8 Portal Frames 8.1 INTRODUCTION Reinforced concrete portal frames of single and multibay are commonly used in bridges, and industrial structures due to their fire resistance and negligible maintenance costs. A portal frame is a rigid frame having mono- lithic joints at the junction of columns and beams. The different types of Portal frames used in the various types of structure ate shown in Fig. 8.1 For work shops and storage sheds, portal frames with sloping roof is gene- rally preferred. For high ways and buildings, portal frames with flatroof is used. 8.2 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF PORTAL FRAMES In the case of buildings, the portal frames are generally spaced at intervals oF 3 to4m with a reinforced concrete slab cost monolithically between the frames. Frames used for ware house sheds and work shop structures are provided with sloping roof comprising of purlins and asbestos shect roofing between the portal frames. The base of the columns of the portal frames are either fixed or hinged. If individual column footings are provided, the base is assumed to be hing- ed while raft or pile foundations are provided, the base is assumed to be fixed for purposes of structural analysis ‘The portal frames are generally analysed by the various standard methods such as, moment distribution, slope deflection, column analogy or matrix methods. The roof slab between the frames is analysed as continuous slab. ‘The mid span section of the frame behaves as a tee section while the support142 Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design section is designed as a rectangular section, Design aids like interaction diagrams are very useful in the design of beam sections and columns sub- jected to axial thrust and bending moment. Single Bay mutt Bay i Mult-Storeyas Single -Bay (Sloping. Root) | Muy Gay Frame For Mil Buiing Fig. 81 Types of portal frames Portal frames precast in the horizontal position on ground are economi- cal in situations where a large number of similar frames are used in a building project and the precast units considerably reduce the construction time besides resulting in over all economy due to the better quality and | |Portal Frames 143 efficient utilisation of the materials. The analysis and design of the different types of portal frames are illustrated by the following design examples: 8.3 DESIGN EXAMPLE Design a portal frame hinged at base to suit the following data: spacings of portal frames = 4m centres Height of columns =4m Distance between columr centres = 10m Live load on roof = 1.5 kN/m? R.C.C. slab continuous over portal frames. Safe bearing capacity of soil at site = 200 KN/m?. Adopt M-20 grade concrete and Fe-415 grade tor steel. Design the slab, portal frame and foundations and sketch the details of reinforcements 1. Data Spacings of portal frames=4m Span of portal frame om Height of columns m Live load on raof SkN|m? M-20 grade concrete and Fe-415 grade tor steel. 2, Permissible Stresses ex= 7 Ninn mai3 on™ 230 N/mm? 0=0.897 j=0.06 3. Design of Continuous Slab Since the slab serves as a roof, loading is light, hence assume an overall depth of slab of 120 mm, Dead load of slab = (0.12 x 24) = 2.88 kN/m? Roof finish =0.50 Ceiling finish = 0.25 Dead load (g) = 3.63 kN/m? Live load (g)= 1.5 kN/m? Neve BM. tne sppon «(222s 24) 2 +5 3.63 x42 12 Taxi Effective depth=d= fe-g5y— ogg = 91 min Adopt d= 100 mm with a cover = 20 mm 1.5% 108 Au= (atest 00, 2x) seni ) = 363 mms144 Advanced Reinforced Concrete Desizn Provide 10 mm © at 200 mm centres at supports. The same bars are provided at the centre of span section, 0.12% 120° 1000 anal saae Provide 6 mm ® at 130mm centres 4, Design of Portal Frame Effective span of beam = 10m If d=effective depth, (__span eliective dept 10 108 12 Adopt effective depth d= 700 mm and over all depth D =750 mm Width of beam 6 == 450mm. Column section is assumed as 450 mm by 600mm, Distribution stest~ .) = 144 mar )=(&)=120 15 tiers ong on bay : )xsasmmi (1220) d= x ) = 666 mm (@) Loads on Frame Load from slab = (5.13 x 4)= 20.52 kN/m Self weight of beam = (0.45 x 0.63 x 24) = 6.80 Finishes on beam = 0.68 Toul oad w =2800Nm he gt of ee neo bam above ines=(0-010~ °73) t, shear reinforcements are to be designed. Balance shear = [140 2285700) 62kN Nominal shear stess = 0.44 Nimom? )-048 1000 Using 6 mm -2 legged stirrups, spacing is 2502 28700 sem (222202700) 45mmPortal ames 147 Adopt 140 mm spacing near supports gradually increasing to 400 mm towards the centre of pan (i) Design of Coun Section ‘The column section is subjected to @ moment = 156KN-m and a Thrust P= MORN. Using oad fator of 1.5 My= (156 x 1.5)=234kN-m_ Pe= (140 1.5)=210kN Section is of size 450 600 mm b=450mm D= 600mm (d')_( 50 dassomm tesomm (b)=( %, uo shear reinforcements are requifed, The details of reinforcements in the portal frame are shown in Fig. 8.4, 8.4 DESIGN EX 54 The roof of a 8 m wide hl is supported on a portal frame spaced at 4m intervals. The height of the portal frame is 4m, The continuous slab is 120mm thick. Live load on roof= 1.5 kKN/m?. Bearing capacity of a soil 150 kN/m?. The columns are connected with a plinth beam and the base of