for Structural Engin eers

(A Basic Approach)
me _ PI 'olOlIle _ . . . . at IhH rn"" ...... 11 ",.eoQcl IIONI H cen be used as.
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met~O<I. AfDllly compretHlns''''' ..!.....-.ces 111,.,"'& ond of .""" Chapl&, I, given Jar IKId,Uooa'
Inlom\lUOII.1Id ruM ...,udy
W. II N. AI.fI~. . . . Pro1es&>r of CMl Engineering ., lI'IfI Unlit.",!)' at Tod1r.o1ogy. Bag_.
1""1 He 0Il1aint<! hiI Ph.D trom lI1e llnIve!"SOl)! CoIIevo. C.rd!!!. U K. In 1975. 0.., W.~
..18tIl1IIIII<! tno c, .. Englo_ng D<I!>a""*,, Slthe ~ CoI.1o Bag.. ,," and ....
tile _ lot _rty _ " ,..... HII_lt>e l _ Pr8mo ..... Prtl. 110m IIle 1 _ of
C/yj Eng"". '--" (1.on<Ion) 10 1~16. His "'"'" _01 tM-E'tf> Ita 60> go'OOt toolo!yol,_
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ye.-I ".010_ B E OllIE" '" CMI~ (tliG3ltrom BITS. Piorli.I""",, an<l M.S.
(1959)100 PhD • (1977) tromtneUEIIveB!Iy 01 ...... , Iowa Ct!)'. U SA Dr (;oW., main ....... '"
resNI'CII .... 0pIi""'] -..n
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....... 'aDU,\)' ... _ .

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 Mctl,od
for Structural Engineers
(A Basic Approach)

Wail N. AI·Rifaie
Ashok K. Govll

~
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NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS
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N<.>r Stat1inc flood, c.. .... boll, <tI (0)61) lS4l6@
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 , PREFACE

Tho finj, •• Iem,n' ",,,Iood" "n" of II>< mo" populor "u"",ri.;., leeh_
niQue. u>Cd for obL,jninJ an I"pro. ima'e .00ulion of oom1'l<. rrobl,m. in
va riou. field. of e"smc¢rin!. In Ih. "''linoins. Ih. ",,-,hoo w"' J<""Io~d
as an " ' ,n.;On of ma"i. lI><,hod, for tho ."oly,i. of nru,lur.1 ,nJP,,,;cring
prol>lo.n •. HOWl:,'.r. I.,.r it has also "",n ,,-,'O,"i ...-d a, a "",>I poW<lful
m.thod for ""aly.;", problr",. in other field. of <"ginc.rin~. ,uoh., Oujd
meehooi<>. soil mtthoni<., rook n>«h.nk<, hoo, n",., ,1,'_ Th. F".,.",ity ol
it. application coupled with ,b" avoi,abiWy of high ,peed docl'o"ic di!itul
oompUl<n. has put lin~. c1,m.nl m<1hoJ in wide us< . It hot ,1$0 bo.:en ;"_
eluded in ,he: c" rrioulum of c",inoorins <olles".
Th. aim of Ibi. book is ", pre ..", the b.ui: ;'.k... uf Ih~ flnil~ .1.nlOn,
m<lhod SO that i, COn be uled., . le" buok in tho ,utri.d"m (", und. r-
lI",d .... aoW vadu." cR,i1Iooring 'Onl><._ In 'he pr''''''"'",iun of fund,·
ment.l. and deriv. tion. , ""r. ha. b«n ,"k,n 'U uS<: ",.If;'" .I~.b", al ....
""kill". only, m,hcr ,han an .d"""""J a,pro><h . H m,y be ntcnt;unru
further thot tbo <on'puler programn';ni "pt.l has not b"'-'n i.",'udod btJ,
the mal<ri. 1 i. pr<:senl.J in .~ch. man,,", ,h.( lhc ",.de ll <"" undcm.nd
' ho ""j, prirw;ipl•• "sin, h.n" calcul.ho", lIow,,,,,:I list of compute,
cod .. i. giVl:n in App"n" ix O.
The book i. dividal in,u .i&hl chup"'" The 11", (h.", .. i",,,')I1<.'" 'he
t. .. ic ""n«pU of lh. nn i.. <!<rncn, mcttlO<l onJ in (bpi .. 2. b" ie .quo·
tiOllJ of d"'ticity are pte<t:ntal. CI"pL:r l disc" ..... ,he .tru.:ln"" ideali ... _
lion and also """ribc. the ""'"monly ",.;... demen" in ."""" .. 1 " ,ooly.i. In
(hopi" 4, mo th,,". fur dc!<rOlil1;ni 'lifT""". chara.:l«a,ic. ~IlJ 'r"nsf,,'m'
. Iion of mal';'; .. "re,i,..,...In Chapt'ts S .nd 6. ,I.:n","' >lifT"",. P' ''P',,'.:'
ore drnvcd. In C~"Ptc, 7, aenor.1 r~" nul~tion of 'he finit" doment mOli>od
i. pre .. nted wit h ,h. h. lp of .uilabl.: c.. mpk.... f inally in (bpt<f 8.
<xamplos arc p,,,,ented to iII" .t'~'" tbc 'a';"'". bo,,, ""p; in the applica.
'io n of the m.thod.
Tbe ,.fcrene., list,d ~, tbe end of c.I<h cI~L pt C' IIle tbos.: in .... hich
",ad." 0:'" find ,ddi,iounal ;"f.>{motio" '" d( to ilca ~c .. ~)pon",,'"
Tn tbo otld .•i>. apl"ndicu a'" p ..,..id,J "'hid, ~i'" del.il. of rna""
. 13.bn, ""ct;,. for«.. I«,ion RrQl"rt;", ",luli"R of .imull"nOOll.<
<'I""tion., SI uniu. an d biblio;'ophy of."..,. oddition.1 rderon«._

w.u N . ,\.L· Rifo.,

Baghdad, Iwq A. hok K. Go.;1
Aprll, I991
 CONTENIS

PrqfIU Iii

Q. • • •'" I INTROOUCfION TO fiNITE ELEMENT MEJ1IOO I

J,I [nUOO!!diM add 0. ......1 Deacriptioa I

1.1 IIlulltrali•• Elampk 2
Rerm..,.. B

1,1 [",,<>duction ~
1.1 Slrno and Strain Composlc.lS ~
2.3 Equa""'" of SI01i<: llIouilibriulB II
1.4 SIJ'lin-P;SPta«.. cnl Equa'io.. 13
1.5 COl!lpalibilily IlIoUilions 13
1.' Ge"",ali,ed H"o,,"'. Law (C"",lit.live Equalion.) 14
2.7 Plane Strain.Dd Pia ... Sir... IS
p erercocc. 18

Chplrr 3 STAIK:rUIlAL IDIALlZATION .

3 I iOlr .. lu" ion 19
]2 Sln!£!uIIII<koliP'iog I!T PilCrc\izalion 19
] ,3 Tn><> of Stt'IICI.raL £10",.,,1\ n
Rcrcrr_. l6

4, ) lniroduction 21
.,2 ELe",,,,,tory App .... cb_ lllilll Ba.ioc Defi8ilioo 2a
 4.3 a.M,. 1 Approach_ Uoi", Dilpl3C<m<JIl 0, Shop< F~nclion. 29
M Tnn.formaliol'l of R<1".",_ Coordi .... l. SYII<m. ))
R.fe....... 19

Qapltt S OI::RI",,-TION or STIFFNESS PROPERTIES fOR

ONf,..OIMENSIONAL E!.EMENTS
"
'II Pi ..... ";.',,, PIaN Bar £1, ,,,"11 4ll
51 PI ... Be' " £r .....11 49
~.3 i'in.Jo;.t«I Spa« 110, Elcmenu 68
5.4 Spaoe Beam ElemenlS 11
RC(cr<oc<l 7S

00,,"' DERI ",,-TJON OF STIFFNESS PROI'ERTIES FOIt

1WQ-DlMFNS IONU P I [MFNlS
"
6.1 Tri..gu!o., Pial. EIc ""'ol' (In_Plo.no F_os) 1~
6.2 Rc<:ll nlula, PI.,. EIe""'.I' (I.... PI.ne 1'0''"''') 84
'3 Trlonllub., PI ... Elcmenl' (In_Bendins) 92
6.4 R<don lul., PIal' EIc.,..a" (rn·Bcndlnl) 9?
R.(crtpC<:l 1M

....,.... 7 t"ORMULATlO'" OF FL'I ITE ELEMENT METIIOD I"

1 I Pill< "'iu'ign uO)ID(iDuum 109

7.2 Grnmliou Basi< D Oli! 109
0{
1.J o.t",minotim pf rroo'(ormaliO!! "'1.1';. I (1
7.4 A.",mbly ollM O."all SeWn ... "'1 01,1. 116
1 5 Elimina,ion of lIe<1,oin.d Des",.. of Fr<<<Iom 112
7.' De«,m;""liou <>l Equi .. lcn' Applied Nodal F<>rt<. 12S
7.7 Calcula,ion of Nodo' Di.spl.«rnent>. force • • od St'US<1 I JO
R,r' l.neg III

Cb.t!or 8 APPLICATION OF FIN ITE ELJ!.MENT MttHO[) III

' .1 Analr ,I. of PI.·)oio<<<I Sl nl'''o" III

8.2 Analy.!, or
lkam 14$
M.J Anal)'!!. or O<'P B..", I Sf
P roblem ' 162
Rm ... "", lIi1

'"
182
APE : ". Il SOLUTIO N OF SIMULTANEOUS EQUATION 186
ApP<IId;~ E 51 UNITS fOR STIHJCTURAL EfSGINH RS ! ~l
Appoodi., BIBLIOCRAPHY I'H
Ap,..dl. G COMplTIER COIlES 1'Hi

197

•
 CfIAPTI.I. I

INTRODUCTION TO FINITE ELEMENT ME11IOD

1.1 IJ'o1'ROOucnON AND GEHUAL D£SCaIP110N

lbe 'nile .l<iiI # ...... w ... p... n" ........ n· .... oI ... lriI _ _
fot the&o&lytiJ 01 f ... ....., .noeIu,... 10 the ..... tysiool'lIe "",liII.u~ .. _
til ..... lbe batle: phil"r"Pily oI.bIs _thood 10 10 .. pLoa .be .noeIn.. ot
IIot <CHItinanlll hnill,l ... ~ali,"itcd o r IIIfiIIM #IlIDbe: ol..u:-.u by •
.... bo",ulal .. odd orbido hal • lillilllecl or lIMe """,brr o f ""h. , ......
....wa chooea diocrece pojootl. n.. ..1lIod lin' ...","", pc. "hi .. II Itdpt
to ac>:Ilrl"'" 1000lrx _Iura .ith "",,,pia 100000tric:ol P .....,Uos aod
IoIdiDI....,.:Iitinna.
In ftQlt!: ,I<m.." ax1bad, • lUUoCIura ot • <CHIUnuum, IS ohnwn ;"
F,.. 1.1 (1) Ind (b) . it di .... '1ud Ind iclulllOtd by ~siq ..... 'hemIoticll
IIIOIkI .Ili<h is III ute ... bI, of lubel";'iou ot diocret. do""",ra. T1Iose
dioc:,tt tie .... " ... u.,.." as bile .l..... nll ••• e ...... ~ to be Int ..............
ud <>nIy It rbo jolnll ,,"lied 1>Odt:•• SI",ptc fumtlioDs. lUeh as pnlJllOllt;'1o,
0.. eboom in r...... 01 u"bIow. displ&a1ll<nu (Illd/Ot theit <Iorinti_).,
,he I>odn'o .ppn:>xl.... ,.'bo . otladoo o f ,110 l e.ua l di.place",..,,, 0 .....

;"d.peoojcnlly • ...a
,h.
each ftnl' ••1.lIItn, . The nte_Iloodin, 11'1fo t"'Dltonned into .qui_
I. nt '",,"1 Ipplied ., ,be ..adol. N .... ' . "'Iuovioll. of el.b .km.n l
10'.... n .... mbly oI,huo . Iome. " is obllined by
..1.0.11" . 'bel' '.lpoII" to Ihl 01 lb. "odol in lUeh I • • Ytlr.lllh. ,,,Ilow;".
basic aNtdillolll I . e lI, isfled ....c b node:

1. n.. equlli.,... o f equilibrium

2. The cnmpotibili" of dial' lace,"..,,,
J . The '". 'erial cnnstlru'M ,.I.o.'iomhip

The equa........ whH:h ... nb\Il •• d \/Sinl ,'" .bn-tc coadiliou.... in

,be form 01 r~itpl"''''tnl rolalinrlohlp. Fi".lly. Ib< r.. " d;,pl ' "",",'
equatl"" •• ~ mndilod 10 h.,orpnra.e me II...." bou""'", ..,acliriOQa .""
lhen .It... mndill«! eqU.,in. ,I,.. _IYed 10 obtain diopiooc ........ lilIo r.odeI
,,·hkh.te ,be hooic .nkooow1d in tlr.o 1In1t•• 1eDI.",
_tlIod. A" .,..",pIo
iUwuati •• tbe hooic procecl ... at .h _ .W dHCribed .boYoc .. P' t ,oed
in tho ... be'QUonI do • .
 ,

"

,
"

(OJ 1........ IO •• f hoI~"', .... ""''' 11 .']

, ...
,.
•
·• .• •
.: . ...:....
". "
• •
,
••
,
·

..«,.... -
(bJ _baH •• 01 do .. ["'1
FlI.I . I _o..r ..... lWioo.

1.2 ILLUSTll.ATlVE EXAMPLE

Fi, ure l.l sAo ..... liDear .Pfi"" .yllem whim io """ of ",,' "' ... , ....
mentary '1"''''' thai can be uamiood from .. 5";1. de""'1 .;'''pol<u .
 "
., •

Tbis .,.rI,m .... Ill'<> lhlear 'Prin" ronnected j. ..,;., with 'P";"llIilf_
k, I mI t ," T1tc Icll_hallod 'Dd is rilid" fixed .. bile tbe ri&ht·haDd ,od isf'",
10 """' .. FUrlb.r. ;1 is ISSU",ed that uod .. the octioro of opplit<llood. tho ..
spriDP can ha"" displace."..,,, in .-coord inate directioD. Thu •. fon::a,
displ ......." ODd . prin, .tilfn_ are the only """,mel... in Ibis rystcm.
AI ... for I lin'" oprin •• 11>0 ' pplio<! foret 1" 1. propon;"""l '" .h. , •• ul'in,
displace.,.nt b and may be npr...cd u
(1 .1)
.. here k i. Ih. =1'" of proponioaAlity whicb doli ... tb. otiK"... of tho
.prj.&- Thou, knmvinl tbe volo' of k aDd Fin Eq. (1.1), the: displ"""'enl
will be liven by

(1.2)

... bick is lIIffi.ci' "110 d.",ribo: fully tb, deformod sUI. of on .Ia. lit . pri •• "
Now t<>.wd.,il>Jl tht ' J.tom in Fi," 1.2. tb. SIS' s,ep in tbe finite do-
"",oj metbod is 10 s ubd ivide the . }'>tom illlG dio<n:1e dtm. nt •. Delini"S
eacb .prio, ". be I n . I.mon,. the Id •• lized ]i"".r .prin, ' ),>I<m eo<Uistl or
lwo .I.m,n" 11><1 thr .. nod .... shown in Fig. J .3. T1tc fo'_ (1",. F,. F.)
..... . M ...oei ...<1 di>plaa: ....... (0\.,. 0\. .. 0\.,) a t Ike _ . re aito . bown
in ,he figur • . F", cor,..nieDu tbe direction of tb. to""" and Uu: dispJa", •
... ,," $bOW" in F'1I' I.).re tak.n., poo~ive.

',,6 , ~, '1.61 k, 'J •• )

;;'--~~1=-~~-
(' ....."11..,1 , _ 1. 1'
~ _In

.". 1-1 Oi" ... ,.. ,,,," of ,t.. .,.. .....

NOli. in onlcr 10 "",.in tbo "'. pon,. or eaclo eI,m,n t. {ro. body
d;' .." ... , of i...latcd ,prin • • I.... ,n" a .... onsider.d. a . lItow. in Fi.. 1.4.
l! "'"y b. noted Ihot ror Ih, .. , " menlS. inl<rpolalion runetio," 10 d ... ribe
Ih. dilpl l<tmontl over the eI.mrnt.re not ",,.<I<d and moy b, obtaino<!
directly • •in. Eq . (I 2) NO"<I', .... m. 'Iblt nod. (I) is di.placed b~ 0\., du,
to f"'''' F" with "o<le (2) h<~ in po.ition a . o/:o"wn in Fil- 1.S(0}. Usi ...
Eq. (1.1). t he f"rcc-di.pla¢cm.nl rd. tion for tb. nod< ( I) ma~ be • • p,.....d

"
• """'" Ek ..... wd , . 10< "'
••,;.... ..... •
_,,0, ., _!,O,
~-
I ., ,

Applyin. lito equilibrium of fon:es (IF. _ 0) fa. lito .print: {oJ"'"

obc. im
F,, +Fn _ O (I AJ

F" .. - F.. _ _ k,o\., (U)

wbe .. F" i. Ih. "" 'ivo fO'<'< "

IIOd< (2) d"" (0 0\., .' _
(I),
Si"dl • •11, _ ..,omc Ihl I Dod, (I) is fi~cd amd ""'" (2) is disploe«l
b, II. duc 10 f."". F.. applied., nod, (2) . ...lIDwn in V,., 1.' (b), n.....
the fo",":odisplac<menl «lUI';"'" ., 1>0<1. (1) may be •• prd><d &I

PI '.
"' •, ~-
-• "./Y" •
"
,&
.,6,,-(1) r; , ...
"
~V'y---{I·2"1. '·'!l'.
.j 1
(DI ....... «It . ;.... , ,,_ ( II ~"OIo<'" ., 41

PI '.
"C'_ . ():-'
, ',' ., , ,
(.) !>uI>o'Oo,,',o~ oj <~ ' ''1II 1 '''''<G''(. )

F.. _ k,~ ( 1,6)

Applyi., ,I>< ,quilibtium «>&dilion (U'. _ 0), W< J<'

F,, + F.. _ O
 _ ... '" FI.I.. E'-oI M<tbooI J

(1.1)
wile .. FlO is ,be "'<li •• fore ••, ' - (I) d\l< to.!., at noc!< (2).
Now \I1i"ll tb. pri.eiple of .upcrposiliot!..... obi"; • • lbe 01.. silo"",
ill fiI;. J.S (e). i .•.. addiD, up ol,"braka~1 ,be I..., 01 ... shown iD F!g.
U(a) and (Ill . Thu" woo obtai.
F, _ Fu+F,,; (I.~

F, .. F.. + F" ( 1.10)

wbe .. F, ""d F, .... the fo.....,DOd. ( I) and (2). ,e>pe<:tiydy. Sul>slilu"
;." lbe •• 1... of F". F", F.. and F.. iD Eq .. ( I .~ IDd ( LlO). ~ obtain Iho
forccl in le,ltIS of dnpl . .. m.nto IS
F, .. k,4, - k,f>, (1.11)
1", .. _ k,.!., + kAo ( 1.12)
r. m..:rilllOlOlion. the", .qualions may be ",w, illO,"'

!"j -[-"
1", k, -"J !"j
k, f>,
(1.11)

( 1.)4)

EqUOl;o.. (1.1 4) d,ft"", lb •• Iome., for .. -di.~ ."""e.' or oquilib,illm

oquatioo ro, d emen' (... ). In tbi. «Iua,ion, squ ... ",a,rix [*1'" i. known II
ei'ln£Ol otiItn ... nuttri.; ,h. ""'umn ...... 011 {.!.J<'" and {F~'" Of< <lc5",,<I ..
nod.l displ.",m,,,' .nd DOdal f<xu .«IosS, rc.peclively • .Tho . upc""rip'
dcfi.o .. ,he ,,,me'" numbo •.
Follow; •• • si",il.or approub os for clemen, (',I, tb. fo .... diJj>laee-
mcrt' ,.latio<LIbip fu, ,'.ment «,) may be "pr<... d I .

!"j -[-" -"J !"j

F, k. t, 4,
{ l.I 5j

and in ""nde""d form

( 1.16)
Oc>r:. ,b. cquiijbrium or foroe·d;'pla<:cmenl «ID.tion for each ' ole""o'
i. knOWD. ,be equation fot the wbole ' )"Iom may .be.
be obIaiRed hy
follo"i.' the p,;~pk of .upcrpooi'iot>.
 ,
Ali_gil, tIu: "",trice. Il",. and [kf'. ore or tI•• same <>nl<r, they moy
""" be added di_ly'" li>q ,.1", CO di!r.... nl Od. or displaocm«tLFo,
Ill" simple , ..",pie •• be .q"~illri"m <qui"",. may easily be ..pan<l<d by
....rtin. ""'" on<! coIum .. of .., .. in ...d. • ..,.y ,h •• both .. " of oqU"_
,ion, orc fOlaled to 011 the poosibk dilplaa:mtol:l (i .•• 6,. ~ .nd..., of
lbe .)'SUm. ThIn. Eq •. CI.l l) 'Dd (U S) ,II., apoolioD. may be .. pm-
1«1 u:

EM ~lnIf<tII (e,)

n" [." ~ E .
F, _ - 1,
-',
"• ~. (1.17)

F", rl..... ~ t (.J

•
" . -:J l~)
Fl-[: "
-',
(!.IS)

U<io • •he principle of , up<rposilioo. ond apply'.' Ill. ,ult of rnatri1 addi-

-.,
tion (>« API"'o.dil A) . • e obe.i.

;:I") -r-:." -', k, + k, (1.19)

It moy be pointed 0"' .h .. lh. ptO<edur< of "poDdi.. <I.""'nt «tui~bri"m

«i......... i. 1000, . hy 'Dd lie ... di .. cI , upcrposi'"", i<"oed .... pJ.inod in
Chap",1 .
In ",,!><leased forni, Eq. (1.19) .... y II< "prwO<l ..
(F) - [X) (11. ) (1.20)
The m. l,i ..... e. tion (1.20) r<pretent. lb, oq"~ibriu .. or foru-disploa.
m<n' «Iuat"" to< lh, 1""'0< opm., .prom
.ion. "I.'"
.bow.
in r ... 1.2. I. Ihis .qu-
m."ilI [KJ i. known .. "".,011 stifI'.... ma.... I.Ild rt • • l,,,,,,o,,
'T. ",u.lly .ubcaip4«i •• k" '" d.noI. ,""it
location in th. Ilk .".. and
ftII <»l.mn; ,h. <»lURUl ~""on 1M and {F} OJ< t"""" .. _., dioplo«.
me"'.nod nodol fo ... ..aor.. ''''p<etively.
It may be ",,"d "'" 'he r... m of <quil;j"j"", 0' for«.mspl a«m<n,
equation ( 1.20) "mlin' ,h ....... i,rape<1ivc of lh< typ< of pro1ll<m .IId
iddliu.."..
 N"", to oblo;" the solution or the problom, ........ Eq. ( 1.19) or it.
"",,(l<nKd rorm Eq _ (t .lO~ It ""'y be noted lhat 10 f. r "" limi •••ions 10...
born placed On any of the disp~ ... " l>,_01" ond t.,. K....,.. awlitotioo
of .ny <."... 1 Ioodinl "";11 , ..u l. in moyi.,. , he 'j'St ... u . riP1 body.
TIl ... before 001'''11 ro, unknoll'll displ,,,, ... oU. Eq. (loU) .... d. 10 be
0I0dillc<l 10 il>OOfporate _ndo<y condi.io .. 10 •• to prena' !be rlPI bod~
""'ion of (be ",,,,,'Ur<. Foe ,be
lino .. ' pel. , ' Y"''' ,Ito ..... in Fi8. 1.2,

-
node (I);' fiud. i.e. 01, F 0; bellCO ",wrili", Eq. ( I 19);" po.nitioned (0'"

Eq"". .... ( 1.21) COCIWDs \_ unkDOWll d;.p!.",,,,, . .. (d, 000 JI.,) and on.
" _ .. O<Ii.. r""", (F.). FOICes F, 0Ild F. "'" kDo"fI'OI u applkd (on:a
0Ild are .qllOl .0 0 """ P. respcctiffiy. Tb. from Eq. ( 1.21) and lIOtinl
!.hilt 01, _ O. wt obi . ..

{F,l _ [_k,
"1 ,, 1
lA. ( 1.22\

!'l -[',.., -"J!~l

P _.t, k, 01"
( I .ll)

SoMa, Eq. (I.ll) roe uokooWII tIi.pI • .,......u, .... obtain

o1,, - P{k, (1 .24)

d, - P \(k, + k.)l k,k,1 (1.2j)

KIIOWiDJ dioplKtm<1lu 10., and 01".1he readi • • r....,.. F, _ 1 be cbto.inod
"".,. Eq. (1.22). TIl ..,
F, _ _ p
(J.Ui)
FlD&lIy !be internal fo ...... In !be .lernen...... y be do!<f1I1i""d uol.,.
roo",. d;'p1 _ _ ", rd ...,.,. Eq •. (loll) ""d ( I.lS~ If P., .114 p.. 0" !be
internal _ Ia 1Pri.... (',) &Dd ( • .). ,be.
p,, _ k, (01" - l>J ( 1.27)

p .. _ .t, (d.. _ fl.) (1.3)

.. bue 01, _ 0; d, .od t., are p...,1>, E<p. (1.24) ""d ( 1.25). _ i ...d 1.
 This compie!"lh. ~",io n uSing finite .!om.nl method. II may be men·
tion.d tho, tho:: 5n~. el,,,, •• , method invol\le1 <>.'cn.i .... "","putalion ..
mostly . .ln iT< in natn .... Hen", tb. ~Iho.j i. ,uil.d for oompu<e' pro-
crammi •• and oo/utioo. of lb. problem$"n be ob'. ined ... oil y n'inI pro-
gr:o.mmi". on tlcclrooic disilal <O/IIpu ..... H............ in Ihis book. withoul
soin.i inlO tl>o intricacies of compute, proll'amminJ. th. basic """"'1'1I ..d
tbe ~Iopmc:ol of lbe "",bod '''' ~n'«i in a .impl. man net. Furt"".
for euy und""""dinll of the va,iotIs .I.ps in ,h. method. iIl.",a' ive
eDDJpI" ... ilh Iwtd uloulalio". are Jiv.n in CIloptcr 8. Tb<sc e~.mple$
are takeD from lbe ~.Id 04" II,"",u,al onci_,in!. "" .... 'IlI.I.... 'be m.lhod
i. SCfI ....! and OlD also be applied «Inall, weill" oth« 11,1", of •• gin"";n•.

REFERENCES

1.1 Govil, A. K.. I.S. A,ora and E.J .• Hau," ··Optim. 1 De,i ... 04" F...", ..
with Sub>iruct. rin.··. COmput .... "Dd S'fllctUre$, An Inlomational
",-",aI. Vol 12. No. I. 1980.
1·2 CIo"li1, R.W .• "111. SI ..... Distributio. of Norf~rk Dim,"' Siructu ....
and ,", ." rills R.""",b. Department of Civil b aitlOerinl. Univt ...,Jy
"fColif,,",i>. Berteio,. Seri.. 100. I"." 19. 1%2.
 CllAPTD 1

B.... SIC EQU.... TI ONS FROM LINEAR

ELASTI CIT Y THEORY

U INTKOI)t.JCnON

To ptoYido. rood)' ret,mICe ro . .... .s....lopmta. of.bE _ral UNOI}'

of .... loitc 01........ ....- .pp!i<d '" the .. ,W, ... of..,.,. ........ lMJ)'II&,
_ 01 ...... pU IDd bu.i< _ , _ of l i _ ........ ~.....,'7 ac •
... "'....rIzS il u.;, ."'plcr. not . q"llionlltl ';.. n wiUIo"t dorin."" 01
ptoaf ud Ipply '0 l>o_n«IW iIouopiot .... Leri.II.

A Kale 01 01,.... • .au ;., • body ac.aI bJ' uttmal fOf<C. ~

......... f _ _, ;., _ol. of _ .p""
u.s ... bicIt .... y ....... body. If
•

,
tbey act Ove' !!Ie ,",f.« .". !~o bOOy. !hey art "",Itd _/tlCf IMC<' or.d . ..
<>p rtSSC<l ;" ! ... m, of foroeI"" unit "0', if .!ley ... d;'trib"",d Ibroughout
'h, .00"mo of ..... body. lIIey.rt <al1<>J body r.ra, and ... up,"",d i.
Urm, "f fon:< p"r unil ""l"m •. fo, • • • mp!r, • fora ouch •• ,lie byd ....
SI .. i<: pr ....". ",bich ;. di>tributtd <>V" 'he ,u,f.c< of. body. i. called 0
,.,f."" foroe ; "hile ","_d ation.1 .nd """, nf.gal forces. which 0" diu';·
bu.ed o.or lbe . otu me of ,bo bod)' "'" ""lied body forus.
The ,nte of "re.\<. wmoh "iSl' In • body "",ed upon by ..,.mal
r-... i l ",,",pl<uty defined in te,m, of I ii comp<m<u" of . t.... os >bOWl>
in fil' 1.1.
III >'<C,o' form. it n e.proooed ..

r'.'.
(. ) - '"'. (2.1)

1, ' . J
'"
~.. ~",', _ wmpoo •• " of norm. I .resses
T.,. ' , ,,'u _ <om_IS of >beo' SIr .....

_n
"",oy be po""ed 0. ' b"e 'll.a' we have deoi"",'ed only .br« compon<llu
of , hear 01 .... 1>«"".. onl l tl><se.rt inl!<ponde.'. In tb ..... O«tioll b1
co.'idon'llhe .q"i~britrm of an et .... <.nlal YOIo'm<, il .. that

' " _ '", T,. " '" 1114 T.. .. T..

Nrn4Uoo UMIl
Compoo..o" of DOTmal . If..... (~•• 0,. ' ,) con), 0 oiDJI< ..,bscript whi<b
indicate> tbat It>< ",.,.. .... in ."" di,<CI;". of JIlbo<ript .Dd .... I pl ....
wh"", ou.. rnor""" iJr" .t>< direction cI ,uboaipt. Componedli ofohear
",..,.... (0. ,. 0,.. T.. ) ",ffY' double ,ubscript. 11>< lim ,ubscript _ ..
•"" pia"" on wbi<b it octo and t b. oecond , uboerip< <len<>< .. i" direel ....
SIIn C.rrunl'-
S'raoe< M1i .. "" . J>OOi.i •• foc< of tho . !rlllo.ul ...,1uD>< in • positl ..
"""n:i;"... direction Ire positi •• ; tl>ooe .ctin...... ..., ' Ii"" , ,"" ill I .... a-
Ii"" di,..<:tioon Ire po.itiR; . nd.ll the .,.ben.I"O ..... 'i ••. " pocit;.. f ...
ia ODe .... wb'o<!> 0110"",,1 v ...... direded "" .... 'ud r""", tho d.,..... •• pain"
.. 0 pO<itive dl ...... ..",.
 2.1..2 SUUOC_, 5" '"
c..nuporu!i", 50 5... ,il:. ",... ~pono.a. 5he ""P< of .. ",ill . fa perm:
""" he d _ ;"50 oiJ. ",al~ <OfI5J1OO"". t. a _te\Dr f_. tbt ..... of
.. tala io U]><UOtd "

. )
<,

,,, "

........
I'" ,,,
_ COIajIOIIOrPU ' " ....... 01 .... ....
' " " ""' "
1 ..,1,, _
1.. - ...... _ .. or_, .......
ne !IOIa5;"••• d lip. .....u • ..,., ""'" ro. 1lIc ..... com_Oil ...
Il:o ........ _ fo, 5M ...........""""nu..

U f'.Q UATIONS Of STATIC £QUILlBRi U.'.

n:. oqui~tui~.. or '0 . 110110 bod, ia ....,. of ' " ... iI ",..mod by
5bu. panill diff.,u,ial oq"'ioIlO fo. :1Ie .iM . , .... coorponcn ... Tbn<
eq .. ,kN;. ""
d.,i..d by ''''''''ori., ,he <qullibl iu", of forusa"" ",om....
WI", on In ,1e"".501 "")"_ of • body. C-Idor a ,PI\llI ~t
,,",rlildopiped of . bod, . I>own In 1'"".
l .l. It i. '"~'<d 50 a
......, . yotom of poIl:i_, Ih,u·dj"'.n ......1 .. , ...... .. .. U .. 10
pooili., body fo,~", pont." X, r , Z 5. ~. " . • d;'octl"" •. , ..J>«tiwly.
5"mmlna 011 fo.«. in .he -"<!lrKlIOil. " "" ""'" tIr. <-OII6lho. I F. _ 0,
~.<

(0. + :-'o)dJorI: - •• i}-d, + (' .. + ~r ,q) Jrh

- ' .. d,h + (T,. + ~ d:) hq _ ,,,W,, + X tb.4yh _ 0
Cc!Iocti., "'''''. wt obu ' .

(~+ !~.. + ~ + x) ,t'''t.r<!='' 0

n .... Pbo co:.ditiOI I F. _ 0 Ii'"
~+';;· +~+hO (2.).)
.. (dxJyJz) i> 110\ _ , ... ,ily ... "0.1 to ",.n. Simil""l1. l umml"1 rofC<l in
\' ond: dirtctiom. "'" ob •• ln
!F" _ O a''' +~+ ~i'+' Y " 0
~x~y,
(2.lb)

IF. _ O. ~ + ~; +;;. + Z _ 0

,
F\a. 2.1 _ II>! _ _ """.....,• .., .. .......1&1 ...... '" • I00<I7.

~'-O"·O·.
va _..... u' o ',..'to

OnFaceBCC'B': g,+~; "Y' T"+~' d"',,+7;',q

On ~ O'(CB : ~H " . .. ' "

On f a« Q'A'C'B': . , + ~ th . . .. + ~;' tho T" + a;;' dr

Lik....... bala"",, of Il10......,, .bou. ,,,. Ibl.. QX>rdiDo,. d i r _

obowo Ibll .. th . . .... _ 01_1 """"..,..
, ... _ .,...•,. _ . ". 111<1 , •• _ . " (1.3dl
Equa _ (2.:10, b. 0' mull be w;,tjed.t.n point. of I'" body. 'Tho
.,..... vory tluvupoul !II. bod,.
aI)d 01 11•• wrf_ or boundary Iller
DlUS! be I. oquilibrio1m ... ilh ,he fortes .p.{ll.... "" ,,,. ...,r.... Let the
C<lalPOOO"" of tho .. ,/"oR foroco 1'<' uRi' .rn "" lilt boIl.da" tho or
body be d'oo"d II)' 11, Y. Z. lh, . «Iuilibrium altho ""foe< Ia .. folio ....
Ji _ l •• +m'.,+~,..
Y_ I.,.+"..,+.T"
Z - l ... + ....,,+ ••.
 w~ I, "'. and • ""1'''' ..", the diTffiiOll .... i. .. of ,I>< outw.rd nonuJ lo
0.... rr_ .. the poin' or ",!<real,

2.4 Sl'RAlN-DISPLACEMlNT EQUAll0NS

lb. <leformrd wpc or .~ ,I...i< ".ue'u" under . , ivai .y>l<m of

Joads caa be dncr;be<l """J>/ct.ly by 0. ... di,p1o«m •• " ~.' 0001 .. in x.
J' and z dite<:tiona , ..poet ... ly_Th. poIi.... di .... ioo".
of the diopI_.......
co.rapon<l.o .... poIi.l.. dil'K\iono of ,be <:oc>rdinll. . ... _ Tho r<Io.ion.

-,-
bo.we<D,:" COOIlI'OUeau of "ral~ I nd tho disploc ....,n, eotnpll<><,,11 a••

'. -::+, [(~r +(:;r + (!':)']

" - :+ 1 [(!';r + (:r + (!;n
.. - (m+, [(~r +(1;)'+(;;)']
r., -
il> /110 a~ a.
fii+ b + ~aJ' + b: r,; + Ii;".
a.~. 'w iIw
tJ. a. ~8or ,. .. iIota..
r,. - ~ + ~r + iI~ + ",,5< + J;1Jr
h "" I!ooa« hilt- ... ~
r .. " ~. +!i + &~ +6tJi+a; 3.<
For omoJl dcfom>otioao. tho ...irH:lilplac:eme .. relllio ••• " liDea••• d
tbc u pnooion. for tho tin;" """,,,,,,,,,"to •• jo •• by Eq. (l.~). can be s/m-

ooc:oqd order "mIl, ,hat is

~
.. - a.>' 0,-
. .
pUlird by "" . inin, onlY ,b . III" order os li .... r term. Ind ... &lccti •• ' be

'\"""1' ,, - ~-;

r., - /hi
i7 + h~%. T .. -
a..
iii + ~J"
Iw
T .. -
"'" IN
ii + ai (2.6)

If ,be body .. pcri...... !.arl' (!bai«) dcfonna.io... or .. tain .. bi&ht. order

to"", mUll be m olDed "' i. Eq (2.5). 1M....,.... rep.-., . i",if>c&nl
.ha.... iu'be ...,..,<try of ,i>< body ."~ Ihu•• re • • U,d Hoc",...i< .00'
ru....ili...

U CO!>tPAnBIUJY EQVATlO:.:S

In «de. tho. "tain-<lispJ."",.", Eq. (2.6) Ii'" I ... of , inp .••1Q«!

<OII'in"OW ooItIIio-n for 'he .h .... dispJlOfm ••• """'pIl<><D'~ oem. ,,,,,d;-
I"",. mn .. be imposed on tbc COOlpan""to 0' .lrai •• Those ooJll\~ions.
 " ~_ 'r_.' '*"•• ~I .... _ _ ~ •

to,eRG as aoooopUiloil~y aIIid~-' .rc ek. hoi by cllaoioo.a1ln, d"'i'OO'.

I ,.."t <"",_,. 10 Eq. (2.1) . rod ran to.: "!'pt<... d as r........

l~-l.(-!J: +'if+~)
l.!!t _ I (_~
,~~ 1; &1
+!!:e+~)
e. rx
~. ao.. _ .!(_~+~+h
T,
.. )
[iii h I. OJ.<
""

1!q.' 11ono (1.7).rc lho ,I ..... uotlonl of It,.;" collipuibilily .. bi<h '"." ....
.. tilfied ie the """lion III ,b''''''''''''''"''''"1 problcnlt 1ft .Ionicily.

1.6 GItNEVoLlZKD HOOIU>'! UW

(CONSTlnmV£ .EQUATIONS)

For a rmenoI aaiooI,cpio .... Iorial. tbe o.Ia .... poo....u III oc.- on a.
pressed as aU .... ' t'uOCllca III ~ ... _ _ au 01 .........01 """ ft .....
TUo io kno.no. ..........1Iud HGOb',Ia_ and ..a loa .. _ d as

" 1 c, c" ...... ... c"

C, C" .. __.... C..
" ;
" , \2.1)

I
''." j' - ,,;
,.
l,. i'o ,,,
I.) _ [CI(.) (~,

By in~""",, tlte 'I";'" .... y loa Olprc_ ..

{· ) - ID ]!.) (1.10)
.~ Ill] - [ct' (1.11)
 Themalli>.[(1is ......... .. th. """ ..Ial , ' !if."1 "",,,Ix. ,.bile ill in·
"",.. [OJ I, ,A. """,,101 j/a/bllilJ ",~"Ix. Eq .'lio~ (2.9) Of (2 . HI) '<prC'
.. nl. th< """ .. i.".i•• I..... r", a Ii""",, <I."k . ... i. ouopi<. and bomOIl!'DOOW
...... rial.F", homozrn"''' ;wllOPk d."i. ",""ri.I,. OI1ly 'w<> ph)1iul
,,<>n.l tanl •• tt Jtq1.Iir«i 10 ..p... .. . n Ih, d Uli. «ml1.n" in H""k,', t .....
ff...... in I'"nl et ¥ oulll', modulu, (E) and Poi.son', ral;" (_), the ..,.tri«.
[(1.nd [OJ ton bo .. pre>oed ..

> >
• • ,,
I _.

·
,
•
,-. • • •
• 1
,-,
, • • --,- • , (2.12)

• , , • ,
, , , , •
- _ _• ,
•, ,,
.~
r
-. -. , 1
[DJ -
,E
, •
- >
• • ,, (1,1))

, , •
0 2(1+.)
• 0
, , , 2(1 +.)

o UI +-U
Scmetl"",.... trio .. [CJ ,nd [tl) ,ro "'r""" ~ in term. <>f mt>duJ., of
"r!dill (G) ,nd .nodulu, of "".m< c' p"n .... ~' /Julk ... ,.M", (/(). nos<

G_
,
."","nl,. in .. , ... of E 'nd., .... d.r,.r.-.J ,"
. l( _ _
, ~
(2 14)
2(1 + .) lll -Zo!

l.7 PLAN E STRA 1.'1 ANll Pl.A:"I t STIt!:SS

In m.ny prao.kol ''' .'''''n •. 'he ' h'," J i""n,",n,1 probkm . an II<
roduceO '0. '~'O di,",n"on,' Frobi<", . Thoro .... twu i.. I>"'"''''
'ypeo of I..o-di",rn,iona' prob',,,, i.t lin,a, .... ,ioiI1 'boorf which or,
k ..... n .. ploT>< ,,"'," "nd pl.", '''''' p,o>bkm,. Th.« ' ".0 .a . ..... O!,'
disouSS«l ",,,," 0.. 11 and ,b. roro",in~ "IU>lion. <>f .lol1",ity theory or<
pt< ..... ttJ ill • siaoplill<4 ror,..
I. both <aKS, it;, " ,be awd!hat "'"
_, r_ Z 10 ..ro, .nd X.nod r .r. M<Iions of ~ .Dd y ...11.

It 10 .Ur. ofol,..;n In w~i<h., .. y" _ y" _ 0 0001 onl1 w.m. ..., "
.nd y" .. i.l. The body ,.11"... d" pl_ .. <nlS in on. pl .... only, i. •.. Z
"""'PO"'.' of body ro..., II •• bn II ... 0.
Strut Compon<n":
t~) .. [0, ~. ' .. )' (1.15.0)
~, .. .(o.+ • .J (1.ISb)

[. J.. [" <, T..P" (1.16)

S'alic: ""uilibrium "".IIIou:
eo,+i!t,,+x_o (1,11)
U !1

.
~+!!.t + r _o
"
" --•,•. (1.11)
" - Ii
....
Y" -;& +I>:

(2.19)

.be,. (0) •• d (.j InI Ii<en bY Eq .. (2.150) .11<1 (2.16). "'poc:IM:l)'; oDd
eI ... i<it, .. otri. [til.,;..... by

,
, ['-'. ,-. •
,
[flo. (I + 'Hi - :z:o) l, , ,->
(2.11)

--r
:II ale
 In pI. ". .. res. ]>l'o\>l.m , tit< ""OI»<Inon" of .,. ... nonnal to
pIa ... . re U f O i_c.,., _ <.. _ <po _ o.
,b. "'"T

5t ..... Componcntf'
(l.22)

(2.210)

Statio: EqUilibrium Equatio. "

• (',+<,)
<' - --, -. (l.21b)

~ + ';;'+X_ O
~"' .j.a", -I- Y _ O
a.-. iT ·
S, ... in ·DilpI.",mont 1I<llI io .. :

f. -
•r.-
f, __
••
Y., -
"+;!.or
••
?,
Compatibili,y Equation"

o;r + &i - iaxa,

1'0. ;" (2_26)
Corutituti-.e Eq.oti"""
(~l - I+I (.) (1.21)

, 1
[+1 - 1 "
, ,
It "'ould "" pointed 00' Ihal in ...... of pl ••• ,tro". f. is IlOl equal
to zero. bu' i, ,i"", by

••
_ _ 0(•• +.,) '"'~
£ ••.• ~
" _ '"__ ."~'.' d , . , . •_ _ _• • " . , " . ,_ ,

1.1 TimoohODto, 5., ..., U~. Oood~. 7/1",'7 'II EIIutf</1}' lid "".
MeGrow·JIIIl Boot CompaJl1. N.... Vork. 19$1
2.1 Won.. C. T.• IIp,11rI Ekul1dl1 , McG",,.·1!i1l Boot ColDpo~1. N.w
York. 1"1.
2.l Lovo, A. E.H .. of T1Nru. 1M M. _,I<D/ ~ <If £1.lfI</t,. n.:...et
....bIicaliooo .. New yort, 1944.
2.~ Soko/doI:, U .. MM....'~ r-.,. '" Ellulldl)' 2IId .." MoGra ...
H ill Bool C-p.., . ,..... Yort. 19S6.
2..$ Srrh .... E.£. EIMtItI" to ... ,:.... 'x;. Jolt. W • .,. "SoN..
N.... Yon:
lJn.
2.6 s...-o. ,"Y., .... "'...... ,,"" ,. ,IN n-, '"
Ekt,fclf1. 001«d
U.,;.,.t>ify Prus. o..t'o«I, 19l6.
 "'''''''''' ,
STRUCTU RA L IDEALIZATION

1.1 Im'RODUCTION

Tho ftne ."" ...... impolWlC .. ep ill tho /iDiI< _ .... bod '"
....... Ura! oar./)'Us is 10 .... tal ........ 10m "lIIIIbe, of dit<tcw ......... \$•
• _ _ 1iaI _ I -'olc:b slIooold ... u ...... -'I0I0 ..,Mlca!
to tho ocNal .... tin~~ ... Sodo • r_ulal;"" '" ....... 01 II rd'....... t .. &0
",..,.oiI ,."U:a./M Of .1C't'I..d .... I. lblo <UP«'", the Ilodert,;..,
priadpl.. of IIn><1llro' i<Itali ...1on .r. dioalacd foli<nfod by lit_ ... ""
_ .. ooI1"l<d I!n"'I~r'" ,le .... I., .. ~Ich I n ' ... r>k>7<d IrI III< ,ubIe<!u,.,
.h. pI ..... a .. <lo"",W .

}.l sntllCTUilAL IDU LWTION OR DISCRETIZATION

",. coetiIInm is. pII:rR<;lJ ~ •• aInIchI.. Of • oaIid wtUdo - ' " 10

be .... ',..d. no. "'bd; ..... Of dioc:mfution 1'10' 'I of ........... n • •
.....,i.I17 .. cure. a( ........ '"";.4< ' at. Tko< ... wm...... arc
..., .... rl....... " • • ad _ ...........s 10 tho ....p«"t .1 ........ _11 II' ......
IC<I ..",bo. of P""I! . ....I«I ..... (FlJ. ).1) 11Iu•• in tho iduliu'looI ollbc
.... ';nlt""', .......... to d<cido tho "umbo,•• ~. p<, oil< 1M conft",ratiolll
. r ,,.. 01<,.0.11 in . lICk. "' J .h., 'h' OfI,; ••1 body i. "praenled by itu
doIel, •• p""ibl •. He,.,., the ,. ... ,., object;Y< of IUtlI on idc •• jullo. II
10 dioeWiu Ibt body iIIto ftnllo ""..,bt,of .1 ........ lu1&ienlly ......11""
.!Ioa! .1>0: "mplc: dilpbcemca, 11>06<10 _ alloq,.ll,ly.""",,;.u'e ,110 " ...
,..,.,.... AI 1M ...... 'ime.M .. oy be """,'od 0.' 11..01 'oo .1..,. .....u
'ubeli ........ will Iud to .n,. _putatioo. .Il"0<l. No.1ron 1M" ;. boiat
..ado to <1_ II '" Iw;tw .... y.l ..... al......"ld ... _pIoJod 10 • ..,.
,."io:~la. proble"'. ""M!- k i$ "'1.. 01«1 .It.a\ ....... tIweo co. ... witlt
4i1f."", 0.", ... 0101<_." or ftanoc .. 01 .... ,. , '-14 be _oIderecl.
"Tho .....1" thu. ob .. ..... ca. be .... d i....abl;'bi••• be " '. of ......
. .... _.00 rnha.o« conllde_ in .IIoI<l..liu,1oo employed.
",. "'OC'.'''. in ,. .....1. m. y be dil'id<d into two co.epia
I. Skele ••1 m.<lUr<$-Tru ..... bolm .. fram<o, <1c.
2. Coruinoou. "'"<lura_ folclcd pill... bo> ... d........ p bo. .... "c.
n.. '....."•• 1 Ok&liutiooo ond """'yo;, of . .Ioul " •••" , ..,

I
 "'* "" probkno . Dd a. be doDo a«ur.,"" u tI>o
".,al modd io '-';Ia, '0 , ,,. ar;rIlalIll'U<tUB. Tilt I "ats Iro
.... _ "'"".
,bI:_
ba_.
r"""uLarIoa J <II... llnotlutel ..oJ _13' be d....... tr, ,100 IrDJjlor
,be , .... .. _ .. _ i. Fi• . ) .1. 10 .be _ J_ 1 ',po

(~ , " ' - <ru"

/
"'.~ .............
\
,., .---
-
'''~''

'a.... ..... berN'al lIIOddIio, .............. dillloolrier. .. tho OkT ' to

-.I Oft .... ~ Id; ... _ r and <OrIli"""""" .u.otbod ' 0 " jKmo ok. It
u .-.. ;ft F",.. J.l. n il upon io dionr_ in ~ ...,. 6. Ho ...., . ..
d;,.;M ...' .... of bao~ 'b.,~ "r.............. ~ io ' •• " . 1" ... Dock ........
... • ,u dd '0 tho odjact<t' , _.. 0.1, II 11•• _01 ,.,.rot,
&ad b-.re
......... , ...,., i.l p<op<nia.. " .... ~ i, .... _ ,b., ,lie olcmar'. of ok.,.
k l::1 K""" .rn ... . .. i", • • nd """"01 ..; o;"'il.." lho tl<menu 01' _rio
n,..,." "noel",.. ... .
Io<or.... cll>Odeo to< botb ,h. 'n"" of .. ,\0<1.", .n Ioc.,..,
" .mod to Ito"" <onl/on, rhiotneoo. Th• • tbo
It pIKn
 "-

",bere . b,apl ell&_;n ,earn"ry. Ioa~lnl Or mo,orlal p"'pcnl .. «C O,.

Eumpla oftb<5< ... ,.raJ",b<Ji.ioiom . f< ""-D In r ... l.l.

(01 'on,onl«l\od ' ..... "" • ....,pM.

 n .!Ol" ""_.,M"bocl fot 51""' .... ..",.. ..... .

1=1=l"k;::::::::;JA=!
'"- I','
I" .00."", ,"_. ,...."'0. 0<_' ••
j'M'
,
,., "'.0' ''''''''JO'' ""',..." 0'."" '"

II is evid.nl t,om ,he lbo>'< discuwion I~ " Ihe m uc,,,,,,1 i<loalinti""

is .imply a ",00:" wboreby I C(>Otplo:x coniinuum is modelled •• 10 ....... bly
of d isc~ Ilruetu",1 demen" ... ,i.ryin, lh. o;ondili(:mo .,.,ed in Chi ","
I. N ..... in tho DUI ",b·. ectiot), va';"", type< of .. ".e,",.1 . I omeul>.~
_ibcd .

J.J TYPES OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

n.. Ilru«uIII olomo.III'o 0' • .,io",

' )'pel. The . hope 0' eollfiJura.
Ii"" of,hese di<c,ore oJem.n" depend. upon the F.mell)" o',he continuum
nnd uJ'O<O ,he Dumbe, of iftdcpelt<l..,1 'P""" coordinOle. (e.lI. ". , . '" :)
,*' .. ,' ,od=ribelb. problem_ Thus, bIIcd 0It the space coordina,", • •
lim,. eloltlall 010 be <.Iauified I. I simple one·, IWO-,O' th" ...li"' •• ';""'1
<!em ... , He ~ i. t bis oecIioo, ot)1,th. mosl «>mmonly used OIl¢', I nd 1_
<li"",o, i....1. 1• .,.".. with .... ight boundaries , ~ de><tibed IDd in tl>\.
tInIe""pt<', otiffil....""racce,mics to, thOle oI.",e"II Ire derived ,

A one--di", • .wo-oal el.",en' m:o.y he repreoented by . ",.ip, li.e .. bose

.ado, .ucb OJ I ."" 2• • re Dodol poin," (Fir. 1.4 0)_ The. . .Ie"' .... " u,
referenced in. «<>,dioOl< ' f"'m how. .. Ioul or .Ie",,,,,'~i ...,"
'yltelll _ In ' hi> ' 1,"10 , •• ..i. b d.S"ed by elem.o, 0110 whieh i, , li••
join"', the lwo
wb<n ,b.
.ode. oftll<: d''''eo". On.-<llmu.ional .l.... nts at~ ..ed
8<Om.try. m .... W pr<>pe'ti ... ... d dope.d •• , >arlabl .. <u<b IS
diopl."" ...... 01. III be OJ.p"'5Sed io t.".. of OQ< it>d<pend •• t 'pIC< COOl.
din.", which io III<asuted .101l, the dement u ;" Eump/.. of .",""ures
""'" ,hit ,ype of .1 ...... ' aro .kd<'al tI,=.ro' , O>clt I i ......... fnm ..,
.tc. (Fi,. ~I). It ",1, he poi.ted ou, that for skolel.1 . truct. ro. , e1.", •• ,
and liobo1 ~u.at • •y>! ..... F . .."II, do _ OXIiocid •.
 s..... otal 1'''".. , .... D

1.3.1.1 . Pln·Jofn,<d /Jar £1.......'

111< pin_joinled bat or In>U <1.,....,1 1IIoYnI;" f"'1' 1.4 (b). io tho
oiJIIplCSI Slructural ek",.,,1 ud II ...umod 10 be plio 001ID0<:ted I I botlI
tit< and •. TIt< b.or ,I<Iooa,1I also .... u_ 10 bo"" .... 0I0D1 ......... octiootJ
...... (.01) ."d modulu. of elasticity (E) ave, ill I.. &th (Ll, ellomallood. I,..
Ipplied 111110 nocleo a nd tho clTcd of .<If·1I'I:i&ht ill "tiJocled. Thus for a
pion< OIruc1U,.., IIId clt:mt"l has four do" ... of f ... dom, two " ' tuh 1I<HIo:
_ _ .. for I opooo \na .. i. is m. Ihret '1 .. <:It node. This ,Io",... aurlto I
onc..u",ensiooal ...... distributiolll •• il is lSO.m,d.o ,...is! ool1 ..ial f""",.

1.1.l.2 B..,m £1_",

The btamoltmenllhowu.;" Fill. 3.4 (e) i, also _ "' fno"", .1......,•.

For I plano 51naOl.,". this d""en\ bllm de", .. of rrtcdom, Ihret I I
. oeb oode 1.<., ... lal IDd in-pl.". lra .. ve... displ"'''''''U, ond in-plonc
roIItioa ....be ..... for . opiIQO _,t.;' """ 1,..1"" d'lr ... of freO(\om,
IIil . 1 caclI node. I.e., three diopl&comenU ""d Ibree roulinll' in tho Ihret
coordinale direetloDa.

-
._,- - ~­

1.)1,.·,01 ,........,...... Of ......',

•
.. .. 01_
".mo'"
••, _

I
~.,

(I I _ .. ;'10(1 oI ..... 00<" .. ,," .. .. _ _

/-~-.
'

~ ..
(e) PII.. _
FOC. 1... 0..0 dimo._
or '"... ...... nt
.!<mo ....
~.,-:.":'.::,'~":':'
~ ._
roo _.01' "
', .. ' EI, .......
i

llIo _ _ .oIoOW'll "" fltI.. I .S LOll 1,6 art ,", . ' r - d " wll'"
T1ocoo ....... ~" ... or _ oM ,1>1<"_ """ willi wo;p.1 _ .........
NEill, .. . t l • 10 ooIid .,'h e
pI&M 01 .....
; ..........

bit 'ial ..... _t>ol<l,'; .. cI ..... _ _ _ hlD&jlbo_1bI

pIu<.-. pi ...

lOr _ cI ' " ..... ..... It.,*" ud ,,,.."' • . ,........... CUI be ...
....pI..I( J.S~ n .... _ ........ r.... ,. P'M _ ...... ' .... -

""""-_.
,

.
::.,;:,,:.:,:-::-:.::,,:.:.:.:::,;:.:,:.:.:.:.:,:.:
•

-.~-
1
,
'" .......... __•,I. ,""_01
.... ).IT. . " I' " _ , , , , ' .. _

no. .... pIooc 1_ diu><",; .,,k_ II • Irionp,,"' "",...'zm 77' willi

Io-plaa< fOtOt •• r .. l,S \0). II _u "" ...ode< _ _ ,"-,777 "U,
.,_~ ....... n... KItOI *F_ oIf,.. ' .... ....... · ._oiL
 _ . . . . . ._ _ Jl'

).3.1.1 If..-_''' I'ItIU EJ... ••, ("..1'_ F""'I)

"",,·"pla. plat ••1aDca. ..... be obtaiMd b)r "0' .. . , ..... ~la.
plate .'=:0lS. ThiI ......... : p. fo.. IIOda willi ..... d....... 01 tt"'!\oe'
a. oac.II _ •. TbUi cadi rcct""u'" demea. "';:h ....pIa ... forcalw oI&bt
...... oIfrcaloca .. oil"""" .. F"... U(b).

U.2.l 1Waw,~ID, f'1D,. Elo",,,.' ('n.6,..dI",)

1011111 c:a ... demonll af •• ubjoc.ed 10 01111 bendinl, I.e., ou •• of·pl ....
f _ Tho ""...... 11&. oillO dear- oIfrcaloca, Ill,... a••• ~ _ . I. •.•
[ftiW ....... dioph .... ot .... toIWou about " and , u.a (FII. J .6 aJ.

,"

,/l
-E--

~ ..
,
•
1> "'/
-~--*'_--i'L" _..

,
• _ ,.~~, .".,.".,,1'''' $tt\odIIral f,... •
J.J.1.4 JI.-.- PW' IP_ (ho' ..."..)
Uko In Ibo .... do," CI ... (ICIly t : " "01 I. cu 0"",,1. Tho -' ' 01 III.
t.mv, .kp .... off"..,..m. lb.," It.adI """' ," obown In AI- 3.Ii (b).
In tho ..... , C!laplOf, ".I~odo for do' ...... do ..... , 111ft'll... pr(>ptrllu
IN pro ,ted ad II> O'P'... ,.1Id 6 IbtM pror tiM IN deriYtd r"'1M
ole_oil &ett ' .. this rh"P"f.

RI!FIlRENCES
).1 Ilo<by, LC., ud H-R. E...... BAa E>.paiuo..cal ud FlaM a.
.... al 51...".0111>< Bdo....., '" Folded PIaitI Root. Coataioillt Wjo
Opeqidp", Inl ...... tioII.1 Anoc:i&lioa {.,. BridS"'IM! B,tlICIun.' !!DiP-
MeriDa. Vol. 36-1 of the "Publica' ;o ..... , ZIIrioh ltU.
l .l Daal. 8. C'haod,..ba, ... Joba Pe, AbcI. 1",,0* ,.,1000 /G 1M F1_
£1_1 "./M,d A ~,>It". M.oW 1_ ~_I.y Alllllpb
V.., NQft ..... d ltoinbokl Com"""" Now l'otk, 1971.
1.1 Gaylord. Jr. Ed ..i. Ht,''''' aarles Nt. Oaylor<! (Bdite4 by" S, __
,WQ/ fAl/au"", H""d .Bc>ok, So<ooad Ilditio", M<:Ci ..... ·HW 800II:
Complll1 NOW York, 191• .
U Z;"'l:io.;c&. O.c., a .M.• 1roM. I . Ell EOI'd ... S. Abm .. aMI FtO..
SI:otI, ~Io"parametric nd "ooocio,cd I!lcoornt Fa..,n ... {o, Two>- .""
lllree·Dim'''''''ll ADI!ydo", FilM Toplr Tbe Terholcal Uni..... '"

1.'
of N.,.,.." Tl'ODIiIKi", 1969.
T"lIfIOabnoto, SoP. '" s..
Woi~KriqEr, ~ -I
S 1Hl1.( MoCl.....HIlI SooJt Comp..".. t'kw York, ",..
'''''n_
 METHODS OF DETERMINING STIFFNESS
PROPERTIES AND ITS TRANSFORMATION

U OORODVC'JION

It uo ..........Iiaod earllc. (CIIapUr I) t6ar ,II< boIio 01 JIoh .....

_ I __ .. til< "",".DI.,,,,,, I ' 0( i.lu" or ....... _..,. ...
"II-Noo,. oId.iocr< .. do ...... eaIlN Ib>~ ••
_",cd to be in..,..".... <lO(\ ."'" ., - . poia ... In _
"""mq. n... ."'.......
dtu,,,,..
to
1Il00 (""'. 6irp .........., .. Iaclcmthip or .. ill'.... d llllacl.ri!lict 01 !lie wboIo
_til .., ",hidl ls Iequi'e<! in I" ......1ysI. ..... ",ult _ill /InC llIc .. ill',

"

,
~ . '" 6101>01., 0.. ..... _ .............
1'10. u Loo<oI ... 0.... " ,- m
,. OJ ••
 U F ......·.'_. ...... ' ~· ... _ F . .- •

... _"ieo or <I<m<""_ 111<....;rr_ prO""" ;,,. orc de, ....

io.divid ~ al
o>in«l. 11<..... H>NtJi ,boo (,,110"';0, _ .ppro.cbcl-
1. EIommtaty Approoch-UJ", basic de8.;,;o"
1, ' 0<"",.1 Appt· ,:c~usinJ; d;..pI_.... t ot .hope f.~<ti"" ..
In ,b" <hapl. r, ,b. ''''' 'ppt'Oolcl><l ror ol>t.oioi., <1<_0' It"-....
_rtieo or. o1iocusoed:.lId I... r i. ,.bseql><ll'Chop"" 5 and 6. , .....
... 'bod. 0" oppJiod to pm·join"d bar .,,,,, •• ". boo .. oI....nlO, ,,-w,.
JUIOI ond _ . ",ul. , plo'. <I<lIlC1It>. The ..... raJ principleo di>coosood .... ,
also be.....:l for 6eriY"'. tho requlr«l "ilfn<o' ptop<nia or <>Iber t]peo ct
ckm,n*',
" obould bo mrn' ..... d that;' .. _ ,,,,,i<G!!o d ..... "p Iliffoeu, . ha<a<t.
"isoics put""!arI, for ........ illl........, . 1.""." I~ rererc_ to local or
olein"", ooordma" . ,., .. ", (Fif, •. 1), Au' j'Oj. usmlll.oite . I.m",' m.th""
'"'I.inUha, ,hese <hux"n. ,.,. for 'M "'Ir< ItN<lu.. ot ..,.Iin.o", ...... Id !

bo " t... D«<I io JIoboI or OYer. 1I """di.." ''''''01 "bich ill .......... docs

_1>l., , ,, ,..
""' "riu, i. tho di~ of ' - l ...... dl<a' ••",.m _How,.or, ~ iJ al ... )'>
form do"",n, lIi1f".,.. ,h.rar:' e:istics front on • .." ",,"'.. .
• )'01.... ,., """bor """"'ina,. 'yoIo ... Tho I'D<"'" p","""urc for &<klcoioa
he"'._
,Iii> 'ramf",,,, .. i,,,, io also "" .. .., ....

U tLI!MF.NTARY APPROACH_ USING BASH; DEFL"'imON

Consider . ",ismotle .Ie",,,,, IIIowD in FI, . •. 2 wi'h t _ .... ",etri<

and I1141<rlal prop<rtl<>- Th. d."",., ;. . ... mod '0 bo fIIU, =rtaiD«I ~'
bo<b 'he oodc. "bleh ... d •• oted by J • • ~ k_ It b ",f.""d wilh ".poet to
toeal coordiul. '1>1<., •• d hal '_I~ dearea of fm:doIlI. oiJ. . . . .,h
node. The numbo .. ...,.;,... bnid.,h. OIN", ",(Ii"'" ,be poosiblo dI.pl.", •
......... lb • .mi!•. h<oded ~ de""" t",n,III'iono ... h ..... the double-
h.. +d ........ d<nOl. ""otiom. Th,... " _ J ,I>< " . ",IIIIi""'.I< ......
\IeIod [,2 .•nd l aDd!be rota" on • • r< n"~be"d., ,. ond 6, SimilOfly.
"!be otlle< ....... k . numbo .. , . S. ODd 9 d<oo« ' .......11"" • • Dd I(), 1],
..... 12 de""" "".,io.._
N.,..., in r:wder '" obtl .. the cleme.' I1i/fn ... .h.&r.""is,i<o by thio
'pproKh, uni, 0001., dlspl"",,,,,,,,, ' " impoSed ..... o ' 'i .... while all
"'0. ",. .....
OIlier 1l1l<I.1 diopl . ....... " ' .. , .. oinod .. ltiDI rQ'CCi .....«1
.. tho .10 ....... ' " obI.i ... d b, d".,miol.. ,h. yol . .. of ,h. , ... ",int for•
... "q";,,d to ItoId tho distort«! """'ber in .Quilibrium . Theoc: m".iD,
fo""",~" to ""it displ.o«men" M~'" ,h. "•.,.,D' .. U,
ilf. ...... fi ••
.w.. ,Ito pr"cipI. of , uPl<I'M j1ion. tlto d .. i .. d .1.... ,,' .. ilfn . .. char"',,_
iotioo or. mort <OtOmOllly tnown .. d . ""n' otiJr_ /11.01';" 10 ob"iocd.
no .Iom •• , .., . pprooc:h ditcu""d . I>ove uoe. ,h. buio d.fift~1oo of
Iliff...... It .... bIeo the ,udor ,., ...... d .., pio,u" of 'II< roue-d isplace-
m<Dt ""."pI ..... to ot> .... tit< .. _""., Ui/[o... rna"ilI withou' m ... h
motb.<"""h:.al .. >nip.'""",, , 'Jbio n><Ilx>d is applied to 0\11.0 '0 ,ilo lIi/[n.,.
 r
I1 tI I''"
~ ' ~~I _ _ _ __ _ ---J.C
:t~ ~

I. /
( ~,

"",Iriceo of pin.jointed '''' .. and beam elemen ••. for OIIle, typos ouch ••
'riLo", lar or '«'''''fIll.. plat. ,Ie",en ...... hich a,.. ""'" ",""pie. , tJtio
elementary approach becomes cumbe'..,.. •. He."" . ....,. 1 'f!I'I'OACb Is
<ONid.rcd,

• .3 G£NEU L APPROACH _USING OISPU('J;;'I·II!;I'ITOIt

SNAPE f UNCl'IONS

T1>o ..... ra1 de,i."ion opproacll .... , ~r" used by Turner 0' d (4.1110
_ II>< "i/fncso mo,n' f"".
,,;, n. U'". pi.ol' <Iemc:n' rOI plant It••".
ptohl .... (sec Chapter 2). Thi, ' PP'OIch Is I<ncrll and oan be used for
any OIJo"'YP< or tic""., .. wdl. The,.. or. rour ..... tial "'1"
in 'his
deri .., ..... , whicb ' an be <lpr<soed os follows:

STEP I: For nch .,'' ' <.,.

<two.c • set orfu"",io • • ,ha,
d.fi.ot displace-
", •• 10 uniquely .. ilhin ,he d'mtn'. n,... funcl"",' .rt called
shop< rUII<ti",,,, displacement funclion •• o. dilpla<.m.", field ..
E. pm> 110",. di.placem.nt fune';o., 10'..... of ,I>< nod.'
di.plaoem,.u .
STEP 2 : iDtrOOU<:< ,h. ",. in.di.plac.m •• t .... ua.;on. ond ,her<by det.,·
min< lhestll. "r.lomon' "",in .orrcsponrlml ' 0 ,be "'Su _
displ.""",.,., 6<1d.
STEP 3: Wri •• tbe ron"itu.i", «juobon • ..clatin, "".. . 0 , ,,.. in. Tho..
equation. in,roducube inft""""" or 'he m.tori.1 properli.. of
,1>0 ol.men'.
STEP 4 , Wri,. foroo·di.ploccmcn, ... la.ion.hip ".d id.nlit"y 'h' <I.",,",
stiffn . .. m.,ri • .
Now uoio, .110 otc:po _"It<! . bo.c, ••iff..... ""rllto< I ,.... ..,liAito
".lII01I1 is dorl...s.

4.3.1 0.1 . ...... tI EIo_ Sti...... Cbuodoristb uu., C....,

.4..,••+

Comldor I 'l'l'ic.ol 010""'.1(<) ronnecled '0 "'be, tit ...." . , !ltc nodoo
I,j, .. etc.

STEP I: Ch<>o<c I di.pI.«mrn, f ..... ion [Jlx.1, <)1 II

.., (Jlx , I)) "

\"""1 .
• for 2D d.m... " (4.1 )

,. I
>(X.1)

! ...
p)
(Jlx. y. <») _ >(x. 1, z) • f or JD .1.."..11 (402)

"'- ,.:)

""ore M, . I nd .. " " displlcements wilbin ,he 01...,.0'., (x. l , z~

HCI.al"ter ,110 up"""" ( x, y. z) oltoll not 110 ull«l fOf .... in
w,;.in• .

Now '" obl.in di. pb«mo.1 funo'ion ;" 10mo, of 000" displ.«mcnt~
i, can be .. _ d in ml"ix fOfm ..
(f) - (N ] (to) (0)
01110.. 110'1 _ mwi. of . h.opc fUZlctiotI.
(11.) _ «>Iumn ,,",,'or of nodoJ di.pl ...... n' ..
n ... ~uan'iti .. depend upon the ')'pO . <>d di .. enoion. of <lemen'. In
upandcd fo,m. Eq. (4.3) .In be • • pt....d I .

r (t..) .
(I) - ((N,) [10',1 [N~I ... ]{ (to,) (U)
I (t.~)
l :
who.. I.j. m _ noel .. of I typ;ool oJemeDl{.)
,i.
[10',1. {N ,] _ "'brnatri .... of m.. (10'1
(t..).lto,) _ . u\lol=ton or nodal displace",e.' >0<"" (to)
STEP 2: Wi,b di' p" •• ""III. wi.hi. ,he demen' know" •• 1>< "rli. . .t
l Oy poin' '"n be de'"miDOd. 10 ...
cquatiDno ... be OXpr Zlled 0'
"i.
form, ",.i.-di>ploc<ment

" ,
 (.) - (8) (6) (4.5)
ID ,~ •• bo •• equa'ion. ma'rix (B) i. ti- by
IB) - IL) (N) (4.6)
",hot. ILl .....";,; of • •~i t.ab" linear opo""to,.
1t ....1 be pc,;nt<d oul be,.,ht., ill .... ILl ;,. "'" lin'., opCl1l0'... ""in
.«:to, caanot be o. prcsxd by Eq. (•. ~) .
At an ... mpl< of a linear opora'o" oonUd<r a plOD< ...us dom,nl.
Fo, ,bi! d ..... n'. Ih. otnin.di>pIKomrn' .q...i _ 0.. (I« CIlap,or 2):

.•
~

1 ,
r1~ , 1

",++
'" .
~
'!!+'"
~ J
}-
1
• ~p
l iy ••
(4.7)

100 tho aheM: equation, the lin ... oporll,or ",oITi, !L) is defiord a,

r1 , 1
~

m- , •
~
(U)

• &J
"
STEP]: A..... "';n.,."onol Ij""., ,lasti, b<k..iou, or tho m"orl.ol of
clemen, (0). \.he ..1a,jOJlSbip bt1\Ottn ........ I .... Unlint will be
linur &lid of ,be fo'm
(0) _ [tl (.) (4.9)
_ " ItI - ,I"lici'y motri. con,oinin. ,be appropria,e mate·
,1.01 ptoporli<.s.
Po< ho_ n..,.., ""d iso,,,,,,i< Ole... ,.1 .. poriaJcinJt pia.. <I~ tbe
"-,"m 'quat"'" may be written ••
,
, ', 1
, -,-
,-
1-\. "
(4. 10)

.,

:?'it ate
 • -""~_""I" ••_. - ••~_, ..•.•._.

,
•
'1
I~'
.... J
rrEl" : F",....w.. .M '_"'''1'11",_, tda'""'ltIlp, we eoooider lht
rirt ..... work 1,;: ,+. II ...ta III•• ('" elud" _,lObe ill
.~
.... .1Iriu.. , lIN _ I ';n . .1 _ 11_'10 ....... 114'" It!..
cally. II """ II< • • ",..-cI ..

"".+!.aw,n_o ("' 2)

"' ...... I W, .. Virtu' wort dua t" ate,.".1 ron..

I !W, _ Vi"." '"'rt .... 10......1 fOf«'> ptT ~nll

Now in order 10 obIlUI til • • 1..... 0' nilr"... ,h...cterlO1 5c>. lW. Odd
YOl .....

I It\ Ito upnnl ;" , .... , _of ' ''"'" ODd di>pW:cIl'l'"
, . mkiI..... 10 Eq . C• .I 2). F_Il",b.... _
""._IS,
ood
lIi11'_ .... tria if os.. ...
,
LeI
"pi '
IF}"" AI.
' _ 141: lIN
_r
W . T1M: ' <rmoriDoo iN" .... 10 lUoitlo' ronmd ood io . - bolow lI'iIJ>.
_ .. .011 dccailod • • pIaut ... .
of IIOdal for<a ... , i
mu' work IW....'
' ...... ~
be ..... by
' W. .. {U.}T {F} (HI)

wlKrto (lb.) .. ........ of moa' DOd.1 diJp" m<.lll>.

n.o vinoal worll ofi",. ..... r_ per ,n il "',. "'" 10 Ii'" by
IW, _ I~lr (o) (4.1')
U ..... Eq.C• .5)._oI ...... IIMio. .... ,bcupo 5 I ..
(.' - 1'11") CoolS)
1loo _ _ okloaod by £'I. lUI caD abo be .. ~ .. ....... of
~ <IiI,- 0 ...... by ~ .... Ell. (U), ..
(0) -It] III (b.) (4.16)
SuboliUn'" iJI Eq. (I .,. ) ,lit
(4.16). rnpoo:oi ..l, .... ",,,.111
_tl_ or (&.) .Dd (0) fro .. Eq •. (I . U) .00II

, W, __ (IoWC.]'ltl [Il{6 ) (4.17)

,,-.... 111...W i.."", .. J!.q. (' , I l) ,100 nh_ 01 aw. and IW r... J!.q ..
('" I J) .... ( • .1 7), oeopo:<tiooly.... obu ..

I
 I'd' , " DLLL t .., • • , _ _ """ .. n ' '100 Jl

Notio, th.t til< ....w dio!>I' " . _' >octo< ;. ."Iopt""'"

01.,, 1 ud •
ooonII ... ''', we oiItoia otIor "",ro.JInI t1>o.b<mt eqUAl",",

(I~lr {trI - [I. [1]' [+1 (I] oW] (o,l} ~ 0 (4,19)

- SIeao ,,;<toal disp" z.. "",1oDI a' , ' <iI1 eq'OlJ 10 uro, ~ baplioa

(I) ~ ~ (0,1
'''.
(4.l1)

n ....... ' "",,-<leph ..... 01 ",1,"ioNbip """ ,1>0 ... ........ rio for
.. ... "'.... ;. oP .... by Eq., (4,20) l oci (.,21), ..,p«'tiY<I" no di ..... sIo.
<11 ....... II~
• ',,001 '"'" u..
_n"
01
(KJ ""n..........
""
po . ........ , ... of 1",._

4.4 11IANSFOutATION OF .U'UINCB

COOItDINATE S, S . ti!MS

II .... P' .... ...·W. , 't&fioooo 'JJIOO of " 7 ,"" _ _ _ _ ....

.............. r", d." f ," ,,' o1_Un b::01 ...... .,... ..r" ...
_ _ ... are d~, ....... ror ,.... ';',,0=,"" 1 .,.,. ...... _

•
(
,,
,,
,,
•
"""""-0-='-'-"::-'-:-::'_,
,,
, ,, Q{ ......,\- ,- _ . ,.. -
~. 0 .. , , _ c , ..." ......

~ U ,e_.t'_.".~_ In"'
•
j ,
 ..hm>tO 1)'.,.... a.. in ..-.1 tho 10..... Bd"OA dbcuulD, in ,be 'Dboe-
q....., clI.opt .... bow .1< ..... , otillbooa .1u. ...... ,;"Jeo ........... «1 r... cadi
')'110of .1< ..... and , boD ...... bJod ... obIo.i.o .....craJJ .bo.-....Ico for tho
•• ,.... ",",~ ...... ,..q '0 _'i~·.I\ .., ,1M "'1I;oct of ,tlIO$l'<>stDlltiooo of
..h"""", coor1Ii ..... ,n,'_
ea e-e, two <OC>t'dm.tc .,._ wI''' and tMJ" ........ 10 F,.. 4.3,
..... lei tho forma .,... .... be .tfnre<l '0 II kaJ _rdina, • .,..,....... tho
.,ta .. tIDb*l .--diea..."...... I. till, 1CttiDD. Mit;"" 01 ...... ....,•
.... far two lood three di ... _11 >'<CIOn ..... ror.ulaud . . . r ' lOb It
..... ud Ia,er , .......ormotiooo el. anensl .... nil "'I""'" io pt & .ted.

4.... 1 . ..Mlaaot AusloTM--D' 5'& 5&

,
"

"
'--1--- - - - ,
I'll. U "
,"-I... d .... '" ,._·,I5M' · 5n.

.
F, "'" F.. amr_a .. F.. and F,. In Jt.OId I' directions <&D be a..
" and 1 d;,",lo,," be F, and F,. rc&pt<ll"dy. n .... hll)OIIin, tI•• """'"""cnte
'd

F.. ... F..... y + F, . . , ,W)

F.. __ F" 'Dy + F, toOy (4023)

II<>Iz: I .. toO T ..d .. ... 01, y.

....Irla I"cr.....
u..._
.he.. 1 ....... ot ' ota,1ooo bet_a \he '>1'0 _cliwc .)'tI< ..... U &iPl&.,. ...
lwo "'I"'1ioDa all be apr ...... ia

\ F.. _[ ' "J !"j

I"j F,
_III 1
Eq'w" (4.14) ... 1M rcwrittno in" ........ rom. ..
IF1 - [~111 'W) •
"be,e (F") _ for« """'or in primed <oo,di,..t<.)'$t<m
If] _ (0,,", -=tor in "nprimO<! .""rdinat. 'yslem
(RJ _ rotlticn mot,;"
The>< _t"," ond ml lrU ate Ii""n a.

IF")
\'.' I
- 1F,. (4.26)

'~ - \ ~ l (4.2"1)

'"Or-., ,.o j (~.21)

Thu. in &<n...1 form, ""U;. [RJ •• n be •• prtmd ••

IRJ -. " m,]

[I..... ( • .29)

I,. "I. _ di''''lio" cosl .... of x'

I,. "" -. di'l:";"'" ..,.;".. ,,( y _
Thu •.
I, .• CO> (x'.' ) ' _ """
m, ~ co. (...-!") _ .~. (110"-.) - o/n T
(UO)
I, _ "'" (I.,) - co, ('.I"" + .) _ _ 'in.
mr - <01 u')"1 ~ • .,. T
Th. ,ubscripU on I 'nJ '" "r" 10." ,oJ Y U'" The numbe .. 1 ""d 2
<l<noIO ,T 3nd y ,[i ....... ' .... " . ... p<rth·oly,
It .. also po"ibl, 10 ''''p....
,k<: com"""'n" F • • <><I F, in '«m. of F••
,nd (~ . Th;' t,,">f~rm.'ion "'" be .. pre..,:.! OS I
(4.3 1)

F, _ F•• 'in._' F"''''''T (4.32)

ro. ,to,',- ,qe"icn. iu m""" f<lrm .'n b, <' I"""oed a.

(OJ)

n.. transform:ni,," of fOf"" "'-..::10 .. (F") to If] Oln ,Iso be ochiovod by

p"muitiply,n, bath "'-J,~ <If Eq. (~, 2jl by ;-... , .. < "f rotation matrix JRJ
.n ~ ""'in, IU,

(Rt"'(RI - (IJ (Ut)

M _f' ,w_ . .
...... [1/ io """,Ii, IIIIolrb;,
so
••· _" .'••••_.
we ...
II'} .. [R}-' II"}
Now «>mparin. E<p, (.,))) ..... (US). ........."..Ib'"

[III" .. !Ill" (06)

TIlaa. ' 1>e ,01:0 •.,., ",olr;" [1I[Io'B OI1bofoool "'"'';0 (... Apptndi. A~
Now .... ,ru>/<t .... on•• ,;..,. '" dlspIoO<1ll.0b. Sinn ....u di<{ll....
"'.... <00 be 1.... ltd dmilo. 10 t<m:c _, ..... hcocc ,ransIbr .. oIlDo . qua-
_ ....1Iar to ...... tiooo (4.U) • .,j (.,) 1), " " bo "';11<. r""dilpUccmcolJ
•
{6.1 .. [III (6.) ( 4,J1)
(6.) .. [Ill' (4') ( 4,11)

..1Iete .... ,"" (II] ...i... by £q , (4,2I~ and dilpl,o......1 """""" (4'j .nd
(4).u ..p..... d u

{It.·I- I::} (09)

(4J " {~ }
I. UI< abo¥< ........ iODO, 4 .. . 0<1 4,. .n ....
potICnU of dilploa: .... nlO i. '"
and Y di ..... ioouo; ond 4 . qd 6., I .. ;" " ..d 1 diroct""'" mpoo<tl ..Iy,

Con,id" • fOIe< _ 10. F" .... wn .. fl" . ,S- TIl. , ......... or Mho-
..,..01 .... 0);1% , nd u'y" ... ",,.I0I0.,
to lbe lot" IOU 01 .... In ,lit
l-.diraauion&l ..... Ltl 1M dim'lon <OO:io .. <II "'..... wilIImpo<1'~
~ . 1• ..,. ... be I, ..... ,04 "., 'J1Ico< dir....... '... In u.. OIl,;".. of ,be
uJiu boo ....... u.c "''''''.......... 11Int ..... x. 1. 0"" r • .... poctiod1,
Similarly. Itt l,. .... "j
ddI.. di_1on ......... fot T"' .... •"" I, ..... ",
fOl' ....... , f olio.... ointll&r I'" fa..., U for I"" I _ i.... ' ;., "I ca.,•
...... . ,Oh F... F,. .O<I F~ of fO<o< F' ca. be . l prt... d ill """'. of ..... ,
pGDUI" F.. F, ..... F" U

") ["m"']I")
I;: -~::: ~ (HI)
 ,
,
"----- -- -"
,, - - -.'
I)"
'" \
/ ,
,
I
(- - -
, .'
,,
,,
t'
2:t'---+.--.
---, ,
_ -t
'
, ,

, .. _ __ J..
___ I , ,

,
...."..,
•_ -",,:. ..'_.-_.,'.
... twa

0c1!-... totoliool .-til ..

ODd Ibroo _l'$lrj.DCI II'} I. Io<aI ODd ....... ~ .,at...... ,...

poctM11...

(404J)

,....
)

_n_ .
"""" tMt Eq. (<<4)'" tloo __
_[~' 5
r....... 1l<I. (US) Ibr r_'
, "'£4 . (01,42)10 ......... ·.'
............ <lEq.{U4j ... boapt ' ..
r'_'
pI,H_"
(F) « (1l)I' {f"}
 • , _ ".'_ ' ........ , ... Su_ ...... F-# '
AI poIalcd OUt ill 1110 P : 0.110, •• t·OO<timo ••....n diopla.,..,.. .... ia m;.
....., .......... bt " .. ,<'<I oi/IIOIa,'" r""" -..:«<n. H otICC. <lisp'" i1\eIIl_
.. 1M ' - ... d ....' .,..,""" ""'1 t-. ,do,«I , • .-11 01,," by do<..-
........ .... ,rUt Eqo. 14,l1) and \4.J,I) U«pt 1/0.>. "".'1" .. II';' [~ wig
_ bo: <kIootI by £'1' ( ' .•:) .ad diopbc<ment~ .... will bo .... " ..

"The ccr;;oplO 01 f'O/Olio" of Ofl~1 ,oordlna't . ... ~ ... boca

d;tcuood i. Lho preo;:di, .. , .bscclic .. r~r l),p;<o1 v<d ... ",.b at (0I't0 and
ditpllOf'aa" He ....... In Lb. .. IICOI ..... u ..... art' ..... In d..-;,.!q ",.,,",
.......orm&,"'" 0<1l1lii00i. Conoid..- i. local coordl:o ... ')'SIC"',' ....
11 ..
OQ"";.... -. • .• be_ di>.placemCJ>t. r<.Ia,iooo>Ioip, ..

IF') N [X1 1'" {Ul

...... 111 and (G.'I_d<l...ed .. rot.. _ <li>pI .." ..... WCIOfI; &ad fK1
;. • "I........triJ. ...hioh rebI .. foru ""d displa"" ...... - . MIl ..lied
oriIf_ .... ,n., no ",pu><ript priIGt n
OIl mliN lad _ _

~, ~d~"""'''t
Now ift or<ler to " ...01""" lho malrl. ",""11000 (' A7) fromloeal to
aIobal_in.t. ')'>10m. 1<1 "",tID. IT] ddin" "'" ,.,.0110>1 _ riJ. bel_a
IhOM'WO _ <4i""", 'l'''<mS. 'The ... Uia IT] I• .,,,,,, «NIUIIQIII~ how.. as
' ..... Iormotiof, matri • . Tho, ..... Eq •. (1.l7) .ncI (4041), ,he di.pIau_
I nd r<>r<:e . «tOn (Oo1."" IF') in Local """,dj ..." ~,., .. oy be 1.IaU" 10
u.o .on•• pOndi ... ""CIOn til ,bo &lobol e<>o<din'l. 'Y':-"'. o.
{4'} - [n (4 ) (HI)
V'I- In IF) (4.0191
"bo.. [4.I ... d IF) ... dilpi.occlD<ll.l ..,d (<II" _«'on in P>boJ .-diulc
.,...... Su.ho~'u'iltl Eqo. (4.", ODd lot'"' lot Eq. (4.<17). _ ...
[7J [I"} - !X1111\61
.p" ~MipIfot. "'" .baY"< oqa.'" '" lilt iA-.. 01 lIt.t .......OW·,. .
-n..""",
In-' [11!F) - In-' IK"] [TJ (4.) (4.51'
Ddtoiq ....,ril [K] ..
IX) - 17J' IrllT! (4.$2)
 tt" 'orn~_'
· '·'$s._ .. , .......... Tr> " '",,,

[7]'" In .. [I) (U)

........ [I] io "" i4.n'i'y ...,,1., ,bt1I EQ. (4.51) mly be ", ... n.:.ft &I
IF} - IK] IA)
n ..1lIo.-. .... :riI.QI>OIIoto dtft-tl rorc.sdisp.c.:m<Dt ... lat ....... ip
10 pobti coordiDa" .,....... I, ..., be poi .. <d out ,bo,
tr ........ viM
.....1> In io ....pIy tbo collect;"" oil. di.""... ...",; , Itla,'" lAo t_
~ .,....... lOtI it io .. on""","o' ...... riI wit.It 1M pope"," ( ...
...... 'i....)
Ill'" - ITJT
,bo: iI, ioVCI'M 01 matrIJ. In "oq..ii 10 its ,,.mpov. Vt.ln. ,100.-.
1".".011, Eq, (Ol) ml, be •• pra""
[K[ .. [7]r [X'] (11 (4.56)

n .. Eq. (4.$6) dt&ot Ibc tkt.l"d .... tril ' ..... rormat;.... Rd.,Ion.~iPl
.w.... b)' Eq .. (4.41), (Ug) &ad (4.S6) IhalI be: used q..u rrtq_l, ..
n,
lito ",t.oq ... dlapt.,.., II...,. reNe .. Ito '41 W 10 (&mil.,,;" 11.....
_..wb Ill< coord .... 1rlllll000·"iM

"""'''''
' .1 Tltmc.-, MJ., R,W, Oou.b. H.c' Mlrtlo aooI LC~ Top!>, "Stillf>uo
oDd Dcllecllon "'oalyoio 01 Compiu S,.. c:tu .... " J. .... roa.~:. Sti,
Vol, 2), No. g, Septe..,ber 1956,
I CJIA I'TU J

I
DEllIVATlON OFSTIWNESS PROPERTIES
FOR ONf:.DL'\1£NSJONAL EJ..Dt lN'TS

'B Ili, oI... pt<l, iii!!"""", IN ......,,.. 01 ~I ..."'io.., .10....11-" ..

IIlu, 10(1 boa., ............... dorlV'OC! ...ma 1M ... tbo<I. pr .. _ Ia .be<
", .. 01:11. . .b.lpkr. Ai p<>inlod .0' .... (;.,., oti/l'.... propcrl 5H for , .....
• 100>0." .r. ~, .. _<loped I. 10<01 """,dina" .,....,. u.d later .......
,......o' .... iorI of _ " ...., Ibcoo prope,d...... ltI..ro,mod ia
. . - _ i ...1< 0111*",

A pie-joIaI<d pIue bat.. me ill .". . ,. . . ,,,.. 01 ..... dnamt. ,.

,",0" ........ _ _ 01 ' 110 '_'hI( :~ZTIoo<lorm.c"'d :
1liII"_ <.........<riIID.
C ..... ,tp;caI prism,,,, pIue """' ...=.,. (.) ...... ill F... 5. 1•
•
/'
• •
,.)... .~ ...
\,/
,

..... ,., Two' T ' _• •

, _ _

C Ightod malenal
 ""P«'i,'dy. The ,k.,,,,,,;, ',,"m,d 10 bo hooo~",n,,,"' ,n" i"""'r;". In
'u
f il. j , I. 'h, <k."", i, "f""cd wi,h r<!p<d 1"",1 "oordi""" 'Y""m .nJ
;" ,,,. 0.><1<, or" .knot,·" by I."" j ,.1>:« . .. ",b nod<, 'wo rom""", .. "
of d,Spi""'.'"'" ,,1<1 'h' "".,,,pondin~ ,,,,,,,i,l,",, C.'mp",,,"" of may f.""
0<\ , Sin<o .he ",xl,.. ,ro pin c""n«"d. no mom,n" ,.n ",hllh'r<. Th., •
• Ir .... <1<"",., no, f.... , ""I"" of f,<edom. Th<rd.... , fo", arc «I.""'"
.......kd 10 Ik"" ibo i" rom:-<li'p!"",'"",nl .h'''<1<'~'"". In Ill''';' f."".
111<.. ,quo,",,, "'.11>.: "pc<...d • •

, ,
rk ,; 1.,,'1
r"" k,,'
,•'
'
, ,...
~"l
,'"• ,'".... ,... .,
,, ,

f" .,
• (S, I)
I....
, '. .,J
~

,
" '. k ..' k,,<j

<J< in <OruIon><d fonn

IF') _ (k') (~'I (l,2)

"""« WI _ 01""",., "iffo". mat';, of 0'.1<, (4 .'4)

(.1') _ <vi , mo "".r of nod,1 di.pl><,,,,,,",,
(f') _ <oiom. ""''',< or "".1.1 r""" ..
lI<llh "«'u" an: of "RI" (~ . I),

5. 1.. 1 D« i•• lioo of 1'1. .. ·1'..... ·[ ......1 Stlff.... MII,l, liJ i"ll
(1t_ " 1 Ap,..", ~

To Ar.d 11>0: y.rio ... <odli<:i<." or ,"'m •• ' .Iiff",.. rn.If;' [tl by cle-
m,.IO'Y fo""oLuion. di<pI.«m,nt ronoi,;.,.,. at"
it"",,>«l 000 by 00. ,na
<on"""ndin. . ."rolinl fon:< • • f< <>.>mP"!O<i u,in, fom:-\l;'pl>«m,"'
«l. lion,hips "nd 'q"ilib';"", <oodi,io",. Finall, " ,inl lh. prindpJ' .f
' "»<'1""ition. Ih. a.';r,...z .I<m,"' "iffn"" m""" is ob""',4. The >I'p by
>I.p pi"""""" of lhi •• pp_ttl i... I i"'" bolow.

c... 1. u\ 'h' "<><I, lof (ruos <I,m'"1 bo lI..\.d. Apply 4i,pl ocemcn'~,'
01 '1>0: <><><I. I in .<'_4i,wion Iltld.1l urh<r di.pl''''''"'''r< kop! «1",1 to
.. '" i,<, fl., _ fl. ,' _ fl.; _ 0 (Fi,"" ' .. 2 0), The fon:e-di.pU«m,,,,
«Iuatior> at 'h, nod. {may bo wrill'. a.

f; _¥ fl. ... • nd

f ,' _ 0 (H)
II
. ~;

I
")- I
I

,
;,:,
101 C.... \ __ I ".tiI
~
I

,
~. !'" 6'1' 6._0
(~l Ca .. 2 ""'" i " • .e
Fla.J.! '-, ' ., ... ,. _ _ _

IF.' _ 0; F; _ _ T,' ,o<

F' __¥t.,.·;....r (S.6)

'fJ,' _ 0 ; F,' __ F.': Of (5.7)

F,' _ O (5.1)
_ apply difpl ....'D... ~'I I ,tit _ , ill ,.... ircctioo..,d t...,IU_
dior ......... U "I..... 10 <en> ~ • • 4,' _ 4, - f>.' .. 0, SiKo tho " - <it-
...... rail! 0DI1 11M oW ro ......, .... roroHliopll"_ oq""io<I .. ItIt
,..,de , ..., tit ... rIIl .....
1',' .. O...... (509)
1',' .. 0 ('.10)

1'.' _1'.. .. 0 (S.1I1

Cue 2. Lei th< nod.' "'Iho domo .. bo Ib.od ..... I. colO 1. apply ~i ...
pl_menl r.,' . , tbo .oo<Ic/ in x'-<li ...... ion bcpl", . 11 oIb.r di>plocelD.nlS
"'1"01'0"'" 1.•. 11; - 11.' - Il,' _ O(FiJ"'c '.2 b). The for....tiopl...·
ID<II1t cqld'''''' 11111< o.od< J 1D11 be writ, ... II

, • AE A ' • ('-12)
· - T ... · ...
1',' _0 ('.13)

IF,' _ 0; 1',' .. - Fo. or (S. 14)

• AE A ._",
, ,--7: ... ; .... (,.IS)

11',' _ 0; 1',' _ 0 ('.16)

J I:a y' ... i....,' IoB t ..pi.,. I II oIbo.
WIlly Ipply di>pll<<II,ent 4: It ,lie DOd.
di.rlKc ......1t equll,o ... o i.• , r.,,' .. Il,. ... t.,' _0. Wi.b
lal II i.o <:uc I (11,'" 0) .... <an oWly obIaia
.b. _ 'c • ..",..

~' _ ~ _ N _ ~' _ O (S.I~

No.lJ'9I,y'" .... priacipl< oll<lpcrpmitiaro. III. IOIal rorc.. It .... , _

........... y-a! .... by
F,' .. (4-, r.,' + 0.11. + (- ¥) 6,,' + O.to,,' (S.l II)

Po '"' 0.6,' + 0-6,,' + G.llo· + D.f>: (S.llb)

F.' ... (- 4-J :',' + o.IJ.,' +(¥) 60' + O.t..' (S.lk)

F,' .. 0..4,' + 0.6,' + G.4,' + 0.4 ,' ('.1&.1)

 , -.
r • , ( fIl,'
F" • , , , ,
'",.•• "T -. , • , 1
- ~.
(S.l9)

,.• l , , , l",•.
UIe .1ilrbeso ",.1r1l111 (or a ",0 dimcaolO1ll lt",*, ,lemont in kal
T1I~ ••
<'<)Ofdillll' Iy.l<", it p..... by

, •
,-. ,
, , ,
WI - ~ , • ,
L , , ,
-. ('-.20)

U .1 O"I,,~': ., ..... T..-FI I sua-. M _ lWq

c...nl FiaI.. F' _ _ ..... " ' ,~

The bolie • • "" io 1b< .."...1 deri..."" oflb< ....... nl Oliff..... ",.tr;' (Of
• pl .... I,.".. d.monl (0) o/towIt in Fi,. $.1 a .. _ p...... I.... T1Ia< bull:
"<PI haY< bt<n ch'<n in ~;.,., ' .l 0( Ih.... "dln. Wplet.

S.I.2.1 SUp 1. Dioplace",<nl ... Sh.opo F u ... lloft. LeI " ...d • be II>< d;'"
pI.Io< .... nl. " a diol' nCC '" (ro", Ih. - . (I) of ,1>0 tr\ln ,I.m"'" (. ) in r
. 1Id I di...,Iion •. rt.p«';ve.iy. By a .. ~ mi •• a lion, " ",,,loa 0( d iopla<:e-
.....11 " and • 1101_ ,he j"", _ . (I) and (f) at \he <1."".1 .. oho .....
I. Fill. 5.l, ...,ot
,, - fIl,' + (~' - fIl,") 1 (5.210)

.- t..'+ffll,-t..·) f (S.llb)

Eq_iI>ot. ($.21 1) II!d (S.2Ib) "". be ~.... iu.o ..

0 - (1- f) fIl,' + f fIl,' (Ulo)

... (I-i) 6,·+f4,· (U2b)

 T~~" tho d;'~ ...", 0' .... po ruOd"" .... n be • • praocd in matti. r<mn
"

(
•
c.
,I ,.1
, ... " ~"" .'O mo", ""'. "'",0., .~ ... "
... t:~" .. ~'II

"
,
n,
.
=::"-==J-----J,,,
• '

• , .'j
{/l -
I:) -r~~ '.
, • :J
~'

~'

...J
, (S.ll)

_ be .. ~_"'IL.
 _bod r.. _ ..... £oIi....

. '.
lbcm .. tiJ.INlond ooIuOln -'or 141'''' \Ie 6<~...:I ..

,
(Nl - ( '-'
1) 1__ I 0
(5.24)

I<l.J _ (t.,' 4,' 6.0' 6,Y

. nd .ubnl . "iceI [.... ,) ond 1.'111 or'

H
[.1'.1 - [ 1)
(5.16)

(5.27)
[NII _ [ :

only lbe .".i.

5.1.2.2 S ..,2. S, .. In-Oi.~...,,' R<I.(ion,~ip_ for 1m. . . \< .........
In X direction .. is!. and ""Y be •• preSOe<Io.

(s.2S)

who .. &train ... cIOt {.} comi ... of . >incl' ,I<m<nt ••'.
Dif(tt •• tiati.I Eq. (s.n o), "'" .train ""'or <1" be ,,-,pntSS<d I. """,
or..oool dupW>oo><." by ,ho fol!owin, mau;" «I"atioo

,
"
{'J-{- ~ 0 ± 0] (H9)

l 'V
Now ,II< ",.,.nIB] ddl.<d in Ilq. (~.S) ..., \Ic <>p .... «I .,
IBJ - [- i 0 r 0] (S.30)

S. U.J Stq l. S"... -S, .. in R.latioosbip. F", 1ru" .k"","' •• ""I, 1m.. ,
"""'ponoot of ......... UI. ' Dd lb. >In: ... >1,,,; ...I........hip U .. pr«oe<l .,
(0) - It]].] (5.31)

n .... tho . l.>licity maIm ];'] of Eq. (4.11) i. d<ll"'" u

" 1+1 - [£1 (S.ll)

 " - ' - < I _ PI " .1001.. o.o-ob_ _~IF.'_ •••
S. I,U Su, ~.
..-.. _1rk1k1 ro...
!!lao... ] ..ur_
MoW ll;"~ U"""
Eq . (' .11). !be
pIuo \notO"'~ II IocaICMHoIl.... .,...... ...,.
,,"up "'·"

-,
1l1- J.t •, ,
1CJr1-1 0 I OJ""

For. priIoIltio cit ...., .~ b 'n)",,_1onI1 Ora A .........p L. _

Ow

I. <IV - AI, (S.l S)

• -, • ,
I- ¥ -,• •• • •
W (5.l6)
, •
• • • •
Eq~.,io<n (s.10) ..... (5.36) ..... tht ""'. and ~ft .. n•• ocltI'l>o .. p"".".
Iiot or. pia .. C..... 0""".1 I. _ I «>On!Mwo '"..<'111 /(tho .............,.,.
II _ prilmati<. I" Io""b Is di.idcd ;"' 0 • _.",be,
or bire .It..... " 01>11
tbo ..-....,~ .... n . ;.........._10 _ ....d tel be ,,"c.<II,

~ .k_. . . .
c..nsick • • lrpical 111_ " •• <10_1 (<') rrom.., irlw ... ,.,..."....
. . - (I) ,lid (1) .. o.bowo III F1,. U . T100 _dtbo t<hn.
odwilJlmpcalOp:.IIoJ" ; d ' '10 0f'I ... {1.r1). I ' IIIaJ be poiIIoaloul
 • _"~_, ,, . 'IotJu" "oIc,' '"

~ .... ,~,f<H .boo purpo. of rotatio .. , .... ftof.,..OYti<on. ~ io ' .......,;.1

, , _ . _ ,don to ,bo ~ ..... y ... or coordi. " . . . .. Of "'1 "'ho, ..
t of
AUI ",nllollO Jr., .',
I.et.h •• ,..-' <OMd1 .. ,. U" >.' .R<! 7' mal<.

,.,.',1
14,.'7 ' (01 '--'----,
( · I,'l'

...
&II . . . . . T ..;'h ..... Iobol .... Jf'od ",",)\<¢Iivel,.
o•• /10 •• &It of rotatloo .Dd in 'Um' of nod. 1 ooordi.u..
nio up T i. t _
~ ... , bo do"'·

15ol7)

(UI)
No.. .n..
,II< ...... or ro,,!Ic>n /lao _ delIoed, IIw: fi",' >lOP 10 Ih.
1•• ""0 ..... '1000 of .I<",'n' "i!!"lId. mo,ri. from local «>ordi.". ')'>1.10
10 llobol _I.", • .,..'111 ;. to ftod .o. ,,,,",fo',,"Io........;.
[TJ. Sin..
pWot 11....10 ..... ' b o t _ _ .i,' ,wo
dt....... ot r......."" 0"0<10
_ . . .1Ib 17] will be of .. d<r (h: 4)a.ad ca. bo •• poa&<d ..

,n - [. " ,. '"·'1 (',391

whc:rc (OJ io . (1): 1) .011 ..,,,"; rotoritlol ,.. ,ri. III) iul", (l>< l) U<I ia
dollllcd u ,s..
Eq. ~.l~J:

'" -['" :l (1.00)

"ber. di .... ' .. n .... i... ar. ok~nod ..

 _ ... IiI ..- . '".",Ioo'" .....D
.·_••·"'__ •
I, _ _ y, (Ull
" , _ ... (90' - Tl - " T. (S.~ l)

I,-coo(no"-y) - - ... ,.U<I (Ul)

... _ _ Cl6U"-,) __ T (U'l
v.-. Eqs. (S.4O) ,. (HcCJ and 6~ _ T -I """ oio T _ .. ,\be
'ronot'...... O!ioa ....Ill [T] 01' Eq, (',l') ..., bo ",,_ltd ••

•
.
, •
j
·,
·-. ,j
j!...nu.. 'loo..,riJ. ,ruoiOi"'''''' Eq. (4-'6) doriYt<l II ok ""adill,
cUp't'"
[~J _ (ry I.t') [1']
_ [*1 .... (1'1 ..... fIdI .........._.... , ..... Ie .... 0114l000i
_iN ...,.,...... rupee!;....,.. 0Nq E4J. (,.III) 0< (s.J6), o.a6 (SOoS) ....

.....
perf""" ... _1riII .. uItipticolioa ... _

, ~
by til< .bon OCIntlooo. -

-, -,
,. ~ -,. _r
Ikl -¥ -, -,. , (SA1)

••• -,. -~
"
" "
jj, n ....
Eq.I''''7) ddn.. II•• d . .' <4 tkamll Oll«- .. _,d•• r.r.
~ pIMo ......1..... ' Ia ,loki 000:_" .,.....
s.J , LA"" IlI!JJoI £U:.\IEmS

Coe~. 11Pin' ' ' ' ' ' ' .;""., bo ... ''''iNa, (.) .-.
II I, "55 !!MId 10 be _ralP< willi ...if_...,.. ....;"•. 1.0< E,l..
fis. U.
It
A. ud J
be ,1M ......1.. at <lull<i1J. Ieopb, ...........1opI , _ . ud E' 'n, 01'
loenia ,boo, t' .. ;,.. ,..pre!iYel,. n.. bo ... is ..pablo oI..-iIIl ..w
roroeiF,.od F,',ab<ariq r _ r...1>d f,'; &lid bolldinf; """""."F,'
IOd 'It . nw. )oo:a.ia6 and "",,~i .. dim:'ioao 01' \bOlO r _ ....... willllbo
""....,.poodi., d;.pl_m<JI1I 4 ,' 10 4,',.ra ............ In FiJ. 5." Tho
di.pIoco ..... II . .. 10k.. '0 be pooili"" j/ .h." ",,, oc"n,
In .be paok;'"
d~iocI of.1>< {oruo. , •

f1a. U T " '"'001_ . _.. ,

'"~ pol.ted oul <ott;'r, it is "",,_ion. to develop <Io",en. Oliff.....
m. trix in 1.,.,.1 or o!emo •• ..-di... ,. '}'It"n (x'. ". z') Th. 1< '~'. .:oiod·
d.. .. I.k the cen.r<lid.( ..i> of .he <I."....t . rut ;, pooki"" in .be O<IUOO from
I to j . Tho 1 . I>d :' nc: . ... tak.n a. principal ...... for .be .1..,,0.', .bot
ii, .be :t' _I ond :t' _ ,' pia"". I .. prillcipal pi ..... of bendi .... h is 0110
..... med th. t obolr eo.". I Dd tbe eo.t",id of ' b. d."",o' coineNII: .., ,hat
twi<tin •• n<! bc""inl of .bc d.",.nt ' 1"< 0<>1 eoupl06, but 1'II410eo,,,
indopeodeo.tly of 0'" •• otl>o, . Those , .."i<I;on. I .. n<>nnIWy .. ~slIed i.
beam. ona r""",d "'ucIureo; howe"",. it Is ponibl. '0 ",. to 0 mof'
Fn"",[ ••• I)'1i' iroo d.. ired.
In lbi, f«.IiooI, 'h.ltiH'..... m.ui. fo • • pia ... beam ......., h. IooaI
""",diD'" ' YII'" Is <kvelopcd ond I.te, it Is .u",rOl1llcd in gJobol <OOIdi·
.....,..tem.

5.J.I Dorh.,ioa ofPIaM I!<ur>-' hc&t 811_ MitrO U..., •

o.C.ltlfY""...do
The still"... malri> WI fo. ,b. pi .... bel .. ole"","' ca.. be d.,lvod it< •
simil.. IIIInn<t • • fo< .b, I,u .. olom •• " ChI! is, by Hlum;", ,he di.pIKe.
matU &ltd «>tltiaus to be induced ""e ., ........ hile .11 other ......1
<Iio1ll _ _ U ..... _100. 'IlI ""pi U ze,o; !tullo, 'ho _ ... poo>dlrl,
t.,..... """ mo ........, tho 'wo _ ; .uperimpo>iq !bo ....I&s ... d~"""
_''I)ioJ 'ho . kmtllt ,liIf_ _,ri<o
F,,"IlI s.6 0114 5.7 . _ pi<lIori,lIy tho ......1... aotioo. """ ' o.tho
!odi"rid.... appliod dilpl_DIO or "".,.,.. ot tho two ood<o of tho 010.

". ,
¥~,
- "t'
-<I.,
I ff- "
'" ;

,., DOl;Ilo",,,"ont .,• ~ ... oct""

i.~ ;., y. <weelio "

t T' '" "

.too"! z' .01.
I'\a. U Rosr,. .. 0<1100. do. t. _' .... , ." .... ' ....100 .. _ \Q.

m•• ~ I. c..h <aX. ,ho "''''i"' .'''Iolu....,

sl>o ..... OS ..... 0 ... An o,row
wirb 0 010&1< boa<! •• ""' ..... 0 (or« _'0, Oo4 , DU f<IW w~b odouble .... d
"pre... '" momon' _"" . ... 11 _Ion ... dron I. tho posit,,,, ..
n.. ..
but lrI ..xo .. bt", (orce or mom.n' =<on .r< ""tuoUyD<p'iV< • • miD ••
• ~ p,«,d.. rhe "p'<ulon (or ,he •• " " In' 0<1.",,, . I. o,lk. ,. ,""ow
bow 'he .. rut,,;n' l<lio ..... <l<1< ... in<d, ron.id .. tbe dio~",,,""'''''
rot.at'OCI applied ~t nod< (I).
 '} flol .. [ _ ....... 'o. """,.0'01 EotI.....
c .lHid<. A .. H Co) ;" wM:b dilplocc", ... (6,,) ill r d.im:tioot • • _
Cillo oppliod aDd aU <IIbcr ~iofll_." .nd ",tallon.... top! os ......
"llI1o .... 10 .I.. ila, '0 ''''It ........
1. Tbe diopl ... """" (6,1 ........ pare
~p<t";" (<>reo ol .....~ ..... (£;j /L ) 6,. At tbe node (I) 01"11... ~ii, '.
tlIis _ - " " (om: h rquilillnrod "". _run. 0<1;'" 01" (£AJL) 6,' ill

'I
;; --1)"
1:--- -;,-,,- _1!lk_~,

1-"

101 lI.t. , :... 4;; .bo~t

Flo.'" ................. "'" ' 0 d', I .

•Joe paw,i .. ", <lirmioto, ..... ot tho . . . (I) "" ho ....... tIM.......nn
_ h (- £;j/L) 6,'. Atl 0""," _ .... , .... ......... HfQ io t~~ <ale.
M...... OWiI:oUr I, COlI 110 UPt I'd.,

F,' _ ¥ 6,';
 "' - -T",,"
, ,""" (5 49)

',' _',' . F,' . ': . O (5 .50)

C... (b) of Fjl. U ;•• <>Ive<. dioplO«llICD1 (0,') of ,I\< .oolo (I) in ,he l'
di,."",,, whi!c );«pin, , II o,h<. d;,plO<<nl<"" "noj roIO''''''' «1,.1 '0 UfO .
Tbi< dilpJ. ",,",,", ....... boIh ,"o."n, •• d oil."
in lb. ,Ic"",.,_
Uoln.
oIopo-d<n.,,;on «Iu',ioo., ... I"

, - 6£1"
-U ,;.n"
"
, • 6EI", (l.51)
• - L' '

r e p'
%M, _ D",'_ • L ' ,or

r~., - I~Ef"
---r;r • ,l,Sl)

IF/.O:,,' _ _ ',' ....

c. - - -zr-
~. 12 EI, ,,
.. ' .ON" (S. 54)

~F .. _ o;r; _ F" _ O.
,"o•• lIy in fi." H (ej .• ,,,,".ion
dilplll<.",.,"tI , .d rotalR Of.
t.... is ' ppI;'d at
k<pt .. ntO.
.od.(I) and . 11 OIb<r
U''''' .Iopt-<l,fte<''''" <q...
'ieno, -set
4 £1 •• ,
• - T"'; ' n
"
2 iii . ' (ISJ)
"
' - r'"
from .... ",,,.di';gn, of <quilib<icm. w. P '
1 M, - 0: F,' - !{i- "','
IF! _ 0: ,,' _ _ if 0\.,';.<><1
%F.' . O: Eo' _ Eo' . o. (S.60)
 • _ •••
' _"' _"'" r.. 5< _ _ F. '. •

oppIicd
10 ,"ro. no
_.t.
Sim.lIorll . t """" (J) dilp"
time, bcpiaf: 011
"'ft"
.,Iocr d;,pl;
_, ..., "'inno .l'O ........ ito
0.: •...:1 60' lad roto""" 6 ,' at<
.wo .......... tiau_1
FI&. ' .1..., ..., be "", ''"''':1
ill .....iII. "'&&II« .. for .... <aM or dl'pI ...." •• ,. t.r>d .......... applied
., """" (I). Ail .. ucn:iK,'" m"k.... r........"" t. <heck ,1Io .-1t!
N.. w..,. .....'
the prilKipio oI superpoai!IotI ..... ob'." .Il00 r - - ,
I«a".II. ploalM1l' "'Iu.tio.:

.M. II1-!.t'] {4') (S.6 1)

' ..
'.
.'
•
~'
, .~ (5.61)

~'

, , , , 1
, , 11£' ON
--zr -zr
, 6£1
I'
4£1
-r
, w
r
[k' ) ~
, , , , ( U 3)

, lIEf
- IT
6£1
--zr , 12£1
-zr
, OU
-"
W
T
, - ".
OU .~
r
M'1Ith Wi ..... ..,. &I, (Ul) is Ibo 1 : ocIlllIr_ _ rill 10 local" .LdO •
.at. , , .. _ r.... 1M pia. . beano _lome, ad . . fl&. ' ,5; &Dd iI .... ',ja·
I t

.. ' .... - of 1M ...... 3><3 .. ""'"" be ..... ,

C Ightod malenal
 _ o t __ •. , ,,_ r.. OM·O "
_.... ' •• • .. n .. ud ..
'I, U

"T , ,1
IK"J -
, V
12£1
'"
-".

L' '"
-". '"
r
!K,;t 10 """ ___ .. !K.I ""IA tot II... r... """, """ o-(6E1TlI) 10 .. ~ ! '

",, ( - 6£lIL,):

u ,
[~,[ -,
-T
'W
- -,y :J
VI' (J.6111

, -p '" ,n I
n
.,......
ud IKJ . ......... of[K~~

lA caoe """ bu.- _ a t ", ...

N_ 1M' ........., 1IiIf_ ...,"" [Kl io

«1._ 1»'.bur r""", .1Id bocIdina

or "'., aIoto< ...k OD io F,.. U. """ ..... (~) .0<1 (c) or F.... U"""
U ~ to bo _oi4er«l. For this _ . the el ........ 1liI'I"_ ..."iI .. .
(4 x .) ...,ri • • 01 .. 10<001 _rdl ... ,••ystan. ~ is Ii.... ..

IlEI
-,;r '"
-".
IIET
- ""l' . ""
1'1 -
OD
-". '" -"."
T '"
T
('-6"7)

"" •• '"
--".- 1J" '"
-zr -"
I2EI

'"
"IE '"
T -" '" 7Y
6til

N<>I< U... . bo._ .1;"..........,iI .. . 110 .,....mcf.ic. The ,ubm.ilrioa or

Eq . ('.'1) ... of """ or .... 1 ...; 1 .J>J .... , "" "pr<_ .,
 ""
f.t'J _
[
--r:r-
,.
'"
''']
.,.-
¥!

1-- .
•
P1II. ' .1 _ _ '_OJ '"'_ .......... ,.".. .... ~_'_.

"']""
-.,,-
T
(5.70)

C Ightod malenal
 OO_ ... ql .... _p,. u;..I'at()ooo.Di;' ,', If' .. 11

-':]
w
T
Jol.! om._ fI PI _
_ ·W
c..........1.. VI _ .. A... co"
TTl 51-. MOhIz tIMt:

' .2.1.1 S,., I, Dllpl.., ......' .,. SIu". fW\CIl ...

A..... "1 .. .,.0 0,,1;';' • • displo« ..... ' ru ..,ion ,hat uniqutly dcl'tn<t ,be
".,. {l( dhpl ....... n' a, oil point. wi,hl. ,h. 01 ...... , I•• b_n. The
di:pl",."",.t ",n.", .." be repre1<Zlt..t by. 1'011lI0I<>I01 .. p_iOll ... d
oM .Im iJ to .. pta. 1be displo"'m<nt: .... y poi •• h' t/tc domain '" til<
.lro,n,lo e,,,,,, '" III< noel,1 disp''''''''''''' Thu,. \.be ."u","" di.p ..... •
..... e poIy_lo, ",ull CGOI ..io """ u"k_.
fl ' W, _ _ by 11:...........
_I&cic::, for oach d._ '"

Colloid.. tbe pia •• bo .... deme., (.)oIto ... in re. S.S. Lc< 0 and. bo
:be di;.plooo ......... i ,,:If .... / dirKtiou. ,~"'Iy. TMoe Ap!, ..
.. _ . rot. '"' Ofe opocilKd hi ..... d . dp "':he eleMm . . . dit-
....,. :If '.om II•• ..s. (I). I . onIeJ ,. ".,.... ,ke llllpo 1'0...... -.is.
1"'1 r... ,100 pIuc ....... eIe .... ~ . . .iI ..........idtf _ di:pl ... II , .
000d ...""..." . .... lIoeo combO<'-lO ..... i. 1M dtoirod""';' [1iJ.

DfSn..AC£M£NT. I N ;_DI8£CT/ON
Tbe di:pl& ....... t • """ I>< ........ _ 1»"' \.bini Old.. poI1-uol ..

• - c, +C, (f) +c, (f)' +c.(f)' (S.72)

........ C, 10 C, Of 0 .ok"". . .., ....... t. a nd "'. be deC<",,;"'d bJ usiol til<

bawod.ry CODdleiou 00 slope ..,d dUpIM:o"",.e II ,100 'wo
oode< or til<
.hM'"
00'.. 110 bo Ihollope of, ... dastic Ie • <",.. disc"""
:If ,..,.. til<
_ (f)000d ~ ... 100 _iDed by dilf.m>tia .... Eq.l' .1l) willi ral*l to
:If. n ...... bo upr ,-.1 ..

(Ul)

Now aplll,"" eb. be ,.... ry _Iou .. <lope. 000d 41:ph • "0 . , " ,be
,_vk wopt
-I;.. - tJ..'; c,_ t..' (Jo 7~)

11; .. - tJ..'; ('.75)

 " -- - .",., - 6.,.';
,... "....._,.. ' ,

II.--<. - 6.,.'; c, + ZC. + )C. _ b;L

By k""";OI C"niI C,'ron> lb. ftnl'WG ..... ,..". II&lod . _ . C, .IId
C. """ be oIItaillOd from Sq•. (l.16).IId (S.l7). Thu., we,.'
c.- - u; - 2 bo'L + ) b; _ b'L
C. _ + 6.,.'L
lAo ~ A,'L _1 b;
S<oIIoliIO<iqIbo _ d _ _ C, we, in Eq. (H l), lbodisplo<c_
• ill ..... d __ 41,''''-'01>, ... tit upraood "

• - (t..') + (boL) (f)+(_l t.,' - 1 bo'L + It.o' - 6.,.'L)

(i)' + (2 b,' +A;L _2 6-0' + t.,,'L) (f)' ('-10)

con"",... !em>" ... ,.,

• _ (\ - ¥" -+ ~ 6.,.' -+ 1.1 - lI" -+ ~') L4;

-
t (JII' - 2r') t.,' - IJI' - ,.., l..4.; ('-1' 1

r
' or
DISPLACEMENT " IN JI'_DIRECTJON
The ~;"pI_"'" dis ... " JI' ft ... ..,.,. (I) can be upr<saod ..
• IiMat oomblutJo. d .. II, dlapCz-l1IItOI (".0) _ buN', d""' ........ '
(".). n.
. _., +... (511)

Froao 1M ...... • ""_ ....... " lbo.o.laI <Ii.P'"" " 'I ... bo D ptl".d
.. (_Sq. $. 19);

". -( I-~~' tilA.'

..hero, _ JI'/L(uddlood •• t,lot).

I. order 10 ,*,10 bond,.. di.,Iaco .... , in """'. ofDOClal displ_a...
. . _Pdq th. simplo be .... 11Ioot} . CoBoidcr • beam ... .,.. ... otloOftlt
llI'''' h ill F". , J.'. n. diopt'£l .... , d llC 10 be ........ 1r

,
 v. _ f:F' _ G'H' _ f: F' _ OH \S .... )
Fn>m Fi,. S.9(d)

". _ ( ~+ C ) ' _Rl _ CI (HS)

F",," E~ (S.81). 8 ilaivrn by

8 -~ - (-6)) + 6))')'1: + \1 - ~+ ~'J t.,.

~ (¥ - ~) ¥ - 12~- 3,')t.,' (H6)

t-
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>0--' I "'~ -
'.'~'''''' ", _ to)
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51,.,."" ,

t il. ,., ........ _ .....,..

 liD _ 0' " ",.. 10><1 'tI, SO . . . ..., ..... ' •

By .."'tila l"" tIM aph ',. for. r.... E'I" ("'6') ill £4, (U'l . woo Jot
MI ~ - tI(,a - ~'J ~A,' + (' - ¥ + l,?) ,,£6,'
.... + 61,10 - J') ~A.'

~
- (111 - J:'J ~'

.. elL,
,..."

H. - , .riel' ..boDt~l;'" UPI'm ' el of JI. """ ~. i:a Eq, (S,I2) IDd
rarru.P>I termo. we ..I
" .. (. - 'J br,' - 6 (II - ~') '14. + ( I - ¥ + WI "u,'
+ Jb,' + 61) - '') ~~.' - (2J - .'),,£ 4,' (UI)
U..... Ilqo, (UI) .Dd (H8) , lhe dilp l_nl or llIapo ru.,.I\on <&II bo
UP' LLld '" .... trio r_ I f

Ifl .. {:} - INJ (61 (5,19)

when lbo dIspI... mt.' YeC,o,

{"'1 is dt~".d by I!q, (5.62) I Dd \be MOpt
til", t' ' . _In . IN] illly. ,. by

10 tho ~ eqOlUOO, Ibt .""pt rllll"loo> ""'tril l (N) wbicb iI of 0....

'
(lx'j , All be dd" d I f

IN] - UN,] [NID (S,'IJ

wbet. Jllbawri<a /N,]u d [Nil Ire of ...... tlx 1).'" ca. bo .....
I
• I E

...
[N,I _
r-,'I - '<>-J'J<
(I - llJ'+ .')
(1- 4HlPr'Jo: L]
(J- "H' jL
(M2)

[N,I - [ :
..-'"
(»'-2 1')
-"'-"""]
- (p-~)L
(S ,9)
 Dori_~"Je" 'P>: 1ioo1o<000-"" " :z' t ."

S.;l.2.J S .., J: S,..-D";I. __ " h/gr/,,,,1101p

Fo, • bea", .1< ..... ,. ,be o.lr It.oln compo.en! ,Ila, ...
d .0 be CONioioro
,d i. ,b • .... .. i" x'-dheedM . The .. foo" \he It.ain.«tor i.e .. [>ft:IlCd u

(U'I

DiII".....:iotiq 1110 ar. row 01 Eq. (5.90). the ....... _ C&II be ci¥u
j;; "' .... 01 ....... dioplp "_aU by p/lo folio .... IIWfiI <qaO'iooo

(.J • [6] (6 1

(s/ . t[ -p - 6(1 - ljI) ,

6(1 - :lJ).: -2(1-~)1L] ($.96)

Ul.) Sf.,): Stt_Soraio lI.oIll;o...ip

10"....... dasli<iI1 ..... .. I+/ oIEq. (4.11) ......... . . , . 1<nII ..
ooo/y Ii...., ..... _ .., cllt ..... «lio: .. nu

1+1 - f£)

S.U' SUI ': StiII'..... M.Prl.t (t']

U.... I!q. (UIJ. til:: 1tiII'........,,;. (t'] ro,. pIuo boa.......<111 110
local _ioa!~ ')"1<:111 I ...... "" II 1

.. he .. lIWri.1 (S] is d - "d by Eq. (S.H), Tk .,.. ,i. (*1 jo (1K6) ........
m.!fil: mPlllIpII<.,ioI5. ~ II .....,.... by Eq. (M'}.
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..... , oil d,~ .. ,I'mon' .HlI"....
pi, • • bo. ",d.""," ;, Ioul_,di .... sr>"m.

A. """""do"' ,.rI"'. ,b. ~'" ",pl. ,he ,<uua,...,Ion.1 .1,",,", ,,~.

.... ...,,;, ;, '0 obtain d•• trU1l'orm .. ;"" .... ," [r~ Conoid" ,he .... 0
dint'-01 bum .1"'.... ' """'.;" Fif. 5.10. Tit< nod .. 01 ,h •• !<mo.,
." "rw'd "'~h "'po<! '. JloboJ _«liN" '11"" (Iv) , not ,b • •odol
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"',me ,qua,... ,<1",., r"""" ;" 'ho _ , _il"" .,""" .• ,"- ••
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f."", _!on ill .... ,,' of """,di •• , .. ;, 10 Ion:< _on ... , ooth ......
TIt.., it "'" ..... " be d.""",,,,,,,,,,
'ba, 10< a pl... be,m <I,m,.' .,",WIt
,b. "••
jn FjJ. S, 10. ,r"..,..,;"" 'quo,;'" it of ,b. f.,,"
(F') - IT] (fl (1.111)
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(I') - f.".....0' I. JIobol C<I(Itd,,,,,, "".m
[11 _ tr ..u""",t»a "".. Ix
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(un)

h. oUoo>'O .qu.tion (0] Is • (J ><)) non ,glm. oDd [Rl It • (bl) toW ...
... ern whlch ....1 be ddn«l .. (Eq. ~"2).

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' ''.1. z uU; ,iloil.", I.... ~ ... _ .... po ... for !,-uil:.ftC! J.. .... ... for
,.,iI. II .... , bo "".. ,«Iou,,ho, f~. pl .... beam "0....,.''''''''' .. F...
t"
' . 10, t ond t" "0> .., ""toU., and _mol'"
' he '011,;00 """;. 10. ,bi. ok .... , boro.,..
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pl;tnc1. Thu.,

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('.111)

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di_.... ooUoos 'J< ""~Md ..

... _.o.(9O' _ y) ~ .iny _ TIL" ; (S.H9)

,. - .... {l1O' - y) .. - sin l (S.11O)

.... - ·.(l6O' - T) _ <OOY fUll)

.".
o=",'jo. eGO ~ _
L _ ,l(z, _ z,f'+fl. 1,),
I aM ii. l _ ....... ullna Eq •. ('.1 ' 1) ,. f'.UI~

, ... ' .... I1.,....,.lioon ",.lfi. 01 E<!. (S."S)"'", be: • • prcutd ..

, • • • •
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(S. l ll)

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Final l" Ibo elO/MftI IIi!!""" .. ,,0,,1. r".. •• ..., d""ooLouI bto...1.."..,.,
I.. aIoI>ol _.din .. o i)'SIom iI obt.i""O by .ubo'itu'in~ Eq, (S, 1I1) •• d
('.122) in Eq. ('.46), Thul,.n . . .. olri. mul'iplieoliOd , 1"1 w,
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s.:! rIN.JOINTED SP ACII BAR nEMENTS
A pi ..joi.tcd ...... loot <' ., io •••, d_ _ hilc du_ ..
ilun ,100 II< rptci6t<I 1»0 ,"" '''' - . at ''''' ca4t.. Tboic . _......
• Iso _ 'PO" t .....1,........ . 1Id ot< ....
''''1'1 '!\.It ,"'-y !jo in .poce in".ad oIi•• pi.,...
i'.,
(0 p\uHI ''''" danm"

CooIoOk, • typical ,po« ""II d . _ shown i. flJ. S J I. Eo.cII ....

....... ." ...pLk ..... _'ou........,..., ~ """.t_ TIlt
foral" dioplo«...to, """_flU "' ....., <OOfdio.ot. rysr< ..., .100 .....
....... (Iud}) of 110, tic ...... (.).",..,_;" FiJ. S.II. n.. _ ''''
.......... , 11M iii d ....... ""/••'«Iom. ,~,. •• t tack"",,"" 1, mo, be .........

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1M' \lie ..... <kmnn. _ . pIue Of.,..... eM ...... .....,. ..... f_

(... o.opL<' Jl, 11._. Ikn..,;g,., 0/' .!<.< •• ";Jf..,., jH'<Ipeni• .r.... botIo
pt.". .nd ""'.0 ,..... 0'''''''"'' I.. ,imila" I... JIO' ptn,.'ed.
watt<l ... ,.;t!o the •••
NOIiBI ._,
ioIo._
100« In do .. U but Itlt .. In """"' ... r~r .b...

'no" ._...
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0",". 10 romil;'';''

do _ .......""'........... _ " 0(."

10....,.. (i.I!-IIO..-J'" , .........).11>0 tic .... , ........... ,riT. rm _
''''. " ..<II' in looa.I..-d ..... " ..., bo aprCOS<du

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• • •
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C IQhted
 _1_ of 50111_ .. "",1eI 'Of o-D·, "'FE ""_ •••

Flpr' '.12 show> .paoo I, ... , 10""'QI ,.f..

red l>ol ~ ....lIh , .. p<>:t '6
..,..1 ,.d "",,"I «IOrdi!l&l' ,y",.,.
Tbis ,I"",", lui. ni. ikJ.... of freo-
dom .-.d h._. I......raI. ' ~ornu" ; on maiEi. [T] win be of ord"

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Fio. •. 11 S..." ....... _ .. ..... ....., _ .. "

m_

<6 x6). B., kno"; •• ,b •• in , If... "'men' "",, .... , <1«<><.",;0,., ore
.... JOC6 10 ,ou pl. ",. ""'" . implilloo.1on c:t~ be mad. in ,II. " •• .ronDa-
,ioa or .1 •.,,.,,, .. iffn ....... trilI f,om 10<:&1 '0 pobol lXIOidirato ')'>Icm.
n ... """",'«in. onl1 ,b••1k>w>.bI.DOd., di.pt.",,,,..,,, (4 ( nd .II,) in
tho: di .. ClIon of r. the .....r"'m ...... of DOd.! di.pI"""","" {,om &lobol
'0 "","I «><><din ....}'>!om "'1 be e.q>re>sed u
.11,' _ /4, + ".11, +_11.. ('.125)
.II" _ 1.11, + .,4, + .0.11, (S-Ilfi)

4, •• .6, _ Docbl displ""""' .... ic>,-, ')'$1'01

1 ~ COline of Ill. ",lie 1>01..... ..... r .Dd z

.-
.- •

•• "" .11<1 •
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H."",,_ .be Ir&n.cormatioq ,,",rio. iD r«IuO<d form be<om .. 0( onkr{1> 6\

. ud ""Y be .. p' .......,

• , ,
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11] - (U1S\
o

",he« [11 i< r«Iooed tr,,,,f,,,,,,U"D".'na.

Similarly, d.m,n' ,,;11:_ "",ria dd""d by Eq . ($.12-4) caD 'M bt
eo""",..«\ by """'id"in, "D11 ''''' .11o",bIc di'pl""""."" 110,' and
lb" by .,imin.,;nl row. and 001"""" corrdpondi., t" otber displa ...
6,.
III<ntl in Inn'",,'" dim:lio ... i.e. ",mo.io. ""'. and «1'0 ... ' willi ••" "
,I."".,. In Eq . ($ .124), ........ r«IloWl .k", .., lI;lfD." "",,", ll.'l of
ord<r (lx 2), ..

1I1 - T"[-,' -',J ($ ,l l9)

II ""'I be poi .. <d <nil ,hat ,oc/t "d""'jo.... "' ."" pOO>ibl. f.,ploo'
''''.. .lom,"". RooderS 'f< .." .... 4 '" porfo ... thi> r«iu,'w.. .' on
.,wei.. , No .. . ubo'~"tinl tbeS< rc<!u"«S .quoI""" (S.121) &Ad ($.129) ia
Eq. (~46) on<! porf" ...I.1 ,,.. ....., .. mUlliplicati<>D. w. I'"

£ ,4 [
1*1 - T
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($,130)

wbc .... bmw;o ia Ii"" b,

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n.~ [4 , (',tlO) <1<_ 'IK ddinrd <t... m otilf_ •• ,r;a 01,_

1,,,6J ro,. tpk< , ............., ill PoboJ _ ....,• .,.._

c, 0". ,,.,;..ot_ * . . okmc."

10 0110 .. rermilO ., .po« (,.....
ot..... _ .. FiI, ',ll, TIlls . k _
A. 10 ,100 ~ .. " fot 0<c:1ooo, ,ho
de ..... , Is .. r.rm«d ..~b rupect '0
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......... " :' .1 .... I"" La I", d _ ,100 ",, " "«, " . ..: I"
ud/.,_u.oprioodpolm " " .r ...... o(tho<. ....01,Il00
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.... Il00 , ... I '1_ ...", .. _ to bo ialfrl""!eiI .. II!o poIu N T ,01,
...... 01, ' h <JOIO:sealooo H<OP' io . . .pccioI "... 01,. <imllor <,.tiadr>:
<at . -.. , TM 01,,_ Po 'wot~d'" .... 01, (. "jor , oil . , <KIt-.
aM ...... pa .... or ......... r"'co> ..... d..pIoor ....... I ......... i. FIa. ill,
n ... r _ .... d .. p,... .."'n ......... oK "'" _ If< .. hOI 10 bo
pooi,I"" and Ia .«'''' r",.may be u .. e,d ..
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F,. To. F.'. To' d" OIl iIIariD.& r.....
F" F. ' · 5· . . . . ~., . . =_..
F,' , F.' , Ii" r.,.so.... botHjro.-
Similody.
6.,.' . "' I' "_10 ulal d~P' H"e"" Dto '" ,.'-dI.. otioa
A". "'0 110_ . ....._ dllpl, :e m ·,,11 ia 1'4ir.."ioo>
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malrb. io PI "' • ..., Ia Ioc:rJ _rd ...... ' 1 _ aDd 1&10. oStQIb of traDafOl'

.1c.... nlJ, tho d.rI ..1lon 01' . Lo ....' .tilf_ . . .

.... ;0.. or c:o<>tdlw. un ... sl •••. I. may too poiotod 011. 1110\ for tbeoo
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Consider .... 'PO« boom d'"",nllbowo in Fi" S.U. The ""tn. oquatloto
•• b.,,..forca ;., II>< local <OO«Ii<>al. ""'''' •• <boo< ;.,. .100 ,Iabo] o}'Sl. ..
"'" be de"..., ., brf_ by ,• •ohi., <"''''0111 {otCOS 10 ODe .. , or_i-
..... 1010 fo=> I. . .",bo , .... nu .. it CAll be do_""'od duot for •
• pac< boa ..........11bown bt. FI,. 5.1l. tho Iramformatioo. eqllttiooo b or
tbe fo""

(S.IlS)

...b .... (PI _ fon:< v«lor in """', coo<<Iina"'11tO",

IF) _ foro< . _ i. ,Iohal «.,,<diu, ••"'...
.,,"'.tion_ril
[T) ... , .......

La hpOadod fOJm. tho .. force . oc' .... 0"" ..... .rOl'lDlliooi ....trio, ....1
lie ..proucd &I

(F) .. IF, r, r, ... F"l'; (5.lm

IF) ... {F, F, F.... F..}'; 00<1 (5.140)
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I
JOI '01 '01
(~ . I.I)

u. "J "J I/!JJ

....... ', 10 F.... * Iboct _pOMBiI .. tile ..... 1IOd.. ia JIobaI _ •
..... 1)'It<.. R\dI _ '''r lO ~; 10
FlO ; !OI iI • (lx)) .ioII "W;
""JIlIo • ())< J) ......... -.;a whide ma)' be dele ... .. (-1!4. U n.

[111 -[:
.. (~. 1 .1J

I,
"
.. Il00 .bo.. cqultiooo, (I.. .....,1. (I...... oo.I• ..,d (4. ~ "oJ _ 'dlrcceloa
mol el r,tud J'ouo wich'''1 <C1O(:" 1.')"""" ,thd,.
_ItJO<Ibo>itMIqI!.qL(5.Ul) .... (5.1 41) ill ~. (U6J, " Ib-
1M J lod . : . _ t d _ . ..... r........ beaa dmlU '" s!oMI_
""" ...
....- ~
" lMllntcPpe.rOlIlftN'poq ,;la ... 1kriftd I« twcotim"d- u
'

RRFI!IUII'fCES

U Al·R.i(oio, W.N.. TIl." ~

d
s,- ...
U..n-tloii., of TecbnoloV
, * , " , " " klM. 1914.
U GIn. I.M...... W. W_ , •., boI,..u <f F..-J Sn ".
D . Va N,* --' C.PMy.lDC., New YO<k. 1969.

j ,
 DERIVATION OF STIFFNESS PROPERTItS
FOR TWO-DIMENSIONAL ET.F.M ENTS

TIll ~m_ 'X" d._... an ..ulti4;,....,>iouJ .... plo<!ot ........... _

.... w -., K", " ., dc-....._ .........I ..... rU.. mlwIth . topo<ItG
... ol .......b ... .,...... ..wdIdo· 'I tloc pIuo ~ 11M ......;"DO.. III
FL,raI. II!< 6erint_ of d _ ~._ ...,rlo<ooo (or . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
1oa.......<= .... huooOllly_ral4F ,+ .... d41.. , ,'I I\iao.
tk>ao is jil t .oled. Road." an MlU I·d ... r> Ihmop ud! ..., ~uUy
_ puf_ - . . ""'"P"'IIIou tI........... 10 oodor 10 .. _ ...... old •• "".

U TRlANGUL.Ut PLANE .tLDaNTS

(IN·PLANE FOMas)

0: 71 h , • 1_ djpnzlo, 11.1 Iriou,p.lar pia ... ok_oz ..... liz AI. 6.1.
Tho·· ., ia .r" ,...:1 II> boo ", .• ,,"no tloKk-. ...bjottood 10 ...Iy ;"..

......
a> ~I ,Il
(.01,1, 7 _,.r,
, ,.,
( ' )"1 7

~."

.L _ _ __ _ ,
• fI&. ,-, Tr' 7 ,,, _ • •'... (5& " _
 Dott.od_ o f k _ "' " 'in,.. T._~'.' __.'' '.'__ "
I)' eo tIM .. rr,,"ndi.J.Ic __
,,((lid_ . , dCb oodo.
Ex~._

"'u,. ,..
.
..... r__ ..... ,.. _orin "' ...<rio< .w-.... •f . ol....• .1-'io_
bAs We< _ .. wit~._
'",ol do.,... '" r... - ro.
. ._
IIHs pl ....
......."c 10 .... , The _e, 0/' ,bee .,.",.... _ .rbi.rorilys"",bucd in •• Iock·
.... d!fed,ion .. _. 2, ond ) , Fi, 5.1 o!>ows elemen' ori.,... io_ "';"b "...
pr<1 ' 0 lIobal coord; .... _em. nod.l """",di... l e.. po:oiblt »CHI._
diopll h'." 'Dd tbo _mpondl n& ........ ,0<1 n.odol for".. a' , ...h...
""""" '" , be clm>o:.t, It m.,bo Il0l<<1 Cbal .... te5traioo ~ .. beu .. poW
• ,bo orin.. tIooo of'" aIobol_IoOlO 0)'>1= n.,.p' ,ho!;lot ",iao.. •
1100 of "'" X-l pia ... ud !hi pIoM of ,he ....,"'UWl! ar. """,lid or Iho
- . Tlo< - . ! r""" ud IIOdoI di"..· , " ._ (or 0 'mop"'
pi.- pIoU" 'Il< _ , lie ..... ""

,
"'.1 o.
,
'"- '. '. f: (6 ) _ , (6,1)

;j ,
I. lIoo .ubooq_
.... a..•• .,.....
ponp."".... ._,
0&1,
"
1:1 d... Iopcod .....
ItiII'.oos< ......" ia .......1
tho ..... Al r«.1IIa .WO~,
Dcrl>ooIloII '" Ut. """rOl."'" _CM I, p,c.."U«l iD u.. ...1 cIIIopl.r.

5.1.\ Do,I ••II.. of r J _ 5 1 _ Malrilo: Uom. G_ol

FIIIl. t i t ' " "''''_

"1.1,1 . S'~ I :D/qI«...,., .. S/tq<hKfiM

R ofonill. f'", 6,1. ,bee dllep' 'I Co ........1 • po;.. (x. " rib;'lbe
dnra.o/'Ibot! .....'bo ......."j . . (6,ll;
• __•• + .,,+e• ''-'I
• - .... +c,r+ <.
........... ..... d., _"to. '"
Co . . . ... ok_Wrt <OftII,ODc.wtoldL _
oed ,di_looo ... poetiv<l1; oed "
co hed<Cum...... 0 .. 0"". boultdat7
(I.)

<>OIIIdkloD, .. ,bee ,"'......... or ,boo ,I,,,,,,,,. Thus... P '

_""''''_ 6,: .6, - "X, + ',1, + c,

<,.., +.". +',
. k...... , - t..:
. ko. .... - t..:
j\" -
t.. - <,x. + <.:I. + .. ''''
, ,
 • , _ ••' _ . " ,.. " ...... I OI't •

6. - <.~,+ • .,.+•.
0. - .... + • .,.+•• ''-'1
60 .. ..., + •.,. + "0
U"'I MC r.-.n aIo{ _A, ; zlio'D ). I"". _ _ d " 7"
5 _

'~":f OR _
.... _ at ,,,- _
(0< .... 75' .... "' ....., ODd', 10 <.. I,'
. 10 i. E<p. ('-:I) a.od (U). ODd ...... ·Ji"1 <1M
"IIIIq.-
I ......, . . <>bIlis

. .. b K-. + hit" + ...." 4, + I.. + 1,.z + ".,)01.

+ (.. + ~ + %001».1; ....
,
. .. 111(', + hit" +...., )60 + 1'1 + ,,.,, + ~4 ,
IU)

..... +(.. +~+z"" 6J

'; .. "ol', - :t,J, . .. .. " "', - ",y.. .... "'" - ..,.,: (" I)
~II" II - II ODd .... .. %0 _ ". rOl I.}. .. I ... l. ('-'I

700 - " -", ,. ... h-'~ , ,, _.r , _I.. (6.10)

.... - :10 - ... ~ - ,", - :r.. .... - ... - ...; (f.,1I)

,
A _I I
, " "/
"
h
(6.11)

..... rono.

, ''''
 o.m_ of " ' _ P., 11. ~ ~~.'_ _ _' V ....

••
0.,0., ~
-IN} [~I ('-Ill
., 0 ., 0
•
•
~

·, - "+1" + ~.
. (U~J
" - "'+'.~ +~,",
.. - .. + hzI' +
[41 - [ ~~~ .·4,,1~
"J'_.
I. Eq. ('.Il) . , ......p' , ..,,,:liM ... ' .... 1.... ' of ..... «I "'I .... 110 oI<!j
10 , ...... 01' ,.bmattioo, " ,h. three na6<l...
('-II)
[N} - a....J [...." ' ....011
_ .. tk ...b!n0lri<a 01 ,h. f (1 ~_l).,.or........
""'OtIioird cI ..n 1Io1ow. Tho ....... 'iplO
.... nt.
_ ....... .. t"," arM. ,to. u.d

[. . ,, ~ U,[' ~L 0
(U61

tJII,, · D, ['0 ~l..~ 1'-l1)

IN.I - ti 0 , [' .l. ~ (ut)

6.1. 1.1 So. p 1: $, __ 01,,1«1110<111 Jt. .,1INuIt¥

Tho ...It1'IItd .... po flrnctio. In ,,,.... or
_ I d ~pIa«rn.nts .,. kno .....
.....
..... ...... .. ""'" pr««a l 1. ....... ....... ... . ... ,. hip kI _ _
._
oocI,1 cllo,I ..."" ..... t il< pIaoo pial< ~_ ... , bo dm.la l ....
..,...'.01.'.... DOmol, pl."" """. probkmo ,rod pl, .. ",.in
pn>bk ....
For ""'k ' )'pOI 0( pi .... proW r_ 'ho ....... .... (It io ..'" " ,_
1_

"" -"
 • _r: : ",,,,.,.1\0; ........ ,,,' •

" "
~

,.1.. "
,-
- •
"~.+" ..'.
"
,
.. .. till' . 0 h. 0 hr OIt") (UO)
,
"-ti ID .... 0 " .. 0 z,J I" 1
,
T-.-ti lx" ,. "II ..... z". }'"l t4) (I.U)
Tb;; _biU Ia £qo. (6.2G) 10 (6.11) . . . obtain IlIedn lrcolO lrs"
.sop!" ,
17O<TI' .....;.","'I p ..
{. } _ [') \41 (6.231
_ . ,lot ....ell. [I) I. de!! ,-
,-
[Il - n ['a 0
0 ~

0
0
0-.
OJ
-.
~ ~

,. -"
" -. ,,, ('-'"

Eq ...;m 16.m iMia ... 'h&l .100 .... ",pIlon 01. • lin •• , displ .......
..1
fttld Ieo<l> to . _sun , 01,.1. "'to ... oht. elo .... f. flo_ brHo ob', ta••
i1.Iso I...... ... __ tIl_ ..... IlI . . . n..... die ...... .. 10:1 .. ' ;"
75 tit<
_riooo, til ..,.. ",,_"bi1~r.IId It .110 ..,.. Ieo ,II< eqotilibtiuat
<~""il""'.

U .U $I.,) ; sr..SI·S~ 11..,." .....,

All. "'"" ,ho ".... ,;.1 to be """",, "000' " ond ilOf,opi<. ''''' .lfCII.t
Ursln nr.'''''' .... p. in ....,;. rOt .. "". be up .. _ ..

(<>>)

,
r Doc" ,:... 01 ..'. " 4 .. f or no_••,, ' _• ••,- , - . _
- 11

"1- U'.I-!]
.... 1+1 is I (h l) .....itil)' mot, Lo. TIle 1<,,"' or ...
nix [,I IoiII dtpco.d
opoa ",MIher .100 proIokm I. _ of plo.. S1" .. 0< pl. . . .r, ln, n ••, ro<
....... sit. . p«>bIom

, •
, ," ,
[t) ..
= •
, ,-. "'"
L" rJ
. nd ,... pia"" .. ,.Ia problem
•
'. "
£(1-.1 rII=;: , 1 <"lS)
,~. j
[+1 - /1 +.k l , 20)

L' " 2(1 - .)

F..."",,,,,,i<»«" fo''''~l.>t ;n. pIa»c <ia>4i<ity pn>bI<. ... let tho ola"i·
<i4, ma4,\< [ ~J b. <1pn'S1Od ..

r'L," ~"' ..'"J

1+1 ", ,,, .... (U9)

who,., for ptu.o It.... problem

"' 1 +.. _ £/11 _ "').

+.. _ +., .. ,£/( 4- ". (6.30)
 n _ " " II ,""Jo r"JL zoI' ,' •
_ b pia... Ilftio ,,01:1

... - ... .. (I _~)E/I(I + ~XI-N}'

..... ... -- vEN,1 +.X I-:z.)J, (U I)
t .. .. E/t2(1 +.l\
U,J,4 S",4 : £k:ar .... S'If)HuMMrlro I*1

[tl _ \ .. IBJ" 1+1 [II .W

",b.,. .....,;., I'J lI upliolUJ .1.... i. lennI of _ I ...... dMlain '" Eo!.
(6.14) ; &Dd tbo daoI.acy ,,"1riI
1+1 "" Eq, (f,,29) ja ~ .... _ _ 0
...... I,. P-r ritIIoo .., Eq, (UO) 01' (6) 1) d'JIC1WIiI. ~pcrn wbt.b
er II
10. pia...... ... or pia •• • uoioo problem , NOla d.I.1I>o .... lricH III ad
141 ddar d " _ , I . . ~ of:l' _ , coord i • ...." H...., w.
1M __ ani. "'Ilid o I""
_rill ... II
"tI.... ...
1 .ip, tho PIIllri. Eq (6,ll) .... 110,.,

(6, ll)

Siftcc 11M II>icl: CM

' 01 tbe <I.." .... It ..... PIIOd to be COfIUIPlI, 1110 lbove
"'1"11.;.... fII. lb...... ..... to

[il _ (AP) [liT [t) \6] (6,:14)

In ...... of nodal ooordi.., ... Iho I",. A. 10 Ii". by Eq. (6 Ill,

Finalb'.
oI\or .. nyi;;. "", .110 _fla PII~1tipIjntIoa .. olIro:o.;" Eq (,.J:!). ...
,*"io ,be ' ,'i OIl .Ie..... .1iG' _ -n. v-n'"
Eq, ("15) ,
 .,
r.... ", ., .," k ., ,. ,,\. . . +<.k
'. ,. ,.\ , "
.. , ", "" ,+... I',hl
I ., .,
4, + .. + t-
~ ~
" '. +t. ~.. ioo I ..

II ~.. y", <- xl.

" h,

I
t. x.. x.. +" ....", ... i" ...

.
! ...
.,
+ '" -"..
.,
1..

,. ... "
.
+ ... II.

~ ...
,.
+ ..

,.
"
Xu

" ...
...
.....

•
+ t .. ho Yo..

x,. 7 ..
H.
'"
~
+t. , ..

'.
I ..

I
'" Y..

'.
., '" I . . f
" + ..
'. i l• + .. + .. '.
" h h, " .. F ..
MiA !
III
... X .. ...
Je. ! .... ~"li .. <hI i .. JI. 'I,
I
'"
.," hi . . "
X .. Zoo.

+"''''''' . •
. ., ... ,.kI
++:. ..",.. + ........ ' .. , .............. + .. II. + .. '.
, 1'>0 ,
h +, , .. 7" x .. lit ,I,
'"

. ., ,,, ., '" '.

+ .. x" + ... + ..
.,
.... Y. + ..
'" '" )1" 1++.0 '/, +t. ~

' " ' .. 1 +.. ".. .... I +., '"

i n , ..

[ + """ '" " xl,

<
~
I.
-,>, 1 .. + .. ~ " j
+ .. " ''' J+t. I" .... J+.:..
'" " + ... J't. I
(6-lS)
•
;
• _ ,••,_.' _ , •
ror ..""'..., - -
TIlus, (6.3'> 6d ... u.. . - .•• ill.....
~ q. &I......
In Jlobtl _
oac .. to< • , ....,.,.,. pia'. ,!em .... w\dI. i&>-pIano fon:n and «I......,
tlhc:kn .... n.. m• •ii>. It I i. ,~.,.tric&l . nd is of 110< Ofdo, (6 )/ 6~ 1'<1,
pia .. _ ,!WI plu.o .ltaio _ . ,"" .. iff.... "",lti. _ be _ ...... by
.....i'"tla. ,be eo'n:op<iDdinl vI I... 01 +., rIO., Eq (6.30) «(6.31) 'os-
pe<li~r H ..., lie poiol.d "'" d"" it .. oimpie, ia praetjce 10 porf.,..
.... mo' ri, multipliwio., of fq. (6.34) _ _ _II, In tile ..,.,put ... _

U RKTANGUUR PLATE EI.£MENTS (IN.PLANE f ORCES)

,
I ".,
T-""'--"'r---''''-,.----i~
0
",I '1.°,
I•
'" 1 ,
I, . ..
. , ... t,

" .., , L
... , . .",
1 ~-,

,...,011----.
',F>
-----lI~'.~!~
'"

,,-. ... , ~...., • •·~••• ( _ .... _fo.<n).

no. 01...." ;, ..." _ to be 0 1 _ ,b;ekneu t. with okI<t. of knlllh

a ..... h .•"" '"bj«led t. onI, ;.1'.... ro.- Tho nodo<. or Ill< d,meo'
.n: ",bi'",,;I, n~mborcd in cIoxk.... din<!;"" .. I. 2. l " nd 4. I. Iou, ....
cIo" ... of rr-lom .t . aclI nod< ,ad lh....ell .I.m ... , has 'iJI" "'_
01' t,O<dom. Th. nod. 1 t.n,,,, ••
d ,be <Of .... pooo:Iinl .UO<i&kd oodal
dn¢a«.... " ohown;".ho 5.IUI. ma, be .. "".<eeI
in _,'" form . ,

fF, .. 1
F, .I., I
(6.306)

'.'. J [",
 'l'I>< KCWIpla: .........1 0100". I. Fi1- 6.1 II ",1"<rrod . ilh 'osptd lO •
0<1 of ooonIiDalO .... which dd4es thc ","n. or lll. """tiD. om. For..,...
... irn '" i. II>< do"n\ioo. of ,be clemen. 1I11f"... "'&trbl, Ill. Ofi&:io of 1110
-"..... rys1'" II tUm 01 til. low" k fi "0"'" 0( ,100 ,eCt'. aI- Now in
thc ,.bo<q"" paro. "ph •• ,be <I<" ... ,;"n of ,II< d ..... , Iliff.... "' I ~ '
for. rion. !KIanlul .. ","It . 1,.,.., ",f"red in &lobal «>ordinate .~",.,
~ ,, __ Iodl. a ...... lI;h' forwa,d "' ••"" 00 i, II . "')" limil., 1. '~'n ... lar
. 1<",'" 0( 'Ioc prt«>.liftl _ ....

~u Orri •• II .. ~ f Dr ....1 Slifr.... M . lri> Voiq G<wrol Flroi ..

E' .. A"roodr

6.2.1 .1 Sr., ,: Di'l"o"",,,,,' .. $rup. r""",;".-

I • • pta. . .mol;':;'y probl,m. ,II< ..... or ~1.pla""m"'l 01&81 """"
(x. 1) within Ib, elemen' '''1 bo n:p_"" d II)' '''"'' """'""","n" ••
~ ~_
io:< . Dd, dir«'''''', "'p,<til'Cly. 1\, m:.';., ....-.l befo", thll "'''''n' h..
,"-,bl d,_, of rteedom .
H.- poI,nom;"1 "'po-,..,",,'i .•• 'b. di<pl""'''<n' poUlan ",il! h. "" •
'0101 of ",b, u»l:...".., "",1fIo;""", Thu, "'"mod di>p/o«m • • " may be
" pt ' ''' ''"

" - C,:< -I- C, ~ ~ C... + C. (6.37)

._C..... -I- C• • }· +C,y , C. (6.3',

... be", C, ,. C, u< unknown <-_,.nt•.
Th ... ",."an" .,. ~",,""ineO

I
u"", '1>0 """"I displ.."n,o., condj(iofI •• ' ,h. foo, noJ... Thu. we ...

~ , (O 0) - .1-, • .1-, ~ C"

_ I (0. b) _ .1-.; .... _ C,b -I- C,.
(6.m
,
"1 , •. 0)_4,;:', . C,a + C.u-l-C,p+C,
,
"I(D,O) _ A,;:', _ C,D+C, : J
.,
. 1(•. Il) - .... ;~, - C, 1
_I (0. b) _ + C,. ,•
,. 1(0. h) ~
,\ , ,~ .

. .3,,;
_ C,o

40 _ c'" + C,<>b 4- Cob + c, t

,
(6.4(1) ~

•
J
• _""_""~,,_I,,""'aa'"7Ih ,
F.- U. .... ' - ON ~ "'",,*-, oq..rioN. "7 '"'U C, 10
C. 10 Co .... ....,. '" ",*,J-d .. ',rmo of _01 .11;' ,. ,1. S
C._
! iT 2
1M) • ...-111 ...... _ ......... E"" (i.l1) """ (UI) _ ..." ......
•100 ' ........ 1\10 diss>i-... alo ~ 11>11. _ , be upn_ II

(Ul)

It "" be ..., IU! lbe <I.e ",,,..U... _ • ,,"S.od &bow >at)' l....rtf
....... ,IM OIl ... """ dope"" .,.,1, "" lIM _ dilp'z : p-oau 01 lIIo ,...,
DOda d.e.... 1M partico&Iat edit 0{ lIM do ........ n.. u. .ep- d r.....
7

of diopj" ..., disttibtltlooo ftlIII<a IlI.aI tile """'P"'1"'~1 III "i',' ; "
"" 110, boultda<loo oIadjaco.l.k .....u 10 ",is' 1 . Now ........ £4. (1.41)
...... (U2). 11M dllpl ........ ' .... sh .... I'IaKlloa (fl"Q lot '"p'_ Ie
"&lrix f... ", ..

,
~l

:J ~
(U)

•
-
.. _•...
" _ '.1_.,
("
(6.44)
 ........... .u,. "' '': ... "" T .D' , In n
from £'IL (MJ)_{U11 ,loot do.ape r ,... _IN/_lot
110ft
~oed .. r..... of I.. "'....: ......., tlIc r"" • ..,., ..

[N) _ [lNJIN,J[NoIINJ}""", (US)

...... ,b •• ~_:""". of ord.. (2 x2) ..... Ii_ bolow, l'b....l>t<tipli

.. If ddlr.t ,ho nod. numb..,

•
INJ-[ H •IHI (' -,1(0-11 ] (H6)

(r _;)~ •
[NJ-[
• Hl! 1 (6.47)

.•
~
•.,
I'd -[
~ 1 (6,41)

[ '1' -1) •
IlfJ -
• Hr-n 1 (U~)

• 1,
•
"
"'+,., 1- " "
h +~
b .,
(6,,10)
 • _ 'f'_ _' '.'0,'.'.' to. L n ' ""J •

.. - [-HI - no - !50~oHI-f)O ] {dl ",51)

.. _[0 -(I -OJ 0(L_;)! 0 ai 0 - -ai.J!dJ lUll

,q- [-(o - ,)l -l H ) Hll - /I

1m.,.,rilI '">tatiolo

(I) . [II (.1)

[-l (o-l) • -;Ii •

'· -1 • -Hl • H)l •
l-HH -l (o-l) HH -f. ,
.
• H'-l) •
, ,
• -" (6.S~

", , l «-l)-~

"
I. i, ",.".,'in,10 ""'" ,ha,
,bnc .ltaia. Y~ry II...... ' ""'r lIIc
"""pc........
d_ml. f or <.UJI:tpie, fr ..... £q. (6.:11 ) it;, c..-idon, ,1I.>c I, ;'
of x ,.d ...it. h... tly .... h y. Similarl, f""" Eq. (~ . m . <, i. indop<»-
okor of y •• d lioe&, l, ~'p<od<.t 00 A ..11<" • • f'om Eq. (~.Sl) 1_,"""
Ha,.,ly "it~ bolb ~ 00<1 y.

"TIl< ...... i<>MIPp bot ... "," .. " <> •• d ",. inli_ b1 f Q. (6.1'1 it ;..J..,.. .....
OIl' of "" ilIaj>< of ,",111<.'. So Eq •. (6.16) .... \6.)1) .....". volid for the
""". . . ",or ,I""".to, Rewritj.I for ,b ... t. of "',ity.
, oj _ .tl
(.j

wbo .. r.. pia....1. .. ;a '1 proble.m

,.,+ l ,.+ l '" 1.,

(tl -lt: . ~1
r'" ",
•• ( Oil)

•
For pl .......... ptOl)I ....

~" - ho - £/(1--'1,
"', - .;." - .EI(1-.'). (~.'9)

~ - £I{l(I+.»);

..... fot pIao< .","", proOkm

..., - t" - (1 - .)£1(1 +.J( 1_2.»)

.... - ~, - .EI((I + .)(I - lr) (6.60)

.... - £J{1(1 + .\}

Th •• k",.n, ..;If"", m.l<" l~J .. of tho ",de, (I d) ond ia <>'1>«,1«1 u

 • _ " . ' _ " " ;" ' ' " ' _...1· a' ..

rlJ - J. (6)'1+l18r<lY (UI)

s; _ _ _ 1 _ _0,'..., III.~ . £<I , (UI) oed , UI

,~)

F""" EII. fU2I,;'''. bo _ ...... IcuIo_at ........... ,otiII'_

•• ,rio lit ..... i<ft ................ _ ' 0 ~ ..... , "",,,.1Ie JDaltiJ.llI]
io • f' "100. 01""" "",~ioo .. ,l&bIoo. H..... 11m ,1>0 prod ...... I'!" 1+1 [I)
7

;, ... , .."d..". !b.. ,II< fftultin. m.'n. I. i.",........".

by , .... , .,..,
,"" ..... .,"'" 01 ....." A... ..... pIo.... 1.otiGo. at r.... ,..... <11 ..... r..
lir .... _ _ .. dLlocrudotio, m rDdod to ,*olII h _
' .... Io ..cItt to r_I....... _ .. It .. "~ '100.. d.....

(Ull

_ , . , _ .,. . . iI ~_ u _ , •• io.

Upoo. ...... ''''' ..... pO

(, ...
)

Similar', OIl>« .1< .... " at .. ;K.... ... "i>. Q/I bo 0 .... ,..... n .., f<I.
(6,") " , ! ! " , .... h&I .10.... ' ~ ""n. to JIaboJ_iAal • .,......
ro<., ' '"lUlu pII""'_' ",') ,,1 \.0 10 p h .. r _

C IQhted
, .

1. ..."
. U+

.., ,
. i,

u+ '"
••
,
,,,
..
•• "
-- u ;H, u _.
-• .- .- if +

I • •..
,+

j/
+
l~
'';
+ , --
-i.-l
,+
~"
..

.i,
-.
u ..,
.U

... i
.U
. '+ ·•u•
.---u,
+
.
"

", ,
"

j!
+ --
JJ.
, , . + "
f.! ,.
•• ..
.u.
+
,•• ,••
..

i",
:I. ...

--
u .. , .u.
il, f;o;
,. , , •• -- --
," , il
,. """, ..
.- +

H+ # I " , -11
..

.. ,. ..,",
I "'-l .i,

, , II
U U,
...1.

, T ,+
-~

,
-0
·_ "".- ".' ... ..
' ,.~- '~:'-"'

CoMIdc.. pia"" trio.",Io, pi,,, ... _.t . . ~<d 10 I.........

wbO::tl is ......... , to.he pIor!o ~ ,ho cootlno"",. TIl< ............ _
'lE''',
,ions ancl ,be 'hick .... at Ih' p'''' . .. .....,«1 10 bo: ..... ,. n.... limi'
,,,""" ha .... " . .(Iy bHn 410< .... <1 .. CMp<<r l . It "'" bo ..... _
bo ... bo' ill ,he 1tll&l1-dota..ctloo " .. or, 0I'1Lia plot", lbe '",n ...". <10800:.
, .... {w) ... ......,.pIo<I f, .... ,/10 io·pI.oo. <Idl=_ {•. • ~ eo.u.q ..... ly,
,boo .. iI".... chafKI.n.tD ot Il1o _ _ , r..- tho;"..p\oao MOd uu._
_ _ _ ... """ . ...... pkd .....My ... be caIc ..... cd b ' IN!' ' Il.
n._of"", _ .....IIia,...... lriuplu d." ' willi ..
pIuoo Iooodislf; lou btu ~d 10 5: { . 10. •• I. Lbio KCI .... , ,lot doJi,.
_ II PI" " ,«1 .... ,"'.. _ "d. . _ . La... ill 0.', I d J, 1M
.. potpoo.itloo of "'" .. iIr.......... dioconcd.
F....... 6.l lIIowl. , ........... pII .. ,10:.,.•• of --"ot 1)i<UtoI I . It
10 ..1'orrad .ith "'.1"<1 10 .... at <001<1;;, .. " .... ( ..... 1'.• ') ,ocb ...... _
di_ion 01 "....... i. coincido. witlo 1110 <d", ,·1 ,ocIlhe orisin ia ~.t
..... 't 00.,."'''''' 0'
Tltio
~ .....".. tioo oil!", """ft L T~.
,1>0 ,, •.•"., it <100>0
01<""".
10 .. '"'''~ timpllr, tt..
hOI ,lire< <I ....... 0( rt""'''''
.... _ . i. •. ,,.., ..,........ (I,,&nd I,..) ..... lI..... ' d~_ (..~
n... -" 01<........., ,jo. dq.... at freedom. 111< tIOdal f_ '011 ....
_, , ..., -........"'...... -.;.""'!Jo ... O\&f boo .... ' j
_0«1"" r..... ..

"..,
, ,
 CI ,,,n a(""~. r" 'ILlioo 100 T_c"_~' _' "('_ _ .
...
['"
". l/>'j ., .'"
,
(U6)

"J
" .'
' o'. ','. ':' _ " ........ (aon::.all fom-s
,,', F,·. ',' ~01< bondlnl .. """,n" .boot .... "'.;,

Si:r:iLoll1,

1>,'. flo'. 6,' do_ ..... , .. '" . 1>0<:, T_is

1>,' . flo·. 1>,' :!enol. "" .......1>0<: • ... _is

Now • • bo .... ri...tlo<: or oIrnirnt "itl'.... ",Wi. b. pr"rn"~ , I.p b~

0Iep f:>llDw<d b, k. 1i,..cO:m&tioo: io ):Iobol coordln, .. ' 1""",.

The ft,. "'l' in ,h. dorl"''''n of .k"""1 "11f.... rn."j. io to .".m, •

6::lIocIioo. !\m<lion ""itII ooiq ..I, deft ... ;1 ",iohd: ,ho <I<<L>C.1I, For
'"",plo. pl.te "'.,.n, d: l>:.dinl, .. ~ diopl_m ... ' 1lt1!Cl_ h...
_ .~. Fo< ... _lloac d"",,,,,,,,,,,, dilJ'l-_"' f:n:<1"'ro. 'IUs ....
_.oc.ItIo ............f _ to fd... 16.'.
.. lho 1"...., dcriq, . . .
O~
LIltr' ..... : 11 ::itl f•• tl:< tft.LLJYaM di::p"~' (-.) .... kno-.
11:;0; 1, __ i.l .... An, dt'<Odoced ..,. Too .... 16.4, in In .U... pllo .......
,bo IJ", m<l<i:: rom: Ia .... &no! T"

v _ <. + , ..' + <,7' + . J.....'f + ',zy + .ur + r.,(r"f

+', (~"'''')' • (.•")'J'l -t-.,(1')' (U1)

_ _ ' 1 to" comI.OJI" ...1:I<I: _

.... " " _ :0 be dew .:cd ......
LIlt _ LL4lIl <OII:ditilM ... the t.Iun o/NIa. MI., deiDiDI <lit , _ _ _

, III j mal!:
 • _""~_" "'_' . _ 10•• ,.01 -, ' •

... "'..... tlIo """' ''''' • •• .., ...... ill tit. domaiII cl "'" . _ . ... be
< . ", < ", ~ ..

o ~ _ ~ _ '. tt..... + It,7' + '. (2.<'; + /r)') + l<1,fl (6.61)

0,. __ ~
r.> .. - 1<, + 1,,'" + toY' + lr,(.<)' + 'o!(1 l' + UI')(
(669)

A,_I;
- ...
. 1 , . ,.

(6.10)

,. 1 •
- f.i' k•. oj - 6,

,0.1 _ 1 : ~
.. ... " ') .. A.'

:;.~.. " ') .. 4,; (6.7 1)

h' I '
-r.>k",r.,-A.

A, node l :
.. L. . 'oj " f).,'

IUl}

-j;;k. .·.,., .. t..·,

onoI ...... ' M , ......... A;'ph ' U ... ' '''_ to,. Eq. (6.67). ... , t 'lie

(A') .. ICJ 1' 1 (6.1))

wll< .. tho -00,. . .. ddnal u

1<1.') I~'j:
"11: 1'1" ~ l:'j (6.74)

•
",
 0.1 "loa"'17 _ ...... ,...01 ., "E v"

, • • • • •
·· . .
,
, • • •
•
•
• •
• •
1

. ··
, " • • •
, • ""
• •
•
• •
• ""
['1_
·
0

-, • • ""
0
•
• - (h1'
•
e. 1h1'
"'"
0

o o, o ~,·:t.>.'O e. 3Ih1'
o _ I 0 _ 2:r.' _,,' 0 - 3((,1' e.. 0
('.7'>
J
- C. .. ~"hl' +(r,b,,: COl " 2:r,'h' + {~1': ....
COl " -Ihl' - b,'h'
F. - Eq, (Ull. ... <&A obi •• "'" " ' _or"", ~nUow. «HIlIan" for
_ ""a"pIa•• _ , _ . . . Cno>a'. nolo Of . . . trio i o _,
u--._Io... ' ............ _ ........'ub d
..

(5.1'1
no. In_ ... ,too ",""i. io obI.i ..... . .......... 11, for .."b .I<mo.. 1oWM,
duall,.

U .I.2 Supl' ~_IIo· . +"

, ......... pIaot .. ' f •• , II...........1. .. ..,. poiao.oy too
" p _ d 10 "r.......
tb" .. _ ................,. ,too ,he ClItYO'''' "
<lIN.'"'"
io "'" I'-dired;" .nd ,100 ,wilt. U.... ,1M

...... .
"'4"",ioo, 11M
.......... .......,,(6.'J.""' ..... I" " uoor ...... I. ..... afthph- .IIea.
'

_ * ........
~' I
.....
I "
I

• T. _
,F
H '..... _
"

..... t i -
_
_
..
.... _ _
"', " ; '
,.,.+" ..... __
I<!. !'.fl;I_Ioo _
, ",_
. _ Iell.
" '12 , r .. lofa " .. _
100 - ,
• -- "" ....... .. '
,
2 •
" [" .%1
(.) .. "
., z'~~ (In)

l 0,
J
, . P.
- • !:'F.'
J
"
........
wlltre " tlo< dilto_ _red

DitIo........... tile ~ (,oo::fi<wt, pw..

r_ 1110 middlo SIllf_ of 11M pIUo

'" Eq. (UT) .001

oubolitUlIq io. . . ._ oqv.oI;"', ,100 tIm. ....., .. io _lItil ron.
- , .....1'....... ..

(. ) .. (OJ \~l (1.71)

..he .. '1<'<10< {e} io Ii ... .., Eq, (I,T6). ,nd JII."i~ [V] II ,i... by

t . bllitulq ,tI< nhI< Q ( _ «) f. - Eq. ('-14) .. Eq (UI), .. obIaio

(100 ... ,. "him. ill 'erN ot """': diop" " " ... ,,,.1Id "".. iaooo ...

(.) .. (O] [C) •• (60) (6.10)

Thu •• ,,,.!IWriI (H) ot Eq. (4.') I, deI! ......

If] .. [01 [ct' (U I)
.N I.. ,",up ,., .. Ii......

".,
F. . . pial, ill bend;,,: ,be ..... _ ip _ .... ,.... ..... tI'o" io Q;o
......... Jiv.n by Eq. (, 51 u.d (6.51)..ad ...., bo"I' ..... 1 ..
I' • 1+) (II cw,
wbol' 2M cLaSlio::it,..,... It) for .. iIGIn>pIc pIau._ II ai ... '"
 nwo-Ioo<l." -_. , C'
~~_ _'n "

, • •
[t l · ([ . J) • •
,-•JI
1 ( U ~)

• • --,-
nook ' .. ;n'_....u[k1r....~Iaq:... ,. ,' , '"' 10 loo"'lac
,..r ..... I'><Jj .... 10 .. _of ..,..... [81_1+] ~;,
? "j . . S

(6,11)

........ , , _ [~.od It] or ...... ~ by ~qo . (UI) 0001 (U" )... _Ivoly.
Sob.d,.,lft. i. ,he._ .....,... ,hev. I.... oI'thn< ... , ......... ob<olo

(k1-lct~· [I.IDI" ItI [OJ n]Iq (6,16)

....'Ioo_ ........ro.....no
.,..,••~.... _
............
....
1 m .... _ o f _ r q ...
M. Io.aw ... ,,!;coo ... of "" I , .,,'
..... "hot . .,rio. ........ 10 "" _ _ ...,,01 ;, of .........'
Allor . .,rio. •• __ r",_ .... , , ."rio; ..- ,"
? '0 .... _
1''''''M
~

...,.100.... ' ..

..
,....,.. ·............·..•·........ ·......·......,..··....·..·...... ·........ ·........ ·.. .
......1
i •

i • 1(1 - .)

JO.I [ • • • Ii . 'trio:
'U • ,~

"'"
4(.r+ 1') 4(1 - .) 4(... .f ....) 110'("'+1') ( ll ·h)(... + t )'
\ :'<;i'H'l -1(1 - .»';
,,y
• '"
 • ~[' ' .. _ ' , ..... .. ' ... F " •
..1La. [OJ, IO::I .... ,O", ...... "'riceo
U 01 _ (l x)) (hl) .... 'lxf\,
rnpkt i .. " , n.:: i:H!1.id .", . _nl l '" , he ",",fix Eq, (" 11)
<On be
;ntc.u ,<d "'iIL
b1 ,,,'" .,Inl ,he .... ;n""" " (It< Appta di. C).
_ ' 0 obi ... til. ~ 0,"- , ~ . ."iI.... " ' ' ' ' ' -
...,:it: Eq, (U1) it .... m.('fpI~ b1 Irct'Jr o1id po,t:".I,lpll«l b)' [e) ..
Ihow . in Eq, (6,16) . n.:: Il:001 .. p, ...... til.,
..iI'_ ...,,;. rot 'riaap lat pI.a" _ .. io ltu it _1' .
obI.i:: od rot , ... ele.otot
""".«1
1><.... ,Ito ,,"'. of ,I:< ml"I. [*1 ... . ""'pk. ..... I"" .. It it . '.1' t ....
'he _1">1<' rot III. ""' •• ' ..... 10 I~ " ..... t ...

c " • 1m: I .. pIote de_ .. (Fl,,6 ,4) refUNd io I:oIh I<QI ..

well •• In &IoIta, <ooI'd1 1>l'0 ')'S""""
Tltc IIOdoI ditplacc"", ." , flown io tk
Apr< In: m.nU k: a:JoboI ..... rdi •• tc.,.. ..,., No_ ..... II:< , ...11",.
.,
, ..... uf~ ..... . ,Itoo diop h,,_ io ""'"' coord/ .. t< '1*'"
.. a,
, "
r
"I

"
(!) ~,- ' -,-' -_
. ,

.. /1
I.,
""' ... ~Ie'
•'*' , .... . "".¢.,....... ..zr ,, 10 _ _ ..
, or .. ..,..;;;,
be .... d Ia t ...... of 1IIoboI.,...... .

-... {4llo : <lc1Hd '" Eq, (U6) ; lad

(4l - ITJ I6) ....,
(

\4J - {4, 4, 4,. •.t..Y

.'"
 o , p, "' .. _ , . , p ...... T o: or • •, fp ,.

" ~
'" I:;J (6.'10)

.... "
(0] .. (lx l) ""II ... "u
[,q .. (l xl) """;'" .......
d, ,. d, .. nodal ~_.

6,.. ~ , ." _ _ , ........... d!tp\6<..-U;

~ 4,. 60 - - ......- """'" ,..........

600 60. ~ dc.cl. "".tloM .booI......iL
no rotal!......,.a [11]'" bo •• p....,..,.o
•

(6.tl)

"". I, ..., .. di,o<tI<r. _ .... til< r uirr

n .... 6na1l, ."""i'"'''';'' (4.$6) III< ..1_ of ..."Ioa [k1 ....

pIatt._
[qr
!T1 from Eq •. (6.16) ..... (6.90) "'!"<li.. I, .... JeI rho dcoIrcol .........1
ocar- _triJ. [ ~ J .......... -. ·r .,. ')'$1<'" r.. ,ri.....I·,
iRk....... "'; . .... ""' ....... _ of ,IN ..,...._ ... "...........
..... -'''''I<...............ria Ikllo PIO' ptUC",rod ...... ",...

u u:cr,wcUUI pun t;l..EMENT!

(l !'I.UN'WNG)

Tbc dt;/w.tioa of 01 ... "", iIif(Deoo IIWri. til< _ ...olar pIo,t .Io.., n" ill
boo r. io oloo _pIu .........t, ... ,... , tI,....... H_.\lois
.ctbo......,.tIr<_ .. ottpo ... po , 5'''' _ .............. rd.........
F~ ..
rd.... cized
• ., of .... m
' .1 ..... du-.010010 of 'M
. .,di".", of ,'" _
._pla.
10k' ill zbIo, -,;....

TH ,)id:zzn , of III< pIazo io =.mz4 10 bo ......

plott oIta>coc ....

-;:uo:I ........ _ d·, '01..... oM pIM _ .... dob .......

 ,. _ .n~_7 ",t $ ..... _ _~,.,_"

• di.:""" ", oI.M pWo _ _ baloo _ _ 10 ... _U ...

,.,..t ...
ito Uli<b<oo. ",. . - . . , 10 ..r",eo I io ,lobo!
_
_iaa,.'1><010 ..... ~ ,
. r. _umbofH .rb~rarU, ill clock ";" d i _. Eadl ...... hal LIor..
110: _ 01 rIC 51 '. T1Iu., 1M ....., "'""' " or r,. h", r.. IlUo do_, ...
...... . '11M pooiIioo di_.... o(.o4 al roroalmo", .. " ...... bo ......,iO
I<4
poWbIo IIoI>Clal di.pI. ..".......
10 _ _ fonD. .or 110 uPI
,""'tiou ...
,b ' n ill F ..... 6.' ud , _ .
' ..

•
,..." , ..... , .." .. _ _ .. 10 n ,....

,o -!i} ·,-Itl (Ul)

'L. I',.,~ F,. do •• Ir' "a. (-..onro,""

fo. F",~ f.. d ~ . bo lOCl~ z
" .11000.~"'"

Sinlill'ly.
' .. ' .. T.. '" d•• OI.bu d'" "=_." ._,...;0
40..4, ..6,..1 ,0 d .. " . ".(_ '''') ''''.",~_ _
"- 6,. "" 6" ""cot.....w;.,., .bou. ,.......
6,.A.. 6,.<!o ", dn 5<1"" '" _ _ _ "''''
 ChoosU.1 1M d;,ph ' .... f u _ u in .. f.re ... [UL 11M lru'vcroe
d'.p, '_!il .. . , • point ex.},) I. ,ho domoi"o of Il>o elemen' m.y 1M
"1"_ I. Ie",,, of ft(!(!.ol diiploecmoD,. .1>II ...... '100 . ..
.. - (N] (Il)
" ba-t _ diiplocem'D' YCCIOr (Il) io dc1Iood by Eq. (UJ)"",,""'octor
[;\II of ... c1cr (I ~ 11) ii Ii.... by Eq, (6.9l).

r'-.+~)~H)-H('- ¥): 1
«-;);«-1)"
-iH'p-i)·
H)H)~' ,H)(' - ~)'
- H)H~'
I
[;\1]"-' (Ull

(,- ¥) ~l-~('-!)H)
-Hl - n~·
( I - ~) ~£Q
(3 _ :')~ (1 _')+ ~ ( I-I) (l _ ~)
I
iHI-U' • I
l ('-i)H-l)' j
 101 r_ n 7 '!" "p' b "' __ PI [PI'7 p

An .. ddlliot tho I. ......... dcle<liooo. 1M roul;"" ., .., polM ( •• 1) ..

'be domain or "'" rIo_", "'. be npro<Scd ao fM triao,..la, pial••1t","1.
'hTl is

(U<!)

~
"--!:i (6,91)

I, ... , be poi,,,",, 0111 1M.. lla, IIIe oklkctloro fW><lloo..,.....!:ed

bJ
['I (1,9f) ......... IMI Ibo boIIada'Y dkpl_1lU aI.lq <M ad;-",
...... or"," rena ........ pIa ..........u _ _ po.'ib!o ~ d"',p ,u.ultia
.......... isI..",.. "'" ............, If",","er. ,be..... ockr dioph",, _
_ nt f.octiono .lUch ea. oatisty b<oth ck!eclioo> ,Dd olopo "''''I',,,ibilit,,
For do .. d........ ft .. f•• red 10 "r........ (6,1.6,lj.

6, • •1,1 SI" 2: S" .IIt.D/',It><......' II../o'~nsl:lp

Tb< " .. < or """. <a. be "prcQ<d bJ ['I. (6.71) of ,be ","""" HCt;"",
Uoinl ['I, (6.,11) oDd (I 9Sl . .,..In COInponc." In let"" or modal~.
""'." and roul"'" ... be •• ""'....t TO
(' 1- (~ \4) IUt,
_ , .... \ . ) _ (4 ) ... d<Lotd b, Eqi. (6.,71).ad IUll;".un.
wilen:
181 of order(l x 12) n ,i..,. I>J £q, (U9) ..
 .,.-- -"".. ,
;::" "".,.-,
~
,

"- --, ," -"- ,,. -"- '"-, .,.,;;-"'"

+
~7 ..
-,
,,. +
~
".-, ".- .,.-, ••, ". ".-, -, ".-, , -"-,
.~

+ "," .!:! ~ +
+ ~
.:: I-

- - - - -- - , - .'.
+
"
: 1-
"
"
'"
+
~
"'-

.--,. "-,.•
.~

~ .~

•
- -,..-
"- - "-
,,., -
".
~
,...- £ .. .~

•
.~

-,-'
,
• - ,
-~

- - -.'. -.,. .,.

- - • - -,
' ," ""--
•

""
, .," " ,.
=,
""- .0>
...'7:.,-

- -.-
"., .,. ••, --, - .,.-••, -,
.~ -
,
"" "" ,!I I ~ '::1~
• • • •
- - -- - -, - -,
- ,
"'-
- , "
•

•
•
, .. "",.. I!!o_ ...Ik>d ro< SO ............ " •

For rc<1 ........ pia •• '''''''''0' In bondin" ''''' .Iu,icj'y ",atrill 1+1 is til<
.."'" a. fo, ,rI&DIIII" pl'" .Iom..,' beco..K i. doc. _ <ltp<nd \IPOO.II<
lII. po of Ih< .Iem,.t. nil>, mllfi. [t l is ...... by Eq. (6.14).

6.4.1.4 S"p . ' £1<""", S'ilf"''' Ma'rix [kl

Tile ,Ian.., _no. mo.rI> in ",... of mat""", Itl IDd [Bl""'Y be ••-
pre>sod .. ( ... Eq. 4.1 1):

[~l - I. [BP" It I [B] .IV (6.100)

",I><...,.."ion ttl ond IB] . r< d<~ ... d by Eq •. (6.14)....r (6.99). ,...,..,.
.i.. 'y. Sill.. thicko ... of .be .1.,."", ;, .... mcd '0 be consr.n •• Eq. (6.100)
",d""",to

Ikl _ , L [BY [~lIB) .1.-1 (6.1G l)

.... b.'" .-I 1.'bo area of .Iomon •. Now , .bOliMI<lJI rbe vol",. of ma"ices
[t l ond rBl in tho 0 _ «1.0';"". ",nOtmin, ",m" mul.iplico.ion ond
finall y 10001".;n, I<nn by ",m ovu th• • ,,0 of 'h. 1"« ......10' <!<mao, .....
oblo" • 'ymm,"ic .. otri. of or"", (12 < 12) ..

" . [ Ik,,) Ik"l] (6.102)

[k1- '.I(I _ _')Qb (k.J (k.,]

wh." subma,rI"u[kul. r..J oO<l[k,.] . « of orde, (6 x6) and .bei, n l...

• r< &i .... in Tow.. 6.1 to 6.3. I. tbO">< tables. ~ _ "po<ll2Iio 0l>Il is
.. pr<U«I o. ",rOf<. i ... , _ ~I•. TIt< ".mbo .. w,ine" o.,side ''''' ....... ,.
""'" tlc:1iroo de., .., """i.ion in ,be ",.",. [kl. "Ioo.mao ...
",.[kl is

(6.103)
Th., . Eq. (6.102) d<~0<l Ih •• "'''''''' .,it!".... ma"" fo, «Cluaul.. pia..
,1<,."" in. bendin!:. I n u.. .... cloapt<,. formulolioD of u.. ~,,; •••1""..,
_thod is p..... ted.
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R£F1;.RItNCES

6.1 T umo •• M.I .. R.W. ao..,h .. R .C. 101 111.. oDd L.c. Topp. ~Still'.... o
and Dell..cti.n A... I,,,o .f Compl • • StnK1uteo" I . ..........,. Sci.,
Vol. 2J. No.~, Sep, .... btr 19~.
6.2 Bouley, G.P., Y.K, a.."".. B.M. iron. OQd O.C Zionki.., ic:J:.
Tria .... J•• I!Iemcnt. In PI ... lIcftdiq: ('""rarmi.., II.IId NoaCOA_
f"""'ina Solulioo>o. P..... ConI. MUm M<\I'Gch ill SCt10Clllnll Mocb.,
w~_Patc.""" Air roo .... _.0..... 0cI.26-21. 111M "'Ff'DL TR
66-10. 1!l66.
6 l ao.&Io. R.W. ud 1.L. Todler. FICliIlt Ei_, StiIf_ 1.1..,.
ror .....aIJ'iio 01 PIal< &D<Il... """"eo.,.
Matti. Mctbo<lo II Smlo-
,,,,,,I Modi .. Wripl_PatI_n ... 1. Fon:o s....
Ohlc>. 0<1. 26-2'. 1965.
"'FFDt TR 66-80, 1966.
6.' Toc:b.cr. I.L_. uAoll,.it . f PLou Bendi". V.;., T ri.",u1 •• EIc ...... tJ...
Pb.D. Di... rIIl"". a"l e..p.~tinl o.pI., Vnl .. tsIt, 01 Co.lifooroll.
!krk.1e1, 1962.
6 .S Tlm .. b.. koo. S.P. Ind S. WoillOw~1_Kri< ..... 171-... .,. of
• ..4 SlvIb. McGflw· HIII BooI! Co., New '(oo.t, 19S11 .
""'In
' .6 Glllaab<r. R.H.• R.A . G.Dad,. J. Podlot; llId R.H. M~lcl. uA
Dioer<I< EI<m<n, PIO: £lure fot TIIiD--ShoIl ""'.biI~, Ana/yllll."'
J. Am. Iltli. A<tOII. AJuon •• V,,1. 5. 1961.
6.1 .....t , F.K .• R.H . 101 11101'. M.D. MiIIIi<b .1Id L.A . kl"•• On ..
lop, ... , lJId Ev",,,,,joa of h.ru s..",h Mnbod. 01 Noftlinut
SI""" "",I Anal"", Flipt Dyn....a Lob. Rep', AFFOt TR 6$- l ll,
1965.
6.' Ho..... . P,K., R L. POJ. Ind L.A. S<hmi'. "T~. G ..... 'i ... Gf Im"r-
elemem,.Complli!>k Slifrn.eu 0l1li M. . Malricu by 1M V.. or Int< ....
polliioa Pormulu", Proc:. Corlf. Ml lri. M.tbod. of SlfII<l. M.. ~",
Wripl·Ponerson AI. F ..... Bo ... Ohio. Occ U-2S, 196', "'PFDt TR
66.JO.1966.
 CIlAPTU ,

FORMULATION OF FINITE
ELEMENT METHOD

,. '1>0 pt««!iq .Iwop/on. v.no .. Uf><'" c f _ • • _ _ 11>0<1

..... ~<,rd, J. lhio rIIIp/«, ,1>0 boP:.1<JIO io the (.. "", .. 1100 or ... ,
hie, .I<moo' '''''1ysi'
.r< ~, ",,;Ok ... , be bNcfIJ ""dilled ..
1'01 ....... :
SUI' I. DiIcr'OIWo,i<IA or .... '1 • • "'"
SUI' 2, CiuIc .. ,io. of ...... cia' .. I.•.• umberin. 0( " ........ . ad ........
dqTea or 1 _ ,ad " ...... , . ","raa.rill""
Sup l. O<',,,,,i.. ,;o,, 0( " ......"""""'" ""n. (or ... h .1,01,.'
St.p •. A..... bl, 0( . _ .. Ift'.... ....,ill
51.1' 1. Elirnl .. ,1oo. or hPl·boojy d....... or l,ce<Io,"
Slep 6, 0<"" ... ' ' 100. .r . q.i.aI •• ' .ppliod """" !'oK..
Stop 1. C. kul .. "", or ood.ol <fj,ptoc ....." . ror .... nd .. r.....
In the •• b,oq.'.' ""',.",. eacll It.p ilolioeImood in d.IaiI";,h •• ~.bl •
• " ..pI",

7.1 S'TtP I; DISCRETIZATION OF CONTINUUM

The &, It "'1' in tIn~. d.""., .0""';' '" Id ••lilo 'ho <OftIin••," or
""".fO ",iq • I;",~.d '" 8"jto numbe, or .1.....' .. '111<.. "'01'''' ."
_mod ,. be _.o,ted , •• oeb .. be, onl, " 'he node •. For detajh
.... reI ... dioo:rHiza' ioo. ,1>0 "o4en ... , ,,1« '" Cb.ptc< ) .

7.1 S'TI:P 1: G!:NtRATION OF BA SIC DATA

Th. ........ io. of ",,;0 d ... pell.'ninl ,.,M .. ..a.,. i""'l'dco n... -
I>ori., .r ,'..... " . 1Id """", «'mpu'"'''''' of' do. "" of freedom, the
..... " pro,,"'i<, of ,he ... ,,,,,1' ad _ion ",01""''''
of ,ach clement.
Tho I. .. " two d... """",.in. ... ".;01
. 1\<1 ..."ion propo., ;.. ... d ...
ope<iol "",<ide,."ioo . 1Id ... be ob,,"od i •• ",a,in' m.o ••• r. H.,.,., in
.". '.""q."" po .....,,'" .1>0 ",.o"'ion .r
~r" .wo
d. ... ro d",,""«I,
III ... 1«0 I' .... .... 1004 "" _ .... Eo I ' •

' , J,1 I'lEi' , ,,,of""_~'_NMo

N~",l>ot rin.
1)'11.",",10
:
_.t,
of .lemenl. io «>II>pl.,.I, ',bilr• ." and ean bo doto. in to)'
Tbo
..... _ .... r,d.po . . . .
.u..noaIoI, ...
bol;', of DOCk, <All .100 bo 10 '0)'
PO;;"'" ,..of... '. " ........ 10
Of,"i'""
ord<t 10 "P"""" the , - ' bLj oL the ......... il is -.ar. 10 odopt •
•""'.. r..- . - .... borin, 10 lilal Ill • .,..ran otift'......11th is <In"':,
This con b. uhi<.ed by ".",borin, .... - . . In _ ~ I .... , Irw Ih•
..,..,;..... dilfetm« j.............. _ n.bo".........1 .. p< ibM,
nio do I.............. bud wid!. ol.... ....rall aj· _rill (100 557

APP<"'Iil "), The .,.~ nih (n\\,). wIIidI .11.. indudn 11M: ...;.
dlo _ _ , III" bo • • pt<Mtd ..

hW _ No. old ...... of I.u: , po.- .......

it ,u'lOM dill'"_"",, j• • 0 •• ",b<to + I) (7, 1)

,. ,
• , ,
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, <> , 0
• '" " <J>
"
,
'" , m
, '" . '" ,
[a ' .,-or-, '" _ ................. Joor ... oo < ~_
, ,

, . , .... jo:<v' ",''' ..... _ . ,.:,. 1001 .. _~ ......

".. :" ... ' ,_of , " .... -.
Fi,uro I, I >1>0 .... ..,... of ,b.
",he",,, 0' .u",bo';", of .1.menU .....
JM>dn " hldt.ro;" C1IIfIUIdO<l . . . . . ' F.... 'beo< ...... , ..... oritk tho ...... n.....
~ . . . . . . in 'ho .'"",,, I....... i·bud .... 'h..o' be uprn.ood ..
 P _ _ of _ • •_ ..'.'.'•••' ",

AI. 7.1 (I); $I" _ lor (4+ 1)_ IS

flI. 1.1 (b): s ~" _ b () + 1) - I

U .I DC« .,r, ,
Ao, _"I t Of """,1 0"_ ... "ftli .. ~cd ......... , or <lisph
'"~
"dll- II
.... . - .. ,t'1, Iloo "'~",.""' I0 ""PO"'''' ' , 01
_ • .,ocI ..... or _... ,. '" .. . •• _ .... ....
,,;,pI' .,.. no;. tolilo _ _ ot "iop" """ " iI ...... ... _boo " ot
~ ott d, .. ot .... "''"''' "". Now i. onk, 10 "plat o 11111. COl 0"
.. - . . _ 10 fis. 1.J. 7.J" " 7.4.

I(.U ". •

..... U . - _ _ •• ~ ' .,
".,,,,. _ __

1"..... 1.1 ....... I pi-. rfUl<. _ _ t, t. MIl II oro I."" ...,

cr
. . . .iIlcldotWl" ..... iI ... ed . n... .. r........ _ S.;: ... oI(, '
"",._1«1 ..,. ,bo 1~·pI .... 10"" fOIOIioo 'I' .. _ • . No. ....
_ _ _ .10 1""" ",') (I). " iI ....... _ iII. ...... ....1
• ia ' ' . " . _. 1"100 _ o i l
'~
LQ ,cd 10
'"l"_
COl ...... ,bo

c ', .... dUE'

""" '" ...100 venO l dO ,1". IDd 0100 .IoAi d .o ....... . w'''' Iloo
I

'0
_ . iI 01 ...... <OWe only. "'",. ,be 1>.:1'" " .. It .... doV' " of f _
., ,
_ , iI'_ .... Ioc' .... uioI clef _,*, (IN 1",.." ,7.J b). UioIJ ,
pIIo_ ,...... .... ia 1",......,,4 (.), "loa> ••• _ .... £110 .. " ..

•• • Kb. 00<10 .... bo mot.... "'o''''''~_.1t ,.

ill " .. Wi_ oJ
~
..... .. ( _ . ) an4 lbo _ . ia .he_ iooId i.... · (r-:<oonl .....
p' .. UI<.ioi-t • u ~ io , . ..... "", " Iloo jcoioI
t.
T1otmo io .... - , ...., .. "'" _~ I dirocdoa. n..o.
.. _ iI CIa ....... ... _ . _
thio lttUCt u" ....... _ do. ... . ot f_O( II II ""'./0. in 1",.. 7.4 (b}-I'" ..
III _ . "_ _ U ' J,... ....
,_~ •••••'_•
•
L •
.".
l "'-+1-
'"

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,.,

PIr. ,.. '"

PIoN ...... ,.;LIt "",,",l* .~.. ' ,
 • " , .".'
ot"",~_". IIJ

_ "Iud ., ad _ . , ., H_. I' .... bo _fro m tlMiu mpl ..

1.- .......
~

f P _ 0 ( ' , P oH, .... ror ... _ ... 10

, ... --11",,0(1110. - boto( i 11':4;''". ''I
i ·
"
.... ..
.. del? _,

tD:
1.3 SID' J : D£n: IlMIl' iATi ON OI''fL .\NS J'OIM AnoN MAT

TJoe .,.- " 0( • """,,u n, 10 ...... .1, wiU "'" lui.. tho I&IDO .,.;.",
~ n-. iI wiII ..... oiro .. 1'..... .....,..... ' ,,.,. _ OJ 'P.
c-r. Iota/) 10 • ,\' . j P 57 ( . ,• .w-r ) 10 ....... ... ...,.,. clio oqoiJi.
_ ....... ... pOllbIlil)' .....iti_ .. tIM _ _ I. tbIIP P 57; •• _to .
01 ..-_ ior I ~ ,... oado tlo_ 01 •• t .... ~" 10 pt......., by
" " Iore • ...-,. ,..". ....... 10 F .. I .J. 1lIo f _ io ,..,... .,k_ 10 •
; " . . . . . . . . . . . . ., ... (O - ..,.. .)ad tbo _ot oad
.,. .....bond 10 • _wio o dirtcliorI,
.iN
fio &til 0lqI io 1100 ...... . !1001 0{ ,"""'...... \lo ..... till io to _ .
iorIoI .... 1otaI 01' • Ii' ",,'1,.10., P_ T1rIo.Io
_dcpo"' _ _
.... 'pj .. ofIr
tIM d,E .. O( . . ........... ~
_
0:." .'.....,,'plo. tho 010 ..... .... bot 1_ 10 debod b y by 1,
('. 2). lo.. 1100 ~rtI ...... 01 .... ....... .. bj , ud .... I?' wi _

•
,
'~.'"

". ".
". ". •
•
u.n (:J.n Ul,j ,

'" ,
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• •
.' ,.•, ~.' 1:...,
••
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, ..1
, ... ,..1
".
, r" "
,.", n""
•
",, •
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,
(10) _." _ .. 10 _ ..........._ .... ,,01",
!'It.7.! _ _

T1uoo, 11M : ' ti •• di....tiow <II Iho Joeal r -axil,,r .... F.... U (\I).
_m be .... d by- 11M di>.'" r.... Ill< a.. ...... (Sl .. Il1o " ' " 1 .....

OJ.
I. 11M I ... otop.lIM lrMSI'omaIm up (Tl u.d 11M ''n'" 4j. 1
M
"

...:1 " , ...... on ...... ;"d , l10t pooitio<olfoNi_otl"auO)'1U•••1oicIo

" 'I" iI. d to foil"", ..... '.t.aM-th...
b rule, il &OOw~ io F.. 7.J (b). n..
,,,""onno.ion ...... (Tl " rcquinId 10 total. tho elemtJo, .. tUt 11M two
_mil< . )'Me .... coinc;de wllh ..c:h other. Tllio ...,. (yl 10 ' .....'uod
" om 11M &lobo.] .... in • coun,ordotl;w,," dir«;,Ion. Tb ... fOf tI. .... ~t
. umber (7). T" !IO" &lid Iloo ..Iocl.ltd dit«.;."....,.;".. rOf 11M , .... C" dj.
..111)'11..... fo. this ..... cut or. de/bood ..
I _ _ !IO" .. O

Th •
.... &i_ .he ,...""""'".;.,,, of ...... ,41;"'", .... and /I io
oo .... , lIy preferred r........... ,Impl ••ll1ICIu,.. . ,tII ha"" coal.tion, F..
coonpl.. IlnIclu,es lhlo opprOKb 10 not ... d, ro,her ' h, dl" • •ioa _iDes
Ire ...... puld ...... the 000daJ OOOt<Ilutn dd.... d ;. Fl. , 1 (0). At ..,ed
III CIo&p'c" , &lid 6. ,100 _ioa _b .. fot . . elcmoAt (.) _boo< eru
..... 1100 _ _ ' _Io(J)_,bo uprua<l .. ,
 I'co ; 4_= ;";;:;1

-,
c-( "

No. D
_.
-, , ,
" N~
i.... No. I No. Z
Di _ _

,
w ' ...

•
, ,-, ,
,
, ~, , , , , ,
, , • rn , -,
~

• , ,. ,
•
•
q
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-, ,
, ,
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~,
• , • , ,
~,
• •
l-_C.... z) _ . " ....
.. - -(...·')-" 4"
",I>< .. L. _ VIz, - ~.)' +t" - ,,1'.
"'" (x~ II) ODd (~/. ,,) I .. ..... 01 .... «11 ...... in .Iobol ~"'IO """"'.
n ••. "''''._..... (1.1) tI.. ditetr..., b-; fo< ;'", ,.; •• ",,",.
(1) .... bo PI" 55 ... ..

"-"
, _ -,,-__ D

$.ioI11o.ly. dir«:pioo ........ for .. ber ....,.." ""'1 be <OmpJlod. Tbo

........ ...
...... rr-
,""""td •• <Ompoto r.... OO/><. di,..."ioo oooW' . od ,hook
Tobie 1.1. It ""'1 bo pol.1OCI ••" tIu •• be poIi.l .. 011 .... ;100
." "..·..io".boo....,. .. d<flAt<! lId_. I.... io .be oIiI",;- r.- rho ....
'If Aoh F' ,,,., ' .... II""""" F.......

_ (I) '" ,100 "d _ (J). ... .... II .... , 100 .... «1 Uool '100 ~
oil. ,. ._'be ....... I'otccoOllil-..d· ,:1::_ ... .;~Ioo""'_ ..
,IIa' of ,be . - i...,......
flnolly. ,be ,n •• (orm .."'"
.... rice> d<b.d I. Cbop"""o<! 6 I'or
....... 'YP<O of .Iome. .. "0, .. oil, "" obtaioood by eIi_Iy •.....". . .
1M ...... or ,;, ...." ...w_. no. ''''..1'...... l1000 _01 . I'ot • p/aM
1'..... ok_II' _1 .. ....,.;,...... (_ ClIopt<. "
, • • • • •
- 0
, • • • •
,,,.. - • • , •, • • (U)
• • • •
, ••
• • • - 0

• • • • • d
......
wbe .. 'be '.pC...
oI". (tl
TIwo, fot .....,.. III<

• , • • •
Oil .... .I<m<., ••
'r;. [1] dna... 1be
,fU$/''''''''' ..... ".,n. ror tI.,,_, (11

•
mbe •.
_7 be u·

-, • • • • •
• • , • • •
• • • -,• ,
[ry" - " ·0
•
• • • • •,
l • • • • •
7.• STEP., ~ RLY O. THE OVUALLsnl'fN r.ss M:\T1tIX

no. _mill, of .... Oft.oII . _ - . b rot 11\0 .... "" _ ...

00<1 ... .,......w... 'be ~ ..."'........ '""*' _ <be ",.... '" i.1o _
"ill'..........ri • . TIll ..... . 1"'. ft .., ,b •• ,., .. '1'0 of el,me.' "ill".... mo'·
...... ill &I0I>01 _diMte .,,,.'" o.nd lalcr Ilia ...... ,.,..."jon of . -
......... willi , ......iII><!ioo of ,100 roll: ... ,_ l>Wo cooooIio_ ;
l!oJoiIibrilom of F... ceo
eo..poIiblU, of Di.p.......at.
 , .... _ ...... , _ •••
' _., '$ " ' " "T
,.,U'ocI . ., .... _ ......... _ ....... d _ _ .... 'ke,. 'h~
,.... ',. i 'M _.1 ..;rr..., ...tt.. io , .......Oed.
U .l
.-
Dot. . .;..,U. .... ~t= .. 50 _

hi Ctoopurs S...... ,bo.'

M. ' _ .. CIoN I C-~ ....

TF, 1tiIr........"Iea It'I'............. ,_

di n ,. · ..I _..... d.m-..Il. .... '<OordlDa,. . ,.,...,n..•. t .10,
tbo .... ",. ['1 f. . .0<11 .1 ...... ' .. d I" " , .lform.ation ... trio. ("'p ,).
_ ..... btoill d ....... Jlij!'.... "'" .... ill ".1>&1 coord ... ,. '}'V.III by
...... Eq. ( • .56) .._ido .., bo fftC. . . . . . .

who .. tIIo "'P"~ (.) "" _,_ d,IIOO" .10_ .ombu.

_
la _ _ .. '-I .. ~ aIobol c<IoI'dic.ol< _till
Of< pono'id 01 , ..... ..,..
J """ . _1 110 _ d .........1iI [U" it< d9t<nbIod di.... I,. AM
.... _ ... pIc . d.......,. .' .... " ... . . - ..... _ . , . . , ; - ; .
l1l*I'"''''
...,.bo ....
~,
IIaco r.. __ < I t _ ....ri . ....,;p!;.. ' . . r E•. (7.6)

' ''_1 £.."., , 10 . ... f __

E..,- .1<_, of Ike a.-... ...., bot ill "",~ibri.... """" .... Klioe of
,be oppiiod f,,",I.• ocI lho ,",ito ""o::Iwro 0"' " ,I", bo ;. ,~ua_""
TIt ... , ... """,bo, of ' q.;bbrl"", ,o"';Uou <l<pe ..... ".,.. ,Ito 'ype and

... oqolllkil........... "" "p-u.

of ....... ~ ... H- . if'topW< .... '1Pi<al _
tIM f_..,.., .,
....bot ot demuu .104 ill "'" 0 ..... ' ",OCI... , 11;0 ____, .... ,ito
1M - .
of . r.. _ " ........
....... 10 """. 7.6. ~ will ......i. io ",.i~brilUll It 1M _ " " " of'""",
oIoq ,110 too<> crt""""", ditrt'io •• ~ ""'" " ood ,Ito ,."""''''''' of ""'"
........ io ... %cy pIuo .,. eqlOlJ .... to. M.o_tltaIIy, II . ., bot .. pm,
~.

%'. _ 0
%', _ 0
%N ,_ " _0
t. ............., _ _ ,... of ",or - ,. '''_0''' _ _
lid"'" lb. opplitd 1oocI, 01 _to.
H.J c..,..6oI111, of DIopI... .... u1.

C ' " _(f)ibowoillflc,1."II11os,H ,..n: ..... ......... _

.,...;........ ~ "'" r. •..1. """ion • ..,.......10. H..... I ....... ~I \10
 '" ._ '"~_' "d 1 ror ...... _ Eoo_
,

I
I

throe disp!' ..·10 •• t.jo node lad tbcoo d.iop"-'''~IO III" be ",,",poll-
bIe ...;a,
the di>pI.". ....... . ' tho .1Id of to,
OIho, .k_1 """M· ......
,hlo DOdc, Th.... If Ih. K.mbo. of ....... III ".Y OIruel .... jo (~) ud d",
......... of f,_ .. t ..... node jo (IN). tboo tho tOl11 ""mbo. of""",pW-
bi!i" oqnllon ...m be cqllll , .. (.. " 0) .. hloh ....... Id be utjokd,

7,4.4 ", ... Jo" "" "'_ .... o..",n 51.,. MOl"'"
No .... . . . reI<Ill or ..'i~ltbe two beoi< _ditlon> .Io.tcd . bo .. , il 10
""".ibI. 10 pIaoo 101, .k_llIllI'....
lho 0In101 ... 0< .......
milt;'
n .ti/I'........1110, n..
hi ,..._
~ ... roo
IoI.locad.... '"
......,bIi•• tho
OIill'_ ... "il fo< u..",IU.II"""." .. ;o be ..plailltd ...mllbo follow·
...... mplc,
Consickr • f..1JMd otnocI ............. i. FI" 7.7(1). It ..... !"", ........
(... 6. c. d) with <hm .....
oct u bjo,,'1 '.ppO<U.'.c"
w. oft.... d'...1 _ b 1OOdt. n.. oocIa ...... I.
,btoc ................ be di>91 d loorizoDuJty
".. ....,...w, bioi .... ootb' be l lloo/rtd 10 .....10. Tbt'po " p"'""' 01_ .....
..... ' (~" ' .. "" ,""" "' <lot ....... IL), _
.'" illdicoled ;" <be ap",.
(,(j ud , of i .... iii (I)

f1I:u.« 7.7(b)obowo . . . . . . . . 01 f" Ja" ........taI " ... _ o f

....... _ . 1'tIc ok.,- III r, " ........... _ r".. boIlI -..locd
I
_ _ _ rUot<i dilpl,., .... ill ......' " r"Mt .,...... NIUtIbors
1,1. 10_ II rtp«oc.ttbo ..... ralMddlrph " '."roo ....... _...... u.
 r.... "'"" .. FIoIIor'l ,'.1I9

• , ,
,
I
1 , A,I
 ,. _ ,:'__ '7.'
_ .' IN SOI . . .OI p, ' •
. .... Ii. TInuo~" Eq, «(.10). tIoo r.. ee •.,1'" 'U...."
.k... ' I. at \lIiI f . - cu bo wriuaI .. follows:
, ' .. '.'pro.. tbo
" 5 (.,)

,'.
.. " f'"
,,
l~
@' = ,. (.,)
'. '.
,
'.
r '. ,
.. "f'~ (7.tl
F.
'.
'. '.
EIoM .. (.,)
'.

''.. l ~l
'. 1

(1.10)

:: J ' . J'
F.
'.
l ••
wt.t:t. 1M "'P " ..... 011 .. otri<a IkJ 11000'<> .km<D t ~U,.bttn Thcoo . ....
"'mi ld!!. ...... . 'rio.. 'on be obtah>td u,~ Eq, (1.6) 0011 til. limiu _
ud> at Ibm th ...... . - · ... lIifI'.... .... tritta _ be I<CD . . f"... 7.1(&)
' (b)
aDd !.J. Tho mlnllbon _rln ... . IH>~ ,nod ... lb. riFt or .bno lllUJi<eI ..
•
aiawo tbc .... rea at {,«<10m ... or;, .... lI'iI. Ih<oo.r '0"" PoI-I
..... d' '1< _ .
 1'_ _ "I'... n ,z' M«I!o<I '"
AJ'I'Iy\::I: tbo _:lk" ... 0( OQoillbrium 0'" "" .. polibililr. 11:0 LiCJ.1 Uop

Eli'"tbo_n
*iz I"._1:1<
LEI .
0¥Cr0ll d _ mal';" 01_. t 12" 12)
_k::o 0(.. F.........,pIe.
al> .. 11M oppOjiiiol.
tbo do_ ..dkl", Olloc:a""" t I. I) o!'the 010""'11<,'" ",ill t:o phoord ..
I:J plLlt.i::l .....

IDtoIiofl (I. I) or IbE o_olhlill'...... "",il<

IKJ. Tho /< ... (I. 2) of Ib .....rh
"I '~iz pi ........ IDtotloa (l. 2J or ...Im (X] 0'" 00 OIL nIa pi' • '"
uu.t.triq iz COIIli:tl:«l (or tI:ot ," .. olp· • ok_... of_lria l*f"'. ",bid:
" ,'u '" il6) . ' &'", _Ikiao ... Sio::ilo,lr. :.H .., .... oIlbe AilIi:..

, [.1'" {.I"'
0
, • • • •
" •
• • 0

• • • • • • • • •
•
I 0

• • •
•
•
•
"
"
•
•
• • •
• • •
• • • • •
•
•
•
I
I
• • • •
" • • • • • • I
0. ,
' /fl. 7.'
- k. r..
.. 0
,100 r_ 0 " of.,., 1.7
O. 0 I

1'. . 1,t o.-:z I0Il'_ _ for 1M r.- of Fla. 7.1.

 ,. _ ,n_.' I' ' , ......_ _ . "...
, •••

_"," 010;. _ (oJ of tile fn_ .... bo PIll .. 11M ...... ; .... Ioeo .....

of...... ., .......
.... . 11< '"11.'.1"O"~ m.otri1. For uo.pIc, ... ..... at !",,'- I'e ' J

It''
10,.. (4. S) '" ...
lt 1·~ will tab ,lot pooh ..... (4, I) 10 _tri:I (X]; tbe
liP'" will tat,. lonl(;'" (. , S) io ...ub. tKJ .....
00 "" ,WI olI.I<_ •• ro,muf,tr«I 01.110 .......... 10'" Io<atioa "" ....trio
[,\'). " ... iIor p_un: iJ (011_ fot U••• binI ......., (,,). n. .. ,bot
........ 11 lliIr_ .. atrix [Jr] of tile lit"""... 10 obt·! J
F1pro 1.9 ,bawl,ho local "",' of.be OIl1f_ ....tI\cioonu of the threo
,k...... " Jr,). (-.).rod I t,) in l~ ......... n ........"iII, II ... , be IIOIed
,"", ... ,,1>. [,I;) ;' 'Y"'mclric and b'D« _ .... <10 10 .......Ie 001)' ei,"",
;.,..., or upper Uianlular matrill,
Now • • 1.1 1110 .. me .ynth..wn, P<OC. 4u ," u for "'Hi. (.oI:L , he 0\',,,11
fi><a . «lor IF} may be: """"1.. 4, Th ....... 11 di ............... ,..<lot (.!.l ... y
be ntuincd by puUitll'ho nl .... or nodal di>pl_mcntJ ., lilt .PPI'Op' ....
!o<al;'" TbcK vecwn . .. 0( O<"kr Ill )( I) ud .,IY bo •• preMed ..

}
'.'.
: :{6J -
~1: ~

'-
,.J ~' J ~.

Now tho ...... II f0lU4iopbotmen' <'lin.;"" for lb. fr.... _ ill

F lit 7.7(o} rnay be 0Ip<...... U

(f) _ (XI Ill) ('I.ll)

wllo ....... ,m (K]is Ii...., by Eq. (7. 11) and ' 0<101'0 (F}.IId Ill) are &Mn
by Eq . (loll).
".., proc«l.t< of .......,;". ,"" ......,' OIiII'.... m."i. , 'hi .... "'11
r....,. .owl diopl ........", _on rot ...y ,"lO<Iu.. 10 , ....."'•. TIl< ""'Y
ditr....... 10 In 1M ')'pO 010.-,,, _ . 11"'"1 b< poitMrd Dol thor bor...
_10, Eq. (T. Il) roo M.h"... diop/x<_ .... _'0
1"1""",",0 u.:

--
jN,w,ibcd toou ....." _it ...... Thil0'i'«llo di>I;=w,", io d,....bo<q_

1.5 ST£I' J : r.U.\lINATION 01' RE5l1I:AINf.D DEC l EES or 1

fRl![ OOM

Ttl< ~i,p!_""'" 000'0' (.l.] d<~n«I in Eq. (T.ll) includ.. \>OI~ b.,lWO
( .... "'i".~ Of p.... nbtd) ,od ",Lkn<>¥r. nod.cl d"pI"",m'"tI. Th "' in ord<,
 "__ 01_" ,.,_" "."",.,, lil
10 ..... Eq. (1.13) for •• bown di,ph .. _nl>. .,.,. """,to ,.to InIO
........ the 100 .... dO!pk<e_.' ~ Thil ope •• ''''' III .pp,; •• the u.o.,."
.. '"" ib< ~ ~ ... ",.,., _i'.,..;, aollrd lb, ,~"; .. ' ioo or ,I>< .iP6-
I>00I1 ......... or r,,-. n ... or. 0WI1 ...,_ ... iloble fo< Ill. iod\>.
,.,. III tbe pt<I<.ibod di<px<",.,., """d~ioru .... , .... oohir>lth<
("""-<Ii.,...,."",,, «I" ';"" ror ,... ud_ dkph ......... ",,,,...,ed
.",,!iII'"
,.ode .. OR "r«red to "'r,".... [1.2-7.6]"" io beyood , ... """. or,~i .
" " boot. ll"" ;. , ..... \I«q"" _ p l i o buic po-in<ipI<o . "
ro..tbeclhnltla'kJo.oI' ...................""oI'r,..- whi<ll ...,be ........ ,
p<cten'' '
io u.... enIADd ... ' he prncedut< ..... io hi......leula""".

1_.
I . .... bo.>i< . _ h, Ibo forcNlisplo ......... Ia"""""ip ",lIfi<d by
I!q. (1.1l) i< ..... ifiod by fC&", •• io. lbo di<plac<.,.. ....... (.,.,. ... <on
..... lbc a .... .... 'rix o«<>.diDllO • • k _ oM di<plo« ... n'~ I"
otdcr ' 0 ..plaiD. 'bi • • Ie, .10< IIOtIol dj............ ..,.",. {tI.} be "",.iI",,...:

-. t4\ - {~~ (1.1 4)

(4.) _ .... ",. ol .·spoall«! ,,;.pl..........

It ...., bo -..; lba, . - d~pIo«"' ......, _pri« or b<>lb d.r.eakJo. •

.... """ions or ..... y raoationo or ""I,
ocll ....,. •.
Simil,rly. ,b. ....,. ••1 {Of« ....""" IF} "", be panil_ '"

'" - {i ) (T.U)

(F. ) _ _ of •• WII<_ "'"",,.. r_., th< .......

_ .. diop' · or .... "".;,jed

The rorcc-dispbcc .... ' £<I. (7. 11) ..., .... bepa"_ in _ _
"lib tho P""itioaiD. or....."" (a) ..... II}. TIl ..

{~) - [~l~l {t! (7.16)

...... .._ ,,1«0 (K_). (.If.). (K•• ) . .... I K~) ... of _ , (u ~). (. x .).
I. x . j oad (. ~ .) , ... . :tIvely.
 Now. UPO"" " olio 6........ cr .100. _ _UiI "I.............
an" no"""" ,100 ..,..
IF. ) - [K. [ 14.!" [1f.,J (4.0) (1.11)

(1.1"

Eq. (7,1') "'., be writ •.,. ..

{F,III " [K.. j (4.0) (7,19)

Eq ....100 (7. 19) il the dOli ..... """,illed rQr<: .... I.pIo.c:.III.~, r<lotloosbip
.fIo, .li ......tin.Oh ..... ,.int<l d."... or rrH<lo<n .nd '" "f.rmi to ..
,,,,h.c:t<I f.,....-4;,,1''''''''o' ,dation>blp. 1""110 rnall;'- (K~]."" ...."" {' .....l
ar. k- . . .. ,educ:«! stiII"_ ",",,,, and oJI'rcth. Md. 1 rOt« _
.......,.,.. 1'. n.. got...,..._ di>placc ..co" "'. _ be obcoj",d by """ioI
tI,. _Iria Eq, , 7.19) wllic. io diK '1d iro .... ion 1.1.
_It
.. _tri.
Now lor .... , ........ tloe . . . - fonD .. tloe . . . . tIood'tp'w
.....11 ... PI ibtd."po'" tbt w d . . . . . 01 ... Eq. (U.~ ...

( F- ) .. (K,,/Ia..) + [K..] {4.1 (7,:101

TIn.... no< oohl'" £4. (7. If) r.... {/Io), tho .. ocom fonD _ , b<
_10"" .... , Eq. (7.lO). , ..... , bt paio .... .... , 0110, ...... ifo"" pn:ocribod
- . . dilplac:<""~" ." eqUlI to uro. ,ba •• ,

(01,.] .. (0) (7.21'

1110 ,"",I .. ,_ _ at 1 _ noda will not necusa,il, bo "Iw to ..10.

TIn•• , by IUl)SliMlgl E'I. (7.21);" (7.20), "'" ...." .. IOftft ... y be
u pc rnd ..

(F,) .. fK,.] {4.0} (7.2l)

AIoo, lor doio .... , "'" d"<Ctm . - . _ ...""" loy Eq. 0,11). w~1
.. d ...

I F....! .. {F.} (7.lJ)

Now irr.1oo "'toooq ... ", _iono.. dele......... 01 "I"IY.w, IPfIIied-"1

r......... ~d_ roodol d41 _~ .. ...., r _ I .. pc ..... ooI.
1.6 STEP', DETERMINATION Oli' EQUIVALENT APPLIED
NODAL FORCES

A. iI ..., bern IIl<ll,ion<d ... ,1;' •• in tho finite eI.",.nt metlIod. fo .......
tho ."uCl.,..,. ...... i"d to let only .. tlt ........1 point~ In ..,..,..1.
how-
._.th• .e!." Foree> .ppl;'d "" • 11'11<1." do "'" .. tis!) w. ""lui ...
men<. In .. '" I~inl OOMisI. of point k>ad •• tl>< "ruClu" iI i<leo!i""'.
_ I, ia "",h. mo"n" tb.ol . node O«ltrl" tl>< poi.t of Ippti<o tioo
of the fo,",: wbe,n' .he dilltibu,<d for=•• ""h .. p' ..... , . Ioadi"" .. If_
""iJilt...... mU" be reploccd by .q.i.... kn' """" ••" al.d fO<"Cd o<:Iin,",
,be IIOdeI. TIt .. """.."",,, of di",iltotkd load> io'. "'lu""len' nodallood>
eon be O<C<l",plidt<d by "'''I 'be pOtlCipk of .inUlI _I<.
Coothder o•• I.men, , ubjeCl.d '0 0 disltibut<d Ioadin, "bid! .. "pre·
....,<d by 0 ...:tor of .."face. roo .. I.) lnd Ie, Ill •• qui .. lent """",n'(I,<d
r.......t ,h• .."... or ,h•• Iemen' be rop, ....,<d by tbt v«tor IF",,).
Applyi"l the p,in<;ipk or.in",,1 wo'k. i ... . "'l""ma ,be _ k d.... by ,be
0<:1., 1 dil-"ibu.<d 10060 ,. 'be"",k done b, ,be
. q.""len' nodal {<><=I
dun". •• in",,1 dil-p/.loen>en,. '" have

(1.22)

(I/} - >'«lo, of diu,;butiott oI.in",1 d;.pla« ......

(U) _ _ '0' 01 Muol dil-pWoo .... " in .be diro:tio.. of 1100:\01
dioploco"",n"
Frnm!be rrlIIionlltip defined by Eq. (4.l). i....
(/1 - ,N)(4). (1. 2l)
... obtain
II/} - [N ) lUI (7.2-4)
Toki". tlt. ""nspose of Eq. (7.24) lod ,.bot;"";n, jn Eq . (1.2:1) we ....
oft" """00';., the "no,.
IU)' H. (N)' I.) .IS - {F,..J f- 0 (7.25)

Since .-;",,", nodol disptooelDClltl IU} Or< orbit ....,..... obIoin

I F...,} _ !. [H)'I.) lIS (7.26)

TIt ... ...rn,

Eq (1.26) .... "'., obI.o.itt tlt. «t.;"'I ••>I aodoI r",.,.. for '",
diotribute<l Ioadinl I.) "<lin,,," "" eletnent. H_ . r", .... -dio><ooiD-
.... okmeot .. i, is U, UIU, pow;bIo to _ ",ticaltl . qui .. k., _ I
rorc.. ritlw by impa:tioo Of' by ... thod or .... ..mu.. ,"" ........
Opi1\Sl
on 4iop1o«""", ~ Now I. iU ..., .. " .... """,pot.,... or eq.u.l kot aodoI
r_ ...., ..,mpko." PI<""'ed.
7.U E.s ......
Con,;"''' • pi_ boom ........ >bon In ,". 7.1//(0). Tho boolll io of
Ictql~ L '""" ... ~.d 10 • ~ . ..,....,. dIolra..ucd _ of kltcaait)' " , per
",,1'1eDfI~. U..... u.. ... _ of Soctioo. ' .1.1. 1M 1.. -"11< ,~ ' '\";00. (r)
I t . d;d> z rf(lCa'" I ll"'Y be uprcllCd III'....,. of~ dioplo"'' '
_0"

,.;;:('"I'
!"f- -.,
-;-

~oq)t-T
•• .,1
(0) P'fli01_ OO<l'" ,1''''0'''' .. "" ..... <ti .. ''''''''

'1"'1) ' .....

"' b... e! .,. <D

floQ )2'-1I fCo-QI~''' T

flJ. 1.\0 _ • __• · ..11 . . .. .. . II. . " n: 'I I

 POi ' "'._= '" ' ,
,>1
,n

I, I
•- Kl-"+~'H, - ~';'II") L (lJ'-2f') - (J"- J')Lj 1I
~ (1,17)

,'!

'-r• I
.... tho...wi. IN)"'7 1M _ ••
[N) - [[I - )f,;, ~) I) - 2IP + J') L(¥' -l)') -I;' - II") 1..[ (7.29)
no.. fat ...........pIo... .,....
(~)/S _ _ . , Ix
Soobotilotio, I!q., (7.29) .... ('ItJO) .. f7,l6) . .... <1>1<1"'" '110 ..riablo
(I,c. Q - UJ~ .....
(I-.-+lII'l

( F, ... )_
I
•
,I r ~ - lJ'+~1..

(If' - lfI')
( - v,UJ) (U1)

l - (J' - II") I.. J

n u,.
1'_ .. !: (1 - »'+ ~-'" UJ)
B, pod"""i", ,he inU........... obIabo
F.... ~ _ _ '¥
5i_1o",. "" .... ronoloa ........... _ 01 ... ".................... , ' ...
_ ot "'lul.. AllW>dlll'<lmt ... , 1M ... _ d ..

c j,
 ,. _ ,"_ _ "".,~, ••
___
.U ) ' ,

.pp'_
The oquin "", 0I0d&I r _ .... bJ Eq. (1.34) .... 0100 100 <>ll1aiooed
IrJ _"' , wloiclo _, boo "PC
Si<p I: R""a I. 1M ,.<><It, of 1110
_ u d '"c .... tile Iud , . 1n<I....
oP!'lied Ioo.d (_ F",.. 7.lotl).
._.t . .
d .. "'. h:

~ aU;

ra.- 0
, " ': d ;' ~":,
d ... 10 "'"

("TIo o_o r'''d ' ...... . bca b difI"..... b"' ,' ... . - .
A~rz

$lcp 1:
"i' . )
..... .. ,lie dir.w o. 0(" .. .-ho c
b
r_=
~ IMIc
... . - . . F", .. 1-10(0)' ~'"" . . . . . <II
oodal r_.
ro_
.,.:01.' 5

n ... iI ..... w.Ilo o ...._ _ ro.c..," .. d bJ_" >i'

.... !be __ . It ..., bo IM" t_ lba' I/lol Lotte, PI' .." 10
:.?
Ii.,,,,,, &ad
.... _ . . ..,,1, be 'l'I'Iio<I 'D J' I, u ' . . . . . . . . . . . . tl Cd 10",

&:_,..
typo '" - •.
1-'.Z

C.uid o. I muap larpl o\o <1__ , ",bjcclO:l 10 • . . , _ . """ .... PfOII. '"
"ptf y.~ am. (FI .. 1.l1~ II ..., bo _ tbat;b o plate ...~

.
.... 1.u :::': :::' ....,_.
' .... "',J_'" _.'••,_
 .... " o f _ n 55'5 5' 5>1

--.-
I 5 5 I: " ' " _ _ to . - , ... Iloo ..,101. ""5 - .

F ..... _ ' _ _ ' ... ~_ ,~ ....

F..... _ F"." .. F,",~" '5"~'

tor.. ...,. •

e ·"l
(",6)
F, ..,. _ F,,.,. .. F....... F _ (1.J7)
.U.O roo 1Il10 •••,""....
(111S_,. bq
. . . . . . I100 .....Jcoot ':1:, ,,,.1.1 .Il00''';: ' ' ' . r ' . ' .. ..,
I .... "." 10 Iloo de . j . otlloo ok_, •
in ..... II)" E.q, (U4), H_
_""'ihor ,10 Eq, {1,l6).1100 _ rII [lfJ ' .. , 51 ,." 10 . . . (1) ...
!!<I. (1.31j. - '"

1:::'\-,. \;J:
~:J [Ii, ,. tid,

. - H - ~m· -IH-:)H')
[IfiT .. (I - m(1 - i)'. (UO)

- (l)(· -l)'(· -I)'

u,.."1 1II!!<1.(7~ __

'--,·1:I: l·+ (·-'MH)

- (. - ~(. - l')~I- eA"
'-- •.I:l:l!' -l)H' -I)") - to.'"
'--,·1:1: H(· -n'(. +1- (7.4J)
UP<>" "",,nU., Eq , (7A I). (1A2) ond (1.4). Wo 1<'

' ..."
{' 1
I i

;1

n ... ~si .. E.,.(1.lS~ (1,)6)."d (1.)1). toI-oIn",,, ,.,.sar roren may too
opc z: ~ rot, .........., _
I . ,he _ , ... ",_tbo. "'pellal" of """. 1 d~P'". ""' po r...-aad
"" ..... Or< po,.""".
1.7 C,U .cULAll0N 0' NODA L OISPLACltMZNTS. fO RCES Ar'D
~~"
.... _ 1 _ carl;' •• ,110 1>0.010 u"b ....... ill the 1Iori1. el<mel>' ualJ'"
ate 1110 _ I dirplaeom<ll" . H...... be r.... ,lie <OOOPU""" of .........
r _ ond " _ .odol "i.pI_ ....
II 10 Pol*! ......diAau <JR<m OK
omel 1.0, .......... ,,,ur_1ooo of~....... Ibtu ,.,.sar
...... pelkd;
"ioploct.....,'.... ",••puled rOt .. eh ........ , in local ...... diD.l. I)'S" ""

7.7.1. C.... I.o.1oo "~I DIIfI _ _ ' 10 C_I COl,II,'" S,..,...

... fIt, ..... rminin.lbo 0 ..., 11 "ill..., .. ""u... tlinlinatl., .he ... "oill«l
"'I"" of rrRdom and """'p"'i., th. ,qui.ol,., .pp!iod 00<101 load •• 'h.
UClkDOWn 0<J<I01 dhpl ..."", ... '" ".bol ......din....)'S.om rnoy bo ohloinod
yolo, Ecj, (1J 9~ P.,,,,ulliplym, bolh >Id .. 01' Eq . (7. 19) by.bo in...... of
. .., ... (X..! . ... ",I
(7.4'1
0011", .ba.
(1.4'1 F- ,110 "'sirod .. I.... of tbo _.t_
(X_t' (X.. ) . (I~ _bo •• ('I i• • (0 "oJ ldntily ...... i.. Th.... £q.
nod.1 ,,;spl •. _ ... ill JIobol
_ i ......,....... ., .... y b< poSIled ..... . ~ .. ,1M .0101 .... ." ..... 1 ' _
Eq', (1.19) ......... bo oI:otalnod by 'Olio ......... _ _ ........ of 1II1lido OR
..... In "'ppm<lb< D. fot "'''''' ",,,ill. ..... rs Jll&J rer.. 10 rd........
['1.4. '.J.
7.01~

1.1.1 Cal ... _ . , _ DIotIoc,. 't 10 ....... C, I' II S~

M IL • .....""'""'" Illo ....w dloph 7~" ill poboI_.....,..... for

Illo "'tlrt otn5CI ... , tbeto "1iI9I1"'$7" eM bo .ltd:, 1 ot Wo IFOdoI; 01
 •
• • .. _ n , :: , , III

. . . - . . , .. Q ~ ...""",.,......,,, _ (... SlOpl), Th . . . . .

E, .(UI), _ "..,. """"" .100 ......, ...sol diopl... nt. 10 local w""
_ ..." . o}'>U" a:

_fa""", ..... ....saId.pI, u" .. thc_ol ............. (.llo

Jlobo.I _ ..... .,......... [Tl'" 010...... ''''' ......., l.....r........,.
... <b.wIoi<kio ...... . '10 _ _ '.3 (.,._.. t.
n ... oftcr ....;,;.. ,100 do I 100601 (9' .. "'''''', ..... 01
r...... _ ...' ............_
U.l n~_.'N ........_

t1Io (0"'" ., .be ....... or ,Ic_ (.)....,

bc~td II)' _ I ,be 01... 111
roo", ~lPIa«mmt ",,",.,.</Ilp okftood by Eq. (4.1Q)....;a, ..., be
row""... 0"
(7.47)
I. tIoo.- _ _ . _ . _. 1liIr.........ril ODd _ I d.........
_ _ ... _ , _ ....... , " .... " _ . Eq.(U1)'" ,100
' ''04,' u, , _ ,.... 10_ ', ';'''<_

UA n _sa-
n.. .. _ .... ' "(I)"""" _ _ ("'Eq. 4.16)aa:
t.,.... - Itl'" lIP" {a,...
..100.. "'.,,..,., ttl'"~ oA<I ['~""0' bo oIII,""d for.be _rio... _~
nom I'iIkr cbpo.,
.. •pOi ...........
JOf" n~•. £q. ('7.41) Ii... . ho _
t - . (I) 10 locAl , 6",< 1JSk0l.
01',,_
10 Iloo ..bo<q_ . ..... d,.po ........ pIe< .... pr.... ud ...,........ Iloo
."",n'. of bile ,.. ' ...... ,....

7.1 "'·]l.la.,.Blabdod,
li<aI .... ,
W. N'. 1'-'10{ :f,,,,,,r,,,.., u.""""" of T.... """ "'1>-
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U P,.. mieoic<ki. / .5 .. n...., of M.triz Slrv<UutI/ .... ,,>I., MoO .....
Hill Book Compo",.. No ... y",t. 1~"7
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r.... E_
.... kl4 eo.p&II,. Now York, Itl1.
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In ' 10100 _ :: p' ' ' ' " ' _ _ " " "_ ••

1.' Gen. J.M. .... W. w.._ Jr., ".<rlz !4_ "

A/rdoM lot
N.,..,..nd R.ml>olcl CO"'PlIIl'. N.... Yort . IN' .
v.
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£fI'tniMJ ~ . , ..... ASCE. J. sr. Do, Vol. 96,
.,10.
nl. J...
 """'" .
APPLICATION OF FI NITE ELEMENT
METilOD

, . t),jo .,,"pt ......... pI".n:

p_n,ed to iao .... ,. 1110 bo ... M<pOI. tb.
1\0.'" .......,nMtbod.... ... ill the "," ..'0, <bop .... Ant. oohrt_",r
...",, 1.. d ioh ... -..dimensional ",,,,,,,,,...... ci- II driaU .N.,
MIld co"",,,"''''"
Lot .. In . .... plc _b.o:Jl. ..... ,,,"""'me,,' at
riolDC""
1 0 _. f.oaI'J, In.be...d olthiodl.o"'.r,oddl'ioIoo' ..... " ... ",r
. . . . . _ _ Of< . . . . . . . . . .<Cion.

• I UMoIPU I : ANALYSIS or PIl'WOI/loT£O STaucnru:

c... II . . . , .. 1" pIoo~«I ,. - k., ' d •• - . .. f1t.£J.. l.I
F •

(a). no _ ... &(0 • w:d to be ......... ic: ad of 1M _ ....-J.

no a 7 · ' ''IioMl ,.optttjn (atu. ) .,. ..... lit ' ........... the .,odw-
.... 01.10"...,. 01.110 ......... II tam. to too 2x 100 N/...... _10 ......
10 ....,.. ................ tho bite d ...... ' ",0\I>0d, "'" .. ~ .. pro-
cod ........ «1 ... CIoapkr 1 is (oJ_ .

U.I s.., I : ~1..U.. oIS<ndw.

Pi ...joIoto<l \1\1,, 10 olimplo 1lnII:I.,. Md an bo .. ",,",bod " .... III>t--d~

..... '...., .....
~,iI:, _
,l0iii<.,,.
_
In ollis .. 01>1<.. ..... _ .......mod •• be
.....b<r _J bo .U:aI ................ n ... the
"ur 4 "","", bo., ..._ .. ond 4 - . .......... 10 F'-- EI. 1. I(b).

l ..U s.,1: C ....... _ 0 -

Too _1>otIoc 01
d . :to _ ' .. - " - ., iI_plCldJ

.._
For""'"

I ....
..toiItw1_ .... boo _
~.. Ea.' .II") ...... Iloo.'
l '

_dI:Wt OJ . . no _1p+o
'
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-.,. .. ........ _"" ..........

",ond_ ..".
... . ,

no ......"' d _ .... __ iI F,.. Ea. 1. llb) "

oed tbo ~
ria.
IS

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~ to....o rot II>< ..... _ • .-I_on: aIao ....... ioll'< ftl"~

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(4! _ '., 10- '. (£a. 1.1)

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/. . . , be -..: thai tlIo ...... ,.,.... .1Id dioplo~ .. ...., _ ot
• "". ":'m<II5.f< de ... ·,.., " .. '" ....s;r«tloo ond n.... 10 .I"4i ..... "'"
_""'I 5..... fol"";11& '1""':
Iodoll N.,"bo,-;' ~ -d;rec5;"': 21 _ 1
(£a. U!
01100 .. I Is ,10< ..ode ".01110<.
no _ (lata _ ... ot oIt_ dacriplioo.. . . ' ..iol ...... ...,
:..:.:.-:,,~;:'';;." rt;es ... P- 10 .....""'" (l). (J) . ..., (4) ofT.bIo EL P. I.

•
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•
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U,l,~ ':171
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h ...... T, L
•
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1".... Ea, 1,2, ....... orim, __ of . _.... Iocal aod""-.Ii-

. . . ,,","-, .... "",5t<I bd'..... , ... pooiPM di:utioPP of ' IP< de"""" '" Ioc&J.
...... 10 for OIl . _ '(0) will bo ,~Scd by PlIo diroQloii r:.....1110 6rot
...to (i) UP Ibe (I), To !Ii"" pIIysio:al pkt~ .. of,l>o ,,,.,..,"",
15' . . . . . . . . .

... ,Ioii of «>O<di .... ua. tho ' ....."'... '1051 ."p. req.,,,,d '0 ..... ,1>0
• ......." 50 5lla! PlIo , ... cbonI ..... iJ1I:<......noM- ";510 .... b otlrror, ...
. . . . . io, I"",.EL 1,2," _ 1M _ rr...
\haP PlIo . ... (T) iF 11M''''''''
. . p:.boJ .... Iro._.'dott.iwd~.,..j'-au iF Iotatod (01,
.. 0' I .... :;p..u.d-lh...b MIlo" n. irMIra,n. .. joo ""Po \hop, " , .'
_ 1>0 _ io, ~ tloo '-"'.... _ _ rica. Ken"', '
_oodP. wbicb io ..,.. ...., ... 10 .... (_ ,' ,7,)),

r
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Fono,,'" u.e ooconoI 7pp<Ol<'h for <!oIe,,,,ini ...... "''''otJ\Iatloii

malricco. dlrcctioao cosio...rt comp"Id ..... 1110 nodal ...... d ...... 10
p:.boJ .,...m, no- ......, -.....,.. at< <IdDd .. Fie: EI, 1.1(.),
TIl,.., IIIioa Eq, (1.2). PlIo din:aioo in for .......... ('J,,!oooelni_
 .."..,., ... .t ~oI .. E' .. ""' ... m

• ~ COil ( .... .,)_ ~ (b. I .l)

-.
Sobol~"", nI_ of _ ~ io 110•• _ cqv,, _ _

_10.1,. ~ ..d dit«lioll ....... of _

C......... (5). (6) _
de ....... _
(l) of TolIIo b. 1.1 p .. 1.bcK._
........... _r boo obr·i ......
r.... all ,_
,be ' .....r......'ioa .... ""'" r",. Ill. , ...... do"", . .. "'" II<
aIIIoh..d by <In<tJ, ... brntt>,,,,.
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..... tin •• u

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0 0
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(E<. loS)

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(EL 1.1)

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(Eo. 1.1)

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(Eo. I.p)

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1.1 ... 6tt? : ~ .1oIJ fit o.....n 50_ MIIltb

The • .." bt, 0/' ...... 11 .!Ilfn.......1'1. ro.

the enll", ,,""""'. """,Ius or
dot«",;"I., rio""".1 .1I1f._ "",,,lea in p>bol ctlOid;nl!O .).... '" and I~"
_bIy d tiles< 1IIAtrioo. I. <>Ini<I •..., ....... n.ar.....
_ria.
Tbo •• Ii.,., otilr_ _ _ ......... __ dWat< IJ>fao _ boo 00-
uiac4 ..... ' Eq (1.6) .... _ ro..
()'p;..! do' ..... (~) ... be "PI 2 J ..

(Eo. r.l0)
Yo< ,,"'" .lernen ... tho ',"'"form • ..,. ....... IT}' II dtllMd by Eoj. tl!>..
1.5); Pd 1M ........ "ifracs:. _,i>,
Ik1' in local ,_din..• 0JSt< .. 10
ddi8ed by Eq. ('-20). ..

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(E" 1. 11) •

tho._
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Eo. 1.1,010< . . .. ;n.
tqlUlioD" ••1_ or ..4" Eo ....:I ~ f""" Tobia i
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(~'1" - n
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C IQhted
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N",",
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..,,,.... '0 dot........ ,lao . _ ..
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_. -. _ - . 10 bow . . WI ' i ' . - boo .. ,", ,lao
__ bCriBt; ot _ . _ad cIq: __ of rIL' 'OIl' 'uM"'" _ cado <lo_
Ia .. ,_ ," "" .,...... ,_ loa.! .-....... .,.,. . t il of ~
""1''''•• ' , (.lloalwa,. . . . . . (I -l), _ _ 101 ......._
k 10 diJl'....' r... _k d , ( . . T.bIo EL U), n ... h .,,", lloc ....
...... 6<, ,1pI1ooo 101 . . _ _ lao" .,....... 0<1 I'<:oIIow\oa F'\i. b U .

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flo. Eo. l.I "'......... 01_ t _ _ ..".. ,a_ to. _1._ «).

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... ,10< Ioa.!.ad ..... _ .... < , _ ..., _ ,
bo ........... ,;_ io TaIok EL 1,l, S~otiq ,Ioc .-1_ of . .,_
io Eoj, (Eo, 1,10) _00:1 perf.. ' . _./>. .""..,ico' ....,
. . _rica io ....., _ ..... ' •• ,.... _ ,;_ ..
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- (E>.. 1.11)

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.,
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- -0.'
Iho I.p . ad 011
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,be """"110",,, oidt 01' ....
.. , , ' """"'" ,110 dt&teo ol t, hOI " ' • •"" wilb. tI... Iuo ... ,;" pobaI
..,..""...".. oy<I'" (_ Tobie EJ, ,.2),
" _r bo .... ad Lb •• fo< .k..."•• «J . nd «,). tloo 1ooo1 • • d &lobo'
",,".d"l0 1)'01'' ' ooIodd. '0'1<. _h ....." 11 __ , .k.. o., ..
Iff. ...
_,rio:oooflM' , _ , ......... <fIU Or. Lb. _ _ jn tho , .... .-rdl. .'. oyotetnl
POI 00. ..... .... pod_ .... ",It... ","l~p!i...... .. Ii_ '" Eq.
(b. '.10) . ....... ok ...... &tiII'..... ""Ud In ....110. <WIdi .... I)'SIC" ....
k obIOlMoI 41...,.., ...... f!q. (U7)" _ ;. -no,....
I' /lot _ I' _t.

(Es. I.I')
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L-_ - ".. ... "..

Sulrolinotioo& rr- ToW! Er..
1.1 . tIoe _ ol t, ... .4, E, .0<1 L flM' '<OJ
tift ." ..... 10 'k . _ "'I ....1Ioot. _ ""', . 'M __ "'.,. - .. pre.
bJ' oq ........ ce... t ,lo, '.(Ex. 1.11). n...-.. .... "'~lOcoraport
,bo ..."'" tor tow ,Jtmo""
N.... 10 obi.... It< <>"CI'OlI "",""" . .. aw ( A::~ -a\cinoU 01' ,,'Ua.
[lf~ ... p/a<od ...... '1'''.''
ial< loall"" 01' .hI. "" rbo ODd ftoWlr 0010,
.boo prlMlplo 01' oupt,poo_ion _
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..... - . 10 flI. Ell U(h) _J 10< .... ; , ..

IF} - IX] 1<1:) (El 1,11)

- . . ."" '""'" , .... -",. f< .."... !o71\qz. (El. 1.1) pol IE<. I.lOl •
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Tho 001 _ of 1<"''''1oc Eq. lEa, 1.21) req"l m eliml ......., of
tilt
...... ioood do" ... of , _ 1>01'_ toIoiq to< tho ..... _ .....
dizJoI ,," ; ioa. . . . _ ( l ) .... (4) ... _ _ 11Iioapj. olzo
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... """d;'I'J. ,110 f~pI."""<D' Eq. (B • . 1.21) <.:.Ito k portit\Ollnl

•
{"J -['- i'~' l {~}
F. X~ I K~ ol.,.
(£>:. 1.2S)

whore (f. ) of 0<11<-, (4 .1) "" _ ... mo." ...... , !'ot= at ,be uore-
.".iDed _ ..... (F,) or _ , (4.,) is •• «""
01 .01 _ _
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For .......... pk. Eq. (Eo. 1.2~ 10 ..pr " ' ..

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.
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(iii) N_ ou,_" '" /AAI C_ "..,<$pi.... (US)

TkM _Id' ;h , .. -'a _ 100 .. ,';,0' ..... "", (7,016) _ . . , 100
... ,itt .....
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l.11II J

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,.J -- .
..... " , ill local pnrc'i .." .ro .... I I ...... io. Tobloo b.. 1:1.

U ..... Eq. (7.11), doo ro. ..

""""' •• to) ""'1 1M ... rill"' .'
~ '7 f !7 • II' ,.r.. ;,.,olNp tot •• )'pi<tJ ......

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1.1111 I.021S _O. I S71
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r ",.- ., «J
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(E:&. 1.41)

(EII. Ul)

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*.1oocoI ...._ io TaIoIo E>.. 1.4.

(.) 11_ SlrtU< '

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I""" _ (+I'" (""' {4""
... bor. ror. "'" ..... ont. , ...... .. d<1In<d ..
(,.,... _ J-;' (0« So<tloCl ' . 1.2.3)
• _ £.
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(BP~_[ -i; Of. 0]('" Eq.'.301

e' (4·W' - (110,' 4. 4,' 4.1',,'
S.Io> IiIlll'" , _ ••1... io ~ • . (E>.. 1.03) ..... po</lono.l.. _
,,
",.' lIpli<ol 100>. ... <>IIto,n

TIoo Mpo r", " ...... ... oppo.n. 'Q

0. .. 0( fconu. l..... ...'i.. ....
wi" hop,," . - p...... ...... ... 0<1 • pooi! '" lifo ... ill 1aol'l1 IOooi\e ,,"-

_.
n •••al_ of ... _., ....... ...,. p..o ill tbt lui ..... '"" of Tallk E>.. U .
fhio co,"p i<'" , ..... .1,,;, of. pin.join,,,, .. ,.<t....
Rood .... may

to "m,", ,,io.l ..eI .n

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T1Ii Ipio, ioO" ''- ' ' ,._.
}. U p!<> "'p" ,~. ft.il •• 1.... _ , ool".i> II iJod.p md,o' or load ...
n.,
i.,
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«IOooI;. ...... __ II><" ...,.I .... trh (A') .. IIJ tH .
,. ",. oIi.", di!T", .. noo in ''''' .....," .t< 4 .. 10 _04 ....... of !too
n....... ..

1 1 UA/t lPU; 1: ANAL \"SIS 0' IILlM

Coosi drt . .. d.ncl. ., boaao ...... ..... . - " .. fi.. b. 2.

1{.).
TIoo boa," ..... .""<1 10 be """,,,MO: wIo~ ,nr... Ito.ra l ....
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.,. Ef _ "66l6O tN ....·, A' ... lhnr &["""",;0.. .. ,,<d, No.", e ',,,

onIa to drt<rllliDe <lie ,....-.. ~ ud .-,"'" "' \lot_

(3) " tIIo " ....;.c ram. ... ,bt "ppo,U. !be Ikpo _ ... In <1opoor 1
ott appIicd hI.. Itn.iJbI [_I'd ........,

nl'M

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1.1,1 SN,I, DlKntil:lrllaolol, IId .. "

TIoo \leur <all be diocmiml _ I threo .k, em _ _ ......... e' , ..

.. ""- Ea. 2.1(b).

U,2 Soot 1: C .. ,!oro" ..... Dooo

n.c n_~ ..r .1orI!oor.. Ind - . aJobo.I ooordiDa.. . ,.....". .... porooIo
bIo d;.pl ' , .... ODd lbt 1" l d .,,,, lI0II11 [0f00I fo' "'" ."""" .... DOd
"rvoI~ .. In r.h<nolo in A I- El,1- I(b), ' 0 VCCIor (" " . ' _ lIoOIIai dlop'' ''
.. eIII., oUHI __ I fora> <&II bo uptcOOCd u

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F,.F>oY.. ,. d ...... U ....... _ t f _

F t. F•• F.. F, ~ ""","AIJ .'1IOdoJ poiau.

Tho too ... dllo r".. 'hi, ou.. pIo io J/>n bdo .. ;
TIotilo E1. 1.1 _ tr.lo

EI....., ,
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~ . . , i wU .... ... of .... ton • • H.-. .... 1IoIIoJ ....t Io<aI .........
 ......_otr.... ·: :":: ":
..:c 17"<'" " -: widt _~ ",PIc, .... :1:< :ramt~tioor - . - 01
..... {' )(4l """ .... 10 ioko:~J _:riDoor","~ ib< I k _... n,...

[TT' - [TT' - [11" - [Ik...> (&. 1.2)

,,;6_ ....n.:e.
Si .... :110 I. ~ _r<lina", ')'1"'''' _ide. WI con If. . dIm:oJy:IIo .1 ...... :
i. r..b. 1ox.1 . J .... 10 oI>!Iia :1>0 orirrn.. ..... riJ; 01 :Iot
_blod 1tnI<I.....
no r.... 'ar"'"" .....
_"(Ii .. 1tiI"_ _ trio: IJPi<aIl.....,......' (f), 7
jon ..... , • •..,. P"_(_ E,. S.61)
lOCI

r ,w
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lkr" - ,m (Ill. 1.1)
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- -,,- '"T
[k1" _ [4"1" .. [11'" _ [".:.

S.'*k"" 1 ito Eq. (Ell. 1.31 :"" ",I_ of EI, 'Dd L. ror ffljkClM:
.Iome .... we obrain

r "au, "JI1.59 _51".64 5 9l11.S~

"'-
59111.59 9O"OOIl00 - "311." 4SlPJOO.OO
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"lll-" 452000.00 _ "111."
(E.<.. %AJ

£ 1.. _ £ 1.. _ £1.. 'Dd L.. _ L.. - L. •.

Joe.. (k~o _ (kt, - ['1".
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Ul _ ' 5 Moo..., fa< So .... ,,·.' I

5. _ tIIo _ I ' '< ...,...... lk< ......boriq; or _ ODd . - -

I 0"" _ ,0<....' :
j·t dl<fl" W'"" io Io<aI .... JIoboI ~iaate
'ysICGIO. nil" "E ': " ioo ,abolo, ""'" 10 ..... - .,

Tlbio EI. z.z 0>0, ,'R" , ... /1<1_ N"""","", Systcr/II

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Now 1. II< obo.ia IKJ. «><_,. 01 . _ , 0I1lI'MIo .... rica or<
plo«d .. ,100 apP'W,jaPo Io<al""" of lb;, "",to" ODd ...151 ...... ,II<
priDc:iplt <limper""","" .,.,. .blain< Eq. (1l.L 2.".
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no _oil r_",u.pl.,,_ftI rtIolioouloljl rOf

_ ; " f if. £J.. 11(b) .... , Ioo .. preuod ..

-
IKJ (/1- (4)
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" .... I><IJ'.
- . . . IIoc ...,""" _ .. _ •• IIoc _ ~ .. _ _ I.. """ be
pOrI.; d __ oI_IOIod~_'.tiopil ill . . . . . .

(Ex. 1-1)

• •I;.",. ,1M _oint ,_ 1· ;1 >_1 £q . (E>.. llJ ......

_<II&1Idpo"_ .. ' - ' , , ",0'''' ", ' bluo I'" E• . u . I lS).
Tbio '.'If'.........
ot . q.... 'U io ....... '''LL ........ _ r""'fIio
....,.. ....pI<. H.... .-11<0 ' F!>" ' I r.. :th ..... "" 001,11•• ot
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Tho __ &1Id <LI"..........,.... I . . .lOdu.pI......IJ ud/or ",... -
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59
_

\ F.) L ° 4S2()(II).OO 0 110800(1,0

TlW «l."ion·i.....11.0, II> _ dolned II)' Eq. (EI. I.H). Th, """oJ.,d
...,..,.. oIlrocd ... Iw 1M...Iimin......... Eq. (EI. 1.11) u . ... ." h,M""
...w...w.. diJr'''' ....!O.

no .. ;, aalr _ r..... W'Jo;ch;, ...... 00 Iloo boo ... _

'. f'·' .
oodoJ

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F. I -"2.0
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".....Uipl' baCh . . . of Eq. (h. 2.1) by , be id ..... of d•• ""'tI"
[x..~ ... ob""
r A,
I IA,
< }-
1r 9()400(1 G

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I
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• ,-, 1 • J (1'. • •/..10)

r" 1.-4~ X 10" raJ 1

H -2.9940 )( 10-0 r><l

l~ ._ 2.lI)

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I'
(.1 11_'", f ....,
S"boI~" iV lb. YOl .... of ,be DOd.1 dilpIloo<,,'m' in (b, _ml-.:
fi>r<>o-.di.pI ... "".. Eq . (E • . :!OS). _ obtai.., .ft..... trio muMipli<atioo.
tl>o ~i .. form ••
F, _ _ ".1U HI

F. _ loIO.l1l kN
(E..l .ll)
F, _ .wIl.oIOIi kN

F, _ _ O(l~ ." kN.",

It "'"1 b< ""' ....haI th. <U<h,.. r""", oblolnod - . . .. ~ .,

ooly k"""", d~pJ"",,"""1 .,,6/0 . . ...,;0" ..odo;o..

(iii) Nodal fJ/>pI«_" ~ &<h E_., In ,-"I Coordl"",. s~"""

U<bI, EQ. (7.46), , _ d~pl''''',"<"'' no be "",.;ned "'~1 •• Ih. 1..0
<oo«Ii .. l. '1" .... _ide with ,&<h OIb" (sec Table Ex. 2.1).
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("")1\0)
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•• •• _ 7.41 %
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.Ie.... , (0), _ . in Fi, . Ell. l.l (0), may 1>0: ""l'f"'UO'!"
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... ,rio<> (oli .. E<]. E>.. l.4) ond ,b. I>OdaI Ji.p!a<o"""" {oui • • Tabl.
E>.. l.l ~ _ ob..." . ft .... atrix tn.llipii<t.'.... 'II< .10_ ., fon:eo • •
li'" ioo T. bI. Eo. 2.4.
 ~ ",. ....... . - _ I ' :I'" 117

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•
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Po' tN ... _ lON.92 1711.11 _ 4019.34

I

Thlo _pIoI .. ,Ioo .. alp;io <>l lM ....... _ In F .. £L:l.1 (0). /, If1&)'

'Do pOIo'od 001' ,i00i If lb. IIouo io 00 ' prlooWio. it. ' ..... b 10 dhr_ iooIo
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••• " ' . of 1Iolt.......... <.. .
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.. , n...........

U UAMPLE J: ANALYSIS OF DUl' III!.A.M

F..... £L J.I (.) - . • <kop bNm. . .ply ... pponed., ,. . _ oM

n~"" ...
Io.pl.lno ... _ 1, llio'rill....I" ....... Tltro .... , Mlution <>l 'bio
n.
prtobIo ... tr ..,,,,, U 0 plano ..,.... <u!, Io ... UoNo ,100 Ii,..., ••• [1.11
004 _""' I .,kid ..o."pl. ro, <D!!Ip.>rioorr or ''''' roo., .. u.lnillnile
.It..... .... 'Irood. In .hk f<Ctioo, ooIl1t1ooo or 1100 probio., II ,,'" pre!CA,td
.. ~ 10 001 I... i"", ~~nl b"", •• k ula' iorIo, 0<11, ' lIe ••• 10 • • II<PI In "'"
f....""''''''' or .h, problorn." ,, _ _ . '01 .... '0<1 tU<I.rt "'", ... . n,
or Ik .... ",UIe' P"'V" ..... ..lilollilo. """" or _h k:k ... lilloil In
"P I' ~·O,

U ,I ,.. ... I , ~ <of SO •

r ,(FIt, 1:a. ].I(I)liolploDo_ ...

Tltro .... _ .... kio , 1'-1
.... co. be I4t&IIld ..... , _ " '" ......... _ .:pIIa. 'I

r- .
Fe. £L 1.lm - . ........ hO<l of ~ _ -. .K,ro"" pIote
d."..... (lo pl... r-~ n. _""'" 01' .......... will6tpnd __ ...
- 0Cl' d ' od 50 u.. 001_ n "'1 bo poIo.lC<I ...., '''''' .IM KaLn<)'
..., '"'I _ ",110 ,bo _ ia __ bot of .1foI.1III but .. "" _
timo, ..... pato.1oo .ilol.. "'" ,.,

c I9htod material
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0)'11'" r.,.. - . ..... ~~_ ....
bo .... ia f~ £o..l.I(I>}. f or , _
_ .... the _1>10 .odoJ dlopl... _ . . . t .. <II nod.... , _ H e_
r.. 1~.Id ..U...ion'-" i. Fi.. £0.. 3.1(b). 'Ii< .. ",~bo"" ""' ~ (SBW) •
.... no<lal diopbot ... ,n, "*"",, . " " the .~ted 1IOd&1 r.,..,. ,.. .. 0. ",n
bo upteUO<l ..
SIIW ... 1>«4 + I) ... 10 (E> . J I)
j ol.} ... l~. 0... ......, 4oJ" (Ex. ) ,2)
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(I) - ['~ ' .. .. ..... r..l' (h. J,J)
TIoo wioo 4>10 ca ••o~ ly bo _ ..:cd .. oil d,,...,,. ... of Iloo A_
.. "niol ..d dim ...,,, ... n .., ... obI.i::. r"" .55 u.-.u

(E-. ).4)

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alp!.1000 of <10 ...." an ..... bt' - . :ala i:: _ .... di,..., ... (-
TabIo b. 11).

.
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'. 5- '-t-1
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• 7_ 1 _ 11 _10
'. 1'-20- 13- 21

'. 1_' _ 12 _ 11
'" lO- ll - 1'- ll

'. 10_11 _ 14_ 1)

'. 22_ 2l _26 _ U
,
'. 11_52 _ lj _ 14
'. 21 _ 1'·_ 27_ 26

~ &<-,1: 1)oPo,.1uI1.. .r T. _ . rr.M._

Tb< K&lHI,{ .... ro. aJltJro ......... _ .. _5 otlror, __ tiro
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fo .... I. pveo by Eq. (6.6j~ s..~" i5""P\11 5110 ..I.... or~ ond _lIIel .." of
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d"."5i,." OM of <II< .. _ 0P,1UioI.

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pro".,.d i. ,1>0 pre""'.' '.......
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or .... (~x 14) ... y be ob.. incd fo. tho ua, ..1nIi... d Idull .. d "I'\!<IUrt
. - . I. Fit, EL 1,llb),

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l ,.(o). TIl. opp''''' 1I0<I01 fer«>< _ _ 10 ~ Ell. U{b) "". . . ~1y too
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~~. I J'
• ---t'.
,
'I" ¥- ' 'I" 't
,. _. 'p n :I ... "'" OI. ,, •
T_ I-l, ' TT '1.. _ ..... 10'· :' ",,"*" .. t k _ (2).
C_ (ll
, '" '"H-
••
, 1 , I I
'25:
reI

~, . - 't'- , rep -Il

CG... UI
'"flO)"
" (I'" .<
,•
,I .j,
,...,.")" • fl· ... · ·~
' . . . (1)
'" '"
" (l
, 1- - , tv "
f" "I'UJl , '1'1¥! ''l. .~
"P"
to .. ,·1 11).. '1
",, '"I
,,~

I. , ,J- -

'" ,... f\._ ~ L

[. ". , . . . ..
G. " : , ............
• •c.. .........n. . _
f Z"

-~,
',

I, ", . .. .. .........
Jol., . . . <..........
,
R~FJ!IlENC ItS

B. I. " I-Rita., . .....1'1 •• n...., of S'nI<rwu. U",,"mil1'" TedloolosY

hbiia,ioa. Bo&l>d>d. 1_.
1I.l. 0 .... 1.101 .• Mom",' DInrlI>oHM. D. V.. No"' . ... <;0"'1'"01.1 ....
_ "",, tU .• I~ l.
 ,
-
APP&NDIX C

-
PROPERTIES OF SECTIONS

Col U'" or ... T1UA:~GU:

no ....to trioqIo 'flit (J'\I. C. ll _ , bo "0' : ' " . .kiot'JoIIllo
_. "''''" tr'I' ::ij 1',(1,(1flOO. u.. ........ ... _"'!boW. Ido
11.II,1t ..d IUt,Q,Q. F,.,. fIa. C.l • . . - oIl1l11,vopaoida OR ..... by.
PP,I4It .. I c" + 1;1 Cz, - >;) (C, ll
11.I1.,aIJ .. I (h + N I", - ..., (C.Z)
(C.»
(Tloo ..... 01 • Inpnoldll"'lOlll 10 Iloo pnId.et 01_ bltlllo ... cI LIoo
,.....11.. __ ....'r'!.1 '" tIIo oItiIDdoo) •

•, ,,••
,,,•
1... ,,1
,, ,,
,, , ,,
• I "
, ,•
II,Q, .. ... _ ..,: JIll,.. (1(1,"10+.1'1
P,It, _ ~ _ ~, : ~ P, + .U . _ ,,+r.

',a, .. ... _ s,: I I, + QQ, .. " +1tr

_.If".... .... c., TrIoooIo_Io_*,_
If'"
£oj, (C. I), 1C2J ..... (el).
.,..01'Il10 ....... rQl.. _
t.

.... oi&, r_
" - 110'. +1.1 '>'o- ..J +(1, +1,1(", .. >;,) -fr, + J'al (.-, .. ",)1
""
n..~._ ..
..,. bo _ _ .. ,
' .on. US '.., ,
r,. ' ,Ud
,r • ..: ........... _
.11

I/:OM - hi - " (.. - ,." + (Y. - ~...ol

A .. (c''l
_ io _izooI II tbo ..p........ ror .. <Ii 'be oIoIoroDioooall.

~. 1. ;
, P)
~. ". ;

EqooIIIuoo (C,6) _ 'l1000 .... of. _ ... ill _ "'..... ,. . ...

;''"01110 -..I ",", ...... of'IIoo ......... ~ ..... _ .... _10
wIIIdotbopo;.ta ......h ....... h•• ' .... _willIoolllooo_, l r _
1looe .... or • loWolle .Wo:lo 10" ' hoed p..iti .. io Il .... ..,. ... . -...
..... '" I.e <Ie" ..........

C.I ARU I!'fTEGSlAUI

_to . . .
f1prc e ,l ...... "",-tAr pia .. ole

b •• too.....,' ' . _
........ _
, ..... ;os ", S II. ...... I.
plilt""',. ' ...•.... "'_iIILcpOIo.llocdie

(I), TIl ......... Io' qnolo

'm "'"...
roo- ...........tAr '*"" ..,
......... ( 1. 1) "' .... trioq:Iouoollloooo ...... 10
_ , bo .. po ,u

F\t:C:l _........... '

1("0.,,, - II Ud)o ... . ..."

I(.>',J') - Jlu.,q ... ~"lf.

 .~
II. _f' '"S' " .... r " OIla' • I
/(,.0. 1') - II :No", - n~Il, (C,9)

1(,.0.1') -!!,I'III,oq - ~ ~..., V, + I,) (c'[0)

/(,.0,1')_ !!,;o.t..O - n
"'a1o v I +:v. + II} (CU)

/(,.0. 1') -11..,..:.+ - ~ il,h (p, + W (C ll)

F... _ oft'" _ _ _ ........ 1M _ _ , mer 1OfC.2~

UIiq 1M .,,,,bolo 6t' ,o=,,,_

oI_ .............ut ... _-,.,-. .. ,..L
, -. TabloC, . . . . . "'" pn;" IX';".

I, _ N _ o f _ 0( ..", "";0,, ~.. )'-U ..

1. _ ) , 1 _ 0 ( ...... 0(" 'u,,;..._ ......,

,j _ ""u of co L££ T'1o.

Ir pu, be poi .... ""t'Mt r...... w pc"., .... io T. bIe C) ....pptI>II •

or
...... """ . ...... Lbo .)1<1: .... _10 .. \0 be ..... lor ..... po.rboo:o \0
.... " )[dl .........,

REFERENCES

c,;, M ...... WlliauI e, . • cd [lo.k! R, Da.Io. 1., ....."", C~ MQ~

_.,.. I!.c\ei.... EdiPloo>, 0 ... o.ocI Com_. Now YOIt , )!14[,
C2, ScI..,.. S,M" S"",do~ M.,"'-'Itti ToIII .., r-, s ' "'" Ed;,.....
eRC"'- I.,." a...1004. 0[;10 11111. I""
!!" "

_ _ 01 _ _ ,"

r obl< C 1 J>ropo";" Gf ...,Uon.

It '' .;I"'W+~.~ 1 '-''''wt lbi,

.. .l"
- ~. '.•I'n
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"
,
II .~ Ih l" .. ) .. , 1
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•

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,.w'.'•
,
, "I 7i p -' -0·2' t 1'- 7,;f'
•
lyo
, "
-1" to<" ~b

•••
A.b "

,
I, ." .",
"
A. lT ,l
",",
SOLUTION OF SIMULTANEOUS EQUATION

D-I lHTItODUCnON

I, .... _ _ "" 'M loll:. "'" ' _JOlt "4.................. of

....101_ 'q . , ... 1'11....
_ ..... ., ..... , " ..... oq (,
_10-..
'"r.. _
....
............ d ..
...'.+ ..... +,.,+ ..... - ..
....' . + ....... + ... + ~ - .. (Dol)
, . , • • " . , " " : 0 : 0 , , , • • :0 ,:0 " ... , , " •• , " ,

...... +y,+". + ..... - ..

I. ",,"ubi _ . Eq, (0.1)...," .-riII.. ..
[,11111 ~ (~ (1):2)
.too", [A] 10 • "'I"'" "",,,I •
_In.; (X'] it ................ ., _
.,ord<r'"tnM.).nd 10 m-.rrod .. coefIIc .....
M I) •• 41" .k.......'" ,be ... ""
_ ...... ; ('];, .Ioocolo .. " _ 01_.(0 M I) .... I" _ I S .....
sial or ,he ,' ... ' ho<"od lido ot Eq. (0. 1). no.1emmu ot ....h ""n. (Ai
.... ...,1« (~)"'" k......,
n . oo/ulion <If .."rio I!q, (0.1) I•• ".",,"~ ..""", ... "" dililal
"""'P"'''' ."d ...., of 'be ......1........ otnd.td
Iq OUI lIIlo opt .. , .... , II "01'" (><lin,."",
<0.'1')'.
,hot"'" ... nd.,d....tbo<b
p_.m
.... 'or
ID, II"'"" 'ur ,Ito 101.'.... 01'0101,,". _...... 'Iono ........11, ........... '
tIM ..... i,.' ....... 10 '.Ur popw,"ed ,00II oak< .... 01 ,bo: b..• ood''''.p
_.riooo . .
... d &Of . .. of , ..... blo:b lroq."", omit 1n,,,,",,,o..1 p'_
n .... In thio op ...""i•.• _bod _ . . . Cr .... r·. """ 10 ""'..... ed
.. hio~ 10 .... f.l I", ' ......1<.1 .... ~ .... ....t • pro.......... _1'"'"
(01'' ' _ "'.".......... d "" ,100 0._\00 oijmlroo,loo. it ,;..,., The
,ooodc" ..., ... ~" ..""' ..... ro. ....."" .... ... lioll of""';. oq .. •
tiona "".... d I"IIr ,be ... _ ... 10 0..... ..

O·l c..u.tD"S l ULl:

'J'lOo .)'OtnO of ................... by Eq, (0.2) _ , (. M oj "",,1IIieieoo,
....ria .;0., " ...", ...... 001-. "" .. ",. rII, ... u
 [A){KJ · (8) (().J)

ny C", ... ,', 'ole, ,be oolut;o, for I, ""'1 be "p.. _ .. [D. I) :

,~)

,,~,,< I A, I i, tile ~<l«m;n.nl of III< « ,,!licient m.,';. in

iI f<plo«d b)o tt.: ole......, .. of ""'~mn weto< (.I.

D ,) GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION PROG RAM~I~

n., o • • "i.. <I;'tt; • • , ... .... t""" ;, bu«I 0. ,t.: principl. ot !~'d
,Uml,..,;'" aM ba<bnW ",b"i'.,;"'. U.... !hi. ptin<ipl<, It.: codlltieol
m"ra;, 'cdoc<d to OD upper .donlUlu fotm b)o ."""'......'i",i"aI "" of
the .. riables alId ,bN. lOI.hoo;' cb .. i.. d '" bod"""' ,u!>'Ii'"'i<I.,
~O<
""lOil., ".den .'" ...r.rrcd to [1). 1. D.2) 0< .nJ "'bo,
.W>donl , .. , t>ook
"" n ....r ical a leul"..... ,
n., 'pp!icotion of G."Wan elimina,ion _,bod '0 • '1""'''''"' t.I<,",,,
","<rio "qui", • • "",",wlu, mor, ..,phi"i<"'~ It.h_"'"
if f"1I 0<1 ... " ....
i, '0 be .. b. of ,tt. '7m""u;""" borulod n",." of ' bccoelllcio:n' m:tL~ • .
I. ,hi, ""',;.,." • FORTRAN """'PO'" p,.,. ....... io "..... n'«.I fur '''''
.... ut;.", of ';m.n. """"" equation. " i,h banded coeMoio<nt ","ui<,
Fil .'. D- I . _ ,J;,,,,, ..
matic>.111 tll< . y",rnotric .,. .... d "'",,;... . ,..,
~, .. o......""'' '"'''", . .. hioII i. "qui,"" in 'll< oli •••"",;.,., """!rod,;'
lite,." In f il_ D-l. TlI< fORTRAN provo"""" pr=n,.d h<<< ••• for tho
001.\;0. of EQ. (1).2) <all. r", ",pu,·.;." . i n 'be fol ...... i.' •
.-de"

• •

F".. D., DUc<......... ,,_alJ.. <Ii ''-'_ ''''

..... ", ... 1• • _ , .. IA) (X) _ [I).

UOW , ,It< lW~"pp<r bond wi<l,h "",.d in NB :

n: 'lI< '0<.1 " Umbe, of rq ....,;....10«<1 ie NO.

n.: .. ,,.. .;.,...'" proYi<l«l OIl .,.. Ii., wi'h fOR MAT Pll).
 - "
-
'. _ ".,_"' .".-_',.. - . . . . f a' •

... • • .".,••••••,_,_.' 10 q $

[AI ' n.. , ' , ... tri. _ _ I-Ioud r.... II _ _ 10 _ ICJ; II. io
; db7_II'illI_ ..._ ...... u....,.-.,1tIoqIo
t

or __ " 1M iood_ ., ,100 _ _ or tho _ ......... ' t. ~4

io fIa. 1).2. n.... lilt ...... . . .bet or "'uwAI.lIo ... om)' IC] II
NI w NO '""til I'OII.MAT If 10.2).
{I} : ".. rip.,.b&ocIoi,do <01._ ..... " ; 'loa 0( NO d ....... ts, ~
00. . .... :iDe, Oed ..... ,..8 _ _ II Iboald. rt io_'"
_rill (I] FORM ... T (P 10.2).

0.'1"": n. d.,,,,,, _ (X) 10 priI'''' 10 I£' r~,

FORT1lAlII " ..... m rOt lI...d Mit"" $oIodoo '" Ga. . Elimina,1oo
[D, 2~

DI MENSION F (I . IUI,CII, 2m). A (1. ; ...)

READ (1. 10&) NB NO

,~ FORMAT(lU)
NOB. NB. SO
NON B_ NR+NO
DO so 1_ 1, NOli
HAn (1,109) qt, I)
'M f ORWAT IP IO.l)
» OONTiNUIl
DO)I 1.1, NONa
REAO ( I. L10) A:'. I)
 _010001" " ;;; - _ ... , ..

!to FORM:AT (F HUl

51 COh"TINUB
LA_ NI_ I
LB _ NO_ LA
DOn i _ I,Ll

DO 71 K _ I. I,.A
A(I. X) _ Q:! 1+ Kl
7

73 CONTINUE
DO 7~ K_ 1. LA
QI. J +K)-C(I. J + K)IC(1. i )

74 CONJ'lNUl!
F(!. I)_ r o. I)IC(I . J)
<c_u
DO 7' ,"_ 1. LA
MI_ I+L'N8_ 1
Z _ F( I . !)
X _ At! , L)
F(I. 1+ L) _ I'(I. L+ I)-ZoX
D076K _ I. LC
Z _ CC I. J+K+LA-LC)
X _ A(!.!)

C(1. MI + K)_Ql. MI+ K)-~'X

7Ii CONTINUE
LC_ LC_I
l' CONTINUE
72 CONTINUE
La - Lit I
 ~

-"
LD _ I.A_l
,,' . ' ....,,, ... , / •

DO n I~LB. NO
l_NB'I_LA
IF(I-LD) lOO,)(I(I, XII
~ DO 1t K _ I. LD

.,"
1.(1. /Q_ C(U + Kl
CONnNUE
00 79 K.I. LA
(,(I. I+lq.ql. Hlt\QI,1)

" CX)NTINUE
F( I. 1)- 1'(1, Ij,rC(t . I)
LC_ LA_ l

,., rF(I _ NOj lOl. JOI. XlJ

DOlO$L _ l lD
"'1 _ LoNB+I _1
Z_ I'\I.I)
1( - AfI . l)
1'(1. lH)_ F(1. l+ I)_ ZoX
DOIIK _ I.LC
Z_ql. I+K-tLA - LC_ I)
X . A(I. Ll
CII. MHK) _ C(I . ..,11 + /Q- zox

" CONTINUE
LC_ LC_ l

...,
I F(. - LC) lOl, :10$, »I
~ CONTINUE
tD _ LO_1
n CONTINUE
DOll1K _ LNO
I -NO· IK+I
 • ,n m " _ _ E_ioo '"

J_ Nt o l_NB+2
DO I2 K_ I,U
Z_ I'(I, I+K)
X_ C(r, J+K_l)
1'(1, I) - F(I, I)_ZoX
12 COm'lNl)E
fl CONTINUE
WRITE (2,206) (F(r, K~ K _ l, NO)
206 fORMAT(EI4. 1)
=,
,~

...
FINISH

REFERENCES

0,1 lI«t.h , It.".,.."d 10m.. Hon, Ii_rial C<>ku/a'''' ..- AI,..,

ri'/tto" Mdl ..."" Hill 900), Com]lrlD1, New YO<t 1!I67,
1).1, look;"., W,M., Ma"lx """ D/tU., C_'rr MnlwHb I. $,,,,,,,..,..,,
_/ph, M<O .... HIII took Compo01, LoGdoo, 1!I69,

•
 •
-

","ENDl lI 1:

SI UNITS FOR STRUCTURAL ENG INEERS

Tloc ........ , ..... ~ . . '" . .... ($I p,·o , ............

" , · .,. .. ' .... SI ..... r.WO •• : 6 " " _ .... . ,io .......
~ t'U1o.,
_ _ U, ...... ired ..,. ... ""••"0,0/ E. . . .n •• bt .. , W_ fIX ........
.. 51 ..1to 000:1 «I<l....... r....... r.o.
.,
MU I. 51 ~.;u ... .. _ _4.

TYPICAL B,\SIC UNrrs

.-
1.< .lt ~

_ _ _ 01 ..
•
0'
• ••
• or
(I ... UoII,

_
r • or

-
114_ 0 1 ....;.
.... •
0 '
• or
....
.c... p« _ok JatalII '...
F100r Iood'" .... , 50 .... riI, kf/..• •
...
" , -'

-
M ... d<"~'f

.-"-,
' <0'

... .
~-
-"
•
1 1'1 _ . k........
1 "" . 1 NJsf

..... "-
rad(_l
. . (<lot-)
T... pon.l... K(wmoJ
C C«1oi1U)

.-
'- J (0010)
W (WO("
( . . . - . . , .... . ",;.j-• • 'o; q _ kilolfUl)
l J _ I N.m
I We ll,.

j ,
 11. - . . . . . .01 F ,If)

U NUI Xf3 1)11 Sf UNlT S

..
"'~
. ~.,.. MUL TIPlY INO " ACTO R
,.
.,.
-...
0

•, ,

....
mil • ,~

,.'
_
-- •
•
, EA p.... io . . .~M!pk of 1000.
Eu. ...... 10000 N_ IOtS
,~

1000 000 "' _ 1 "'Po

L) CONV IIlSIO N 'ACI "OU fO R SI U/IoTTS

•u • " ....
--
1 k,r{q )
1 _ /' )
'.1066 l N
' .1066l kN

F~II "'.1b
,~.
--
1 qr, .. 9.1066l N/fI
'.I06U~
,,.to' - '.1066' !'I1m'

--
U.lt~'

M"""_ oI l!...,;"iqt
I
--
qr,.. ' '106Ii1 N/r
'.10665 P.
... 3FI'\'I"...... I qr...- 9.10665 S ..

~,"ghted rna,'"''
 APPENDIX ,

BIBLIOGRAPHY

110 .bII OPP wti •. _

PlC'U'"
odd .....1 rtf._ for ron"" ....... ""

•
'·1 A'J)'rIa. 1.1f .. ~ NJra,.c.. !II iIf."lz ",..IttHI. of Strvet.w
A,...qJi., ...,p.... I'fea. l.otIdcG. 1\1601.
1'·1 1:Io1loo.1W. o..l!'L- WibM, N. ....'!'"
AJ08/r.,. Prauloo.-H.n 19TI.
~.
Itt,,'" '"
FWr. D. "ILl

1'-) Oollopr, R. If .. FlfLil< £1_ A""t;,D,.FLItLdo"",,'ot,.I'mIti ... HaU

Loodoa. I91J.
p .oj IfiD .... Eo an:! D.Il.I. 0..". A_ " ' , _ ,..... J'Wt*EIt....t c-.
,...... ,I'\M...,.. ........ Int.
"" HiD"",. Eo and D.IU. Oooft. Fifl/I< ~'"
p, .... lm.
I'N!'_"'" Aeade .. '"

J<.6 Ma.nuo. H.c. aDd 0.1'. Clrqo . bo" •

MOO ..... HiD, Now YOft. 191J.
·,10.,. FI<oi"~' A.toIpI••

,..7 Odea. I.T .. Fl••• V."..,.u of J{o'lii_ C.... 'I_.

McOr_KIIl,
Now YDI'k. 1m.
P... ,., ,,,,,,din,p of FIll •• 5 w ",4 an:! T1o.if:I <:0.(,..-
on MIlUm
Melloocb io Stnct...1 M,d..." (1K5. I"". 1!rI1) to<ld I. WI\P1-
h l - . Air force Ba ... 01010; A.ailable frotB NalIoo.&1 T 01 I

Inl'onwioo Sonieo I"'TIS). $pti"" 'el6. Vira\nia-ll ISI .

1'·9 I'f"""""~ 01 S,mpooiuID on AppIi<o'""'''' Fi.ito Eto"' .... M•• bo:!
;" 0.;1 Ea, ;- .... ASCI!·V ..,,:l.,,1N1, Viii""";". NaoImIle. T......
No ....... IMII.
"'10 p ,."..ocriBp of U S..Jap.lLl. kID... OIl 11.-..,
Ad.o...... Matria
M,1bodo of S. ..... u.. l .1...17\11 and DHlI~. Toky.>. A"",,, 1969,
I!dilfd by R.H. Ollla&b<t. Y . Y" ··d •• ,0<1 J.T. Od .... U.u.. .... , 01
A1a ..... ,..... I!rlI .
1'·11 II ! i " . I .• 1•• .,;•••01 ~ of n.ttt E/....... Itt._.
Jolon
Wil., and Som , N ... Y",k. lt7l.
1'·11 Roo:by. ICC .• tU. E..... D.W. Orifllw ....d D.A. Nctb<.-:. Til.
 __ m

fWU a.- "'.--" _

£<I_Or"'" I "''',I9I}'
".,) ~ O,c.. :no. FWI, Do_alW'- I.
III" ' .- to<c._., ,.
c...... ,,.s<,,-.
.
Mc(l......iI hbliJloiq Co. 1.J4., N '-' ) ' 1, I.n.
F.14 Z' ?'. ' I 0 .(;. aod V,S. HoIiaI." (<<IlIOn), s,_ AM/J>rl>.
~'"-'Do"'r' ... "'" ,.'_£yo" -..
w;s", ud ..... \.ld., J rz '...... Ll6l.
oIM,_ ........
 ,u>PENDIX G

COMPUTER CODES

a ·1 ASKA. A", .... 'i< S1i"''' rOO' !(lDeIIl"io "',.al)'iiI. Dovdopod by

I .H. "''D';'' H.A.M. Ka<no • • od Ollie",. Unl ..""yof SM;p.n.
~~.
a·2· Ill.... S and ELAS8. Oeorenll'u,.,.,.. Com[>lll<'
Eq.Uibrl.m Probl ..... of Li ...., SttuCl.,,,.
i'f<I"....
fOt ,100
D<1'doped by lb. I",
I'ropIrl<ioo l 4 _ y . U.S ... .
G·) ICES S'TRUDL n. ro.B, Elem"" I'ro""m of Lb. Inl<JflII<d Civil
E";_ri.,. !iJs«m (ICES~ ,.tlT. Camb,ld".
(;.4' NASTRAN, N..... S'TRu<I.,,' ... 1'1 017.... Devdopcd by
U.S.'" N OIio .. ' "'''''''"uti<>
ond Spooee Admin"'''''Oon. U.S.....
G-' SAFE. S"."'.to' A""lj'iio by fi.11< E1",,,n,,. 0<vt10!l0<l by Gwr
a .....1 A_I<. 'DC.. US.... .
a./i· SAMI5. 5,,,,,,,...1 .... 01 ... 1> a"" MOl,;" '"'"~i",, 5, ....,.
v.v.10j>0d by I.' Prop_" '" ... 1>0""'<1. Lao';', krocan:h
Cen'r<. I.d M"""",, sp>«< ...n Cenh'<. U·S .....
0.1 SAP .... O<nc,d 5,,,,,,,,,,. 1 ... n.alloi. !'rOJVam. D, .. Jopo.i by E.\",
WiIJoo., R.pI No. SESM 1O-lO. Depat<"''''' of Q'fll EnJi_no ..
Uni..... ' of Califono... JIorl<I.,.
0.' ZieDkiewi< .. O.c .• Pro""",. "''''' .. io R. r.m>C< F·ll on FifiiLe
EI ....... M<tllod .... 01"" PlO!"''''' dc"<iopod " l 'Di .. tsi" of
Wale., S..........

. ..~ ..... " - o:>5MIC, eo.. ................ ",. . .... ,_~ ..

c:--......... Hd,IJo _ . . t c I" "' ..... _ " " " .
 INDEX

...... _ !I!.W
~,.

-
_ " , l o lRl

... ....
-,.......
..... _ ll'!.11J

_' , '!!',.!J

__ 1 1
".. . . . _._1
-
........~

" ~_ w

,--
__ w
_01_ '"
010&

.-" .. ' ......... Ui'I

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