12AP Biology Unit Test 1_Natural Selection Name: ++ Section Datet -...0 Grad Ro 1. Describe how an adaptation, such as better running speed, relates to natural selection. ti) | a. Natural selection produces beneficial adaptations, such as better running speed, in individuals that run more frequently b. Natural selection randomly mutates individuals’ genetic code until it produces beneficial adaptations, such as better running speed | ©. Natural selection produces adaptations, such as better running speed, to help individuals survive and reproduce Natural selection reproduces individuals with favorable genetic traits-such as the adaptation of better running speed-over time. 2. Give an example of convergent evolution and explain how it supports the theory of evolution by natural selection. f a. Anexample of convergent evolution is the development of the same function, swimming, in organisms that live in different parts of the globe, such as Arctic beluga whales and Antarctic right whales. The fact that organisms that do not come in contact with each other have developed the same traits suggests that natural selection can produce similar adapt organisms who share a similar environment b. Anexample of convergent evolution is the set of adaptat more efficient hunting, developed by a species in response to competition with a new species that moves into the same region. The fact that a species adapts after it comes into contact with a competitor suggests that natural selection works more quickly with higher selective pressures. c Anexample of convergent evolution is the development of an ancestral structure, a limb, into two different modern structures, such as a hand and a flipper. The fact that natural selection can cause a structure to develop down two different pathways due to different environmental conditions supports the theory of evolution ‘An example of convergent evolution is the development of the same function, flying, in organisms that do not share a recent common ancestry, such as insects and birds, The fact that wings that allow flight have developed from very different original structures suggests that the process of natural selection can produce similar adaptations in two very different types of | organisms who sharé a similar environment Qn in ns, such as better running speed or 3. Why do scientists consider vestigial structures evidence for evolution? ti | a. Vestigial structures are the result of convergent evolution, so they are good evidence that natural | selection act similarly in similar environmental conditions. | (© vestigial structures are the result of common ancestry, so they are good evidence that different | populations of organisms evolved from a common point. cc. Vestigial structures are the result of convergent evolution, so they are good evidence for an end goal to evolution. 4. Vestigial structures are the result of common ancestry, so they are good evidence for a common origin of al life. 10f612AP Biology_Unit Test1_Natural Selection Questions 4 and 5 relate to the passage below. Prior to 1800 in England, the typical moth of the species Biston betularia (peppered moth) had a light pattern. Dark colored moths were rare. By the late 19th century, the light-colored moths were rare, and the moths with dark patterns were abundant. The cause of this change was hypothesized to be selective predation by birds (J.W. Tutt, 1896). During the industrial revolution, soot and other wastes from industrial processes killed tree lichens and darkened tree trunks. Thus, prior to the pollution of the industrial revolution, dark moths stood out on light-colored trees and were vulnerable to predators. With the rise of pollution, however, the coloring of moths vulnerable to predators changed to light. 4. Which of the following aspects of Darwin’s theory of evolution does the story of the peppered moth most clearly illustrate? o a. There is competition for resources in an overbred population. b. There is great variability among members of a population. © There is differential reproduction of individuals with favorable traits. 4. The majority of characteristics of organisms are inherited. 5. Which of the following outcomes to the populations of peppered moth would you expect given this environmental change? f An increase in the number of dark moths and a decrease in the number of light moths b. an increase in the number of moths overall c. anapproximately equal number of light moths and dark moths d, an increase in the number of light moths and a decrease in the number of dark moths 6. The selective breeding of plants and animals that possess desired traits is a process called artificial selection. For example, broccoli, cabbage, and kale are all vegetables that have been selected from one species of wild mustard. How is artificial selection both similar to and different from Darwin’s conception of natural selection? Does artificial selection provide evidence for evolution by natural selection? Explain. 1 hl a. Both artificial selection and natural selection are the differential reproduction of individual organisms with favored traits. In artificial selection, humans have actively modified plants and animals by selecting and breeding individuals with traits deemed desirable. in natural selection, the most successful individuals in a species are selected by the species to reproduce be Both at selection and natural selection are processes that result in better-adapted individuals within a species. In artificial selection, humans have actively modified plants and animals by selecting beneficial genes from other organisms and inserting them into the target organisms. In natural selection, natural processes such as mutations and viruses introduce new genes to a population c. Both artificial selection and natural selection are processes that cause organisms to be better adapted over time. In artificial selection, humans have trained animals to be more successful in completing tasks that the humans want completed. In natural selection, organisms train the functions that they will need to survive and reproduce Both artifical selection and natural selection are the differential reproduction of individual organisms with favored traits. In artificial selection, humans have actively modified plants and animals by selecting and breeding individuals with traits deemed desirable. In natural selection, individuals are selected naturally as its traits deem it more fit for survival and reproduction 20f612AP Biology_Unit Test 1_Natural Selection 7. Imagine you are tryin there is selection pre: often than the blue flowers, red flower color. ina field, yo Senetic structure of the flowers to be? « a. 8. Expl 1g to test whether a population of flowers is undergoing evolution. You suspect sure on the color of the flower: bees seem to cluster around the red flowers more Ina separate experiment, you discover that blue flower color is dominant to u count 600 blue flowers and 200 red flowers. What would you expect the oD You would expect 300 homozygous dominant blue flowers, 300 heterozygous blue flowers, 4 200 homozygous recessive red flowers. You would expect 200 homozygous dominant blue flowers, 400 heterozygous blue flowers, and 200 homozygous recessive red flowers. You would expect 100 homozygous dominant red flowers, 100 heterozygous red flowers, and 600 homozygous recessive blue flowers. You would expect 14 homozygous dominant red flowers, 186 heterozygous blue flowers, and 600 homozygous recessive blue flowers. the founder effect and identify the best example. t) ‘The founder effect is an event that isolates part of a population, generating anallele frequency which is not typical of the original population. An example of the founder effectis the Amish Population. The Amish population was established from about 200 German immigrants. Individuals of this founding population carried gene mutations that cause inherited disorders such as Ellis-van Creveld syndrome. This form of dwarfism is found in a large concentration in the Amish population today because the immigrants that established the population had a high concentration of the disorder in a very small population. ‘The founder effect is an event that kills off a significant proportion of a population, generating an allele frequency which is not typical of the original population. An example of the founder effect is the Northern elephant seal. At one point, hunting of these seals had reduced their numbers to less than 50 individuals. The population has since rebounded, but still contains less genetic variation than the related Southern elephant seal due to the loss of some alleles. The founder effect is when only a few males within a population are selected by females to reproduce, generating an allele frequency which is different from the original population. An example of the founder effect is the reproductive pattern of mountain gorillas. Mountain gorillas tend to havea single dominant male, the silverback, who gets the vast majority of the matings in the population. This leads to the next generation expressing mainly genes from the silverback and very few genes from the other males, changing the genetic structure of the population. The founder effect occurs when the selective pressure on a trait varies depending on the alleles ‘expressed within the population, generating varying allele frequencies based on the genetic makeup of the original population. An example of the founder effect is the cyclical dominance of three throat-color patterns in side-blotched lizards. 30f6RAP Biology_Unit Test 1_Natural Selection i fe 9. The term microevoiution describes evolution on its smallest scale: the change in allele frequencies in a population over generations. DDT is a pesticide that was widely n use in the United ae from pies 1940 until 1972. The table below summarizes a particular allele frequency in laboratory strains common fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster Strains collected from flies in Strains collected from flies in the wild in the 19305 the wild in the 1960s Frequency of allele conferring o% 40% DDT resistance Using this information, describe a model in which natural selection improved the match between D. ™ealanogaster and its environment through microevolution. f) a. DDT killed off a large proportion of the population, and the alleles present in the surviving fruit, flies differed from those in the original population b. Mutations from the application of DDT caused the allele conferring DDT resistance to appear in the population. Female mosquitoes chose to mate with male mosquitoes that had the allele conferring DDT resistance because it would make their offspring more fit. The wide use of DDT meant that fruit flies with DDT resistance were more evolutionarily fit than their counterparts without DDT resistance. 10. Afriend says: “Natural selection is about the survival of the very fittest in a population. The fittest are those that are strongest, largest, fastest.” ‘Would you agree with that statement? Explain. What evidence from scientific disciplines can you offer to Support your agreement or your disagreement? ti 2. ‘The statement is true. If an organism is not strong and fast, it wll not survive long enough to "_ Teproduce and pass on its genes, and iftis not large and fitter than the other individuals around it then it wll not be able to compete for a mate. Many seal species, for example, have only a single male who gets to mate. He must be the very fittest seal to win all the females. b. The very fittest organisms are not necessarily the ones that survive. Sometimes it is the least fit organisms that survive and reproduce. For example, in one generation the mice who are bad at foraging for seeds may reproduce prolifically and dominate the mice who are good at foraging. In this case, natural selection will select for the less-ft phenotype and spread it in the population. ‘c._ The definition of fitness is not correct. The strongest and fastest organisms are more fit than the weaker and slower ories, but large individuals are often at a disadvantage to smaller ones because they are easily spotted by predators. For example, a large rabbit will stick out on a field more than a small one and will get eaten by a hawk. What is meant by “fittest” is not necessarily strong, large, and fast. Fitness, as defined in evolutionary terms, has to do with survival and the reproduction of genetic material. For ‘example, a small but showy male bird may be selected by female birds to reproduce, while a large but less colorful one is not. 40f6s2AP Biology_Unit Test 1_Natural Selection ‘1. There are years of drought in a small, relatively isolated community. During the drought, small seeds with j thin shells become rare. Large seeds with hard cases become increasingly common. The large, tough seeds are successfully eaten by birds with large and broad beaks. Assuming that the drought continues and the population of birds in the community stays isolated, what predictions for the population can you make under the influence of natural selection? i) a. The birds with small, thin beaks will grow larger, broader beaks to be able to eat the larger seeds. This will result in subsequent generations having a higher percentage of birds with large, broad beaks. There will be more birds with small thin beaks dying and more birds with large, broad beaks surviving. Differential reproduction of birds with large, broad beaks will result in subsequent generations having a higher percentage of birds with large, broad beaks. The species will diverge into two species, one with small, thin beaks and one with large, broad beaks. The two species will then compete for resources. d. There will be neither phenotypic nor genotypic changes in the population. 12, Mutations in the glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) gene can cause a rare anemia when inherited. However, homozygotes with this mutation are less prone to malaria infection, a disease that historically was the most widespread deadly disease among humans. Predict how this mutation would affect the fitness of individuals living in countries where malaria is endemic. BI Desprte the dour, of G6PD 0 Cave deadly iernia, He utarhon 1s Favored grid wel remain wr Hre populehon because it causes eSistane te Malaria, a run more widespread disease 43. Aresearch team has genetically engineered a strain of fruit flies to eliminate errors during DNA replication. The team claims that this will eliminate genetic variation in the engineered flies. A second research team claims that eliminating errors during DNA replication will not entirely eliminate genetic variation in the engineered flies. Describe how genetic variation in a population contributes to the process of evolution in the population. i witnouk gurehc Yanahon, Hore will be No cliferernahon behveon organins and natural Selechon will Nave Nothing Ac Uper. m12AP Biology_Unit Test 1_Natural Selection 14. Petal coloration of pea plants has a complete dominance relationship where purple petals are dominant over white petals. There are 276 plants, 273 have purple petals. Find: the frequency of the dominant and recessive alleles and the frequency of individuals with the dominant, heterozygous, and recessive genotype. bl qr = 26-213 = Bhi = 0-Oll, qui pe |= o-los = 0-845 p> = 0-80) “apg 2 2X 0-801 x 0105 PH ots 15. The next generation of pea plants has 552 plants, 546 have purple petals. Is the population in Hardy- Weinberg Equilibrium? Solve for p and q. LI p2 0-4 q- 0-\ yes ' populanon sm HW equilionum (no chavige in abhor Rrequenuies) 60f6