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COMPLEX NUMBERS AND DEMOIVRES THEOREM 23. Distance between two vertices
1. General form of Complex numbers x + iy where x is Real part and Z1, Z2 is .z1 − z2
y is Imaginary part.
24. z − z 0 = is a circle with radius p and center z0
2. Sum of nth root of unity is zero
3. Product of nth root of unity (–1)n–1 25. zz + zα + zα + β = 0 Represents circle
4. Cube roots of unity are 1, ω, ω2
With radius α 2 − β where α is nonreal complex and β is const
5. 1 + ω + ω2 = 0, ω3 = 1, ant
−1 + 3i 2 − 1− 3i
ω= ,ω =
2 2 26. If z − z1 = k (k≠1) represents circle with
b z − z2
6. Arg z = tan −1 principle value of θ is
a –π∠θ≤π kz 2 ± z1
ends of diameter
y k ±1
7. Arg of x + iy is θ = tan −1 for every
x If k = 1 the locus of z represents a line or perpendicular bisector.
x > 0, y > 0
27. z − z1 + z − z2 = k, k > z1 − z2 then locus
y
8. Arg of x – iy is θ = − tan −1 for every
x of z represents Ellipse and if k < z1 − z2
x>0,y>0 it is less, then it represents hyperbola
9. Arg of –x + iy is θ = π − tan −1
y
for every 28. A(z1),B(z2),C(z3), and θ is angle between
I
x x > 0, y > 0
y z1 − z2 AB iθ
10. Arg of –x – iy is θ = −π + tan −1 for every AB, AC then = e
x x > 0, y > 0 z1 − z3 AC
H
29. eiθ = Cosθ + iSinθ = Cosθ, eiπ = –1,
11. Arg z1z2 = Arg z1 + Argz2 π
i π
e 2 = i,log i = i
z1 2
12. Arg = Arg z1 − Argz2
z2
30. (Cosθ + iSinθ)n = Cosnθ + iSinnθ
13. Arg z = − Argz 31. Cosθ+iSinθ=CiSθ,
1+ i 1− i Cisα. Cisβ=Cis (α+ β),
14. i = −1, = i,
a + ib =
1− i
+i
1+ i
= −i,(1 + i) 2 = 2i,(1 − i) 2 = −2i
x+a x−a
, a − ib
S Cisβ
Cisβ
= Cis( α + β)
17.
z1 + z 2 ≥ z 1 − z 2 ; ΣCos2α = ΣSin2α = 3/2
z1 − z 2 ≥ z 1 − z 2 ΣCos3α = 3Cos(α + β + γ),
ΣSin3α = 3Sin(α + β + γ)
If three complex numbers ΣCos(2α – β – γ) = 3,
Z1, Z2, Z3 are collinear then ΣSin(2α – β – γ) = 0,
34. a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = (a + b + c)
S
z1
z1 1
(a + bω + cω2) (a + bω2 + cω)
z
2
z2 1 = 0
z
3 z 3 1 Quadratic Expressions
18. Area of triangle formed by Z, IZ, Z + Zi 1. Standard form of Quadratic equation is ax2 + bx +c = 0
1 b
is Z2 Sum of roots = − , product of roots
2 a
19. Area of triangle formed by Z, ωZ, Z + ωZ c
, discriminate = b2 – 4ac
3 2 a
is Z
4 If α, β are roots then Quadratic equation is x2 – x(α + β) + αβ = 0
20. If Z1 − Z1Z2 + Z2 = 0 then 2. If the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are
2 2
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(a1 + a 2 + .... + a n )
1
+
1 1
+ .... + is n2 10. If f(x) = (x + y)n then sum of coefficients is equal to f(1)
a1 a 2 an
11. Sum of coefficients of even terms is equal
7. If a2 + b2 + c2 = K then range of f (1) − f (−1)
to
−K 2
ab + bc + ca is , K
2 12. Sum of coefficients of odd terms is equal
8. If the two roots are negative, then a, b, c will have same sign f (1) + f (−1)
to
9. If the two roots are positive, then the sign of a, c will have differ- 2
n n n
ent sign of 'b' 13. If Cr −1 Cr Cr +1 are in A.P (n–2r)2 =n + 2
10. f(x) = 0 is a polynomial then the equation whose roots are recipro- 14. For (x+y)n, if n is even then only one
th
cal of the roots of middle term that is + 1 term.
n
1 2
f(x) = 0 is f = 0 increased by 'K' is
x 15. For (x + y)n, if n is odd there are two mid-
n +1
th
term and n + 3
th
f(x – K), multiplied by K is f(x/K) dle terms that is
11. For a, b, h ∈ R the roots of 2 2 term.
(a – x) (b – x) = h2 are real and unequal 16. In the expansion (x + y)n if n is even
12. For a, b, c ∈ R the roots of greatest coefficient is
n
Cn
(x – a) (x – b) + (x – b) (x – c) + (x – c) (x – a) = 0 are real and 2
I
n n
13. Three roots of a cubical equation are A.P, they are taken as a – d, a, est coefficients are C n2−1 , Cn2+1 if n is odd
a+d
14. Four roots in A.P, a–3d, a–d, a+d, a+3d 18. For expansion of (1+ x)n General notation
H
15. If three roots are in G.P
n
C0 = Co , n C1 = C1 , n Cr = Cr
a 19. Sum of binomial coefficients
,a,ar are taken as roots
r Co + C1 + C2 + ........ + Cn = 2 n
16. If four roots are in G.P 20. Sum of even binomial coefficients
a a Co + C2 + C4 + .... = 2 n −1
, ,ar,ar 3 are taken as roots
r3 r 21. Sum of odd binomial coefficients
17. For ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0
(i) Σα2β = (αβ + βγ + γα)
(α + β + γ) –3αβ γ = s1s2 – 3s3
S C1 + C3 + C5 + .... = 2 n −1
MATRICES
(ii) α + β + γ = s − 2s2
2 2 2 2 1. A square matrix in which every element is equal to '0', except those
1
of principal diagonal of matrix is called as diagonal matrix
K
(iii) α 4 + β4 + γ4 = s14 − 4s12 s2 + 4s1 s3 + 2s22 2. A square matrix is said to be a scalar matrix if all the elements in
the principal diagonal are equal and Other elements are zero's
(iv) α 3 + β3 + γ3 = s31 − 3s1s2 + 3s3 3. A diagonal matrix A in which all the elements in the principal diag-
onal are 1 and the rest '0' is called unit matrix
(v) In ax n + bx n −1 + cxn −2 ............ = 0 4. A square matrix A is said to be Idem-potent matrix if A2 = A,
to eliminate second term roots are 5. A square matrix A is said to be Involu-ntary matrix if A2 = I
A
Symmetric part = A + A
T
3.
Tr +1 n − r + 1 2
In (x + a ) ,
n
=
Tr r A + AT
n unsymmetric part =
b 2
4. For ax p + q independent term is
x 9. A square matrix 'A' is called an ortho-gonal matrix if
np
+1 AAT = I or AT = A-1
p+q 10. A square matrix 'A' is said to be a singular matrix if det A = 0
np − s 11. A square matrix 'A' is said to be non singular matrix if det A ≠ 0
5. In above, the term containing xs is p+q
+1
12. If 'A' is a square matrix then det A=det AT
6. (1 + x)n – 1 is divisible by x and 13. If AB = I = BA then A and B are called inverses of each other
(1 + x)n – nx –1 is divisible by x2. 14. (A-1)-1 = A, (AB)-1 = B-1A-1
7. Coefficient of xn in (x+1) (x+2)...(x+n)=n 15. If A and AT are invertible then (AT)-1 = (A-1)T
8. Coefficient of xn–1 in (x+1) (x+2)....(x+n) 16. If A is non singular of order 3, A
is (
n n + 1) AdjA
is invertible, then A −1 =
2 det A
9. Coefficient of xn–2 in above is a b −1 1 d −b
if ad-bc ≠ 0
17. If A= ⇒ A = ad − bc −c a
n (n + 1)(n − 1)(3n + 2 ) c d
24 18. (A-1)-1=A, (AB)-1=B-1 A-1, (AT)-1 =(A-1)T (ABC)-1 = C-1 B-1
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I
y f
0 0 k l
No of non zero rows=n= Rank of a matrix f m − f1
vii) Mode Z = l + .C where
H
If the system of equations AX=B is consistent if the coeff matrix A 2 f m − f1 − f 2
and augmented matrix K are of same rank l = lower limit of modal class with maximum frequency
Let AX = B be a system of equations of 'n' unknowns and ranks of f1 = frequency preceding modal class
coeff matrix = r1 and rank of augmented matrix = r2 f2 = frequency successive modal class
If r1≠ r2, then AX = B is inconsistant, f3 = frequency of modal class
i.e. it has no solution viii) Mode = 3Median - 2Mean
If r1= r2= n then AX=B is consistant, it has unique solution
If r1= r2 < n then AX=B is consistant and it has infinitely many
number of solutions
S ix) Quartile deviation = Q3 − Q1
Q −Q
Random Variables- = Q3 + Q1
3 1
K
Distributions & Statistics
xi) coefficient of Range
1. For probability distribution if x=xi with range (x1, x2, x3 ----) and Range
= Maximum + Minimum
P(x=xi) are their probabilities then
mean µ= Σxi P(x-xi)
Variance =σ2 =Σxi2 p(x=xi) -µ2
VECTORS
Standard deviation = var iance 1. A system of vectors a1 , a2 ,.....an are said to be linearly independent
A
2. If n be positive integer p be a real number such that 0≤ P ≤ 1 a ran- if are exists scalars x1 , x2 .... xn .
dom variable X with range (0,1,2,----n) is said to follows binomi- Such that x1 a1 + x2 a2 + ... + xn an = 0
al distribution. ⇒ x1 = x2 = x3 ........ = xn = 0
For a Binomial distribution of (q+p)n 2. Any three non coplanar vectors are linea-rly independent
i) probability of occurrence = p A system of vectors a1 , a2 ,.....an are said to be linearly dependent
S
4. i) If x1,x2,x3,.....xn are n values of variant 6. a, b are ends of diameter then equation of sphere (r − a )(
. r − b )= 0
x , then its Arithmetic Mean x = ∑ xi 7. If a, b are unit vectors then unit vector along bisector of ∠ AOB is
n
a+b (a + b )
ii) For individual series If A is assumed or
a+b ± a + b
average then A.M x = A+
∑ ( xi − A)
n 8. Vector along internal angular bisector is
a b
iii) For discrete frequency distribution: ±λ +
x = A+
∑ fi di a
b
where (d i = xi − A )
∑ fi 9. If 'I' is in centre of ∆ ABC then,
le
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30. If a,b are not parallel then a×b is perpendicular to both of the vec-
ΣOA sin 2 A =
2
3
OA + OB + OC( ) tors a,b.
(Consider equilateral ∆ )
le
31. If a,b are not parallel then a.b, a×b form a right handed system.
13. a.b = a b cos θ where 0° ≤ θ ≤ 180° 32. If a,b are not parallel then
i) a.b > 0 ⇒ 0 < θ < 90° ⇒ θ is acute a × b = a b sin (a.b ) and hence
I
ii) a.b < 0 ⇒ 90° < θ < 180° ⇒ θ is obtuse 33. If a is any vector then a×a = 0
iii) a.b = 0 ⇒ θ = 90° ⇒ two vectors are ⊥ r to each other. 34. If a,b are two vectors then a×b = - b×a.
H
14. In a right angled ∆ ABC, if AB is the hypotenuse and AB = P then
le
35. a×b = -b×a is called anticommutative law.
AB.BC + BC.CA + CA.AB = P 2 36. If a,b are two nonzero vectors, then
15. ∆ABC is equilateral triangle of side 'a' then AB.BC a×b
sin (a, b ) =
AB.BC + BC .CA + CA.AB = a b
3a 2 37. If ABC is a triangle such that AB = a, AC = b then the vector area of
−
2 ∆ABC is
(a × i ) + (a × j ) + (a × k ) = 2 a
2 2
2
2 2
S 1
2
(a × b ) and scalar area is 1 [a × b ]
2
38. If a,b,c are the position vectors of the vertices of a triangle, then the
vector area of the triangle
17. Vector equation. of a line passing through the point A with P.V. a 1
= (a × b + b × c + c × a )
K
and parallel to 'b' is r = a + tb 2
18. Vector equation of a line passing through A (a ), B (b ) is r =(1-t)a 39. If ABCD is a parallelogram AB = a, BC = b and then the vector area
+tb of ABCD is la×bl
19. Vector equation. of line passing through a & ⊥ to b, c
r
40. The length of the projection of b on a vector perpendicular to a in
r = a + t b×c( ) the plane generated by a,b is
a ×b
20. Vector equation. of plane passing through a pt A (a ) and- parallel a
A
to non-collinear vectors b & c is r = a + sb + tc . 41. The perpendicular distance from a point P to the line joining the
s,t∈R and also given as
AP × AB
r − a bc = r b c = a b c points A,B is
AB
i.e = r = a + s (b − a )+ t (c − a )
43. a,b,c are coplanar then [abc]=0
44. Volume of parallelopiped = [abc] with a, b, c as coterminus edges.
= (1 − s − t )a + sb + sc = r − a, b − a , c − a 45. The volume of the tetrahedron ABCD is
22. Vector equation. of a plane passing through pts A (a ) ( ) and
B b 1
± AB AC AD
parallel to 6
46. If a,b,c are three conterminous edges of a tetrahedron then the vol-
()
C c is AP AB C = 0 ume of the
23. Vector equation of plane, at distance p (p >0) from origin and ⊥
r
1
is r.n = p
tetrahedron = ± [a b c ]
to n 6
24. Perpendicular distance from origin to plane passing through a,b,c 47. The four points A,B,C,D are coplanar if
AB AC AD = 0
abc
b × c + c × a + a × b 48. The shortest distance between the skew
lines r = a +s b and r = c+ td is [
25. Plane passing through a and parallel to b,c is [r - a, b - c] = and [r a − c, b − d ]
b c] = [abc] b×d
26. Vector equation of plane passing through A,B,C with position vec- 49. If i,j,k are unit vectors then [i j k] = 1
tors a,b,c is [ r - a, b-a, c-a] =0 and r.[b×c + c×a+a×b] = abc 50. If a,b,c are vectors then [a+b, b+c, c+a] = 2[abc]
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[ ] [ ] [ ] Trigonometry:
are called reciprocal system of vectors In trigonometry, students usually find it diffi-cult to memorize the vast
57. If a,b,c are three vectors then [a b c] = [b c a]= [c a b] = -[b a c] = number of formul-ae. Understand how to derive formulae and then
-[c b a] = -[a c b] apply them to solving problems.The mo-re you practice, the more
58.Three vectors are coplanar if det = 0 ingrained in your br-ain these formulae will be, enabling you to re-call
If ai + j + k, i + bj + k, i + j + ck where a ≠ b ≠ c ≠ 1 are coplanar them in any situation. Direct questions from trigonometry are usually
then less in number, but the use of trigonometric concepts in Coor-dinate
1
+
1
+
1
=1
Geometry & Calculus is very profuse.
i) 1 − a 1 − b 1 − c
I
Coordinate Geometry:
1 1 1 This section is usually considered easier than trigonometry. There are
+ + =2
ii) ab bc ca many common conc-epts and formulae (such as equations of tang-ent
H
and normal to a curve) in conic sections (circle, parabola, ellipse,
Preparation Tips - Mathematics hyperbola). Pay att-ention to Locus and related topics, as the und-
Memorizing land mark problems (rememb-ering standard formulae, erstanding of these makes coordinate Geome-try easy.
concepts so that you can apply them directly) and being strong in Calculus:
mental calculations are essential (Never use the calculator during Calculus includes concept-based problems which require analytical
your entire AIEEE preparation. Try to do first and sec-ond level of skills. Functions are the backbone of this section. Be thorough with
calculations mentally
S
You are going to appear for AIEEE this year, you must be very con-
fident, don't pa-nic,it is not difficult and tough. You need to learn
properties of all types of functions, such as trigonometric, algebraic,
inverse trigonom-etric, logarithmic, exponential, and signum.
Approximating sketches and graphical interp-retations will help you
some special tips and tricks to solve the AIEEE questions to get the solve problems faster. Practical application of derivatives is a very vast
top rank. area, but if you understand the basic concepts involved, it is very easy
K
Don't try to take up new topics as they con-sume time, you will also to score.
lose your confide-nce on the topics that you have already pre-pared. Algebra:
Don't try to attempt 100% of the paper unl-ess you are 100% confi- Don't use formulae to solve problems in topi-cs which are logic-ori-
dent: It is not nece-ssary to attempt the entire question paper, Don't ented, such as permuta-tions and combinations, probability, location of
try if you are not sure and confident as there is negative marking. If roots of a quadratic, geometrical applicati-ons of complex numbers,
you are confident about 60% of the questions, that will be enough to vectors, and 3D-geometry.
A
Don't forget to solve question papers of previous years AIEEE before lus and Coordinate Geometry portions.
the examinat-ion. As you prepare for the board examinat-ion, you Class XI Syllabus
should also prepare and solve the last year question papers for Topic No. of Questions
AIEEE. You also need to set the 3 hours time for each and every pre- Trigonometry 1
vious year paper, it will help you to judge yourself, and this will let Algebra (XI) 6
you know your weak and strong areas. You will gradually become Coordinate Geometry 5
confident. Statistics 3
You need to cover your entire syllabus but don't try to touch any new 3-D (XI) 1
topic if the exa-mination is close by. Class XII Syllabus
Most of the questions in AIEEE are not dif-ficult. They are just dif- Topic No. of Questions
ferent & they requi-re a different approach and a different min-dset. Calculus 8
Each question has an element of sur-prise in it & a student who is Algebra (XII) 2
adept in tack-ling 'surprise questions' is most likely to sail through Probability 2
successfully. 3-D (XII) 1
It is very important to understand what you have to attempt and what Vectors 1
you have to omit. There is a limit to which you can improve your
speed and strike rate beyond which what becomes very important is
your selec-tion of question. So success depends upon how judi-
ciously one is able to select the questions. To optimize your per-
formance you should quickly scan for easy questions and come back
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