MODULE I

Mr. Dhinu Lal M,

Assistant Professor,
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,
UKF College of Engineering & Technology
Mob: 9847165123
Email: dhinulal@gmail.com

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 1/12/2020

Lecture 1 - Day 1

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 What and Why??
• What is Electromagnetics?
• As an Electrical & Electronics Engineering
student, why you are studying this subject?
• Details of Module I to Module VI and how
these modules link?

• Prerequisite of Vector Analysis, Integration,

Differentiation and Quadratic equations.

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Lecture 2 - Day 2

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 FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRO MAGNETICS

What is Electromagnetics ?
The study and application of electric and magnetic fields
What is Field ?
In physics, a field is a physical quantity that has a value for each
point in space and time

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 Scalars and Vectors

Scalar
-Whose value may be represented by a single real number,
which may be Positive or Negative.
-Direction is not required
-Examples Temperature, Mass, Volume, Speed, Density etc
Vector
-Has Magnitude and Specific direction in Space.
-In Electromagnetics 2D & 3D space is required, but vectors may
be nD.
-Examples Force, Displacement, Acceleration etc

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 Representation of a Vector

A (Ending Point)

Unit Vector
-Magnitude is always unity
O (Starting Point)
-It is used to indicate direction of
any vector

Unit Vector along the direction OA and

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 Vector Algebra

Scaling of a Vector
-Multiplication of a Scalar to a Vector

Addition of Vectors

O O

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 Vector Algebra

Subtraction of Vectors

Vector Multiplication
-Scalar Product (or) Dot product
-Vector Product (or) Cross product

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 Vector Algebra

Scalar (or) Dot Product of Vectors

-It is denoted by
-It is the product of magnitude of & the product of
magnitude of and the cosine angle between &
-It is the product of magnitude of & the projection of
on to

If then & are parallel O

If then & are perpendicular

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 Cartesian Coordinate Systems

Y axis

5
(3,4)
4

3 (3,4)

2
1

1 2 3 4 5 X axis

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 Cartesian Coordinate Systems

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 Cartesian Coordinate Systems

(2,4,6)

6
2 y

x
4

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 Differential Elements in Cartesian Coordinate Systems

x+dx, y+dy, z+dz

(x,y,z) dz
dx

dy
y

dl  dxax  dya y  dzaz

x

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 Differential Elements in Cartesian Coordinate Systems

-Differential Surface Element

z

x+dx, y+dy, z+dz

Differential Surface area
(x,y,z) dz element (Magnitude)
dx
Unit vector normal to ds

dy
y

dx

dx dy

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 Cylindrical Coordinate Systems

900

(r,θ)
r
θ
1800 00

2700

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 Cylindrical Coordinate Systems

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*
Cylindrical Coordinate Systems
z

o y
Ø

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 Differential Elements in Cylindrical Coordinate Systems
z
z + dz

dØ

z dz

r
r dØ

dr
o y
Ø
Ø + dØ

r + dr r

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 Relationship between Cartesian and Cylindrical Coordinate
Systems

p(x, y, z) = p(r, , z)

r y
900

x

x  r
y

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Lecture 3 - Day 3

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 Spherical Coordinate Systems

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 Spherical Coordinate Systems

Ɵ=Const
r sinƟ

(r, Ɵ, )
r=Const Ɵ

r

=Const

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 Differential Elements in Spherical Coordinate Systems
z

dr
r sinƟ d Ɵ
dr
Ɵ + dƟ

r dƟ r
y r sinƟ d

r sinƟ d

+d

x
r dƟ

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 Relationship between Cartesian and Spherical Coordinate
Systems

r sinƟ z r
y r sinƟ

 r sinƟ Ɵ

x z
P (x, y, z) = P (r, Ɵ, )
z
r
Ɵ z
y
x r sinƟ y

x

x y

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 z z
P(r, θ, Φ)
Cartesian Coordinates P(x,y,z)
θ r P(x,y,z) y

y x
x Φ

Spherical Coordinates Cylindrical Coordinates

P(r, θ, Φ) z P(r, θ, z)

z
P(r, θ, z)

r y
x θ
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Lecture 4 - Day 4

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 Transformation of Vectors
Transformation of Vectors from Cartesian to Cylindrical &
Vice Versa
• Derivation using Black Board.

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Transformation of Vectors from Cartesian to Spherical &
Vice Versa
• No derivation needed.

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 Tutorial 1 - Day 5

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Problems from
1. Vectors (Prerequisite)
2. Basic problems from Integration & differentiation
(Prerequisite).
3. Cartesian, Cylindrical & Spherical Coordinate
systems.
4. Transformation of Vectors.

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 Tutorial 2 - Day 6

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Problems from
1. Cartesian, Cylindrical & Spherical Coordinate
systems.
2. Transformation of Vectors.

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Lecture 5 - Day 7

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GRADIENT OF A SCALAR
Suppose T1 x, y, z is the temperature at P1 x, y, z ,
and T2 x  dx, y  dy, z  dz  is the temperature at P2
as shown.

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 GRADIENT OF A SCALAR (Cont’d)
The differential distances dx, dy, dz are the
components of the differential distance
vector dL :
dL  dxax  dya y  dzaz
However, from differential calculus, the
differential temperature:
T T T
dT  T2  T1  dx  dy  dz
x y z
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GRADIENT OF A SCALAR (Cont’d)

For Circular cylindrical coordinate:

V 1 V V
V  a  a  az
   z
For Spherical coordinate:

V  1 V 1 V
V  a r a  a
r r  r sin  
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 DIVERGENCE OF A VECTOR
Illustration of the divergence of a vector
field at point P:

Positive Negative Zero

Divergence Divergence Divergence
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DIVERGENCE OF A VECTOR (Cont’ d)

The divergence of A at a given point P

is the outward flux per unit volume:

 A  dS
div A    A  lim s
v0 v

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 DIVERGENCE OFA VECTOR
What is  A  dS ?? Vector field A at
s
closed surface S

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 DIVERGENCE OFA VECTOR
Where,
 
 A  dS              A dS
s  front back left right top bottom 
And, v is volume enclosed by surface S

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 DIVERGENCE OF A VECTOR
For Cartesian coordinate:

Ax  Ay  Az

A
x y z
For Circular cylindrical coordinate:

1  1 A  Az
 A  A 
    z
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 DIVERGENCE OF A VECTOR
For Spherical coordinate:

1  A  sin 
1  2
 A  2
r r
 
r Ar 
r sin  

1 A
r sin  

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 DIVERGENCE THEOREM
It states that the total outward flux of
a vector field A at the closed surface S
is the same as volume integral of
divergence of A.

 A  dS     AdV
V V

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 CURL OF A VECTOR
The curl of vector A is an axial (rotational)
vector whose magnitude is the maximum
circulation of A per unit area tends to zero
and whose direction is the normal direction
of the area when the area is oriented so as
to make the circulation maximum.

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 CURL OF A VECTOR (Cont’d)

  A  dl 
Curl A    A   lim s an max
 s0 s 
 
Where,
 

 A  dl         A  dl
s  ab bc cd da 

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 CURL OF A VECTOR (Cont’d)

The curl of the vector field is concerned with

rotation of the vector field. Rotation can be
used to measure the uniformity of the field,
the more non uniform the field, the larger
value of curl.

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 CURL OF A VECTOR (Cont’d)
For Cartesian coordinate:
ax ay az
  
 A 
x y z
Ax Ay Az

 A z  Ay 
 A  
Az  Ax a Ay  Ax  a
 ax x z   x y 
 y z 
y z


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 CURL OF A VECTOR (Cont’d)
For Circular cylindrical coordinate:
a a az
1   
 A 
   z
A A Az
 1 Az A   A z A 
 A     a    a
   z    z 
1   A  A 
    az
    
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 CURL OF A VECTOR (Cont’d)

For Spherical coordinate:

ar a a
1   
 A  2
r sin r  
Ar rA r sin A
 A  1   sin A  A  1  1 Ar  rA 
 a r    a
r sin      r  sin  r 
1  (rA )  Ar  
   a
r  r  

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 STOKE’S THEOREM

The circulation of a vector field A around a

closed path L is equal to the surface integral
of the curl of A over the open surface S
bounded by L that A and curl of A are
continuous on S.

 A  dl     A  dS
L S
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 STOKE’ S THEOREM (Cont’ d)

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 LAPLACIAN OF A SCALAR

The Laplacian of a scalar field, V

written as: 2
V
Where, Laplacian V is:

2V    V
    V V V 
  ax  a y  az    a x  ay  az
x y z   x y z 

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 LAPLACIAN OF A SCALAR (Cont’d)
For Cartesian coordinate:

 2
V 2
V 2
V
V 2  2  2
2
x y z
For Circular cylindrical coordinate:
1   V  1  V 2
V
2
V
2   
     2
  z2
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 LAPLACIAN OF A SCALAR (Cont’d)
For Spherical coordinate:

1   2 V  1   V 
 V  2 r
2
 2 sin 
r r  r  r sin     
1  2V
 2 2
r sin   2

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 Tutorial 3 - Day 8

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Problems from
1. Gradient.
2. Divergence.
3. Divergence theorem.
4. Curl
5. Stoke’s Theorem

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 Lecture 6 - Day 9
• Revision of Module 1
• Previous University Question
paper/bank discussion
• Class Test 1 / Quiz 1
• Assignment 1

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 Thank You

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