PHYSICS

Branch of science, which studies

natural phenomena in terms of
basic laws and physical quantities.
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES

Any number that is used to

describe a physical phenomenon
quantitatively.

Density, ρ = 28 kg/m3
Numerical value
Standard Unit
CLASSIFICATIONS OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
I. Base/Fundamental and Derived Quantities
Base Quantities: Length, Time, Mass, Angle, Cycles,
Temperature, Electric charge

Derived Quantities: Velocity, Force, Density, Torque,

Energy, Voltage, etc.
International Standard of Units(SI)

Quantity Unit Name Unit Symbol

Length meter m
Time second s
Mass kilogram kg
CLASSIFICATIONS PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
II. Scalar and Vector Quantities
Scalar Quantities - quantities which have magnitude only but no
direction.
Ex: Distance, Time, Mass, Speed, Temperature, etc.

Vector Quantities - quantities which have both magnitude and

direction.
Ex: Displacement, Force, Velocity, etc.
dTotal = d1 + d2 + d3 + d4
dTotal = 5 + 3 + 7 + 6
3 km 7 km
5 km
dTotal = 21 km

STotal STotal = S1 + S2 + S3 + S4
6 km STotal = dTotal
VECTOR QUANTITIES
Notation & Representation

Arrow Head - Direction

Length of Body – Magnitude, A or A

Tail - Origin
VECTOR QUANTITIES
Direction: COMPASS BEARINGS

N
4 1. 50°, S of E or E50oS
2 40°, E of S or S40oE
60° 20°
2. 30°, N of W or W30oN
70°
30° 60°, W of N or N60oW
W E
50° 3. 80°, S of W or W80oS
80°
10° 40°
10°, W of S or S10oW

4. 70°, N of E or E70oN
1
3 20°, E of N or N20oE

S
VECTOR QUANTITIES
Direction: CARTESIAN AXES

y
4 1. 50°, downward (+)x - axis
2 2. 30°, upward (-)x - axis

70°
3. 80°, downward (-)x - axis
30°
x 4. 70°, upward (+)x - axis
50°
80°

1
3
VECTOR QUANTITIES
Direction: USUAL WAY

U
4 1. 50°, downward to the right
2 2. 30°, upward to the left

70°
3. 80°, downward to the left
30°
L R 4. 70°, upward to the right
50°
80°

1
3
D
VECTOR QUANTITIES
Direction: ANGLE

y
4 1. 310°
2 2. 150°

70°
3. 260°
30°
x 4. 70°
50°
80°

1
3
VECTOR ADDITION
- The process of finding a single vector whose effect is the same as
the effect of the given vector. The single vector is called Vector
Sum or Resultant Vector.

Given:

R=A+B+C

R - Vector sum or Resultant Vector or Net Vector

3 km 7 km
5 km

STotal
6 km
VECTOR ADDITION
Graphical Method
Example 1. Find the vector sum of the given two vectors.
A = 25 v, 25o S of W
B = 40 v, N10oE N

W E

A S

R=A+B
B
B
N
R=B+A
W E

A S
N N

W E Commutative Property! W E

S S
VECTOR ADDITION
Graphical Method
Example 2. Find the vector sum of the given three vectors.
A = 25 v, 25o S of W B = 40 v, N10oE C = 30 v, 45o S of W
N N

W E W E

S S

C C
A+B A+B
B

R=A+B+C R=A+B+C
N N

W E W E

A S S
N

W E Associative Property!
S
VECTOR ADDITION
Graphical Method
Example 2. Find the vector sum of the given three vectors.
A = 25 v, 25o S of W B = 40 v, N10oE C = 30 v, 45o S of W
N

W E

S
Associative Property!
C

R=A+B+C R=A+B+C
N N

W E W E
B+C A S B+C A S
N N

W E W E

S S
VECTOR ADDITION
Analytical Method
Example 1. Find the vector sum of the given two vectors.
A = 25 v, 25o S of W
B = 40 v, N10oE

Use SINE & COSINE LAW

R=A+B
or
Trigonometric Functions for
B Right Triangle
N

W E

A S
N

W E

S
VECTOR ADDITION
Analytical Method
Example 2. Find the vector sum of the given three vectors.
A = 25 v, 25o S of W B = 40 v, N10oE C = 30 v, 45o S of W
y

Draw the Free-Body B

Diagram and use the
components of the given 10o

vectors.

x
25o
A 45o

C
VECTOR ADDITION
Components of a Vector
- vectors with equivalent effect as the given vector.
y

Ax = A cos
α θ β φ
Ay = A sin
αα θθ ββ φφ
A αα θθ β φ
Ay α θα β θφ β
Ax = A cos φ
α θ β φ
Ay = A sin αα θθ ββ φφ
αα θθ ββ φ φ
αα θθ A
ββ φφ x
αα θθ ββ φ
φ
α θ β xφ
α θ β φ
VECTOR ADDITION
Analytical Method
Example 2. Find the vector sum of the given three vectors.
A = 25 v, 25o S of W B = 40 v, N10oE C = 30 v, 45o S of W

y
Vx = Ax + Bx + Cx = Rx
By
Vy = Ay + By + Cy = Ry
B
2 2

10o R= RRy2 +
y
+ RRx2
x

Ax Cx Bx
x
25o
A 45o Ay
C Cy
VECTOR SUBTRACTION
Example 3. Given three vectors:
A = 25 v, 25o S of W B = 40 v, N10oE C = 30 v, 45o S of W
Determine: a) C - B and b) B - A
N

C - B = C + (- B) W E

C - B = C + B' S

C
Back to Vector Sum! N

W E

C - B = C + B'
B'
B

-B = B' = 40 v, S10oW
VECTOR SUBTRACTION
b) B - A

B - A = B + A'
N

A A' = 25 v, 25o N of E
-A = A' W E

B - A = B + A'
B

W E