-]ns\ ]q≠-S°w ]nSn-®p. B∏nfpw
t]c-bv°bpw NnX-dn-ho-Wp. kµo]v sh{]m-fs - ∏´v IpX-dn. At∏mƒ Igp-Øn¬ Hcp ssI Aa¿∂p.
""iv iv! an≠n-t∏m-Ic- pXv'' Hcp ]cp-°≥ Xm°o-Xv. ap∂n¬ IØn-bpsS {Iqcamb Xnf-°w. kµo]v
sRń ]nd-tIm´p amdn. H∂m-a≥ Im¬ap-´p-b¿Øn sXmgn-®p.
""thKw''
IØn Hcp an∂-ep-t]mse -]p-f-™p-sIm-≠v ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛
kµo]v InX-®p. IgpØp sRcp-ßp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
lrZbw Ic-bp-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p.
Hcp \nan-jw.
A{]-Xo-£n-Xa - mbn apJØv s]≥tSm¿®ns‚ sh´w. IÆp-Iƒ ]I-®p. A{I-an-If - n¬ Hcmƒ
]d-™p. ""FSm CXv Ah-\√; Bfp-am-dn.''
IY Ah-km-\n-°p-∂X - n-ßs- \-bm-Wv.
ka-Im-en-I-km-aq-lym-hÿ {]Xn-^-en-°p∂ IY-bmWv "`qan-sb-∏‰n A[nIw ]d-tb-≠'
cmjv{Sob am^n-bm-Ifpw sImt´-j≥ kwL-ßfpw Ac-ßp-hm-gp∂ kmaq-ly-]› - m-Øe - Ø - n-emWv
\man∂v Pohn-°p-∂X - v. GXp \nan-jhpw sImt´-j≥kw-Lß - f
- p-tStbm cmjv{So-bK
- p-≠I - f - p-tSbpw
]n®m-Øn°v Cc-bm-°-s∏-t´-°m-hp∂ Pohn-Xw. Bcm-sem-s°tbm ]n≥Xp-S-c-s∏-´v, th´-bm-S-s∏-´v,
Cc-bm-°-s∏-´v, HSp-ßp∂ Pohn-Xw. h¿Ø-am-\-Ime Pohn-Xm-hÿ - b- psS ka-kvXX - e- ß - t- fbpw
kv]¿in-°m≥ Cu sNdp-IY
- bv°p Ign-™n-cn-°p-∂p.
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 60
]¥n-t`m-P\w
kt¥mjv F®n-°m\w
1971 ˛¬ Imk¿tKm-Up-Pn-√b - n-emWv kt¥mjv F®n-°m\w P\n-®X - v. ae-bm-fØ
- nepw hn-Zym-
`ym-kØ - nepw _ncpZw t\Sn. tIc-f{- ]kv A°m-Za - n-bn¬ \n∂pw tP¿W-enkw B‚ v IΩyq-Wn-t°-
j-\n¬ ]n.-Pn. Untπma FSp-Øp. IYm-c-N-\bv°v Imcq¿ P∑-i-Xm_vZn Ahm¿Uv, sNdp-ImSv
Ahm¿Uv, hn. ]n. inh-Ip-am¿ tIfn Ahm¿Uv, A¶Ww C. ]n. kpja F≥tUm-hvsa‚ v,
]fl-cm-P≥ ]pc-kvIm-cw, XpSßn Ht´sd Ahm¿Up-Iƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v. "H‰-hm-Xn¬', "IYm-]m-{X-
ßfpw ]s¶-Sp-Ø-hcpw', "Hcp Nn{X-I-Y-bnse \mbm-´p-Im¿', "sImame' XpS-ßnb IYm-k-am-lm-c-
ßƒ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. \nc-h[n sSen-hn-j≥ kocn-b-ep-Iƒ°v Xnc-°Y cNn-®n-´p-≠v. ae-bm-f
s
- N-dp-IY
- b
- psS ka-Im-en-Ia - p-Ja
- mWv kt¥mjns‚ cN-\I - ƒ.
ka-Im-enIkaq-lØ - ns‚ BXp-cm-hÿ - b- ntebv°v hnc¬ Nq≠p∂ IY-bmWv ]¥n-t`m-P-
\w. ]¥n-t`m-P\w F∂ io¿jIw Xs∂ \¿Ωw Ie¿∂ hna¿i-\k - v]¿i-ap-≈X - m-Wv. h°o-e∑ - m-
cpsS hn{i-a-ap-dn-bn¬ D®-bq-Wns‚ ka-b-Øp-\-S-°p∂ sIm®p-h¿Ø-am-\-ß-fn-eqsS hy‡n-a-\-
nepw kaq-la - \
-
- nepw thcp-]n-Sn-®n-´p≈ PmXn-t_m-[Ø - ns‚ D≈-dI - f
- mWv Xpd-°s - ∏-Sp-∂X
- .v PmXn-
t`-Zß
- ƒ \in-∏n-°p-∂X - n\p th≠n hyXykvX PmXn-bn¬s∏´-hsc Hcp-an-®n-cpØn `£Ww Ign-∏n-
°p-∂-Xn\p th≠n kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvI¿Øm-°ƒ \S-Ønb ]cn-]m-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂t√m ]¥n-t`m-P-\w.
F∂m¬ Chn-SpsØ ]¥n-t`m-P-\-Øntem? sXmgn¬ I≠v Htc PmXn°mcm-sW-¶nepw Df-fn¬
hyXykvX PmXn-Nn-”ß - ƒ ]pe¿Øp-∂h - cpw AXn-\\ - p-kr-Xa
- mb Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ sIm≠p \S-°p-
∂-h-cp-amWv CXnse IYm-]m-{X-ß-fmb bph-A-`n-`m-j-I¿. kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-bmb kqk≥
CΩm-\p-h-en\pw {_m“-W-hn-`m-K-Øn¬s∏´ kwKo-Xm-\-ºq-Xn-cn-°pw, caym-\m-b¿°pw kz¥w
kh¿Æe£-W-ßƒ ambv®p If-bm≥ Ign-™n-ń-√
`£y-hn-`-h-ßsft∏mepw Ah¿ \ºq-Xncn˛\m-b¿-˛-Cu-g-h-˛-{In-kvXy≥-˛-ap-…ow hn`-h-ß-fm-

bmW ImWp-∂-Xv. Ch¿ HmtcmcpØcpw Xß-fpsS aXhpw PmXnbpw G‰hpw D¬Ir-jvS-sa∂v
kzbw ta\n \Sn-°p-∂-hcpw AsXmcp _m[-bmbn IqsS sIm≠p \S-°p-∂-h-cp-am-Wv. F∂mepw
kh¿Æ¿ F∂ Iq´m-bvab - n¬ Ch¿ Hcp-an-°p-∂p. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ Zfn-Xbpw sân-\n-Ãp-amb
cpIvan-Wnsb Ch¿ Ah-⁄-tbm-sS-bmWv ho£n-°p-∂-Xv. cpIvan-Wnbpw h°o-em-Wv, ]ªnIv
t{]mkn-Iyq-´d- p-am-Wv. F∂n´pw am‰n-\n¿Ø-s∏-Sp∂p! caym-\m-bc
- psS Hcp tIkp Pbn-°W
- s
- a-¶n¬
]ªnIv t{]mkn-Iyq-´-dmb cpIvan-Wn-bpsS klmbw IqSntb Xocq F∂ Ahÿ h∂p tNcp-∂p.
Cu kµn-Kv[L - ´- Ø- n¬ `£-Wt- a-ib
- n¬ sh®v ]s≠m-cn-°¬ ]nW-ßn-∏b cpIvan-Wnsb ho≠pw
Xß-fpsS D®-`£ - W ]¶m-fn-bm-°p-∂X- n\p th≠n Ch¿ \S-Øp∂ X{¥-ßfpw AXns‚ ê-{]m-
]vXn-bp-amWv IY-bpsS {]Xn-]m-Zyw. s{]m^-jW - e
- p-If
- psS CS-bn¬t]mepw \ne-\n¬°p∂ Xo{h-
amb PmXn-kv]¿≤, Ct∏mgpw kh¿Æ-a-\- p-I-fn¬ \n∂v ]q¿W-ambpw hns´m-gn-bmØ
Zfn-X-tcm-Sp≈ Ah-⁄, Db¿∂ kmaq-ly-ÿn-Xnsb {]m]n-°p-tºmƒ Nne Zfn-X¿°p≠m-Ip∂
Al-¥,Zfn-Xc - psS a\- n¬ \n∂pw C\nbpw ]q¿Æ-ambn hn´p-am-dn-bn-ń-√mØ A]-I¿j-Xm-t_m[w
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 61
XpSßn ka-Im-enI kaq-l-Øn¬ kPo-h-ambn \n¬°p∂ {]iv\-ß-fn-te°v A\p-hm-N-I-{i≤

£Wn-
- °p-hm≥ Cu IY-b° v m-hp-∂p-≠.v F∂m¬ Cu IY \memw-InS cmjv{So-b°
- m-cs‚ {]kwKw
t]mse hnc-k-am-Ip-∂n√; Zfn-X-cpsS ÿnXn hnh-c-°-W-°p-Iƒ D≤-cn®v t_md-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p-an-√.
IYsb Hcp ss[j-Wn-Ih - ym-]m-ca- m-°m-sX, lmky-Øns‚ tasºmSn tN¿Øv kaq-la
- \
-
- n-\p-≈n¬
Dd-™p-In-S°- p∂ PmXn-t_m-[Ø - n-\p-ta¬ BLm-Xt- a¬∏n-°m≥ kt¥mjv F®n-°m-\Ø - n\p
Ign-™n-cn-°p-∂p.
IYm-km-ln-Xyw 62

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kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FU-yp-t°-j≥

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

CALICUT UNIVERSITY PO, MALAPPURAM, KERALA, INDIA - 673 635

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

Dr. Biju Joseph,

Layout: Computer Section, SDE

Df-f-S°w t]Pv \º¿

t\mh¬˛]m- › mXy ]uckv X y \n¿hN- \ - ß ƒ˛t\m- h ¬ apt∂m- S n- I ƒ hniz-

X¿÷a t\mh-ep-Iƒ-˛h - n-iz-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-If

tIc-fob kmaq-lnI kmwkvIm-cnI A¥-co£w {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp∂ t\mh-ep-If- n-epsS

°m-cp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm\ h¿§-Øn-t‚bpw Pohn-Xw-˛-]p-tcm-K-a\kmln-Xy-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-hhpw

t\mh¬ \Ωp-tSXpw Ah-cp-tSXpw ˛ Pn.-F≥. ]Wn-°¿

t\mh-en-s\-°p-dn®v k¿∆- k-Ω-X-amb Hcp- \n¿∆-N\w D-≠m-bn-´n√. G‰hpw B[n-Im-cn-I-

∂ \n-e-bn-emWv CXv- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. t\mh-en-s‚ "bqWn‰n' Dd-∏p h-cp-Øp-∂Xv tπm´v

hnI-kn-∏n-°m≥ -A-\p-`-h-ßƒ sXc-s™-Sp-°p-tºmgpw Ahsb khn-tij{Ia-Øn¬ hn\y-kn-

ho£W tIm¨ (point of view)£-((pointW-tIm¨ (Point of view)

t\mh-ens‚ LS\bnse -kp-{]-[m\ LS-Iw CXm-Wv. t\mh-en-Ãn\v Xs‚ -IYm hkvXp

GXp t\mh-en-kvdd- n-s‚bpw Ign-hns‚ bYm¿∞ a

k-¶o¿ÆX ssIh-cp-Øp-tºm-gmWv ]m{X cN\ icn-°pw -hn-P-bn-°p-∂-Xv.

F√mw ]d™p Ign-™mepw _m°n-\n¬°p∂ H∂mWv t\mh--en-Ãns‚ Pohn-X-Z¿»-\w.

t\mh-¬ F∂ ]Z-Øns‚ [mXz¿∞w ]pXn-bXv F∂m-Wv. ]Xn-\©mw iX-I-Øn¬ C‰-en-

t\mh-ens\ kw_-‘n-°p∂ ]m›-mXy˛ B[p-\nI ]cn-I-ev]\Ifp-ambn s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sp-

bn¬ hn-injym tIc-f-Øn¬ t\mh¬ {]ÿm\w Bcw-`n-®-Xv. hnizt\mh¬ kmlnXyw t\Snb

"Cµp-teJ-'bpsS BapJ-Øn¬ N-¥p-ta-t\m≥Xs∂ ]d-bp-∂p≠v, Xm≥ Kr-lØ

ae-bmf t\mh¬ kmlnXyw ]nd-∂X

sØ Xs‚ t\mhep-I-fn-te°v Bhm-ln-®p. Ncn-{X-Øns‚ ]ivNm-Ø-e-Øn¬ k¶ev]w sIm≠v

t\-≠m¿∂p', "-a-Xn-ep-Iƒ', "]mØp-Ω-bpsS BSv', "B\-hm-cnbpw s]m≥ Ipcnipw', am{¥n-I-]q®'

PohnX ho£Ww shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Ddq-_ns‚ G‰hpw anI-®I

Im^vI, Imap XpS-ßnbhcn¬ \n∂p {]tN-Z-\a-- pƒs°m≠ Im°-\m-S≥ ae-bmf t\mh-

ae-bmf t\mh¬ Ahn-sSbpw \ne\n∂n√. B[p-\nI kwth-Z-\-Øns‚ {][m\ h‡m-hv-

D: dn®m¿Uvks‚ "]aoe' (1740-˛41)

ae-bm-ft- \mh¬km-lnXyØnse {]mX:kvac-Wo-b\

imc-Z-bnse ]q¿∆-I-Y-bm-Wn-{X-bpw. cma≥ tat\m≥ \m´n-seØn imcZ CS-Øn-se-bm-

sW∂p ImWn®v "CS-Øn¬ A®\v' IØ-b°

Pn√m PUvPn-bm-bn-cp∂ N¥p-ta-t\m≥ X\n°p ]cn-Nn-Xa - mb Pohn-Xa

Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°m≥ {KŸ-Im-c≥ ad-°p-∂n-√. cma≥ta-t\ms‚ Bﬂ-IYm IY-\Ø - n¬ \n∂v AXp

1858 ˛ sabv 19\v Xncp-h\

IS-∂p-IqSn cmPm-hn-s\-Xnsc \bn-°p∂ NXn-{]-tbm-Kß

[¿Ω-cm-Pm-bnse IY-bm-cw-`n-°p-∂Xv sIm√-h¿jw 929se inh-cm{Xn Znh-k-am-Wv. A∂v

I√ymWw Ign™v tImc\pw Nncp-Xbpw Hutk-∏ns‚ HmW∏Wn-bn¬ G¿s∏-´p. Hcp I¿j-

sImbvØp ImeØv sh≈w IpSn-bv°m≥ Hcp I‰ kz¥-am-sb-SpØ tImcs\ apX-emfn

Ip´--\m-´nse a¿±nX PohnXw Ah-cpsS i‡n- kam-l-cn®v kacw sNbvXp. XS-hp-in£

{InkvXob ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ c-Nn-®n-´p≈ t\mh-emWv Ac-\m-gn-I-t\-cw. Ip™-\m-®-\mWv

®s\bpw the-°mcn A∂m-Ω-tbbpw ImWm≥ I-gn-bmØ ImgvN-bn¬ ImWp-∂p. CtX-Xp-S¿∂v

°v hogp-Ibpw t_m[-an√msX {]hr-Øn°pbpw sN-øp-∂p. Hcp Znhkw Ipd®v sh≈-Øn\v th≠n

eqkn-bpsS ¢m nse Ip´n-bmWv tkXp. tkXp-hn¬ eqkn°p h√m-sØmcp BI¿j-W-ap-≠v.

s]¨Ip-´n-Iƒ A®-S°w ]men-°W

Hmt¥mSn-bm¬ F¥m-tcmSpw'' F∂v. N{µp-hm-bn-cp∂p eqkn-°vIq-´v. Cw•ojv A≤ym-]-I\p-ambn

{Kma-Ønse s\¬ hb-ep-Is - f√mw aÆn´v \nI-Øn \K-cØ

{]ta--bØ-- nepw `mjm Xe-Ønepw Nne khn--ti-j-X-Iƒ Cu t\mh-en¬ ti-jn-°p-∂p-≠v.

A\m-Yb - mb eqkn F∂ s]¨Ip-´n-bpsS Pohn-Xa - mWv am‰m-Øn-bn¬ Bhn-jvIc - n-°s - ∏-Sp-

adn-b-]pcw {Kma-Ønse hnIm-cn-b-—≥ Bhn-j-I-cn-°p-∂- ]m¿∏nS ]≤Xn B {KmasØ

sNdpIYIƒ ]≠psXm´v ]e\m´nepw D≠mbn´p≠v. Ahsbms° sNdpIYbpsS

tXm∂mØhn[w kq£vahpw k¥penXhpambncn°Ww AXns‚ inev]w.

* t\mhense∂ t]mse hnhcWmﬂIa√ sNdpIYbpsS cN\mcoXn; IhnXbptSXp t]mse

tZiob˛ A¥¿ tZiob kw`hßƒ°p ]pdta k¿. kn.]n. bpsS a¿±\`cWw,

hm[ymcmbncp∂ Imcq¿ Aev] i_f°mcmb hm[ym∑mcpsS PohnXZpcnXßsf Nn{XoIcn°p∂

F√mw AXoXambn Htc sS‚n¬ H∂n®pIqSn kpJZpxJßƒ ]¶nSp∂ ]´mf°mcpsS GIm¥

ZpxJßƒ°v Ah¿ NndIpIƒ \¬In.

Im°\mS≥. Fw. ]n. \mcmbW]n≈. H.hn. hnPb≥, k°dnb F∂nhcpsS

ac∏mh-Iƒ Fgp-X-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Bbn-c-Øn-sØm-≈m--bn-cØn Adp-]XpI-fpsS BZy-Im-e-

AXn-s\-Xn-cmbn Xs‚ ssewKn-IX

sIm´m-c-bv°-SpØv tIm´p-h-´Øv C√Øv 1909 am¿®v 30 \mWv efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿÷\w