3 Degree Polynomial Equation:

a x 3+ b x2 + cx+ d=0
Discriminant:
3 2 2 3 2 2
∆=18 abcd−4 b d +b d −4 a c −27 a d
If
 Δ > 1, equation has three real distinct roots
 Δ = 1, equation has a multiple root and all of its roots are real
 Δ < 1, equation has one real and two complex conjugate roots
Now divide equation by a
b c d
x 3+ x 2+ x+ =0
a a a
Or

x 3+ A x 2 + B x +C=0
Now,

3 B− A2
Q=
9
9 AB−27 C−2 A 3
R=
54
Now,

D=Q3 + R2
 If
 D < 1, equation has three real distinct roots
 D = 1, equation has a multiple root and all of its roots are real
 D > 1, equation has one real and two complex conjugate roots
Calculate
R
θ=cos−1
√−Q 3
Roots of the equation are:

x 1=2 √−Q cos( θ3 )− A3

θ A
x =2 √−Q cos ( +120 ° )−
2
3 3

θ A
x =2 √−Q cos ( +240 ° )−
3
3 3