7.

3 The Piezo-electric Transducer 137

to to to to
U J4 t
b
P

T T T T
a b c d

Fig. 7.19. Excitation of a reflection-free terminated oscillator by square wave voltages of dif-
ferent duration relative to the transit time in the oscillator. Pulse duration to transit time T. a
to < T; b to = T; c to> T; d to:> T (thin transducer plate)

very low sound pressure remains because two opposing half waves must be added at
only a slight relative time lag.
In the case of excitation by several consecutive pulse voltages it is merely neces-
sary to obtain the result for a single pulse and to add similar results, shifted accord-
ing to the time lag of the pulses, respectively. In this way the sound wave corre-
sponding to a given train of sinusoidal waves can be plotted on the basis of the
result of a sinusoidal half wave and one can thus .determine the build-up and decay
proccesses also in the absence of resonance. In practice this is done by calculation or
graphically.
As far as the receiver is concerned, the following rule applies (Fig. 7.20):

t
Q..

d L -_ _ _ _ ~~----~~-----L--++~------~-
t-

Fig. 7.20. Reception of a square wave by a piezo-electric plate matched on both sides. Receiv-
ing voltage U as a function of time for waves of different length. a Pulse duration to < delay T;
b to = T; c to > T; d to:> T (thin receiver)