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S\\t`qiUWoSdaztS€UEZ]dWYdaztS{km†em l Z]m l emtztSV\} f ∈ C1

π π Z π
einx einx
Z
ixn
f (x) e dx = f (x) − f 0 (x) dx
−π in −π
−π in
Š‚W SdQxo`b{aem pqSc\#Sm 1 S\B\#Z]xYekX[SdaztSUEZkdaznWod‚`fe 1 eFztmnZk²Za\‡]Wo{]`fex Z‚pbSX[Z]\BŸfe]UESm
S\#znfeFUE`bSd]z†eF\t`bˆ¯pqWo‰‚WrpqCWYSdfpqZ%Sx*WodaznSmn‰¬ekxoZpbSTWYd]znS {]mnCe]UEWYjkd[STWYdaztS{]mnekdfpqZl l Zkm l emtztSV\~Sd
Ue]pbe%`bdbZvpqScxYZ]\\t`bˆbWYd]znSmn‰exYZ]\ pqZkdipqS f S\pqSUxYe]\#S C 1 ƒbue[UEZkdaznWod‚`bWrpbekppqS f ŸfekUS
^a`bS€\#SUedfUSxYSdxoZa\5zt|mnX[WodfZ]\pqS€ˆ*Zkm†pqS€^a`bSe l ekmtSVUESdƒ
Ð5ZkX[Z f SV\`bdfe%gh`bdfUWoj]d 2π l SmnWojqpqWrUef‡ f (π) = f (−π) ƒfR(Spq`iUEWYXsZa\_^a`bSk}
™­ ›
π π
1
Z Z
ixn
f (x) e dx = − f 0 (x)einx dx
in
vl ZkmxYZ[znekd]znZ
−π −π

Z π π
1
Z
f (x) eixn dx ≤

|f 0 (x)| dx
α|n|
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−π −π
É ,

šÏ
xYZ[^a`bS l nm Z l Zkm†UEWYZkdieFxresS\#ztWYX[e]UEWYjkd}
|αn (f )| ≤
C \#W n 6= 0
|n|k
™ pbZkdf_pqZkS ztSCX[=Za\BC(f SV\`bdfe[UZkdf\#znekd]znS€^]`fScpbS SdfpqSpbS SmnZsdfZvpqS ƒ
zneX%)ˆbWY|d ^a`bScxYesSU`fekUWoj]d ™ ­ › \tl Wo{]dbWž*Ue[^a`bfScl SE–qWY\#ztSc`bdie[nmtS› xYe]UEWYjkdQSdaztmnS
xYZ]\UEZ‚SiUEWYSdaztSV\pqS f  xoZa\ f 0 ‡fe[\neˆ*SmV}
αn (f 0 ) = inαn (f )
 ˆf\tSmn‰kSXsZa\cznekXFˆbWY|d a ^ `bS\tW gh`bSmneIpqSUxYe]\#S
‰kZ]xo‰]Sm e[WodaznS{km†em l Zkm l ke m#znS\‡qZkfˆqznSdbWYSdfpbZ[^a`bS]} C2 ™ Sd/xo`f{]em[pqS C1 ›Fl Z‚pbmt•reX[Z]\
π π
1
Z Z
ixn
f (x) e dx = f 00 (x)eixn dx
(in)2
xYZ[^a`bS l nm Z l Zkm†UEWYZkdieF`bdie%SV\znWoXe]UEWYjkd’pqS€xYe%ghZ]mtXeb}
−π −π

C
|αn (f )| ≤
|n|2
ekmnesxYZ]\TUZ‚SEiUWoSd]znS\_pbSFŒbZ]`bmtWYSm(pqS ƒf±”d{kSdbSm†ex7‡bUE`fekdaztZvXwk\T\#`fe¬‰]S\#SVe ‡fXwk\
†ml w l WrpbeX[Sd]znScztSdfpqSm†wdeQUESmnZv\t`f\TUZafSiUEWYSdaznS\TpbSFŒbZ]`bmtWYSmV‡f`fdfemnS l SEztWrUEWYjkdfpbSxekm 
{k`fXsSdaztZedaztSmtWYZkmBdbZa\ l mtZ l Z]mnUWoZ]dfeb}
Kc  §  § © ¦œ¥];¦ L*¨ NM—ЖfT QvSŽ[$Q‰avY\XZStQ Qtœ cµS
W™[$Qti
T u X$[$XŸ[GQ¶sji-[$Qtœ QvS
asZœCq<T5œCWX™X q8i-sk7sZS
f Ck [−π, π]
QtœqsZœ"aQ
S¿QpÅ$T—S
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¤ C = C(f, k)
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mnmtZ]xoxYZ]\BpqS€ŒbZ]l `bmtWYSm ™#šV›5…™hۂ› ƒiŠqSm†w%\t`qiUWoSd]znS€edfekxoWY²ekmB^a`b|€\t`fUESVpqS€UEZkdS\#ztS Ò xoztWYX[Zf ‡
l Zkm†^]·`fSScUZkUm†ZkpbX[ediZ pq Zes^a‰‚`bWoX[SvZ]xre \ekUEXFZkd‚ˆ*‰]Z]S\mn{kpqSSVdi\tUEekWrmtemnZkpbxYSvxYZ]\”`bdf\tZked\tSSmn^aWY`bSWY‰dbeZ…xYS\tdaWozt{]SVdb\Wžƒ *Ue’Zznmne UZ]\ne’^]`fSvxYe
UEZ]d‚‰kSmn{kSdfUEWrepqS\t`f\(\t`bXek\ l ekmnUWYekxoSV\‡*WYd]znmtZqpq`f²UekX[Z]\(xYe N −|\tWoXeQ\t`bXe l em†UEWrex
pqS ™hۂ›Bl Z]m
N
X
SN (f )(x) = αn (f )einx
n=−N
_Za\ l tm S{k`bdaznekX[Z]\}*“SdÙ^a`b|%\tSdaztWrpqZ l ZqpqSX[Z]\pqSUWom€^a`bS
 UE`fekdfpqZ
— SN f (x) → f (x)
_`bSV\znmtZ[Z]ˆqŽSEznWo‰]Z[\tSm†w
l mtZ]ˆfem Sx\#WY{k`fWoSd]znSztSZ]mtSXeb}
N→ ∞

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Ö ¡ §  ¡ £M;Œf"QX
f
W œ"X‰ÀW œatT;ÃZœ
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t
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C1 x ∈ 0 [−π, π] ¤ SN f (x0 ) → f (x0 )
N → ∞·
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XF`iU†ŸbZQXwk\cpq|ˆbWYxoSV\^a`bS[xrek\(Sd‚`bdfUWYe]pbek\ƒŠ‚WYd…SX%ˆfemn{kZi‡ixreUEZkdaznWodbWrpbe]ppqS f Sd x0
dbZS\c\t`qiUEWYSdaznS ™ SE–qWY\#ztSdIS#ŽSX l xYZ]\cpqS%gh`bdfUWoZ]dbS\€UZkdaztWYd‚`fek\UE`  eQ\tSmnWoS[pqS[ŒbZ]`bmtWYSm
pqWY‰kSmt{]S(Sd’ekxo{]`bdbZa\ l `bdaztZ]Á\ Ø › ƒ
¹#¸~¹ Çy½ÀÂÄ5ÉkÕqËbʺ֑Î#ה¼ ÅT½Ã%Õq½Ä~Ëb½ÀÆÊA=¹#¸NÙ
=

˜ºem†epbSX[Z]\#ztm†emSxbztSZ]mtSXe ƒ ‡\#` Zkdf{]eX[Za\ mtWYX[SmnZ^a`bS dbZznSX[Z]\


^a`bS l Z‚pbSX[Z]\(\#` l ZkdfSmV‡f\#WYd l |m†pq™-WY° pfšVev› pqS{]l SdbSmnekxoWrpbekpl ‡b^]`fS f (0) =x00 =™ mnS0\#zn edipqZv\#WYdbZ
e f `bdieUEZkdi\z†edaztS › ƒ Ú daztmnZqpq`b²UeX[Z]\5SdaznZkdfUS\ xreFgh`fdfUEWYjkd}
f (x)
g(x) = (x 6= 0)
eix −1
 ˆf\tSmn‰kSXsZa\5^a`bS l kZ m_xresmtS{kxre%pbSu`Û ç_Z]\ l Woznekx
f 0 (0)
lı́m g(x) =
x→0 i

l\tW ZkmxoZ^]2`fS l Z‚pbSX[‡fpqZ]SV\(pqŸf`fekUWoUX[SmcZ]\e ^ag`bSUEZ]d]znWod‚`f2evSd 0 pqƒ SEfdfWoSdfpqZ g(0) = f 0 (0)


i
ƒi±”d]znZkdfUS\
ÐBexrUE`bxYSX[Za\ xoZa\UEZ‚SEiUWoSdaztS\pbScg Œf∈Zk`bLmnWY[−π,
f ∈ L [−π, π]
Sm_pqS π]g }
αn (f ) = f, einx = g(x)(eix − 1), einx = g(x)eix , einx − g(x), einx




D E

αn (f ) = g(x), ei(n−1)x − g(x), einx = αn−1 (g) − αn (g)


SdaznZkdfUS\_ekxUekxYU`bxrem_xre |V\#WYXe\#`bXe l e m†UEWrexpqSFxYev\tSmnWoSpbS%ŒbZ]`bmnWoSm_dbZ]\(^a`bSpbe


`bdfe[\t`bXe%ztSxYS\nUEj l WrUeb} N−

N
X N
X
SN (f )(0) = αn (f ) = [αn−1 (g) − αn (g)]
n=−N n=−N

l ZkmxYZ[^a`bS]}
SN (f )(0) = α−N −1 (g) − αN (g)
SdaznZkdfUS\
SN (f )(0) → 0 = f (x0 )
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UE`iedfpqZ N → +∞ ‡ l Z]mSxxYSXe[pqS·WYSXedfd  uSˆ*S\t{k`bS ™h e[^]`fS g ∈ L2[−π, π]› ƒ
Š‚W\t` l ZkdbSXsZa\eŸbZ]mnes^a`bS x0 6= 0 ‡bUZkdf\tWYpbSm†eX[Z]\5xYe%gh`bdiUEWYjkd f˜pqSfdbWrpbe l Z]m}
˜ = f (x0 + x)
f(x)
 diexYWo²SX[Z]\_U`fexS\xre[mtSxYe]UEWYjkdSdaztmnS€xYZ]\_UZaSiUEWYSdaznS\_pqS%ŒbZk`fmtWYSm_pqS xoZa\_pqS f˜}
f 
Ÿfe]UEWYSdfpqZ[SxUwX%ˆbWYZ[pbS‰ekmtWreˆbxYS y = x + x0 SdiUEZkdaznmnekXsZa\5^a`bS]}
Z T Z T +x0
αn (f˜) = f (x0 + x)e−inx dx = f (y)e−in(y−x0 ) dy
0 x0

 ztSdfWoSdfpqZSdvUE`bSd]z†e^a`bS_SxfWYd]znS{]mnekdfpqZcS\”`bdfecgh`bdiUEWYjkd l SmnWojqpqWrUef‡kpqSpb`fUEWYX[Z]\”^a`bS
Z T
αn (f˜) = einx0 f (y)e−iny dy = einx0 αn (f )

R(Spq`fUWoX[Za\^]`fSk}
0

N N
SN (f˜)(0) =
X X
αn (f ) = αn (f )einx0 = SN (f )(x0 )
n=−N n=−N

±~dvUZkdf\tSU`bSdfUWYef‡e l xYWrUedipqZe f˜SxfmnS\t`bxozne]pqZ  e€pqSXsZa\znmne]pqZ ™hl ekmne › ‡‰]SX[Z]\


^a`bS x0 = 0

SN (f )(x0 ) → f(0) ˜ = f (x0 ) UE`iedfpqZ N → ∞

õ 9 Ò 2JPAB>;RÓM =ÔM;ABCEJ @;Cvö>€=Ê÷ Má?MLHEJK KM =NCEMK ?MáOQ>F@ Õ


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W„StQti
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L2 , ¤ ·

kSN (f ) − f k =
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|SN (f )(x) − f (x)|2 dx
1/2
→0
UE`iedfpqZ N →∞
−π

š°
v9
û ß H÷ýüB<N>?> ?M KM à’J€=JABCED; ?MþÓ(J€=CEJ€ä’HEMKAÿ HEJKÆKMEÕ
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o

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