Metode Eksplorasi Geofisika

Radhitya Adzan Hidayah, S.T., M.Eng

Mineral Exploration

Kotak merah menunjukkan kondisi di mana metode geofisika Evans (1995)

diaplikasikan dalam kegiatan eksplorasi mineral
Geophysical Methods
• Passive methods: measure natural properties or fields of the
Earth, e.g., gravity, magnetic, radioactive, etc.
• Active methods: perturb the natural system and measures
the response.
Artificial signals are introduced into the earth and
subsequently recorded after being modified by the earth
materials, e.g. resistivity method
Geophysical Methods
• Gravity - Isostasy, density variations
• Magnetic - magnetic intensity
• Seismic - Reflection, Refraction
• Electric - Conductance/ Resistance
 Limitations
• Lack of sufficient contrast in physical properties
• Inverse modeling: the process of observing the
effects (geophys. measurements) and solving for
the cause
• Warning: Various causes could produce the same
effect; no unique solution/ interpretation
• Better to use more than one method or combine
data from one method with some existing info
 Limitations
• Resolution: the ability to separate two features
that very close together or, the smallest change
in input that will produce a detectable change in
output
• Noise: any unwanted signal, can be from the
instrument, uncontrollable conditions,
operator; noise can mask the contrast or
manifest as an uncertainty in the inversion
process
 Steps in Geophysical Investigation

• Method selection: technical, cost considerations

• Designing the survey: choosing the configuration that
works best to serve the objective
• Acquisition: conducting the survey, data collection
• Processing: processing of the geophysical data; curve
fitting, modeling, signal processing using soft wares
(geophysicists are better at this)
• Interpretation: physical meaning of the data, choosing
between the alternatives, integrating with info from
other sources
Magnetic Methods

• Regional: Aeromagnetics
• Local / prospect : ground magnetics

8
Aeromagnetic image of South Carolina

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Aeromagnetic images of SW USA: Magmatism analysis

Upward continuation
filter

1 Km

30 Km

5 Km
Aeromagnetics: interpretation

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Aeromagnetics

12
 Magnetometer Surveys (MS)

Measure relative changes

in the earths' magnetic
field across a site.
Ground Magnetics

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Ground Magnetics

15
Ground Magnetics

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Ground magnetic image of Bireun Prospect

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Gravity Methods

Ground-based survey

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Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio IsostaticGravityAnomaly Map
pubs.usgs.gov

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 SW USA: Extension and structure analysis using gravity images

Intermediate wavelengths
isostatic residual gravity
(Saltus and Jachens, 1995)

isostatic residual gravity

after removal of Cenozoic
basin effect (Hildenbrand,
2001)

Long wavelengths >250 km

 Seismic Methods
• Reflection: standard in oil exploration (deep)
• Refraction: for shallow features like depth to
bedrock or thickness of the unconsolidated
material,
• Also used in deciphering the internal structure of
the earth (very deep, need a strong source of
vibration like an earthquake)
• Wave/ ray behavior similar to light
Electromagnetic Wave
Geophysics
• Surface Mapping Techniques:
• Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
• Electrical Resistivity (ER) Surveys
• Electromagnetic Conductivity (EM)
• Magnetometer Surveys (MS)

• Downhole Techniques
• Resistivity probes, MIPs, RCPTu
• 2-d and 3-d Tomography
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
• GPR surveys conducted on gridded areas
• Pair of transmitting and receiver antennae
• Short impulses of high-freq EM wave
• Relative changes in dielectric properties reflect differences in
subsurface.
• Depth of exploration is soil dependent (up to 30 m in dry
sands; only 3 m in wet saturated clay)
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)

Xadar Sensors & Software GeoRadar

Results from Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
Electrical Resisitivity Measurements
Electrical Resistivity (ER) Surveys
• Resisitivity ρR (ohm-m) is an electrical property. It is the
reciprocal of conductivity
• Arrays of electrodes used to measure changes in potential.
• Evaluate changes in soil types and variations in pore fluids
• Used intensively in mineral exploration
Electrical Resisitivity
Measurements
Electrical Resisitivity Measurements
 Electrical Resisitivity Measurements

Resistivity Values (ConeTec & GeoProbe, 1997)

Weathered Rocks

Glacial Till

Sands & Gravels

Loose Sands

Loam

Clay

1 10 100 1000 10000

Bulk Resistivity, ρ (ohm-meters)

Profil Resistivity
Area yang perlu diteliti di
lapangan
Sesar naik Ore, pirit, clay

Usulan bor

Gamping/marmer

RWD-
12
RWD-
31

Ore
IP survey

32
 NW
SE
SE GJD- NW
2

IP

Drilling Groundmag

GJD-
2
IP Survey
IP section

35
VLF – EM survey

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CSMAT

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Tugas Minggu Ini
• Buatlah summary dari masing-masing metode eksplorasi
berikut ini:
1. CSMAT
2. VLF – EM
3. IP
Terangkan perbedaan dari setiap metode di atas dan aplikasinya
Tugas dikumpul minggu depan

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The END