Professional Documents
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Report 2012
Measuring progress toward sustainability
Copyright © UNU-IHDP
ISBN 978-3-00-038538-4
The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily represent the position of UNU-
IHDP, UNEP, UNW-DPC or the Natural Capital Project.
Suggested Citation:
UNU-IHDP and UNEP. (2012). Inclusive Wealth Report 2012. Measuring progress toward sus-
tainability. Summary for Decision-Makers. Bonn: UNU-IHDP.
4 Foreword
5 Preface
7 Background
Origins and rationale for the IWR 2012
Context
What we measure and what we manage
What we need to manage and what we need to measure
The inclusive wealth framework
The IWR 2012 – Natural Capital
Audience and structure of the report
10 Key Questions
The Inclusive Wealth Index
18 Conclusion
Key lessons
Substitution
The interconnectivity of capitals
Population change
Interconnected externalities
Shadow prices
The IWR 2014
The preliminary findings of the Inclusive Wealth Report (IWR) initiative are
presented in this publication; they provide for policy-makers an initial
analysis toward a broader and comprehensive way of measuring inclusive
progress within their economies.
There has for some time been a shared recognition that conventional
indicators such as gross domestic product (GDP) or the Human Develop-
ment Index (HDI) are failing to capture the full wealth of a country. These
limitations may be in part fueling environmental decline and degradation
because changes in natural or “nature-based” assets are not factored into
national accounts, rendering those accounts less useful as an indicator of
changes in human well-being.
The report, produced by the UN University International Human Dimen-
sions Programme on Global Environmental Change and UNEP, builds on the
findings of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment of 2005. It echoes, too,
the conclusions of the Stiglitz-Sen-Fitoussi Commission of 2009 which ar-
gued that measuring well-being requires a shift from conventional produc-
tion indicators to metrics that incorporate non-economic markets-based
aspects of well-being, including sustainability issues.
The preliminary IWR gives an overview on the evolution of some relevant
categories of natural capital, such as forests, for a range of countries over a
19-year period, comparing their decline or increase against two other areas:
produced capital, such as roads and factories and human capital, including
levels of education, knowledge, and creativity. The preliminary findings in-
dicate that it is possible to trace the changes of the components of wealth
by country and link these to economic growth, including highlighting the
impact of declines or increases in natural capital as an economic produc-
tive base.
While many economies do appear to be getting wealthier, it is happen-
ing often at the expense of the natural capital base which, in the future
and over generations, may move the Inclusive Wealth Index (IWI) from the
black into the red.
Achim Steiner
UN Under-Secretary-General and UNEP Executive Director
The inclusive wealth framework we propose is The primary audience of the Inclusive Wealth
based on social welfare theory, and considers the Report will be governments. More broadly, the
multiple issues that sustainable development at- report will be of use to development practitio-
tempts to address. It moves away from arbitrary ners as well as researchers and the wider de-
notions of need and redefines the objective of velopment community. The inclusion of envi-
ronmental damage in the accounts – as well as
damages from global environmental change such
3 See World Bank (2006 and 2010). as climate change – can be useful in determin-
Key
3.0 – 2.0
2.0 – 1.0
1.0 – 0.5
0.5 – 0.0
0.0 – - 1.0
-1.0 – -2.0
Key
3.0 – 2.0
2.0 – 1.0
1.0 – 0.5
0.5 – 0.0
0.0 – - 1.0
-1.0 – -2.0
Figure 1 higher returns in other types of assets, such as and falls in natural capital. IWI growth in Brazil,
Measuring countries’ manufactured and/or human capital. For exam- Germany, and Saudi Arabia was driven primarily
progress. Average ple, lessons can be learned from Norway which by rapid growth in human capital – 48 percent,
annual growth rates, shows positive IWI growth and a relatively mod- 46 percent, and 43 percent, respectively. The in-
period 1990-2008. est decline in natural capital despite being a ma- crease in human capital was found to be the prime
(data in Table 1) jor producer of oil and natural gas. factor offsetting the decline in natural capital that
In general, the various capital categories have occurred in almost all nations. In most cases, hu-
contributed differently to IWI growth per capita man capital is accumulated by between 20 per-
in different countries. As expected, most of the cent and 36 percent over the years under study.
countries in our sample have increased manu- The nations with the lowest human capital
factured capital stocks, in particular the more growth were generally highly industrialized coun-
recently industrialized countries. But countries tries such as Australia and the United States (8
showing high growth rates in manufactured capi- percent), Japan (12 percent), the United Kingdom
tal saw much lower increases of human capital (14 percent), and Norway (15 percent). All of these
Key
2.0% Natural capital
Human capital
Produced capital
1.5% Inclusive Wealth Index
1.0%
0.5%
NGA
0.0%
-1.5%
SAU
-2.0%
economies had already accumulated a high stock Notable are countries with relatively low Figure 2
of human capital before 1990. This result was shares of produced capital – although for dif- Average annual
driven primarily by the variable we used in the re- ferent reasons. The United Kingdom and the growth rates (per
port, years of total schooling of the population. A United States have a particularly disproportional capita) disaggregated
key lesson for developing countries is that human share structure, with human capital dominating by capital form
capital can only go so far in making up for losses with 90 percent and 78 percent shares, respec-
elsewhere, and a strategy to re-invest in natural tively. Natural capital, on the other hand, tends
capital is necessary for true sustainability. to be more relevant in developing countries, such
Most countries (with the exception of Japan) as Venezuela and Colombia, and is the prevailing
experienced declines in their natural capital asset factor in those economies whose GDP is largely
base. The largest declines occurred in the Unit- driven by oil extraction, such as Nigeria, Rus-
ed Kingdom and Kenya. In the case of the U.K., sia, and Saudi Arabia. France, Japan, and United
declines in the fossil fuels asset base were at the Kingdom were the countries with the lowest
heart of the loss, while Kenya experienced drastic share of natural capital as a component of the
declines in forest cover. total capital asset base: natural resources con-
Figure 3 shows the capital composition of the stitute only 1 percent of total capital value in all
20 countries as an average between 1990 and three countries.
2008. Manufactured capital represents around So far, we have looked at the composition and
17 percent of the wealth portfolio for a majority evolution of total wealth, taking into account de-
of countries. Manufactured capital is overshad- mographic development. However, societal prog-
owed in every country by human capital, and in ress (or regress) can also be assessed from other
most countries by natural capital as well. Only in angles, most typically, by the relative change in
the highly industrialized countries – France, Ger- gross domestic product (GDP) and Human Devel-
many, Japan, Norway, the United Kingdom, and opment Index (HDI) over time. The former mea-
the United States – do fixed capital assets con- sures the value of all goods and services manu-
tribute more to the productive base than natural factured in an economy within one year, while
resources. the latter entails a broader concept of societal
Key
Produced capital 25% 16% 8% 16% 13% 15%
Human capital 61% 19% 27% 78% 43% 53%
Natural capital 14% 66% 65% 7% 44% 32%
Figure 3 development, extending gross national income lombia, Nigeria, Russia, Saudi Arabia, and Vene-
Composition of the per capita by other determinants of social well- zuela. All six countries have large reserves of fos-
productive base being, such as life expectancy and expected years sil fuels and/or forest stocks. The oil-producing
of the economy. of schooling. These indicators generally lead to countries among the six – Russia, Saudi Arabia
Average from 1990- different empirical findings concerning the prog- and Venezuela – have been rapidly depleting oil
2008. ress of a nation. Figure 4 compares IWI per capita, reserves but not investing in produced and hu-
GDP per capita, and HDI for our sample of 20 na- man capital bases, thus the negative growth in
tions for the period between 1990 and 2008. The IWI per capita. Although all six countries posted
IWI column in this figure shows average annual positive per-capita GDP rates, the negative IWI
per-capita change in IWI over the reference pe- growth rates suggest an unsustainable track, a
riod. In column 2 and 3 we see the rates of change suggestion strengthened by the fact that most of
in HDI and per-capita GDP, respectively. the GDP growth has come at the expense of the
All countries experienced positive GDP per cap- depletion of their natural capital base.
ita growth rates over the 19-year period assessed. Although China demonstrated the highest IWI
South Africa is the only country studied which, growth rate, the IWI breakdown demonstrates a
over the 19-year reference period, experienced a need for China to re-evaluate its development
decline in HDI. At the same time, it saw an average strategy and increase investment in natural capi-
growth rate of 1.3 percent of GDP and a negative tal while looking for higher returns on produced
growth rate in IWI. Six countries had negative IWI and human capital. India, meanwhile, saw only
growth rates. South Africa’s dismal performance 0.9 percent growth in IWI over the 19 years under
in all three indicators suggests that urgent inter- study compared to China’s 2.1 percent. India will
ventions are necessary, including major invest- need to significantly improve its human capital
ments in all threee categories of capital. base as its natural capital decreases to maintain
There are six countries that saw positive a positive IWI. But the other question is whether
growth rates in both HDI and GDP per capita but India can continue seeing precipitous declines of
had negative growth rates for IWI per capita – Co- natural capital, and how natural capital decline
JPN
IWI per capita %
-3 -2 -1 1
FRA 2 3
RUS
DEU
-1
CHN
CAN USA
BRA
NOR
AUS CHL
-2
VEN COL IND
Quadrant III ECU Quadrant IV
ZAF
Natural Capital NGA Natural Capital
SAU KEN
Inclusive Wealth Inclusive Wealth
GBR
-3
Sagar, A. & Najam, A. 1998. The human develop- IWI Inclusive Wealth Index
ment index: A critical review. Ecological Economics, PIM Perpetual Inventory Method
25(3), 249-264. NTFB non-timber forest benefits
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Retrieved May 2011, from http://hdr.undp.org/en/ HDI Human Development Index
statistics/hdi/ IHDP International Human Dimensions
International Monetary Fund. (2011). Interna- Programme on Global Environmen-
tional financial statistics. Exchange Rate Archives. tal Change
Retrieved May 2011, from http://www.imfstatistics. UNU-IHDP United Nations University - Inter-
org/imf/ national Human Dimensions Pro-
World Bank. (2006). Where is the wealth of nations? gramme on Global Environmental
Washington, DC: World Bank. Change
World Bank. (2011). The changing wealth of nations: UNW-DPC UN-Water Decade Programme on Ca-
Measuring sustainable development in the new mil- pacity Development
lennium. Washington, DC: World Bank. UNEP United Nations Environment Pro-
gramme
UN United Nations
Interconnected externalities
unu-iHDP
The Inclusive Wealth Report 2012 is a joint initiative of the
United Nations University International Human Dimensions
Programme on Global Environmental Change (UNU-IHDP)
and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
in collaboration with the UN Water Decade Programme on
Capacity Development (UNW-DPC) and the Natural Capital
ISBN 978-3-00-038538-4 Project.