PDRI 2019 Philippine Dietary Reference Intakes eeeeeeooevoeeoeoeee 8 Summary of Recommendations Food and Nutrition Research Institute Department of Science and Technology| Telephone (632) 837 2071 local 2281/2296 Copyright © 2015 by the Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Department of Science and Technology (FNRI-DOST) All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this booklet for educational and other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the FNRI-DOST provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this booklet for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission from the FNRI-DOST. Applications for such permission should be addressed to: Dr. Mario V. Capanzana, Director of the Food and Nutrition Research Institute. For correspondence: Food and Nutrition Research Institute DOST Compound, General Santos Avenue Bicutan, Taguig City 1631 Metro Manila, Philippines Telefax (632) 837 2934 E-mail mvc@fnri.dost.gov.ph mar_v_c@yahoo.com Website www.fnri.dost.gov.ph Suggested Citation: Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Department of Science and Technology. (2015). Philippine Dietary Reference Intakes 2015: Summary of Recommendations. Taguig City: FNRI-DOST.Good health begins with good nutrition, and good nutrition starts with a diet th jat provides the necessary levels of energy and essential nutrients, This Publication presents the new set of nutrient-based dietary standards recognized in the Philippine nutrition and health community as the authoritative source of reference values for energy and nutrient levels of intakes. It forms Part of the Food and Nutrition Rearch Institute's commitment towards Providing appropriate, science-based standards and tools to guide government Program implementation. The expansion of nutrition research base over the past decade prompted the FNRI to form a committee of nutrition and health experts to review and _ update the Recommended Energy and Nutrient Intakes for Filipinos (RENI) | multi-level standards collectively referred to as Philippine Dietary Reference Intakes (PDRI) is now adopted, The current publication gives the basic Concepts for the derivation of PDRI, its general uses and applications, and the summary of recommendations, the forthcoming full-text publication to he PDRI. | Users are encouraged to avail of appreciate the scientific bases of ti In the light of rapid nutrition transition and the concomitant Problem of — double burden of malnutrition, it is hoped that the Publication and release of amore comprehensive set of nutrient standards such as the PDRI willlead to better nutrition Policy and programs, and ultimately, to the improvement | of the overall health and nutritional well-being of the Filipino population, Philippine Dietary Reference Intakes 2015 Vos MARIO ¥. CAPANZANA, Ph.D. Director | Food and Nutrition Research Institute Department of Science and Technology | papelForeword Table of Contents Introduction Terminology Nutrients Covered Reference Weights Uses and Applications Estimating Requirements Tables Recommended Energy Intakes Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges Recommended Nutrient Intakes (Macronutrients) Recommended Nutrient Intakes (Vitamins) Recommended Nutrient Intakes (Minerals) Estimated Average Requirements Tolerable Upper Intake Levels Additional Recommendations References Committee on Dietary Reference Intakes FNRI Technical Working Group 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 24 25The 2015 Philippine Dietary Reference Intakes (PDRI) adopts the multi-level approach for setting nutrient reference values to meet the need of various stakeholders for appropriate nutrient reference values for planning and assessing diets for healthy groups and individuals. Other concepts that underpinned the development of the 2015 PDRIs include: 1. Both nutrient requirements and intakes are distributions; 2. The reference nutrient intakes would satisfy the needs of nearly all apparently healthy Filipinos; 3. The endpoints of the DRIs are to ensure nutrient adequacy, with primarily the prevention of nutrient deficiency as the criterion, and to avoid excess; 4. The reference weights for infants and children 0 to 18 years reflect the World Health Organization Child Growth Standards (WHO-CGS) (WHO, 2006), while reference weights for adults were based on weight to achieve Body Mass Index (BMI) of 22 kg/m? using the 2013 National Nutrition Survey (NNS) median height at 19.0 years of age; 5. Adjustment in age groupings reflects established biological patterns and feeding guidelines (e.g., exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months); and 6. Most recently published researches serve as references.Diippine Dietary Reference Intake (PDR) is the collective term comprising ference values for energy and nutrient levels of intakes. The components of the DRI are: Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is the daily nutrient intake level that meets the median or average requirement of healthy individuals in a particular life stage and sex group, corrected for incomplete utilization or dietary nutrient bioavailability. Recommended Energy/Nutrient Intake (REI/RNI) is the level of intake of energy or nutrient which, on the basis of current scientific knowledge and consensus of the Committee, is considered adequate for the maintenance of health and well-being of healthy persons in the population. The RNI is equal to the EAR for nutrients, translated into dietary recommendation to cover the needs of almost all individuals in the population (EAR + 2SD). If the standard deviation (SD) is not known, a coefficient of variation (CV) is assumed based on the known physiology of the nutrient. For energy, the recommended intake (REI) is the computed average requirement of individuals in that group. The procedure of adding 2 SDs or CVs to cover the needs of almost all individuals in the population is not applicable to energy. Adeguate Intake (Al) is the daily nutrient intake level that is based on observed or experimentally-determined approximation of the average nutrient intake by a group (or groups) of apparently healthy people that is assumed to sustain a defined nutritional state. It is used when there is insufficient data to establish the EAR. Tolerable Upper Intake Level or Upper Limit (UL)is the highest average daily nutrient intake level likely to pose no adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population. Lack of suitable data could not establish ULs for other nutrients, but this does not mean that there is no potential adverse effects resulting from high intake. When data about adverse effects are extremely limited, extra caution may be warranted.Figure 1 shows the relationship of EAR, RNI, Al and UL and the risk to probability of inadequacy and adverse effects, as described by the US Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board (IOM-FNB) and the Food and Agriculture Organization/ World Health Organization/United Nations University (FAO/WHO/UNU). o > Adenbapeul Jo ¥sIy e in ° a 839049 @SOAPY JO 4S1Y Observed Level of Intake Figure 1. Relationship among the Philippine Dietary Reference Intakes Adapted from IOM-FNB Dietary Reference Intakes (2005) EAR - the intake at which the risk of inadequacy is 50% to an individual. RNI - the intake at which the risk of inadequacy is very small (2-3%). Al-does not bear consistent relationship to EAR or RNI because it is set without the estimate of the requirement. Al lies between RNI and UL. UL- the intake at which risk of inadequacy and of excess are both close to zero. The risk of adverse effect may increase at intakes above UL.The 2015 PDRI has retained 27 of the 28 nutrients reported in 2002, omitted manganese, and added omega-3 (alpha-linolenic acid) and omega-6 (linoleic acid) polyunsaturated fatty acids (Table 1). Table 1. Nutrients Reviewed Macronutrients Vitamins Minerals Protein Carbohydrate Vit A Thiamin — Iron Phosphorus Total fat Dietary fiber VitD Riboflavin Zinc Fluoride n-3 fatty Water Vit E Niacin lodine Sodium cid a VitK VitBy Selenium Potassium n-6 fatty 3 acid Vit Byo Calcium Chloride Folate Magnesium Vit C Philippine Dietary Reference Intakes 2015The age groupings and reference body weights among specific life stage and age groups are shown in Table 2. The reference weights for infants and young children 0 to 5 years are the median values of the WHO-CGS for weight-for-age to achieve growth potential. The median weight-for-height and median of height-based BMI were used for the 6- to 9- and 10- to 18-year-old children, respectively, using the median height of Filipino children with normal nutritional status (2013 NNS), also to promote healthy growth. For adults, the reference weights were based on the weight to achieve BMI 22 kg/m? using median height of 19.0-year-old Filipinos with normal nutritional status. Based on studies and recommendations of the WHO Expert Consultation (WHO, 2004), a BMI cut-off of more than 22 kg/m? increases the risk of an undesirable health status that warrants a public health or clinical intervention for many Asian populations. Because there is no evidence that weights should change as adults age if activity is maintained (IOM-FNB, 2000), the reference weight for adults 19 to 29 years is applied to all adult age groups. Table 2. Reference weights for Filipinos Life stage Reference weight (kg) age group Male Female Infants, mo 0-5 65 60 6-11 9.0 80 Children, yr 1-2 12.0 15 3-5 175 17.0 6-9 23.0 225 10-12 33.0 36.0 13-15 485 46.0 16-18 59.0 515 Adult, yr 19-29 60.5 52.5 30-49 60.5 525 50-59 60.5 525 60-69 60.5 525 270 60.5 525The PDRIs are to be used as references for assessing and planning dietary intakes for an individual or for a group or population. The appropriate DRI to use for assessment and planning for an individual or group (Table 3) is hinged on the concept that requirements represent a distribution. Assessment involves determining the probable adequacy or inadequacy of usual (or excessive) intakes for an individual, and determining the prevalence of adequate or inadequate (or potentially excessive) intakes of the group or population. This is demonstrated with the National Nutrition Survey wherein the nutrient intakes of population subgroups are compared with the appropriate DRI to estimate the percentage of the population at risk of — inadequate intake. Planning, on the other hand, involves setting intake targets for individuals and determining desirable intake distributions for groups or population (Murphy and Vorster, 2007). The application of DRis for planning diets includes meal planning for individuals and groups (like in institutional settings such as in hospitals, prisons and nursing homes) and the development of food-based dietary guidelines, feeding programs, and food fortification to meet nutritional needs. DRIs can also serve as a reference for individual consumers to decide on what foods to eat and how much, for the food and beverage industry which fortifies and markets foods, for government as well as non-government and private institutions to design, implement and evaluate food and nutrition assistance programs, for scientific and regulatory bodies to formulate standards and regulations, and for nutrition and health professionals who educate and counsel public health (IOM-FNB, 2000a).Table 3. Uses and Applications of PDRI Individual Group or Population Dietary EAR/REI: Use to examine the EAR/REI: Use to estimate Assessment probability of inadequacy (or prevalence of inadequacy (or : adequacy) of reported usual adequacy) of usual intake Some examples: intake of the individual. within a group. 1. Evaluation of distary data (e.g., Al: Use if nutrient has no EAR; Al: Use if nutrient has no intake at this level has a low EAR; group's mean intake at oe probability of inadequacy. this level implies a low 2. Monitoring of prevalence of inadequate adequacy of food intake. It is not valid to supply estimate the prevalence of 3. Evaluation of inadequacy for a nutrient food and nutrition using the Al (unless the assistance median nutrient intake of a programs healthy population was set as the Al). UL: Usual intake above this UL: Use to estimate the level places the individual at prevalence of _ potentially potential risk for adverse excessive intakes, or the effects. proportion of the group that may be at risk of adverse effects. Dietary Planning ANVREI: Use as a goal for EARVREI: Use in conjuction daily intake, to achieve a low with a measure of the | Some examples: probability of inadequate intake group's usual intake to set = Nutrition (ie., 2-3%). An intake level the goal for the median counselling could also be chosen at which intake of a specific = Development of the risk to the individual is population such that the food guides and _ either higher or lower than the prevalence of a nutrient dietary guidelines 2-3% level of risk. intake being inadequate (i. = Design of food UL) considering the group's overall intake. eelThe review process involved independent assessment of available and relevant studies that have been published in foreign and local scientific journals, as well as yet unpublished but important local studies, and the review/adoption of recommendations by expert scientific bodies such as IOM-FNB (2011, 2005, 2001, 2000, 1998 and 1997), FAO (2010, 2004, 1998 and 1994), WHO (2015, 2012a, 2012b, 2007, 1996 and 1985), WHO/FAO (2004), recommending bodies from European countries (NCM, 2014; DGE/OGE/SGE/SVE, 2002; HCN, 2001; CEC,1993), Australia and New Zealand (NHMRC, 2005), and from other Asian countries like South Korea (KNS, 2010), India (NIN-ICMR, 2009), Japan (MHLW, 2004) and Malaysia (NCCFN-MHM, 2005). A requirement is the lowest nutrient intake that maintains the level of nutriture among apparently healthy individuals. For most nutrients the chosen criterion was the prevention of nutrient deficiency, while for some, the criterion was the prevention of chronic diseases for certain life stage (e.g., dental caries for fluoride). The recommendation for infants from 0 to 5 months was based on Als, which were estimated from the nutritional composition and average volume of breast milk (BM) of 780 mL consumed daily by exclusively breastfed babies (Da Costa et al., 2010; Butte et al., 2002) except for protein, vitamin D, vitamin K, selenium, iodine and electrolytes, which were estimated using a factorial mode. For older infants, the recommendation was derived from nutrient content of both BM (650 mL) (Butte et al., 2002; WHO, 1998) and complementary foods (CF). In the absence of the CF data, the requirement for most nutrients was extrapolated from either younger infants or adults. For protein, requirements for infants were estimated using a linear regression model. The additional needs during pregnancy and during lactation were based on the amount of tissue deposition and maintenance costs of pregnancy, and breastmilk production, respectively. Single values were used for the duration of pregnancy and . lactation, except for energy, which provides recommendation for second and third trimesters of Pregnancy only.Energy The recommended energy intake (Table 4) is the amount of food energy needed to balance energy expenditure in maintaining body size, body composition, and a level of necessary and desirable physical activity which is consistent with long-term good health (FAO, 2004; WHO, 1985). For adults, the factorial method was used, applying basal metabolic rate (BMR) derived from the modified Oxford equations (Henry, 2005) and physical activity level factors. The requirement for infants was calculated from the energy required for growth and tissue deposition based on the data of Butte and King (2005) and median weight of infants using WHO-CGS. The requirement for children 1 to 18 years was calculated from the quadratic regression equations (Torun, 2005) derived from doubly labeled water and heart rate monitor by age and sex, while the energy for growth was deduced from energy for tissue deposition and synthesis of new tissues. MACRONUTRIENTS Protein Protein requirement is the lowest level of intake that will balance the nitrogen losses from the body and thus maintain body protein mass in persons at energy balance with modest levels of physical activity, plus in children or in pregnant or lactating women, the needs associated with the deposition of tissues or the secretion of milk at rates consistent with good health (WHO, 2007). The requirement estimates (Table 6) were derived using a linear regression approach, measuring zero nitrogen balance as criterion of nutritional adequacy. These estimates were adopted for Filipinos allowing correction for protein quality of rice-based diets. The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs) for protein were based on actual ratios of protein EARs and energy requirements (Table 5). For older infants, the upper limit of the AMDR (i.e., 15%) was in consideration of Koletzko and coworkers' findings (2009) that infants who received follow-on formula with protein content at 17.6% of energy had increased risk of overweight and obesity in the first two years and up to school age and that PE ratios in complementary foods may be 15 to 20% of energy (Michaelsen and Greer, 2014). Fat and Fatty Acids The Committee adopted the RENI 2002 (FNRI-DOST, 2002) total fat recommendations of 30 to 40% of energy for older infants, 25 to 35% for children 1 to 3 years based on FAO (2010), and 15 to 30% for all the other age groups based on WHO/FAO (2003) Population Nutrient Intake Goals (Table 5). The recommendations for alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are shown in Table 6.Carbohydrate The AMDR for carbohydrate was calculated by difference after taking into account that of protein and fat (Table 5). Not more than 10% of energy should come from free sugars (Table 12). Free sugars refer to all monosaccharides and disaccharides added to foods and drinks by the manufacturer, cook or consumer, including sugars naturally present in honey, syrups, fruit juices and fruit concentrates (WHO, 2015). A daily intake of 20 to 25 g total dietary fiber for adults is also recommended (Table 6). Water The RENI 2002 water requirement of 1 mL/kcal under average conditions of energy expenditure and environmental exposure was adopted and may be increased up to 1.5 mL/kcal to cover variations in activity level, sweating and solute load (Table 6). FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS Vitamin A Vitamin A requirement is the average amount of vitamin A required to maintain a given body-pool size in well-nourished individuals (IOM-FNB, 2001). Vitamin D The Al for vitamin D was based on IOM-FNB (1997) and WHO/FAO (2004). This intake is the amount needed to maintain an individual’s serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration, which is above the level of vitamin D that is associated with bone mass density abnormalities. Vitamin E The Al for adults was based on the 10 mg alpha-tocopherol equivalents (a-TE)/day (NRC-FNB, 1989) as suggested by Horwitt (2001). It is the adequate level needed to protect the lipids from peroxidation, permits normal physiological function, and allows for individual variations of lipids. Vitamin K The vitamin K recommendation adopted the 1 g/kg body weight daily intake set by WHO/FAO (2004) as basis for setting RNI for normal function in blood coagulation. WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS Thiamin (Vitamin B,) The IOM-FNB (1998) and WHO/FAO (2004) recommendations, which wereboth based on the EAR to achieve normal erythrocyte transketolase activity, were adopted. Riboflavin (Vitamin B,) The EAR for adults was based on riboflavin intake level required to achieve normal erythrocyte gluthathione reductase activity values and urinary riboflavin levels (IOM-FNB, 1998). Niacin (Vitamin B,) The EAR was based on niacin intake that will achieve normal urinary N’-methy| nicotinamide excretion (IOM-FNB, 1998). Pyridoxine (Vitamin B,) The EAR for adults was based on vitamin B, intake that maintains normal hematological status and serum B, value (iOM- FNB, 1998). Cobalamin (Vitamin B,,) The EAR was based on the amount needed to maintain normal hematological status indicated by hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume of erythrocytes and serum vitamin B,, (IOM-FNB, 1998). Folate The EAR was based on the intake that maintains normal red cell folate and homocysteine concentrations (IOM-FNB, 1998). Vitamin C The EAR was based on the vitamin C intake that maintains near-maximal neutrophil concentration with minimal urinary ascorbate excretion (IOM-FNB, 2000b). MINERALS Iron The amount of iron needed to supply for the basal losses, growth for children, and menstrual losses for pre-adolescents, adolescents, and women was considered in estimating the recommendations for iron intake (WHO/FAO, 2004). Zinc The minimum amount of absorbed zinc needed to balance the total daily excretion of endogenous zinc was the indicator for determining the EAR. This covers the needed amounts for growth, maintenance, metabolism, and endogenous losses (WHO/FAO, 2004).Selenium The EAR for adults was based on selenium intake at two-thirds of the maximal glutathione peroxide activity (WHO/FAO, 2004). lodine The RNI for adults was based on the normal thyroid function and the acceptable urinary iodine excretion of 100 pg/L (IOM-FNB, 2001; WHO/FAO, 2004). Calcium The requirement was based on the level of intakes needed to achieve maximum peak bone mass during growth, maintain adult bone mass, and minimize bone loss in the later years (WHO/FAO, 2004). Magnesium Recommendations were based on the absence of any evidence that magnesium deficiency occurs after consumption of a range of diets considering estimates of average magnesium requirement of 3.5 to 5.0 mg/kg body weight (WHO/FAO, 2004). Phosphorus The recommendation is defined as the intake needed to maintain serum inorganic phosphorus level within the normal range (IOM-FNB, 1997). Fluoride The Al was adopted from IOM-FNB (1997) which provides a high level of protection against dental caries without causing unwanted side effects. Electrolytes (Sodium, Chloride and Potassium) The minimum daily requirements on electrolytes adopted the 1989 US RDA (NRC-FNB, 1989). These do not include allowance for large, prolonged losses from the skin through sweat. 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Aq papuauswios9: asoup ase sanjen SujUjewias 241 ‘SyINpe 0} DuIZ PUR LuNIUDPRS ‘WNID|e> “3 pue Q ‘> ‘9g ‘Ue “y sUIWEIA 40} 57n papususora1 Ajuo BAeY OV4/OHM EABMOY (9007 'OV4/OHM) S1UELANUO.DIW YIM UOREDYNJ0 POoy UO SaUl}apINS OV3/OHM WO Pardepy ALON Woe oe) 29 8 8 ‘0004 ‘0005 001 00k 004 Seeee aF eeeee 22888 oe 8 oes oes oes 099 059 oor oor 8888 88888 RRRBB esse 888838888 HeSSR RASS 889932228 RSSSSBBBB 888828888 8 s ’ #8 SSBBRRR88 FSsss Fs Rk SSSSSR88R RERBB BA ee Fessesesese"e (6u) (6) (6w) (Gu) (Gr) (Br) (Bu) (Bu) (Bw) (330 6) (Bw) = (aN6w) (ai-o6u) (6) (gy Get) epuonj4 snuoydsoyd quniseuBey qWiNo}eD eUIpo]_wWNJUE|Eg OUIZ YOM] J UIWEYA OVI} 9G UIWENA cWIOEIN oS] UIWEHA CQ UIWIENA «Wy UILUEDIA“peniese: S|YBU IIy ‘ABO|UYDE] pue edUE!Ng Jo JUeWEded ‘eININsUI YIBESEY UORLINN PUB POO4 S1L0Z © SIP aye) ABi0u3 papuwuiodaY \ TSP yequj Kieu pepuewiuiooay, ‘synpe 10} uonepuawuiorey = uaipj|Y> 40} UoRepuaUlLuor9y ‘uawiainba1 A6,au9 uo paseq parejodenyxa s| uaspliy> 104 uonepUaWWOD2Y, sayenua>uod ny pue sa2in! yinu,‘sdrueaks ‘Kauoy ul auasaid fjyeanieu }LUNSUO> 10 YOO “Bun >eyNUEW aY2 Aq S{UP Ue Spo} or pappe sapuey>resip pue sepueyp>resououy jf 02 s9j94 426s 924 (5 107) UaIp|YD PUE SyNPY J04 axeIU] s1eBNS UO 2UIIEPINS OHMe :s8un0$ poSHnpe ur Sur QI ¢‘¢ 01 axeWU asearouy umissei0g poSMMpe ur 3 Z> 0} OyeyUT WUT winrpos ssinpe Pue Uasp[iyo Ut ABroUe [e}O} JO %O> 0} SYBIUL WUT suedins 9014 uoHepuaMMOsI2ay — yuaUOdWIOD A1e}9Iq Eee Mey wy Aree Te: alae Butte N, Alarcon ML and Garza C. 2002. 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BARBA, RND, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus College of Human Nutrition University of the Philippines Los Bafios DEMETRIA C. BONGGA, RND, Ph.D. Consultant Food and Agriculture Organization MARIA ISABEL Z. CABRERA, MSc Nutrition Consultant RODOLFO F. FLORENTINO, MD, Ph.D. President Nutrition Foundation of the Philippines EMILIE G. FLORES, MD, Ph.D. Medical and Nutrition Science Consultant NEMENCIO A. NICODEMUS, JR, MD Professor of Medicine University of the Philippines Manila Philippine General Hospital MARIA REGINA A. PEDRO, RND, Ph.D. Member, Board of Directors Philippine Association of Nutrition MEMBERS JOSSIE M. ROGACION, MD, MSc Associate Professor of Pediatrics University of the Philippines Manila Philippine General Hospital IMELDA A. SAPALO, MD. Former Director Medical Product Research-Pharmacovigilance United Laboratories, Inc. CELESTE C. TANCHOCO, RND, DrPH Nutrition Scientist-Consultant TRINIDAD P. TRINIDAD, Ph.D. Nutrition Scientist-Consultant and Professorial Lecturer, Graduate Schoo! University of Santo Tomas RANDY P. URTULA, MD Assistant Professor of Pediatrics FEU-NRMF Medical Center ROSARIO S. SAGUM, Ph.D. Senior Science Research Specialist CARL VINCENT D. CABANILLA Science Research Specialist I JUANITA M. MARCOS, RMT Science Research Specialist MA. JOVINA A. SANDOVAL, RND- Science Research Specialist I!ROSARIO S. SAGUM, Ph.D. Chairperson Senior Science Research Specialist MEMBERS _ AMSTER FEI P. BAQUIRAN _ Science Research Specialist | MELISSA S. BORLAGDAN Science Research Specialist | | | | | CARL VINCENT D. CABANILLA Science Research Specialist I REVELITA L. CHEONG, RMT Senior Science Research Specialist MARCO P. DE LEON, MSc Science Research Specialist I! JOSEFINA A. DESNACIDO, RMT Science Research Specialist I! GLEN MELVIN P. GIRONELLA Senior Science Research Specialist MA. JULIA G. GUBAT, RND, MSc Senior Science Research Specialist MARILOU L. MADRID, RND, MSc Senior Science Research Specialist With the assistance of: AIDA C. MALLILLIN Senior Science Research Specialist JUANITA M. MARCOS, RMT Science Research Specialist II | CONSUELO L. ORENSE, RND, MSc | Supervising Science Research Specialist LEAH A. PERLAS, MSc Supervising Science Research Specialist MA. JOVINA A. SANDOVAL, RND Science Research Specialist II MICHAEL E. SERAFICO, MSc Senior Science Research Specialist PHOEBE Z. TRIO, MSc Science Research Specialist II MILDRED A. UDARBE, RND, MSc Senior Science Research Specialist JUDITH P. MARIANO, RND HERBERT P. PATALEN ADORIE D. SABENECIO ASUNCION C. TORRES