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EXTRACTION
OF
ALUMINIUM
 EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
● Al makes up 8% of earth’s crust
● 3rd most abundant element
ORE

BAUXITE (Al2O3.nH2O)

Gibbsite(Al(OH)3) boehmite diaspore

● Bauxite contains 30-% Al2O3 (Alumina)

Procedure for Al Extraction
Concentration of Ore
By
Bayer’s process
 CONCENTRATION of Bauxite
● Bauxite is concentrated by Bayer’s process
● Bauxite is crushed and heated with NaOH which forms
sodium aluminate.
● Mineral containing Al(OH)3 is precipitated.
Bayer’s process Chemical Reaction
Bayer’s process Chemical Reaction

Al2O3.2H2O+ 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 +3H2O

Bauxite Sodium
Aluminate

2NaAlO2+ 2H2O NaOH + Al(OH)3

white ppt

2Al(OH)3 Al2O3 + 3H2O

Alumina
 Al2O3 Reduction
by
Hall-Heroult’s process
 REDUCTION of Al2O3
Process named as Hall-Heroult’s process

● Al2O3 is mixed with Cryolite (Na3AlF6) & Fluorspar

CaF2
● Cathode: Iron container with carbon lining
● Anode : graphite
● Molten Al is collected at cathode
Q: Why is cryolite used in the electrolyte?

Cryolite lowers the melting point of alumina to

9500C.

Q: What is the use of fluorspar in the electrolysis

process?

fluorspar increases the fluidity so that the liberated

aluminum metal may sink at the bottom of the cell.
ELECTROLYSIS OF ALUMINA
 ELECTROLYTIC REACTIONS

At Cathode: Al3+ (melt) + 3e– → Al

At Anode : C(s) + O2– (melt) → CO(g) + 2e–

C(s) + 2O2– (melt) → CO2 (g) + 4e-

REFINING- HOOPE’S METHOD
 REACTIONS INVOLVED

At the cathode : Al+3 + 3e- → Al

At the anode : Al → Al+3 + 3e-

Overall reaction :Al+3 + Al → Al + Al+3

 Final
Flow Chart
 ORE- Bauxite Al2O3.2H2O

Concentration- Bayer’s process

Al2O3.2H2O+ 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 +3H2O

2NaAlO2+ 2H2O NaOH + Al(OH)3

2Al(OH)3 Al2O3 + 3H2O

Hall- Heroult’s process

At the cathode : Al3+ + 3e- → Al

99% pure
 USES OF ALUMINIUM

Foils
Kitchen utensils

Window frames
Aeroplane parts
 EXTRACTION OF ZINC

MINERALS

Sphalarite marmatite calamine

ZnS(Zinc blend) (ZnFe)S ZnCO 3
 CONCENTRATION
● Concentration of Zinc blend
● Gangue is removed by froth floatation
 FROTH FLOATATION
Froth bubbles
containing sulphide Compressed air
ore particles

ZnS particles

Water containing
pine oil

Gangue
 CONVERSION TO OXIDE

● ZnS is converted to oxide by roasting

Zinc blend (ZnS)

combustion

Zinc oxide (ZnO)

 REDUCTION OF ZINC OXIDE

● Zinc oxide is mixed with powdered coke.

● It is heated at 673K

Coke, 673K
● ZnO+ C Zn + CO
 ELECTROLYTIC REFINING

● Zinc is refined by distillation

● Collected by rapid chilling

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@
arvind.aroraj
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