BOLTED CONN INTRODUCTION Any ste! scr i an asebl fet as eam, olumes, and tension mente fastened or conneced to on nie, sully a te member ts, Many members ina sel scare may Dems SS te made of diferem components sich 3 teams o chanacs, Tes ifeent componen’s conoated property by means of fseer, 0 that ey wil ser togutr gs single compete unit, Cometins BWeet dierent members ose! famewerk ot ny fiat he flow of force and omens fone mere o ance Bt ahs alow the ante of frees 9 te rel Conmetions are also required for exending te of aiferent types oF members to footings, and fr jing © roc A stil ropes dxgned and detalles Be freter thant rcmters ein ind lr efe mee lute TET TET ye of ifeeat meme ich salah Unless jsinbleto id “ ct Lee a/v, acon fe 03 ere a conic dein itis import ht ra ie exe eng of the oxi shat of conoctors develop fll neers toning anacton fui may be avoided by ping a biher ham fa ean eam, adel wry—single web angle, single pte, 2. top and seat angles (with and without plates, header plat, welded eompectons cs and angles, ete (most ofthese comneetions are Fig. 29 of Chase), "transfered eros the structural competion — tons, shearand mogrent connection or simply ‘ection, tension oF compression, and tension sion with hear viccons transmit frees which result niga | ovvements. The linear movements at a joint “ial but dhe rotational movement depends on "he ype of connection Accotngo te 8 code, an conection iy the sins ane ted salons Rigid Rigid comet of ines eis a|" sana Saas kL 16.52. Enea min Tae aan) Some [beam Bases Became) oes Purkiss 1992), Such pine connections are sete 8 Sembrigd_Semsig-comerionr may ot ae isin ‘idyll he origina alos beter tees find devop len than tho--momet cpio the ‘onected memes. The design ose connection ies ‘Setermining The amount of moment capacity or moment= Faional methods (uy 20% Sor 5% moment cape). {or convenience we assume some of th ‘haptr Simpl welded connections ed ‘Ghapter Moment ole ad welded erection ae ‘iss in Caper 5.4 RIVETS AND RIVETED CONNECTIONS Foe many yore sc he sl_patod-nean-of Fraucing sean sovicrtie mer ons. zh Mae p of und diets br ori tense el rece 20 an 8258) cael snk wih hea ae Sn te rns 39) Te end ay er shapes Sinn Fig 32, The sap ad pan eso prjon Sane pla faces wire he cumer so ead Mia wane race of he pie ce “ah te to eee so age the pppoe te ee Sa eSt Mfiinsamon tarts tte we Fe 53 peamtocote(an-ben ea, ” “pee of rts a) Sep) Pa re Sermraa (Rous cma) Poet teagesComtwn chapsppcoumately | $m onthe size ad Dur this process. the : ls the ol nto which seed. Upon cooling. the met hee, ered cit has had ag hs of the eral ras badges beat and ios the et te ding Pe hot rivet and ine iin he nee Deku bu. and one to dive he merci, formed rset climate he hang ot caretlly dren Abo ence ee npg force i lens Sch cal fbritin and inhanles foc ng tts re hh reeing he res prow diving 2 De labour cons associated with large Preting eae ’ = Fase noise associated with diving rivets he loneing of under continued dyamic lads has been duction of Righsirengh fiction pip boy) have smpliels seplced satiny Hence, the ret of this chat. we wil focus on bod coectons. Reader Shoaldbe anata the dein of Heed connection similar tone design of bold cunsecion-exco ht the ameter of ‘he ive Skee asthe ameter oF shoe ameter of vet ~ clearance) in place ofthe nominal diameter ft bol 5.2 BOLTED CONNECTIONS ‘There are several types of bolts used to connect structural member. Some of ther ae ised flows | inst ots or black ols C pad ols IS 1363 aun 2. Tuned os (4) Precision bots of A grade bt (1 1364 : 2002) ") Sem-precison Bol eB grade bas 18 3640: 1982, IS 64: 20m) 3. Ribbed tats Sieh rng ols 1S 3957: 1985 and 1S 4000 ; 1992) 524 Black Bolts 'Black bots also refed a8 odinary.uniished rough, ‘common bolts The ar the las expensive bolts However ‘hey may pradce the las expen Comecton vince the omnecion may rue a large umber of such bat. They ‘Seating secre dra sath ‘sal ase piss bracing, and platforms They ate showed aslepponey fasteners during erection where SFG list weingate wh permanent iT: Tey ae no ‘scommendel for connections subjected to impact, fatgue ‘r dyna oads, These bots are made from mild se! fod with square oe hexagonal head and nuts as chown in Fi. conforming 01S 1363, Fi 2 sexapon res ck oot ant nut Figces rake aor hsength tts anes (| Suit See—2ot ru aa aan Cenyrget Anse sec Sel Coste. Rep wth esr. Ale [Suma tei he ratio of eld resto ultimate SS ston, generals bol of popeny las 46 re $f te umber d indies LA cena in N/mm apd the cexpresod asa percentage. Thus. theultimate tensile strength (faclss 4 bolts 00. Nine and yield strength is 0.6 tes “20h. which 240 Ninn. The tensile ropes of fasteners sed in sel contraction ae sein Table 5.1 Due to theigh perecmage congue of thee Bois they ae ore AMES Oy hci Fabs of property css nas oct sem ‘Thee dimensions afe so chosen that the bolt ead do fallunles the sank alls. Alea the bot nd coner pin witha cave = wo pesenthe nat rm ingot fase ba oennd Bots (ose Tolan Bot ee ee ae mac ribbed Bolts (Fluted Bolts) pus i 3 ud ed Sma oa Ft and sed uke shank The actual dime of a ibe bot yg tha the ole ito whic tis dive, Whe sgh bl not hokes i cua the edges rund the ie pci. relaively ht i. These are sedi ering fe svnsoas and in connections where thee ne sree "tvsto of this type of oti aed erence of high hs seration instead of longitu se sera ae ord the sha parle te sn, Ribbed FS and inerfeence ody bols are dive when several ayes of pats re required to High-strength Bolts te 10h cowep of wing highstogh as an fs wemcy friar and behavior fh Bl wae slo pricing engin and he tel fiction on e180) Te pin tr tha eye he el acpan fish stent ols Wa te EC ening to hardened ass hese anes <8 ron ee amp es Bicracra er nea ae tend pata she to tlt ea em daring he comment snr an (1 peer eed Portion fe tlt ‘Fearing onthe connected members). Ths sequitement “peal cmt : ke fer moe el = 260M) vl atti ‘Sheesh old eee to ne late ude Be Ee emi ing used oF clini TEC in pci sation) a the seater stent of a Balt oe tha st el ied sg va ‘ceca si he 90 type connection wa recognize sy an acceptable subsite foe riveted camection, The twm-ofthe-aut_mehod as ince in te 19s a aerate he oyu we Ith ath 1980s the pinoy of design, now called Siero comectins wanted (Kak 1987). ighstrengt bot made omar of medium eabon ‘ee. The blo propery clans 88 and 109 are commonly sel in steel consrction, These bit should conform 1S 7ST and thir ese properties are given in Table 5.1. AS liscusedin Cape teh st rs ‘quenchins andicnpeting pres by loving self ence. they ae les cus than hick bos. The mater oft ‘donot hive a wel eid yield point. sca usin. felt ste wsale pas an The poo ds ‘tan tpn te ee tse ey eae the wer rene is apfoninatey equal to 038 times the shank rca of bol) with tsa ti ken as (07 ines the uti ene stress ofthe ol ln ter codes sock the Aner coe, the proof sess Taken a te {held sess, estlished bythe 02% offset stain.) This bolt Tension 0.7 ges adequate reserve sen "02% petdstength andthe lime suengih isso Lower, The highsength fFiton grip (HSFG) bol, nut, and wae dimen ae shown sabe 52 (as sce Fg 4 {orappoxinat tl dimension) ATEN eines of bots frm MIG to 436 ae smile, bls of sine MG, MD. Ma commoaly sl in pace. These bas sie Meni by te manicures enifeton symbol ad the prope cs ection synol 88,8 85, 10S ‘or 1098, whieh wl be embod on the eas ofthese bli “Teale S denotes a ighsrengt sacra bolt vith 2 arg ster agon bead. High sength nt = {85 108 me propels 88S Bot and 0S nut cls wi 1095 bo shuld be ued with hese sa cia provide an adyute bearing as. Since, these mt heart Seon i eeTABLES (Cou Then dics Ta en AH ‘ato nina eine of thn ae ho mene TABLES ene ronan oe Fate in eh sree “The percatage elongation of 125 a file of thse bts Isles than the Back ots, bt i il scepabl or design porpose sare wo lenis " sa Specified in saorsr PO wich coer Sutfcent triton eeween th The bol With indocer nar erst Ae clled hse ction erp (ASEG) bolts, Due othisfetion, he sp oth on (sich tcinted with lack bole) selinnuted ad ence he ins ‘Sit HSPG tote ae called ponslp connection o feton pe cometone a oppened ote bearing pe conarions ‘sFbainyblck ol) The isdaced ital tension inte ble BESTT the pronto the bolt apd the coe of he A tnween the bolt hea and the fying surfaces sealed tbe aa tainn The bos of property lass 88 canbe ho ip ga cee ee as por 8 1367 Pure 1) whereas bl of class 109 Ta apo hud be considered carly befor they ara ip aalanized sine ts may cats hydrogen embitenent eas when the grade 88 bolt are galvanized, he ols ts rane nt shouldbe provided witha sible obecan tp aceure wll po ake place in assembly. The eect of oth sera been sted by Subamaan (1984) and ‘Sooramanian & Petersen (1987) ssp 525 Bolt Tightening Methods Sie sp rt cometo af PLU an sn Nhe Po Sj enon, hpstengh bse end os sph condon SEO sg {ans peste Pug in let ont hs CURE te re of fev tpt oo ips we cepa ofa mn sag une pud ech were he realty oF SEC bas mons scion yp conection dponds on the method fey ool ich il ere wither e eure pons {erent ib chulned. Toe tvs mh that ay tre pace sete tfc igen pat tol dnc leon Intor pen. and ibd mh ighcnng tongue cont meth ‘Turmotthenut dghtening method Tunlabens Aightning method, leo knowa a parm eto 8 ‘pls od mon Common mcd. Developed ih 195 {nd 1960s the specie pre emsion in the bolt consid to be obtained by a species rotation of the nut fon “smptgh” condlon- Although the smgness oe nis vightess can vary due to thesia condom fhe P= being ughened this variation does notes he cae Fores sige (Kulak etl 1987) this mat ‘the ot are sug-tgh,permancot mks ese PMNS ia ay be ed tore pen! oe a ‘on bts and must idem the lative postion ‘nd mando control the fl mat rotation ach 252 ‘phere by specie tr ofthe mt from he su ast depending onthe length the bts pres $5400 gar ane 53 unica ese min ee hick should Bessie inthe hota Hsteaee» 7 is shew araphicll in Fig 5.5K ast be td ‘ado not allow ths method of tghening or ie Sot wih paral sans case the or =" lint ductity (Owens & Cheat 1989),< cs (Soot amet ~ mast ND alae |, Eee" _ al | sparggne meme a a ot agar a FOS6 Beaiaret twievsegumcterutnete Sno ay BFP Rg omsinb SCE Aer TE ce Etat en tr ihn The we 40 pe tee wc tn pepe wl nde ie Te tp of Ses Siig natenp ‘or indicates the loxd by producing a measurable change in gap) fever had te gpd eal Sta 19 fees 225-25 tm fmt sgh ston Ips me © fred er ting ane fxn etait apo 1998), Inte Aneran paca we ie snl fs ip 57) Ths wae sa tumot went ps (tat ng tse ead ton pe mal ih ‘12 uno te me it nt fm 8 © 80 eos eng patholo eas inns 23 tum of th a regs weet g ap mandy te sen hes Wetibna. whe dst aero h Simon ghee pam at epee an ee ccs ing Wien ents tnd sea tbe ‘The ste coin! y mei is “rstod wing Stam nsemensnthsods pn ang exp be oan Or Te ~tachmananh emi fcr ms ihown nF 58. eed pp cpt ated canine ae eo 1 eae aiaig oe inng a ° © 7 barangay ol recension ect) TT under beat ued heat cous ab re) Tarr "re tote cou aoe une) Typed sea waeSpans HP (pauesssxeuny yoy annus pond Shree oy Yor aor Sura so¥D 6 oy are nr tar CO eam sano “pe 430 7 2A EN HNN mise pauapany Y 328 90 pts? Nom og gsi 04 S10 9 wo 8 panos ue" 043019 st oq pasos as orb is) pata (se sag ew wos, pur onhov esa espe fio suaune aoe suesi0r0 @) rspacaen @) won @)sag wong prove vee fo pa“ SRT maa > usd Suoo9 “ave pu 2a oq 2 sooos eae since eer ogeanee cot) ra) alalele se Fora snes, eT 1.511 Wate gg acs in aDine ad eficency of joints ae 5.44 Bearing Bolts in Shear The 5 Vuw= Gila Ans +A BAB > (5-2) 1S S00 stiplts thatthe fctned shear free Vg shoal satiny 63) wheres he patil safety factor for the material ofthe bot eas -25 inti code — “diferent components (bots, patsfactor for tc inte action a he jot gt Wine ed a cas fac asst ap (32, hs ton Teton Lois 12008 eo 5) ton factor snd pt he apicd shen he W sire the A of joint wir 880 the conection of wel ston th anges “Reduction factor fi ctor for large grip lengths Whe_ths total thickness of connect plates ples fp Heth) ‘exceeds five mes the omit ameter othe bs the nina ica cape, mulled ys seduction factor fy ay show in Fag (52). This ration factor given by [mewn ) “The vale of i eakld wsing Fy (36) nl! te mre tan eam (5. a ripe a ‘iced by hese “The remon forthe te atoning that he ep eg ns te sagt ee Derbi sion factor or paki a pki abe ite, inal © Th, when the pcb i a at hee aie _ ano a Py tk weg ices: Bu tveknes of the teh Kk ple ae he ile sstwenidepe! a et eres ae te ied the Cg be An ula) i fo eye res are of the b shore nist shi at factor (HATE esa th ty a / Oo imate SS = 125,00 ot i ay sal sesisance-snerned By ying = 1M "tr ht the acre tension Tce, oh 15 w00 satisly Ts Talton % CASE STUDY Kemper Arena Collapse Designs by the Geman aches Helm sb, the Kemer ea so was seed om Het en ge rao mi he et nin rene ranged yf hie ro x peo). The Spoved 30 apr were mi of Jie Traibwa capaiy acon 98 9 ie pened ory in 18 Sr ee ane ts ws spel fy tes pega a ie ins is. 18 De Fm SAN im in The pce fares wes ba ee ASTM Am ip op is hal Sa Ts tos nd oc Fs 3 wll se ae na ‘She epson hey ct Suva pines. neki oh hare ane i ih 1 2indametr pie tes rss bys Ir ily kink nn ee om EE gocher war ran Te Sk ne at mas dpa HOM WAKE 3 Em) mony al igh 180m danse is. hs tae sn The water ws nt fe the mater dp exceed an reer T eco stl Fear ou over cups Fa amp asthe ae ci ange Meroe ena (ort Mri Col cf ene rnwn rk Meme In 1 / | . f un eae sahara «he paral safety factor For matrialresistance of #7 ote connecting pate is sulicenly Rexble, al peying forces may be ined in the Wot ce Soe fre detail), 51 ls in Bearing ‘sn nay bol is subjected to shea forces. it comes stat wh the plates, aller the sip occurs. The bearing seats o deformation around abot holes shows Fe 51%4) caring fllure fora large end distance), A “Sa failure (algo called end bearing fale) a SEF. 5.130) occurs when the end distance i sal “fallen bots (Gee Fig 5.13(0) i possible only by “Ss ent bot wih very high grade plates which wi ‘swinpetie "minal ean teagth ofthe bolt Vag eiven by tm te imate ea “ewan 25 6.10) ile stress ofthe platen MPa, isthe bolt in mm and ris the summation of sa cathe connected plates experiencing bearing igsoge ison bos re ours sen ches ofthe pate minus oneal of the ‘ter siking f ‘arent kl nda at wea ton morons cst. the a ne wer ales CSS ante ae eam we ya Te mp SSA Mie Se at a ec 4 small fy, pt) 1.28, an 0 whose ‘Lose ukimatetensilesrensofthebolv es the end dune, Ps the pitch ofthe astene log Dering dite, the diameter of tot ol. Vg sul te mali yar (87 for over sz o shoe ‘Sted hes and by 0 for ng sod ols. The facto takes no account inadequate cage, stance o pit and also prevents bearing fue of Woe ‘eadopta minimum edge stance ofS bot hole dame and a mininumpich of 25> dancer of bat the vluce ‘am be tken 0.50, 1880 stipulates thatthe bol esting onan ‘to. fatred sta force Vy shuld ati Tis Vain) wan ‘hee i te pi sy xtreme stance Momecion sas Ilo Being eg april tsa fant ofthe cad date (Oven & Che 1) Be telson pt sehen spifean wail comers Bue ot, bing hvu of pas infu frociy omnes teu ge Sena Fay tm er rhs, pin wa Cree ‘ommence nmin aes of tr fare mi ee nly at abt fe Though he eens of thas ee Seely sos anette Jo mac te Sening soph Soy baaal hnosae nyplatesubjct=" este Pry oces co atearncoureenact Feely JASwarson and Reon of Geo Ine of Fray (Su. ASC Conecins Teanng Tec—A hn Gade or Suc! Sta Cnrton Raped wih ‘ieasontem SC. lates yates fan eyratoce FG, 518 Ralartp betwen test fe and bee era Tb Several researchers have stoed this problem and pone Sen tect the pine force developed iN se tittanesh 1988; Kulak et al. 1987: Owens & Chel Toso Thornton 1985, 1992) 1 800 his donted eon mopar by Ovens & heal (1980) and Oe son onsen the bolt duc vo prying ction (= Fig. 519) fio. 519 Fess acing 1 se ta fr eye ce ey Qatar mmnseneN 6.2) where I is te di 7 hen a a ea ee oe hl wed oo ee at es led eon sande dane tna dni ib oe Thisisnes intakes 2 the ninimum ofr bed stance cre vale given ty ae PRE 3) where =? fr neni ot a fo presen Tole 7156 theft with of ang pe pairs inmost prot ess which mt be onset ith nits F kN nd KN) ands the ckne of he en pln in “he second termi (5.12) sully aes salt andhence may betes oy the mula o=m2l) “Tis formas sbi plas ines eased the Teltncan he ott en muna ange ikess isese in din Tei ing 1 obseve that the Bish cade BS $90 aoe stove ween asimper way yeu tht ‘aie args as hen that ode eee by 20 ‘vise dtc fm th bt ie w he ee of he anes ey tgs th prying ace wilt at oe Meee ce pin ater han tego Mags. OVS ee 9) prope he llowing fol fo miniman ister and for nina fang tichaessdesin 1 =a caer ie el tes fe pate an f= 0.70 for OOD Tamils he en defied aed Teal design ting HSFG orga 88 bol his fumes tobe flowing les 1 sr Fort pref bas = 208 ‘Me nes of nd plate ovoid ing of he lat is cour euing te men inthe plat he ol centre werd om [see i. 8.1) and 5.19 0 he pte meat cacy of th pate My Ths NETNE 1) My=Qleand M, = 71, ~ Ql 16) My=M,=TH2= My 6a) Taking y= (sh. 1011824) 15.18) The minimum hiskness for the end plate can be btn as an = (880,18) veo “Tne ortsponding prying force canbe obtained as Q= Mil nett rc inthe bolt T+-Qyexcedsthe tense est of thebolt thn he thickness ofthe endplate as obs nee Exampl 52 illsates theft of prying Fes5.45 Bots wih Shear and Tension ws ine gin reas Lie 45 ba in Sena a ie See ent te hey fe perpl lens) cto et Sot cae ncn ei cmc ts meg. Teson CBAC tS Sie rhe cru nraton sve Been PPS stn 3 i teen Sage i ao i deo PFg= OA ts sate ume ies of marl a MPA ste pat who ese ans se en 125 nthe co, 2 oa caring capt of eae ds ee eno the la wh tn dpe he hls, Fe ROE ae nea be ey COMPELS fr. ean st emis emt wen wh bn te with ea in NN Fen he mith pepe tthe diet sere Poteet ns bw, nt sin dee amar of BH andthe ike a eens appt taceed onal Tr POE Fike design esion esc Sree there is more than ne hole ane Be en hcl wn Fig. S21 MS et Tooting dei ‘MGnone petal failure ine may exist 8 Fis > xen r2 muses he we of Ean S20. {Te satin Tare Tae sone wHich Be 5.46 Efficiency of Joint Mtge onan effective net ares T-WY 65S. —Faitwept eso the path that has te i Foes ae arid in the pas oc znsan h-hh irisasoth en Hot toe o Be sr Frtiner The Bue oe aperine sr evidence. « sini [Seca SIT TE nap he heen proposed by Cos Sonny scone sed oof le i 1 Aeron Zrvas lama rah 09 ¢ = oe a whe Ae std ae ws dined ear.» Pic n mm, ¢ ithe gg dstaus " ff eles inthe zane fale goth, an m6 Staiered pitches or gauges log allo is iteresting to observe that may = = Props he ules more complied 1 M45 les with staggered ts, but none of HE to the beter eu Manse & Cheson 1988 4 6.521, bneoncee stsfeces O Arab 261 Oh tio ~86, 025103 ac etlochayS058%0, #825080 6,522 Tesncopatf pas 19), More aiscunsion on net seton through tagpee ines of fastener is provided by MeGuie 1968) Mince are pth (aight a Well 8 BE) a tot ped ay sho in Fig. 8.2200 ad the corspoding at ta He compat pet Eg (620) ad (522). © sea a com ac ofthe pe. the esi ado eS ensile strengt the plate fails im feta ese gt ens BU UTE 155 DESIGN STRENGTH OF HIGH STRENGTH FRICTION GRIP BOLTS cine have Seon already, HSA bots re sed when forces were spe orth comecton lined, where = ‘ction cont can beds hy ein Fewer bolts or where he srt ate subjected ‘dynam load Ths they pov faigu esis joins, ray be woe that SFG bos iy be subvded into purl stuak and as sank types. A paral shank bl hich isthe ment commonly ese (a scsi this seston), designe a to slip a serviceability Toa: ba stip ino ering at wk fad Ths, only who the estemally applied od exceeds he {sional estnce between the plas the plates lip and the os a galas he ot holes. Awad sank ol has ihr strong sds 01 sp th a fervice and imate hd. Hence. wad Shank HSFG bolts fe mori timate Toad and nes! othe ehsched for bering or ong jit capacity (BS 5950, Marin & Purkis 1992. 55.1 Slip Resistance ‘As mentioned atic, th ai pretension in bolt develops clamping Fores at the incre of slemons being joined ee Fig. S140). The Fictional restance 0 Slip between the plate suaces subjected to clamping fre, opposes sip de 10 ‘teally applied shea. "The design sip restance o¢ nominal sear capacity of alt Vf the pre Shank and waste shank fiction gp ols is gen bythe codes hee isthe oie of cio (led Bs alip factor) 3s specie ia Tale $.10 45 058% mis the momo of eee inerfaes oer fon essance tlie k= 10 fo Tsien in lerance Fes. O85 for fastest monesize an shor led oes tnd fr isis Tog stl oles Toe perpendicular tothe st and 0 Yor aster in oy std ols aed arlletothe sh isthe mininum ot ension poo ad) isation ad maybe taken a AA ste et are ‘ofthe st at the teas 6th po ses then Th fal f's the time eile res of Bat 15 splat that fo abo subeted onl oa ated design ree Vin he interac of connection at hick sp ant tolerate, should sais the followin925 Limdeus jo ¢9'p G9) 01s 4¥>scomarovevi-sun t=" ou jo vonsaup 0 PS pow ap SIS NWS 01's) ba usa &q pauerge st ug uisap ay pu ae pur swjor Bu01 75'S 20 apo an wos PL’O-S0.09 PANS yo Rs an 0 wor UL) 70 esupay yu gs Rog poo HE oy 30 ago URS EO nn so Jo Jaqun at swas08 aoa au" Sm 3 “thoy pogo 2p09 0 Pawbsaid 1928 0 R920) names fgeDNIS © 8! S5HUD6 UH 8 woRSABHOD 1 aims a ep PEIN 9q Seu era 3 3) eo c4 Tension Resistance HSFG bolt subjected to ‘he Following equation (5.28) load, and 7, * fOr the materia the ott mero eens of Ege (5 om and shear pe bo and American codes sugges a formula (duet extemal tes members of bide und HSEG bol, TABLES Capac ot cer | tear of bal | Prot a ef bo 1) (hes ss rmFG 523, ange aconmeion erg SFG * on 8.56 Block Shear Failure sees of some esearch work card ut in USA, a8 found hat ange gust pst al cope eas cones ima fi av ef Bch sear (Kulak & Grodin 200 Fre oars in shear at rom of ol oles pa © the apes seompaned By ens-rpe-0n8 & Perpendicular face. This pe of fate err eck of material being om aucby the applied ser free shown in Fig, $24. The block shew sength Taf omecton is taken as he ale of Tiny = ugh tn) +O Aa (3a) lt Z\ esl. aT 6,524, Exams ok shesfalse [0.9 AAS Hs) + FArl oad — (S316) re the iit $503 and. ne tg i ogo asain gn ear aot 3-ME a rest Sy dc ad A A mini, we cae 0s FH Be rt ae ae cn Paterna perretnd se for aerial ETE hag postal ekg ieapecthely The neo Ea 5.6 PIN: CONNECT! ONS: "nse ta fata on tes be etween the pin andthe conace, a en Sh ce ccc on inc en cc post) silts in Example 5.1, 1.525. Phosmscontetconbetenisin anthesis ‘To make a pin conection, one end of the bar is forest Me 1 fork end hol i drilled. The end of the ote bars 3" forged and dled to form an eye. The eye ba is mst * the jaws ofthe frk and then the pin is inset tas hol in the fork and te eye ofthe oer ar. Us Pin oF sew is provided so tat the pin wll not moves" the poskon as shown in Fig, 5.26,sign of Pins: SO et ay tan Rane MATS MS — ey ° = nie vale sr eg sos AG.S2% Pacorectinard monet dan npn soar apcty The ssar capacity of in may be taken silos: | ifation snot required andthe pin sno intended wo be ed A 2 ations required ori the pins intended i he remoed OSA 8 he Os Sectional aes ofthe pi nd fi the ‘eset of he pin, Being capocty “The bearing capacity ofthe pin may be ena fll: | fais not requied and the pins no itended to be med Sf 2 fexaton required or if the pins intended tobe rma baja ‘tis the dmeter ofthe pin, fs the lower of he ye ‘ethos pin and te connected par andi the thickness. ecmassed pa. mine Ths moments in pin soul he calebted on ‘eb hat he ommeted pars fr simple suport. 1s {Rss sumed tht the rections betaee the pi ard the StS! ate uniformly dstebuted along te length in cae ‘capacity ofthe pn should be taken sol pa. tain so “ ot required and pin isnot intended 10 be oh S62 = onset he pin ined oe reve: et fy is the ied en "ou of he tho the pnand Zi he section amin ta tpn aetna shapes Bea as teow be ema My= 1S i M=1SfgieaB2) G 1213p oa (MH. the ama ending moe in Nina ad fis ‘he eld swengih ofthe pin ‘The design ofa pin connections shown in Example 5.3. 5,7 SIMPLE CONNECTIONS {mn many css,» connection is required to tami Forse oly and ter may not be any moment cing onthe gry Of ome even hough tbe onnetioe may he cauble of ‘ansmitng some amount of moment. Sch a connection Is "eed tas a snp. fore, pmed, ese connection. As eat shown in Fig 514 two types fla arses ‘seca in hese connections, Inthe fist, fhe force ats in the ‘sanction plane (omed bythe intface beeen the 0 ‘toned plats) andthe fasteners betwen thee plates act in shear [Fig 5.14) Inthe second yp, the force at otf ‘he plane ofthe connection an th fasts atin ease 35. shove in Fig. 5.146). n practice tee vil always be some scent and the moment de to this smal eccentricity ienored The dierent types af simple conection fd in sl rctues maybe csited follows 1. Lapand bu joins 2 Tsoi connections 3. Connections at team om junctions (a) Seatangle conection () Web angle connection (6) Siena seat angle connection () Heaie plate conestion 4. Tension and ange splices Lets now discuss these comectons bry 5.74 Lap and Butt Joints {apand join are ofen used io connet plates or members omposedof plat elemens. Though ap ntsarcthe sph they result in ecenriity ofthe pi ans, Bt jos oy the other hand eliminate escent athe connection Lap Joints Whe 60 members wih to Be cae singly verlppedandcomecte together by mens ot hace eh ‘ji is called a lap joint se Figs~e oS > fg p> copba® SS or mentupen Sey ert an sgt tt a ” bolted lap joint and double Bole lp joint ae shown in Figs 521(0) and 5.2710, spectively. The drawback of seh 2 ap joint is thatthe cei oF gravity of lad ne member tnd the een of gravity of loa nthe second menber donot ‘Soins and nse anecontity a shown in Fi 5.2710 8 ‘reed. De to tis «couple Pes formed, which cases Undesirable tending in the conection leading 0 fie ‘of bolts in tension, To minimize the effect of bending in chap nit, at east evo tts ina ine stout be provided Morven duet the coventry, the sess are dsb Tinevenlyaeoss the cotact aca between the bots and Mompers to Be coonected, Hece he use of ap ons smo ‘hen seconrmended, The design of lp jini uta in Examples 51, 84.55, and 56. Butt Joints In ut jin the members tobe connected ae placed against Aath other and are bltod oe welded together throug he use Srey stuna plates, called cover ples. Te cover plates may eroded on either one o ot sis ofthe connection ss ‘unin Fign $.27(€)-O)- If the cover plat is provided on Shap te jin only ticalled asa single covert joint (ae fis 527e)-(p a when provi op Bah sides Fhe Pisce a dbl cover vt i! igs 8276) Jey As inthe case lap ons ath cse fing cover rae deat aso, some ect is involved. Dsble cover Jom ar prefered ote following reasons | [- APE ble bod oe ove ‘snes, sti cove batt o a ie 527 pani buts (ayn double ever but joins, the exceniciy of tod Fe Shminated and hence there is Denny inthe bots Te double cover but joints the ct sar face abe trusted split into evo parts and bene th Iidoubl shear, Whereas te ese of ap jon or ine bt joint the free acts in one plane of hi Sd ence the tots are sad o ben sine ss Tn the shear eaying capacity of bolts ina dole ov ut joint is double that of Bot a fap jit o over but jit The design of But joint it Examples 375.11 151.2 Truss Joint Connections Even though tis joints are assumed co he His leting sing gusset plates and mp fasenesr ws ‘doesnt represen hinged conition. However. ne sco met asa wih cht inet ‘umes the loaing feel ‘Typical us joints are shown in Fp. 5 28, whch pte in order to accommodate te bs. Tee si ae connected tothe memes of the irs by meant (oF welds using lp or bt ois depen on wis ‘wo anges are usd forthe member. Neve tha FS endplates are wet Fait the ent ams of a uss at he site ws Ass lara dimensions ofa gusset pat re di )sa td 76.528 Tcalprt mses by te inener euitements of the members, Haver the dsteminton of the hskness ofthe gusset pate pes rons The gusset plates ann is analyse Decne of oral hp an the discrete intrusion of frst tare Manco the elementary fora based thea iy ate ally for Beams whine pl ethan wie the ph amd at cows sections thse to connate oats aut hl the depth. The inary gusset plate a wea shor of thes egutements a ee te ess nny the aplication of hea fra ae question sy fe mskading (Gaylord al. 192), aston the experimental stay gus pales commonly sein Warn ype bridges. White (1952) proposed st "hemayiman et sess ngs pla fo an iia nr cou he estimated adel hy enstring tha the ener fre is dist iely vera eetve ae by 0 digperson fom the outer 0 oF fstnes a “un i Fig. 5.2%) Isla spersion can Be assumed ‘cls connections and ane shown in Figs S29) and S51), Whines propo ssl foe esses in user Plas nthe ni range, he hie af gusset plates cocctios in he inet as vas saad hy Hash && Bjoehode (I9SS), who Props a lock sea ml Ise Ey 8.31 ® pod he wine capacity of gust pa ‘cones item, Bas The onotoic ABest corms. a bee FG 820 thw wit fuse pe a per Wino 1982) ss plate. This mete et in good agreement wth the ex fess A review ofthe eon desig nd behaviour of iss plate connections x provid by Cheng et (2000) Compressive stresses may delop purl fo an tthe edge ‘ofthe gst plates, Troe the with othe ope st ‘ote to age compare hh thickness othe plate may twskle ay tal 192: Cheng el 2000, Ths kind ‘of bucking, called lvl Icing aye prevented if he ‘sipped edge of esata is ected vo eines the hikes Gayl eta 1992), where e= 25% In the absen of any computation for gusts the hikes of gussets sos in Table S12 is eeommeaded by Ragu (19%), Usa gust plat thishnes slihly higher than dhe thickness of te angle is eosea ens aly Truss Be ingle plane tse in which he members are come on the same side ofthe gust plate or oxble Plane tases in whic fhe mater ate connected to oth ls othe gust plate The cee line ofall the members connote jin, should cet ata point as shown in Fig. 5.28 and S30) ‘esol asin nase snd | ps0 200°) 200-480 [ 480 780 ‘open txt reli, ‘Thomo (1988) | heen da Sera a 45” dispersion angle 40 evaluate | AND | | ent S cllotive wid. instead of the Whitore’S thks | we Tees re 3 wo aecount for the Toa esti inthe | eet L 1Ai oy fae “ome | G.520 Ayer ont supa crmctens nats 5.7.3 Clip and Seating Angle Connections. “and seni sane connection se alld angle seat to 4 seat ele ermetin s 820) an 531) rv ough he The top chet ele fi ne prone or fram ed Yo the tap Rae Th sporti Toe the coum sth gles ae std oe igen the bt safer reaction fo th ea 40 11G531- gle ssl corrcns ‘he beam reaction toaster by hein, shear a enti he antl fe of the Beto age Py vena hear thvugh the eters, aa by exit ore i the Tener: teen he yest and he olan The am is leon spy speed an the eon is designed or Th eccct hen rutin The clearance between the ial ie bean and anges the con snl be mine ov Ht ei bearing nth ‘ratings of 45° tr He aM othe ee se in elnne 8713 oF IS MKD, gore S32 sho the dah peso thr seating Cea the jum te eating te 1 tiled. is aecepan Aa the seating elesfolunn als 10 rss Sb ly (owen & Chel 98. "Fatt Te of the scat angle HSB tien eho reaction fr te fear f 00 ae OF when the saan te mt ale povie he bearing se Th ews rata ih me to Be sien wet tea an ing (Gee Caper 10), When lange eactons fom the Bea xc, tune ner of bs may have to Be provided conn he at angle the con (normlly four Bol te pend). Insc a case, an ational angle ealed Silene ng povided. Puckings equal to he ThckDess Of seu spe we ted Berocen the column flange and the tiene ale ce Fp 5.33.Am general pao siener angles is provided and pei seed the horizontal lo te angle ean get ‘ex an bebo conneting the column Range tothe ior ‘angles sald be designed a resin the comesponig beng Inemeot arising due to the scent between he ces ‘ofthe ering length and the eon face) ae wl ss ado FG 532 Osa depen trouser tl? anita ote‘Song ‘sre se FG.530 Str set ction Tecate at the tp the bea cancel rex shear by tural he eps ee Fig. 5.316), This much meats uth tern seating angle and hence oul ma bee eau the ear estan ofthe conection, Howsre | Yin a en (240), from ter experimental iments ‘antisnalwationa tines and ple momercpuct ‘nea wi nerenng pang thickness ther than of ise ane thickness They alo proposed anal tel mes iil ness nd pati momen capacity, Baba sn Sekar 2012), based om their experiment and FEM vs ad that the ductile behaviour of beam con sss ipromey ineresing te umber of olson ead scar anples and he thickness ftp and seat angles 514 Design of Unstitfened and Stifened Seat Connection cps involved inthe design of unsifened and io ext connections are explsined in his section, ened seat connection The design of unsitfened ease connection, esis ofthe follwing eps: "he slestion of eat angle Having length equal to the hf the fen 2 The eugth af the casting leg of the seat angle is sd onthe asso web erpping ofthe Beam, The fe eh kepe moe tha the calculated bearing beth pen by oh taba 39 te the rst fn the Beams f 8 he sf the web othe a he yl tenth (he web othe eam, an zy i the pat safely factor enaerial Vi, A dipersion of 45° taken from the Betiag on the let be roe ine Note: The dispersion st» slope 5.8 pied nS 50 clase 873s ot pp this pune Ovens & C bearing al 19801, Ths the length sas Sheree thine and ns the rot ‘adi of beam fang, The distance of end bearing on cleat ‘ort age brabiaent 1336) here 1 she thine of ange, ste roo aus of ngs and gs the clearance ad tolerance. ‘The connect eis so honen tha a least tuo horizontal ‘ows of bolt canbe accommodated. Hence. the sssuned ‘ange shul ave ae length of 100mm or te. ‘The reaction i assumed 0 be uifermly dstbted oer baring length hy, The iknes of seat angle is so coven thatthe ousanding lg does at film ending on section the te ofthe ile. The bending moment M,=Rbsb,(hi2) 537) ‘his ised agains the mament api Me LZ fl) 538) the asued angle hickness snot sufi fie. when Mg Mj) ten the section revised 6, The shear capaiy of the ousting leg of cleat is calelsed NT) 539) ‘Tre ove tale sould be more hn the reaton fo the team, 7. The number of boss calculated as below KeschowSirengthof bolt (540) ‘A clea ang of nomial ize is provided on he op Fnge ofthe beam connected by 160 bots on each of its les, ‘The design of « seat angle conection is presented in Example 5.16 ‘Stifened Seat Connection As discussed in Secon 5.3, the behaviour of a sitfened seat connectia is dffeent than that of an unsitfened est connection. Hence. th design of a sifened seat connection omsiss ofthe following steps. 1. Assume thesize of seat angle on the ass of bearing length 1 describe in unstiffened seat connection, 2. The outstaning le ofthe sill angle must provide the quired beting area. The outstanding lee mos not exceed "Me times th thckness, where € = (250), to vo oa bucking (clause 87.12), The requted bearing area is caleulated Ae MW anyssh is th easton to ea ths el rent Sy the pi safety fro or ati whe = 0. The thickest the iene ange sou Bs mate than the mich of he the Be ing HPP De tothe sien the sat angle fsa fsb ae ‘tein th enon ep ze sj fo mimes nln sar Thi conc ehes ie rok ennecton ce Seton 1412 ean be asus ia ‘entombed of eos ep the angle 4. From tp 3 coventisy he bering omen ache temo ting nthe rica bls re computes. i © the bracket conection Using the inrsto ora (5.200 he tes inchs (68 noinal ange provided athe top ofthe bea a Sonnet wih two nomial Sze als on ech ef BE ‘etal, sibel ‘The calculations for a typi sient seat conection de provid in Example TL of Chapter 14 Noe tat he Stoned seat angle conection ta snl onto an has ens hee for omens 5.7.5 Web Angle Connection [A web clear commeton so known as web cleat o nse hear connection (ee Fig 8216) ad 20] ised tre tom icaton though wc anges eter the Range oto he irc ortne supporting emer. One or two ange leas my Pear Meat the teu nebo the sporting mer Doble we clstconpoction i peeredover sing = ‘Mhed we cleat conection. The flanges may be notched ot Taps oe Fig $2) rege The clean berween he etn andthe supporting member is kept t Smo provide vat end decane inte web his omnetion a0 is Te le moment capacity stare saint febiiy tee since Tea conncted oe suppating merber and th Ftc connection te beam web ee Fa. 53 Me pum reaction i wanted by shear and Bearing rowing web ofthe team othe we ots and 1 th angle athe ae then ese bythe cleat angler the Saree uncon of sappating member, ath 10 the epoting ember aii sr a ao by teasion and open The beam is sg ss 2 simply serprted Saree suporing meres seed fr te create ea reaction. ar egthof the webangleisdeidedbasedon the umber grea th ich ns noally noes hn cies Meeitbor he beam. Te maximum eas isthe cer dp ier ten the HS. wich maybe spprximately ea eis tmes the dep othe beam, the dep of the cane es tha abou 6 ines he depth of Beam we 7) wa ch | ’ eer a oer er a Si pene oan et Sam cmon men ces elt wpe am a ere 5:6 Flexible End Plate Connection Fleubls end plate connection, also called as hea“ connec [ig 8.2 ()} consists of an end pst <0 ‘othe wb f the beam a the beam ends. by set Plate sin tur, connected to the column fang> © °° meas of bolts. This connection behaviour (Sx Reeton i, x depth of pit) “The moment that could be applied by the bots s checked withthe mament capacity of plat. Since filet welds ads transersely have limited acti, the following is heck: 1. Minimum weld size ave at by using a Weld sizeof {0.60.7 where isthe thickness ofthe fn pate 2, The wells ae checked for the moment that could Be develops bythe bots. “the momert develope bythe bls given by M =capacity of bot 27 ‘The momen capacity tbe plate=L2ZViiw (SA) “The horcotl shear in weld = MomentZ of weld group Venical shear = Reaction/Taal weld length (S48) JT design of fin pate 0 rest reaction amd apd re Ae pide by Tar et al (SOON) a pilesi is given in Example 5.19, plate scar eonacctions my he sand Muir and Hit (2048) More details sat singe foun in Asan el. (1989) 5.8 BEAM-TO-BEAM CONNECTIONS Thesinpleconnectioms such pan sang snglecomecton, web angle connection, an! exile end plate connections, ttscussed in the eater sections for connecting bean to columns, can be adopted for hsan-o-beam eonncton av, {ihe supporting hea andthe supporting girder ae raquo ‘ave their ange atthe same eel ar fixing foe chequered Plats oF lo sla. the top flange of the bef et aay ‘eoped) to provide pace Fr te supponing ide, lw practice most of the yecondary beans are connected (0 ‘main beams by web cleats and bolts ince the web ofthe main team may not be srong enough to support a seating angle (Moreover, the sea connection requis more space inthe ‘vertical direetion.) When the heat ends ate cupe the we ‘ofthe secondary heam histo he checked for block she th ui, the oss of top Hange will a ree the bending strength To reduc the effet of noha end ano inrease ‘the robustness of the element, tfenrs may he welded ea below the coping [see Fis 5.3 and ( whichare requ ‘only on ane side f the web, Ht secinary hears onsite side ofthe main supporting girder ste onthe se gid line ‘ame bos ae used to connect both heats the sepporting der (See Fig. 5.36) The arrangement use fo bls ard leat, suitable where ler left hind) bes is erste bere the smaller ane (Fig. 5.6(). Te tp tls shows main gider webs wil bein double shear alr the sconry eam is attached. The larger beam can beheld postion by the bottom pur of bolts while the smaller one is ert. IF the smaller beams are to be erected ist. they ae popped ad suppored in some way unl he krgr one iserected. @ i 4} ksi oy o FG,536. Srp eamteamcomesions Souncimes sigid connec ms may BE Pv fy omen coniny between sony Beam. ich ‘esl in economy in team section. Rig! connection = lo nscosryif a cantilever heam is suport bya gee However inthis ese, the end ofthe canter wil wa sear fore and bending moment—this bending moment ys be transered to the primary eam 38 torsion. Hence, Primary beam has to be designed for bending. shea an torsion. the primary Beam stsonaly Neb then eg transfered 0 it may’ be neleted. Figtte 5.37 shows sone 'ypial dts of moment-esistng beam connections. Tec ‘rection packing plates ae use while connecting sho wide secondary Beams (Owens & Cheal 1949). Note that ny top Manges ae required tobe atthe same fv, combing splice plelend plate connection with copa en shes in Fig 5.370) is ase, For avoiding local cation HSPG bolts mye uilized in these eonnetions, More etl ve beam-oheam connections may be found in Owens & Che (1989, eared | are 5 6.537. Womersesiing beam tean craters The des en ofa eam connection using bolted web cles shonin Esanple $20, 5.9 BEAM AND COLUMN SPLICES Rolled eam, plate gies. and columns are sic several weasons, which nee the llowing t ‘The fl ength may nt be svilable fom the ill Oe the siz of section which can be anspor is sot ‘on te sizeof the trucks, Hence, the mani gh ‘often restricted to 6 mn. Ths. the fasion fk it eexnomical 16 splice even when fll ng cul ‘mane me designer may desire to use pic pons caer eam The designer may dese a change in seton 10 fi 2 ‘ariaion in srength required along the pan ofa 5.9.1 Beam Splices Many’ eld spies for team and plate gine we splice plates and highstrength bolts coats ©so Sse a BEN oF he momen ay pe cing a the splice section, gray et scion PENI ish i, ome aN provide enh shea HOM ant aay “i On Pots tran . ser th a iG $38 Sled beam spe (Conyigh Arran Inte of Sel Constcten, nc Repiteg oh ems. Alte reserved) areas. cach element othe piss designed io do thea tons underying the pice plas neo ‘a las one Mange shuld be desged ode esas eng (as of spe p shold be Ing tan ot ‘acoso the area of Nangs clement splices) ad are oe ‘chsh te dsigned odo the Workweek he ‘il ato feng al he moment by he nes scan al sear by the wc splices Shoal for aed fn dp pate snes with slender bs. These web spies shld designed to ves ath shear and ssa te ‘roe. Ahodouble ow of bolts shouldbe wed onc side csi veh spices here fnsion eld acon (oe chapter AV ow pate girs is predominant, In we splice the frau ihe censid of the bolt group onesie of tice shuld design for momen dee tee. ie siplacs hat mo ese shuld te seg of te prion be sk han SO of tees singh of ut pie. i ith pips to din bl tone oes deed should etn ating ae fai feb group (Salmon & aon 198) oles ae lated near a pon of fete res le pce shoul nt he tse in eal eto heya fen ened whee er te aba or he es omen aw at a fons bse num Fi eam slice FNC 5.9 hares two Base ems of eam so (bic my have several spins (Nether 20 ei lites ate used when the herding moments (0 Be Shae Mos Sing or doy exter et ate oe en resting hth manent of ep al seta “thos: When em pate thickness eater tha 25 on = sc i ie ep Sent scrmrtedin ei amnesiac = the Comers Sw meets G54 nite comers etaenbonseteen sz 1 there is a smal ieence in the height of the two sections of beams tht fe being joie the Ss hne nr boils ner the junction in the cover pate maybe igmeed wen cakulatig the slip esisanc of the comes, mong HSEG bolts (Owens & Chea! 1989. I the dienes tas ately gehen sting pay ay fe Taample S21 59.2 Column Splices The connectors as dseuned for Iga may aid far cot spice as. Dessn of column apes des or esc instal. sinc the igh ems oes a eaeProblems in the ease Although suck splices ‘scolcolunanthapger ha tec em in mow ote ca com a ptr Si mle 6 wing pac so psi “cit Se ener re a Wha ce ole co of anges in the upper floors (see Fig, 1.32). ™ “uch lm phat se ter th ring angen orn ape he clip Beued ue He Sa) nite teal aster eng cota elfen a mihi re pet) oes a ed ny orev aids eon ae tpt ag inl expo nig. Whee seed ses fg S10) thew ad omit yeas ‘esp pas. nese peo we HFC bot inthe comes, hinges ines he ams an be accommo by sng eng plas how a Figs Salty and San) ny a FG, $41. les casn sles) are sa cums) Sal change sae (erent sae etre wh gp teen ens) Bt aa sp of Wo ‘iter can ccs (Cony Arran of Sl Corea 1, 542 Cola sls sng end pb (0) Sane fe cars Sane ces wth gh ramen (Gert ecu i igh mart 5.10 SEMLRIGID CONNECTIONS [as disused in Secon 45, connections can be eld ‘aid nomi, and exile Fr the porpxe of analy ‘dvign Simple Rex) connection are sumed to ir only shear at some sominal eccentricity and may Be wed fn frames upto approximately five storeys 0 Height. whe Seng rather than stifles. governs the design. Ln sch eames a separate aera lad resisting Stem, i the oon tf teacings or sear walls should be provide. Example ‘imple beam-o-column connections are thine wig slipand seating ange. we clas, and header pa iid conection: taster significant moment the columas and are assumed to under rele ‘formations at the joint. These characterises se recessry in Sway ames or sability anda ‘eit Intra loads. Flush plat or extended end pt omectons, hunched end plate conection nd uly welded connections are considered as ga ro-columa connacons They ae use ih ie Slender stctures where stiffness reqiremens cond the desi, seers re ec spies. shoul ‘Seid conto fill between te he two cages. Init simple conection ae sone ere of mtn ests a op em ‘Sper some dpe oft Sefrmato ss sen ‘So aon Maley 199), Jn oder to take io account the flonase trode by these coneston thy have ob ee hry Te snp te of aay blero seinar moment ruton ances = ‘classifications proposed by Bjorhovde and the Frye-Nest® ‘del ae sven inthe code, and dnc in Son 5° (Frye & Mortis 1975 und Bjorhovde et al, 1990). Howe the dict f eating and exis = often nd analysis the anes whch oy = ever purge computer grams tae pies ‘he atonal resin at he ene of the bane of semi connection sor considered patie =" ‘ffeet is also not considered in the plastic design methodci angles ith web angle Scamider these connect ms is mst aa ange. eh ne i motes om the ace sare her minut tending meee Are Hweer bena sym mh te anced tae Spine mone the ams Hever ne aa a come ri na ptm na et ames my conte Henge. an econo ring s)tem RE lye achesod by tani te ing dei wih aati the ae DcY dhese bles he eh ins ae eaten pace imple conmetisy ‘nly and we in famey which ae aed in fmes which ae ced atl. Refer (Capt forthe deh of analyse fae wih sem "id ois. Once te end moments and sa Hh ak {fom sich an analyte connects cou Be desis ‘taser thse mam an shea. 6.543 er dag tteams wh acl ens cron: 517 FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR "8 peated cyte a the elements of tre "Pec tion and growth ofeach, bh ge ech Hosen sol be pte ot Fewer ae uly tied om 12. erratic oct er the ol kes “12 mums the eet of ares concentration 1 “Set uc HS ly ste ofthe mma blk ls TSM ely wy be subjected fatigue Tos. Ober ‘ered ape esd sin rope SDS “lates iceman sana of oe) di okay yma las we connec te The we of HEE ode hee pose aes tora tomer be ene seas tk ‘Sat atin wory ngs ore se by tengo se bt done plas er ip thang pens at ne Scie! Soe oe {ago hs aca coms wing a procul wodr nae Shaan srt ech et pnt rl Sheer sar cout wig tick tones hkinemsom nlsEXAMPLES. Exwunts S32 Deuign 4 lap as shen in Fig. $44 10 2 10 ORR using MI ts of pad Join berween 60 plates si 2 acto oad of feand grade 10 plates ‘Nominal dame ofthe ld Since the pple snk, jt sumed tae shear ihe threaded pton and hence =0- Resin capaci o Te inner ale = 2 Sufi = (25 #049 A102) 16% 1 {in smaller oF 300 18), 403 18) ~025, 400410. 10 Hence, 4, = 0.8, Bolt value= 294 Required numberof bol Desuling Minimom pitch =? d= 40mm Minimum edge dance = 29mm (apex Tble-$)_ Provide thee bots x sown in Fig. 34 715 07 A= 3 bats on ooo} xaurtr $2: Design ahange las show in Fig. 45 Pte Tacned ba OF SODRN. Use an end pate ize sgn tb nd sppopente thickness, M24 HSE Faye nan Fe Austex end pt, ~ 250M), Is iG. 545 Sous So em file weld between the ang a ett ind an end distance of 4mm, dtance fem cape the oto the toe of he let Wel, 1.20250") - 10-840. oeminimnum tikes esi M=Ty2=| an do = AR RRRIDY HOH] = 24280, Sam ‘tp 1 Chak or ving forces See eee th come ine ofthe Do th poi wee eae nant minus pe dares rm) UBT, x25 (@RSOOTID » 5 [Note proof stress of the 824 bolt = 0:7 800 = S60 Pa Hence opt b=40mm ying force = Ml, = $025/40 = 125.68N Bolt loud = 300/2 + 125.6 =2764N “Tension capacity of MDA bot = D9/Al.25 95 ROD > 353/125 = 203 3N-< 27668 Hence the joint is unsafe, “To reduce prying force and hence bites thicker plate Assuming 2 40-mam thik plate 1403807350) Hence, use mm ‘= 40mm (edge distance) Mlowable prying force %67-S3.3%40= T918Nmshown in Fig SAT. Te tts fmm gist and 180 ing the vale in earng 38 ‘Buowur $3:_ Design a pin fr the tension tink shown ia 546. Use plates of grade Fe 410 (= 250M, ALE aes Fe.sa7 Fo.sas From Table 9, 5 Stength in double shear for 16-mm diameter 46 grade bois ance 224.29 SHAN P’=2503 120320 10 = 6008 P2600 = 1200KN fur ening mie = PUA = 120040 +1014 sent a = 180In4m anaes #1204926) 16 a00/1.25 tn = 75.208 Tw, Sth fe Reed wn There = S14kN ols = 150514 2.02 shown in Fig, 5.47. 8 mm thick tank areFo. 5a Sout ‘Suet of a 20-mm-diameter bolt 45.3 1094p 22)26% 41091128 1000) 56.625 «10!» 2214)p-2) en ‘Srength of two bolts (Table 59) =2. 45.3 = 5064 ‘Therefore, som ‘ren ofthe jit =906KN (salle of 844558 ross sength ofthe pate = (0.9 1008 4101357 1008) = 2364N ciency = (60.6236) x 100 = 38.4% w= 40.9% k e diameter sighly 8B when 2 re, d= 6 Fa. 549 8 20.mmdismetr bl in dou[llesieel ways, weed de sooeaseeae{ arene = Ta9H0 N= 73.044N Design shear suength ‘Design shear suena Soar tes |= BR7.25KN> 700KN hai faa i Step 2: Srenguh of bt tet minimum o 34) p34) ~025. fall 10 he minima of 413% 18), 6803 18)~028, So Dos 078% 16% 10% 61 ‘ore hehe fhe thine pate wl ove thbearing steagt TBevgn strength of bolt in bering = 1 2 ph on == Scania tcemti <0 oo SONA 72524N>700AN he applied al of 100.Haws S18: Design coon ot shown in Fig 586.0 MT lc a {and pe 40 act Asse a ge ey are apa ressing he Tas HEN vou $14: An ISM comnts cole by we cleats witha single ow ot the eatin SSOKN an there ate four 2mm Fs thu {he we avin Fig. 3.88 chec the etn aye for ‘ost shea aioe, . so} $45 Sow STE e |e ow i 3 | 4s 0 3 | ds iene A ee Step 1: Block shear capaci anal PERS pea ereea es Pies: Tas" ANDX129 4A Mgt seus Design strength ofthe web = 250 Nin! a Pat or web thickness = [2m » Net length of shear Fae =(3% 5075) A.2 F085 [Netlength of ean fse = 60-08 229m 2350475) = 27am? 2 R= 17760? 120 Assume Rm thick gust The get son baten th ales anne ts ibd Far fmm dams pp it or Srongthin dele tear = 2005 = SN“ wrasse “ Seen ang = 2.50.9 x 109x808 Tact 2Ss Lear aHOxsw¥L asym HAD=STAIN Smmmetinmee Strength of ol Ba for 200KN Tins = 109 AIO 77S 1.28) 2507 AYUAD els) wie aint Hols fr ISOKN = St = 29 tel) Therefore, kN ia * Seas a = 38 hes de68 thence * Provide seven sc dinanee 2 16 32,549 35mm Avaing 15057531 angle soa) 8 iets WAND = 230° 120 138S6myy Ne Leth sie = 09% 18SEC CERIN boas owe he cmstion sae. Noe tat te conection Hess siechecked for lock shear filueas shown in Example SHEAH of bolt= 45 34N sot ted alam estes Reged mtr t= 0453 ‘alee of shear face = (3 40-+35)—35% 18 92mm Pde four MOO bos ‘Neclenth of tension face = (60~35)—0.5 x 18 = rgumm SHED I: Seating angle nes inbearng is sed Since bllinate 1.25% 1000) sil ress is 400 MPa compared oth plas soar "hs lower vale is wen the clean, er ‘Wid of NB 300 = 140mm “nn . Hence, 00" Length sngle= 140m Lent ot ern ered aot ine of bea AQ=6%25= 150mm? = Slt S " O07 2501.1) = 57.18 2 16=96m0* Asome end clearance of bem fon ae of colin 02250103 x 11) +09 410 «96/1 25y1000 = Seman leans of Som re Mae Ree enh of evsng eg «57.18 + 10 = 6748 ma < 75min ces te eg asd. Leng of ering onset yo 3715-40) Tyee 410 552103 x 1.25) +280 Isor.iyio00 = Ligeyofvesing on lat = by = maw For 180375 12 angle, date fom he end of eating ‘ncleato tangle fying 332 Tm ’ yes 8—uerpoteae Thus ioc cts sme Anatol dnt oe bsg gh Sone sma ape par ayaceeene eas ne , vewcen LO nO GOES ee Fawn i Daim age osson wen ab NEM Mowdadimmse aoteneaumatan Noman = 132 ‘Fito Stabelet pepe cee tke “12 O16 KN 42 KN “i ga eel, = 250MPa}. See Fig. 557 poison 542K ‘Thercfore provide 190% 78129 seating angle reel Shearcaptity of he outstanding lx of let 10 12 28013 110% 1000) 128.174 > 2000. es the connection is safe. Adopt the structural details soni Fi 3 360), 100K 6-Home mint 110 sex ip sngiesox cos gS enc. th shes espa seule, ee am Paik i ee + Hence, web does aot need any sifcner at suppor. Hence, provide a seating angle of 150 78% 12mm 7 a with Tour N20 basal provide top lip angle 60 oof fptienet eee woo 6 with Four MS fe rade 4.6 a sho Opens r9t2- orm eee: sy shown in Fig. 5.38 Wiha veri ry sx Boks . is ion Hm i centre line of Beam yy sours 617 on nc aml comets SUAS Te foram SMB 400 beam. teary asain of T40KN GH oe previ factored loads, The connections tothe ange of 361" ag ie anak SSC 200 in grade Fe 410stel (see Fg. 5.58) he Beam webs “a eat force of Bolt due 10 money Hcizontal shea Bolt de 19 mney, ccceatsciy = MEET ayy x 54.45 752% 752) SATAN the corre of FESS HN 59 then : Soueros For ISMB 400, 0, = Hmm, 9, = 89m using MEU HSFE bolts of grade 88 ‘Sear capacity of M20 bolt in sage shear from Table ‘Akermativel. eo dhe tp cleat SL 2.6KN a atone ora nh ine SMBH ane =1400) S448 400 = 8.9mm) ae ALKN ‘Strength of th eet 2. ihr ta S08 a Using web cleats of ISA 90908, witha gauge distance Rian seat fies it 8504 50+ 89 = 1089 caps, Hence the connection iste Use ourMaDtoke witha vert pho Tmmasshown Step 2: Clea ane , in Fig. 5.58. Asuming te steartoacingon the face ofthe Take wo angles TSA 90 « 908 of length 29m, Cy Column, doc wth cen. some rz see FC ng at tit of omrecton 0 cok fh Sil bean one Se hore stearate pepng manent = HOV2 445-8115 Ni ‘oven Moments) = 50mm ; a i 1242300{ 5.2%") gy WomAnox-8 a 7 $ nemo’ |) Pope = 33,640Nim>811.5No Hee chosen cleat angle size is adequate Step 3 Chek or shear strength of lea eam re.230 Loca har rogth of ae — Horizontal shear force on bolt due 10 moment Jue 10 ys csceniity STAN > MOAN, Hence itis safe to ery the shea ave De Vertical shea face pe bolt = 104 Resultant shear force = YS" +30") = 46KN < S2.6kN Hence, te connections sil “snnecton to olen lange a ‘Renin = 08, sip resistance per bolt ato re Mt x eas x0. x OOV(L2SX 1000) =5264N SHEP H Bote conection to col Assume thethicknes ofthe end plate 6" rng estnge 0 et eb erer ‘Sheir capacity of M20 bolt in single shee Pete 0.3 8 x 20%-AON125 100) = 68.68 ern Bearing capacity of bot on 6 end 28% 05x 20563 410) 1,28 1000 —_-ong of elt AS ARN rast auras of bolts ~ WMS 32 cs 509 Ro far MO Pots of grade 6 dil i sen : fet ae 81+ 2545 = 150 mum erga 11S M6 180m Trpa ts 15056 endplate Pare amy ‘caning ite welded (sce Chapter 6) Soft weld = C405 12 1385 158)23.21 pre 0 et wel, Sorts th Web of the eam athe ed ple {1s 189% 150) = 1OLO MPa 250 e105 12M Hens, he conection i se sup Check or shear strength of end ple LA, 250x636 ser sregth of endplate = 2% __ 250636 9 Wa” Visas) 18,100 Nm ence ae. Efetve lg of 6mm filet weld = 300 — 2 x 288mm a Ment sea dof weld monet be =(18100x (2 286) =06554Nho = Nena ers ao) 02055 ; rs nmol se fe Sty (Oven fs» ache -owo7 ° 0.6% 100.7 =8.57 Bip | fives uses wlt wih an eng of L082 ‘An end rane of 20m i provided so thatthe let weld will hae ample clearance (0 Fig 50). ‘Shear ea of web side plate =f A/0.1>¢ V3) v= fey 34) 10800 322) = 7340 “Ths shea eapeity = 250 2840.1 V5) = 307RN > 1k Hence he shar eapsiys aot Rich et 182) hve found from experiments that ome ‘escercty Is ceveloped at the connection and should be ecru Frnt signe pate welds andi suppt “Tey suggested at fr beams with unfoely dnt hn theese nll be ealeulted by sing the formal E=ahli38i) where is the centri mas rom he bot in The pot of neta in the beam (ce Fig. 5) is the pur of bos se is th eight of the bl pater, Ihe lengthof thebeats the depth ofthe beam. The txt teas ve soe a i Fla ti or bt pic upSere Fo 500 1p 150mm forconcentated loads the eccentricity events re aaah im Richard et al (1980) or maybe ake rom the Point of infection ofthe Bending moment (BM dig) Assuming spa of beam = 6m B= (3x 200 x 60011384 x 00) Hence the moment ating on the weld ine = 140123.44 +60) = 11.682 Nm < 18.100 Nn assumed in the aeulatons) Hence safe 2atom Exuurte $20; Design 2 bold web clea {comecton for an ISM 600 and two coped Beams Gt size ISMB 400 GOOKN section due to factored Trad and ISMBB 250(75KN ection dt ftored Tos using grade 88 ols of 20mm diameter ce Fig, 5601 Soncnos: For M20 grade 88 bots: “Shea capacity in single soar = 248 x S003 x 1.25 1000) = 90.5KN ‘Shear capacity in double Shear =290.5= 1811 Step 1 ef and side Beam 1SMB 400 ‘ Web thickness = 89m Bearing capacity of bo aginst the web: with h M6 23.5016: 20 89 «4101.25 « 1000) = 87.68N “Ty fivebolsat6Ommspcingands0smmedyedisanc, gional sea aceon bit det eccentciy (585 400,83) “yn 2 5 120 12020 15 = 50k sou perboll ear force = G30" +60") = 820m Ly ‘onnecton is al Venlo one ewlant capac Hence the Sep? bof sanporting beam Se cimection eb of epprinsb Sep Ct I98 m0 90% 88 sn c= 25707204 wifes 72S a uy of 7872KN goes te at. 0 columns at 2 HOizOl gg hol Onmle este hn Same et wh nce Sa fra pests 25mm se epee tea at abel shear force on botom Bot Ae mon Sigg cd 8120-89) 255H1205" 65% 11856 2504S “a shar oe er oll = 30018 = 3748 peutan shear fre = \G7S +2569") = 48460 soley Hence connection ok (eran 90190 angeles. 320mm ong. ‘Shear strength of cleats = fy / (V3>%1.1) = 2x 280 1820-5 22) 8(311) 280% 90-8- scorns | | aes see se ces eee mt: — eH) | le Nee (eam on8 de em os 21247 3022S) 2424S feo prt 7573 2545 oo VEE 25 = a8 = pot SS in mt eee aa ns5020- 69) 11SYBAS? +652 1155) = 14 Metisse pe bl = 75 = 125kN tan sear force perbalt= 13 + 1259) = Hs tein debe sear Hence te conmetion ae {set 9097 angle leat I mm ons ‘Sear roth late = 2 280 [180 3 22) Wn BORN > TSAN, Sep eo supporting beam (ht fo combined oa for left and right hand beam, Beaiag apy om 2mm wh = 25 2 05 «20 12 0.28 190) IeaRN Tol hervantal shear force de to mment due 0 cst fom hid 8) = 12809 115285) +138 =25.384N ‘eal veal shear free = 37.5 + 12.5=504N own shea free = (50% $25.38") = S61KN < ening capaci He teconnecton fs Step Lf hand bow tec ofthe ate, depth of seston = 400 26 = 378mm ‘Ste capacity = (97489) x 25011 X10) sag f2OKN > heroes = DEN 97: Sher capt sgh ol holes eck sear capacity BS9 tym 154 + 4 60) +(09%$101125) 289x150 222))1000 = 45 BAN oo IMO AHO LE x Lasyk 9 x(S8 +4 x64 S038 9 2501, 1D)/ 1000 = 99692KN Shear he UMHS ear capac, Hence the Sep: is hands beum Ath th Shear capacity = (224) 1 69 1250/43 yt 7 100) BIR MOLN> ew foe lk shear capil cb BOIS 21) 2 69 7 654 = 2 50) 09 > $1035.79 (50-222) 1000 = 218863 09 7 A1M3 1.28) 69 7154 = 27 S0=25 7 22) 50 «039 250 VIGO = 19463 RN Tym EASE Sheu force = 75k «Shere ence the conacion is sae sk Exquris 521: Design soled splice for an ISM 300 ‘ecient rasta factored ending moment of 120N tnd faced srr of HRN, Aurea te Henge spice aries al the moment nd that he meh splice cue oly the wear ce Fi 56, Sone: Fr ISM 200, = 1600 Step 1: Fone ce Fein the ans = BMD — p= BI25KN 259mm 120 « 104400 — 16)= ieee pe eee 00 mm ong) | i Assuming M2D sade 8.8 HSFG bot, Slip resistance pe ol fom Table §,11)=52.64N Being resume on funge = 28 08 20° 16% 440 (1.25 1000)=13126N ol sake =52.54N ‘Use thee 05 af 0 bol at pitch of tm, Netarea fang = (140-223) 16 13862 linge caacts = (2901.1) 133 1000= OLN fonse = 31284 Tee the comection is sae Use a Hs wide pie psc langesire hicks of ple = NS = WYSE Use two fang ype pts of ze 40% 1 100 step 2 te May nists tinge Sin double SHE ces anne per bon (io Tbe S11) = 2% 520 ee cont sides the Tey mm thick wesc it $101.25 eating esistnce por alt= 251082 (aN) “SKN ol sale =65 64, Tr tno tit ta srl pitch of SOs and 0mm FN Hanomal shear fore ow bolt doe to moment (IE 1 040 112808 = 20KN =256748 +2) Vertical sar fre perl Resultant shear force = (2667 naan < esi Tse ono neh splice plates of size splice dis re shown in Fig. 2 Design a boled coer plate splice for an ISH a5 can connected to a ISHB 238. tans tated anal Had of S0KN, oth cols eof sade Tag, The ead arent maine or fal ont in 240 160 <8, The ysointy £22: Fea ering (se Fig $63. asm =$-1mm. and f= 6.5 9.1) x6S= 13812 \o2kN Praron fad cards web = 450% 134.2510 Tie wo M20 HSEG bitsin double bea ‘hear fom Table Slip eiance in double shear essing resance (assuming fy = 08) 65 A128» 1000) = 64K, ol sae = 61K Shea free pr bult= 102 Prods ance distance of 4S. and provide to 150% sh 74 wer pice Step 2: Flange slice Paton of al cared by cach Mange 169 9k Tor our M20 HISEG bois of pale 88 i 180 rows ia 25%06%20% 450 - 10.292 single shear. Tol slip resistance aunsan Nes 181-69, fa — 6.562 Assuming ky = 05 asepearng resistance = 4% 2.5 x05 20391 x4 (4.251000) 98.5KN “oul bolt strength = 210,4KN > 168.9KN ee the connection ssf Pronidean edge distance of 45mm and a veri of am, Provide 25-mnm wide splice pate “Thcaness of ange splice pate = 16.9 (205-222) 2s» 413mm However provide 10-m thik ange plate hikes sv be ea tothe flange thickness ofthe cola. ‘dog two splice pate of size 270 x 2 designe splice detail are shown in Fig. 563 Exwste 52% Check the ability of dhe olen illasrated in Fig, 5.64 to transfer combination o following: compression of 400KN, moment of {OST and shear of 20KN. Assume tat the splices Ss tinct bearing and that M20 bls are used. T= 9 410 atthe Boks ar grade 88 Sora: aun? “The bering momen i ansumed to he cai HY ad1SH0 225, j eH 32 norte 19» 1010p FG. 86 “ef inthe cover plate =# 4002 + 10010205 (4.441 and 244.44 depts coer plate of width = 225mm fusion wll tke place about an axis ear the ower ee fie ng ofthe upper column section (Matin & Prk 1%. Tikes of the Range plate, frm the moment of focevabut tbe aus of ation assuming the width of oer e235) Ty=(M = ADL, 24) 5D 100 10" + 400 x 40? 28225 ~ 2 x 22) x = 15.671 Pride 1. hick pate onber of M20 bos slipresitance Vy foram MEO olt= S26RNsper Table 5.11) tnd Commas 286 IM DAMP) ou + 40102252) 152.6 10225) 2 ences se Fu in tw ou with veri pith of 6m sian edge distance of mn, Use lange plate of ie 70 4225 6mm. Whe the eto he clam are machined andi conta the orm sear fore on he coma wil be messed bythe fet fre, npr of hol, athe poi oma a the ais of rion, may be assumed ht the machined surfaces wil ave 20115. Tha, Fictional esiance = MD, + 2) 0.1510 101225 +4007) 966TRN > 204% (applied see) ‘Thetfore, dhooeclly an shear conection is required However. in practice a web plate vith nominal bots is generally provid. Provide w wh pate of ize 160 10 mm wih wo ols of M20 on ier side fhe spi. se F564 forthe dif the splice onnetion) Exowme $24 Calculate the sreagh of the spice shown in Fig. 65 with pect to sea and ome All the ols ar 20 diameter HS al, Seuss: Step I: Moment connection Phang spice pas and ols esis moment. Slip esance of M20 grade 8.8 HSFG ol Table $.11) 22048 Moment of esitanee 2903Nn ‘Step 2 Ser conection Web splice resist al she, sy FAN Bok guy 10 526 x $50 10-8 = [ooo 200 Re ‘omnten 588) Jn) Ne coe peDesde k WES gran EAN SHSPPS _gugg9 FAN ole to ae, kein Re Ont aN O11 640701210 Fay Paquin othe ol Tae, 12341 = 52, huss sear sexinte F224, 78AN ‘SUMMARY Peet commons st dts sh seam cfuma sl casos errs hse Ben ye of US Stat a hse bers wl ate Wo es heap Teees Ric tia. weled commotion te momaly sed in et srt Os ofthese, he ted utmost come able dW he ins contr wie alg thse vont. Hews th hap th vt it a lighcing mutha ave Bon dst, Te sig psn or ‘ic nd SFG tls were psc ls wt pin mnt, ‘hich ae my waa! ion moe Ther pe imps comets Have sch Cm along a nhs Doct hare psibleconsconcan sho pv ra far than o comple sien pede: Sean eon hl to explain the comps pagan funn tl connects ae dscved fr Ch Carina ypeso spe mcd conection a dion Met te I MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS Accoing 101880, on common ii jis ae sowie (a) isd le) seminigd (0) pine ta) ater $2 Rivetsate no longs ned inl anton stn (a) they aed pre-hoing (by they rau ager te (6) ofthe ih veto mise mood 5.3m propery ess 68 of ts the ahs 6 nite imate tose ste of a ied ates (00MM oma (6) OM 80M 1a) mane of tse 5.4 Theat often tah minal sank of he nea Blt ton 1367 a caro woons 090 (ah oss 5 Hotdipgvanizing should be cata comierod in (a) clawed bole (e) cas I bots (by cls ols (Gh case 12.9 bate 6 Using uo he-nut iheing og he ei ina rik tion we ad 1a) Var ofthent orb enh <= dimes) (6) 2 tum of the ofr ength > 8d (a) ome of se 57 Advantages fb ole (a1 ese woke oor and simple ols ©) connection able 4 Support Hak as sa fly ne Uighenod| alloitose ‘o) 0M / 4808 5 Advumages of HSA hs ae (a) they ae cheaper han ck as {hy det allow any ip bese ome denen te} sable inconmton ject ane (ay tone of tse 5 The diameter fb ale ean ess dam by abt (a) LSto2mm (1 Hone {t) 200S0m (350m 5.10 The mini pick alowed in thee (a) 1Sxdiameer of bof) Scams (by 25 diame of bot dh 27 eden 511 Themaximumiongudapitchatlowsbsoesse (@) Totnes of plato 20 (6) 2k of plat oe 20 (©) 12am of bol ore (@) ox diame of bl oF 5112 The maxima tng ph lowed in ember ie (a) 16x thickness of plate 200 (by thik ow of plo 10m (6) 12m of blo ISD (a) Noam of lo 2004 . 12 The minnie dance nas wih el spout . (a) L85¢hoke diamser oy 17 ete (0) 2 bole diameter (an ta bt 5.1 bolted eaeion may i by (shear ire ofl or comes pt (6) beating fait roast (6) tener of lk or coms te (4) ae oF heePe BES aiay ui ig mat i hy 125 mein © 25 tedn 9 coy eden hee caaciny HSE eS OO Yo) amp anias 530 Wiimote rp an etane Sn 1 sg pin Between Sea “410pates. de ceri thichoes. two MO HSE te nd et SSK ES Tes aene Se ess ee See iam ane of plate as 410MPa, essere re Denig se Stes crema ae Sea a ee ce ee sign the joint wo transmit feats of 300KN. Assume «camara cai Dec aay fe seein. 9 8 wea Ase hte weg tcf anesthe “ira Ss tn ee Sh thn exc sui he of IG ‘Me HSE 8s sae te in clean b> ano ‘teen thn recon 92a {fend bt hhh veh ck 512 Desens comin oft punt ss Ne ng CAA me a ie mn sws.te0 3 & 51 Deon a et at omen een 88250 ‘w= nha ee Fe 57 the ransenca e SON TMNT SE SUL Cor mes rp ped