Architecture, Analysis and Design of Skyscraper

Architecture, Analysis &
Design of Skyscraper
Under the esteemed guidance of
Mr. Botsa Srinivasa Rao
M. Tech, Structural Engineering, IIT Guwahati
Lecturer, RGUKT – Nuzvid
By
N091918 – M Venu
N100246 – K N S Varsha
N100505 – M Ravi Teja
N100603 – Ch Chandra Kala
N100654 – J L Harika
(Civil Engineering, Batch 2016)
Contents
o Introduction o Design
o Software o Results
o Structural Systems o Conclusion
o Planning o Future scope
o Architecture o References
o Loads
o Shear wall
o Modelling
o Analysis
25-Apr-16 B. Tech Project - RGUKT Nuzvid 2

Introduction
• Scarcity of land
• Leaping demand for business and residential space
• Thriving economies and booming populations
• Broad casting and research facilities
• Advancements and innovations in structural systems
• Desire for aesthetics
• Tallness of building is more often relative
• Skyscrapers are in general a height greater than 150m

Introduction (Contd.)
• ‘skyscraper’ was coined in 1880s
• Steel has made it all possible
• 1st ever tall building
• Home Insurance Building in Chicago
• Height - 42 m.
• Greater than 150 m as per CTBUH
• Super tall (>300 m)
• Mega tall (>600 m)
• Greater than 15 m as per NBC
• Greater than 21 m as per US General Laws

Softwares
• ETABS (Extended Three dimensional Analysis of Building
Structures) – Computers and Structure Inc.
• Revit Architecture - Autodesk
• AutoCAD – Autodesk
• Pile - Oasys
• MS Excel - Microsoft

Components of tall buildings
• Floor systems
• Gravity load resisting systems
• Lateral load resisting systems
• Connections
• Damping systems

Structural systems
• Knowing the skeleton
Fig.1 Evolution of Structural Systems

Structural systems (Contd.)
• Knowing the interlinks
Fig.2 Classification of Structural Systems

• Moment resisting frames
• Shear frames
• Frame with shear resisting trusses – Interacting
• End channel framed tube with interior trusses – Partial tube
• Exterior framed tube or bundled tube
• Exterior diagonalized tube
Fig.3 Framed tube

 Preferred structural system

• Tube in Tube (Hull and Core)
• Similar to Hollow Cantilever beam
• More column free space
• Lateral stiffness by the perimeter frame
• Maximum bending rigidity Fig.4 Unfolded plane frame
• Flange frames normal to the wind carry axial loads

• Web frames parallel to the wind carry shear

Planning
Fig.5 Proposed layout of the skyscraper
• Core covers 25% of the total built up area

• Built up area: 13, 600 sq. m
• Core : 3,400 sq. m

Planning (Contd.)
Fig.6 Scaled layout – Tube in tube
• Built up area : 936 sq. m

• Core area: 234 sq. m
• Minimum built up area: 800 sq. m

Planning (Contd.)
Fig.7 Total layout of the skyscraper
• Flange planes – overturning moment

• Web planes – lateral shear force

Planning (Contd.)
Kitchen
Child Bed rooms Child Bed rooms
Dining
M Bed room M Bed room
Core with elevators

M Bed room
M Bed room
Dining
Child Bed rooms Child Bed rooms
Kitchen
Fig.8 Floor plan of the residential stories

Planning (Contd.)
Working cabins
Head
Manager 1 Manager 2 Conference room
Fig.9 Floor plans for the office floors

Planning (Contd.)
Terrace area
Restaurant
Restaurant
Elevators Elevators
Spine
Fig.10 Floor plans for the restaurant

Architecture
• Overall shape – based upon drag coefficient

• Vertex of the triangle facing the wind
• Two vertices resisting earthquake
• Opening reduces the wind forces
• Central spine for the stiffening
• 320 mm φ hollow circular steel – spine
• 12 elevators
• Higher weightage for dead load Fig.11 Architectural view

Architecture (Contd.)
• Visible opening in the neglected wind direction
Fig.12 Front view of the skyscraper

Fig.13 Front perspective
• Front yard and rear yards – 10 m. each

• Side yard – 6 m
• Total plot area: 2674 sq. m

• Front door – 1.5 m each
Fig.14 Entrance through revolving doors

Fig.15 Bed room

• Bed room – 23. 88 sq. m
• Minimum – 12 sq. m

Fig.16 Conference room

• Area: 130. 81 sq. m
Fig.17 Sky line view
• Terrace area: 695 sq. m

Fig.18 Inner view of restaurant

• Area of each restaurant: 82.50 sq. m
Fig.19 Perspective view

• Analogous to isometric view
Loads
• Dead load
• Live load
• Earthquake load
• Wind load (Arrow indicates the direction of wind)
𝐶𝑑 = 1.2 𝐶𝑑 = 1.4
𝐶𝑑 = 2.0 𝐶𝑑 = 2.2
𝐶𝑑 = 2.2 𝐶𝑑 = 1.5
Fig.20 Drag coefficients for different shapes

Loads (Contd.)
• Seismic zone – III
• Critical wind and MCE will not occur simultaneously
• Considering equivalent static design base shear
Table.1 Wind data for the skyscraper
S. No Parameter Magnitude/Description
1. Basic Wind speed (Vb) 50 m/sec
2. Terrain Category 4
3. Class of the structure C
Numerous large high closely
4. Topography
spaced obstructions
5. Life of the structure(N) 100 yrs.
6. Wind zone 5
Shear wall
Fig.21 Models – 1,2,3,4

Shear wall (Contd.)
Fig. 22 Model - 5

Shear wall (Contd.)
Joint displacements for gravity loading

7
5
Storey No
4 without shear wall

Shear wall at Core
3 Shear wall at edges
2 Shear wall at Corners
At core without beams
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Joint displacement (mm)
Fig.23 Maximum Joint displacements under gravity loading

Shear wall (Contd.)
Lateral load onto the floors
0 100 200 300 400 500
Story 6
Story 5
Story 4
Story 3
Story 2
Story 1
Base
Lateral load(kN)
Fig. 24 Applied Lateral loading the joints of floors

Shear wall (Contd.)
With Lateral loading

7
6
5
Storey No
4
3
2
1
0
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240 255
Displacement(mm)
Fig.25 Maximum Joint displacements under Gravity loading + Lateral loading

Shear wall (Contd.)
Efficiency of the models
With Gravity loading alone,
Model 5 = Model 2 > Model 4 = Model 3 > Model 1
With Gravity loading + Lateral loading

Model 5 ≈ Model 2 > Model 4 > Model 3 > Model 1

Modelling
• Grid based modelling of the structure
• Columns for the hull
• Connecting through beams
• Core with Shear Walls
• Replicate up to 50 stories
• Defining material and section properties
• Assigning material and section properties
• Defining load cases, patterns and combinations
• Applying the loads
• Setting load cases to run, analysis and design

Modelling (Contd.)
Fig.26 Grid and Columns for the hull
Fig.27 3 D view of story 1

Modelling (Contd.)
• Step-by-step models for resisting the loads
Fig.28 Evolution of the modelling

Analysis (Contd.)
Fig.29 Auto lateral loads due to (a) EQx ,(b) WLx

• More the weight of floor, more it contributes to lateral load.

Analysis
• 40 columns and 300 beams
• In the columns
• Critical combination – 1.5(DL+FFL+EQy)
• Max. axial force (P) = 86,769.8 kN; Column in Story 1
• Max. moment (M2) = 5717.6 kN – m; Column in story 8
• In the beams
• Critical combination – 1.5(DL+FFL-EQx)
• Beam beside the core in story 15
• Max. V2 = 2595.34 kN
• Max. M3 = 6265.50 kN-m

Analysis (Contd.)
Fig.30 Drifts for diaphragm (a) without outriggers ,(b) with outriggers
• Outrigger truss – W 40 X 593 of Fe 415

• Location: Every one – third height

Analysis (Contd.)
Fig.31 Displacements
• Maximum sway: 1 in 357

• Range: 1 in 800 - 1 in 200
Analysis (Contd.)
• Maximum story drift – 0.4 % (IS 1893, part 1: 2002)
• Obtained story drift – 0.28 %
Fig.32 Auto lateral loads due to EQy

Analysis (Contd.)
Fig.33 Story shears and overturning moment

• Base shear force – 93, 000 kN
• Overturning moment (x) – 46 X 106 kN-m
• Overturning moment (y) – 65 X 106 kN-m
Analysis (Contd.)
• Modal analysis – deflected shape and direction
• 12 modes – may vary based on time period
• Arbitrary scaling
• Period of vibration decreases with increase in mode number
Fig.34 All the mode shapes

Analysis (Contd.)
• Static excitation and non – linear response
• Displacement control
Fig.35 Non-linear static analysis- (a) Hinge formation,(b) static pushover curve
Design
• Beam design – IS 456: 2000
Fig.36 Location of critical beams
• Reinforcement – 1.99 %
Design (Contd.)
• Composite column design
• Embedded I section: W 40 X 593
Fig.37 Beam cross-section Fig.38 Colum cross-section

1000mm X 1000mm 1500mm X 1500mm
• 50 mm φ longitudinal rebars
• Symmetry reduces crookedness
• Torsional moment – 0.0094 kN – m (negligible for design)
Design (Contd.)
• Composite column design
Fig.39 Column capacity ratios

• Code: AISC 360 -10
Design of pile
• Max. vertical load from an isolated column = 86,770 kN
Depth (m)
Fig.40 (a) Soil profile, (b) Design in Oasys Pile

• Safety factor – 2.5

Conclusions
• Architectural views are drawn
• Reduction in torsional moment because of symmetry
• Lateral sway is 44% less compared with the existing ones
• Lateral drift is 0.28% only
• Drift is 86% lesser compared to that of threat to human safety
• Comprehensive Linear static analysis
• Composite Columns are designed
• Isolated pile is designed
• Tube-in-tube system is well appreciated

Future scope
• Increase in base dimension and height of skyscraper
• Employing work station for further analyses
• Non-linear Static analysis by hinge formation
• Non-linear Dynamic analysis for real time response
• Max. displacement during the disasters can be identified
• Design of pile cap over the piles and/or spun piles

References
• Aainawala M. S, Dr. Pajgade P. S (2014), “Design of Multistoried R.C.C. Buildings with
and without Shear Walls”, International Journal of Engineering Sciences and Research
Technology, ISSN 2277-9655, Vol.3 (7).
• Taranath B. S (1988), “Structural Analysis and Design of Tall Buildings”, McGraw – Hill
Publishing Company Ltd., ISBN 0-07-062878-5.
• Ali M, Moon K. S (2007), “Structural Developments in Tall Buildings: Current Trends
and Future Prospects”, Architectural Science Review, Vol. 50.3, pp. 2015-223.
• Wagh S.A, Waghe U. P (2014), “Comparative Study of R.C.C and Steel Concrete
Composite Structures”, Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, Vol.4,
Issue 4, pp.369-376.
• David Spires, Arora J.S (1990), “Optimal Design of Tall RC-Framed Tube Buildings”,
Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 116, No.4.
• Aminmansour A (2010), “Integrated Design and Construction of Tall Buildings”, Journal
of Architectural Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 53.
• Alaghmandan M, Elnimeiri M (2013), “Reducing impact of wind on tall buildings through
design and aerodynamic modifications”, ASCE, pp. 847 -856.
• Chang P.C, Foutch D. A (1984), “Static and dynamic modeling and analysis of tube
frames”, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, Vol.110, No.12, pp.2955-2975.
• Baker W. F et al. (2009),”The Challenges in Designing the World’s Tallest Structure: The
Burj Dubai Tower”, Structures Congress, ASCE, pp. 1471-1480.


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Architecture, Analysis &

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Fig.1 Evolution of Structural Systems

Fig.2 Classification of Structural Systems

Fig.3 Framed tube

 Preferred structural system

• Flange frames normal to the wind carry axial loads

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Fig.5 Proposed layout of the skyscraper

• Core covers 25% of the total built up area

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Fig.6 Scaled layout – Tube in tube

• Built up area : 936 sq. m

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Fig.7 Total layout of the skyscraper

• Flange planes – overturning moment

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Child Bed rooms Child Bed rooms

M Bed room M Bed room

Core with elevators

Fig.8 Floor plan of the residential stories

Manager 1 Manager 2 Conference room

Fig.9 Floor plans for the office floors

Fig.10 Floor plans for the restaurant

• Overall shape – based upon drag coefficient

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Fig.12 Front view of the skyscraper

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Fig.13 Front perspective

• Front yard and rear yards – 10 m. each

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Fig.14 Entrance through revolving doors

Fig.15 Bed room

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Fig.16 Conference room

Fig.17 Sky line view

• Terrace area: 695 sq. m

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Fig.18 Inner view of restaurant

Fig.19 Perspective view

Fig.20 Drag coefficients for different shapes

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Fig.21 Models – 1,2,3,4

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Joint displacements for gravity loading

4 without shear wall

Fig.23 Maximum Joint displacements under gravity loading

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Fig. 24 Applied Lateral loading the joints of floors

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With Lateral loading

Fig.25 Maximum Joint displacements under Gravity loading + Lateral loading

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With Gravity loading + Lateral loading

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Fig.26 Grid and Columns for the hull

Fig.27 3 D view of story 1

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