Article #1

Name University student attitude toward entrepreneurship:A two countries comparison

purpose The purpose of this paper to probe university student belief and attitude toward new
venture creation and entrepreneur in Catalonia and Puerto Rico

Variables Perceived Desirability (social norms, attitude)

Perceived Feasibility (Self efficacy)

Literature Credibility, Potential, participating event, propensity to Act, potential

Variable
Hypothesis H1 :There is a relationship between the student gender and the perception of new venture
desirability.

H2:There is a relationship between the student gender and the perception of new venture
feasibility.

H3:There is a relationship between the student gender and the serious intention to create a
new firm.

H4:There is a relationship between entrepreneur among relative and the perception of new
venture desirability.

H5:There is a relationship between entrepreneur among relative and the perception of new
venture feasibility.

H6:There is a relationship between entrepreneur among relative and the serious intention
to create a new firm.

Methodology Used questionnaire , questionnaire was administered to the student during class session.

Using the SPSS version 10.0. Technique uni-variable and bi-variable analyses were used.

In peurto Rico population 15.000 university student enrolled in business administration.

In Catalonia 18.641 university student enrolled in business administration.

Sample size 435university student in Peurto Rico and 837 from Catalonia .

Results There is exist a positive image of the entrepreneur among the student both peurto and
Catalonia. Entrepreneur image in Spain has taken place. This may explain the increase in
desirability during the past decade.

The profession of entrepreneur in both country rank was six after the same five profession
and same order; physician, engineer,lawyer and chemist. This show the student perception
are quite homogeneous in two sample.
 Article#2

Name The impact of entrepreneurship education on university student.

purpose To provide individual with entrepreneur skills and prepare them to engage in
entrepreneurial activities, university offer entrepreneurial education courses.

Measure Dependent variable(entrepreneurial skill) independent variable (EE) moderation

variable, control variables.

sample Sample of university student , used questionnaire through different channels social
network ,via email or in the classroom. Built a longitudinal data set. Data set record
the answer from 1383 student from 21 country. Used 7 point likert scale.

Result The result of model 2 and 3 is suggest that impact of EE in elective course goes
beyond the school effect in contrast the impact of EE (with elective and compulsory
courses taken together) and EE in compulsory cannot be disentangled from the
school effect in this specification.

Variables Entrepreneurial skill, Elective EE, Compulsory EE, Self employed parents, Experience,

Entrepreneurial intention, Age, male, Master, business and economics, natural

science, entrepreneurial reputation, climate.
 Finding The finding show that both university and family, two context in which student are
socially embedded, jointly influence the acquisition of entrepreneurial skill among
young individual.

Article#3

Name Social entrepreneurial intentions and its influence factors.

purpose What are the influence factor of entrepreneurial intention among young people in Tw
and HK and how entrepreneurial intention are different have become a focus of
interest.

Literature Social enterprise and entrepreneurial intention, personality traits and entrepreneurial
variable intentions, creativity and entrepreneurial intention, social capital,

hypothesis H1: Extroversion, conscientiousness and agreeableness positive effect on SEI.

H2: Openness and neuroticism negatively affect SEI.

H3: Entrepreneurial creativity positive affect SEI.

H4: social capital positive affect SEI.

methodolgy Online and paper survey to university in tw and hk. Use spss 18.0 and 448 valid
response. 6 point likert scale.

Result The result indicated that original creativity and bonding social capital positive affect
the SEI conviction of student both TW and HK.

Future Researching variable other than personality trait creativity and social capital for
research example past work experience, self efficacy and moral courage.

Expanding questionnaire use to a wider range of university.

Implement transnational research in different country.

Article#4
Name Investigating entrepreneurial intention among public sector
university students of Pakistan
 Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify factors that may influence
students’ entrepreneurial intentions.
Originality/va Such a study may provide useful insights into the state of
lue entrepreneurship education for policy makers and planners in
universities as well as in government, regarding the younger generation,
particularly, to reduce the burden of graduate unemployment.
Design/metho The conceptual framework underlying this study is the theory of
dology/approa planned behavior, and the study proposes a descriptive methodology in
ch which cross-sectional data are randomly collected from the different
public sector universities of Pakistan. A survey questionnaire was used
as a means for data collection. The respondents were bachelor’s as well
as master’s degree students who are pursuing degrees in
entrepreneurship or education. After cleaning the data, 385 usable
answers were analyzed. The response rate was 60 percent. Statistical
Package for Social Sciences version 21.0 was used for data analysis
Findings The results of Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression analysis
showed that attitudes toward behavior and subjective norms have a
positive and significant relationship with entrepreneurial intention. On
the other hand, perceived behavioral control has no significant
relationship with entrepreneurial intention
Hypothesis H1. Attitude towards behavior have a positive and significant
relationship with entrepreneurship intention in Pakistan.

H2. Subjective norms have a positive and significant relationship with

entrepreneurship intention in Pakistan.

H3. Perceived behavioral control has a positive and significant

relationship with entrepreneurship intention in Pakistan.
Variables attitudes and general motivation, attitude towards money, attitude
towards autonomy,subjective norms,perceived behavioral control and
intentions, perceived feasibility, perceived desirability, creative
culture,entrepreneurial education,Family business background, personal
experience,self-efficacy,personal traits, demographic
characteristics,personal educational support,
self-confidence,entrepreneurial skills
 Article#5
Name Studying the influence of entrepreneurial attributes, subjective norms
and perceived desirability on entrepreneurial intentions
purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the influence of entrepreneurial
attributes, subjective norms and perceived desirability on entrepreneurial
intentions.
methodolog The data were collected from the business students of the Quaid-i-Azam
y School of Management Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad,
Pakistan. In total, 200 questionnaires were circulated among students of
which, 185 were returned, representing 92.5 per cent response rate. After
discarding incomplete and biased questionnaires, 170 were left for further
analysis. The SPSS 20.0 was used to perform statistical analysis
Findings The research finds that students’ entrepreneurial attitude, perceived
desirability and subjective norms significantly lead to the development of
students’ intentions to become entrepreneurs. Interestingly, the student’s
existing skills and capabilities do not prove to be a significant predictor of
their intentions to become entrepreneurs. The study concludes that the
students can become successful entrepreneurs even without existing
entrepreneurial skills and capabilities, provided that they have the
entrepreneurial attitude, desirability and support by the community
implications Limited sample size is one of the main limitations which confines its
generalizability. Nonetheless, this research can create a ripple effect to
further explore the factors on a large-scale sample in different cities,
universities and countries
Originality/ In the existing economic crises in the country, developing entrepreneurs is
value one of the important ways to boost-up financial growth. Students are one
of the best potential segments, in this regard, to be developed as potential
future entrepreneurs. Research on student’s intentions to become
entrepreneurs in Pakistan is limited. This research had added value in both
theory and practice by identifying the factors that can develop students’
intentions to become entrepreneurs.
Hypotheses H1. Entrepreneurial abilities and skills have a significant role in
developing students’ intentions to become entrepreneurs.
 H2. Entrepreneurial attitude has a significant role in developing students’
intentions to become entrepreneurs.
H3. Perceived desirability has a significant role in developing students’
intentions to become entrepreneurs.
H4. Subjective norms have a significant role in developing students’
intentions to become entrepreneurs.
Discussion This unbalanced situation can only be raised if either the economic
and situation of the country is uplifted with a significant political and
conclusion
systems change or through creating entrepreneurial intentions. If the
entrepreneurial intentions of the young graduates are developed, it will
significantly contribute in creating further employments for others, on one
side, and will contribute to the economic stability of the country, on the
other side.
Variables Entrepreneurial abilities and skills,Entrepreneurial attitude,Perceived
desirability,Subjective norms,availability of finance and
space,entrepreneurial skills
and capabilities, entrepreneurial will, entrepreneurial education, support
from parents,family members, colleagues,perceived desirability
(attractiveness) and perceived feasibility (personal capability)
Attitude,direct experience, self-employed,

Article #6
Name The impact of entrepreneurial ideas and cognitive style on students
entrepreneurial intention.
purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of entrepreneurial idea
dimensions (the value, content, number and novelty of idea) along with
intuitive cognitive style versus an analytical style on students'
entrepreneurial intention.
Design To evaluate these relationships, the data are obtained from an extensive
survey of 376 undergraduate students of campuses of Behavioral Sciences
and Engineering at University of Teheran. The data are analyzed by the
methodology of structural equation modeling (SEM) with using LISREL
software and SPSS.
Findings According to the SEM results, for students with intuitive cognitive style,
among the four dimensions of entrepreneurial idea (i.e. idea's content,
volume, value, and novelty), the greatest direct effect belongs to the idea
volume and idea content. Further, for the students with analytical cognitive
style, the idea volume and the idea value have the maximum direct impacts
 on their entrepreneurial intention meanwhile the least direct effect belongs
to the idea novelty. In general, entrepreneurial intention of the students, in
both groups of intuitive and analytical cognitive styles, is highly influenced
by the volume of their entrepreneurial ideas. Therefore, the ideas volume is
the most important factor to start up a new business in future by potential
entrepreneurs all with analytical or intuitive cognitive styles
Practical It is recommended that entrepreneurship and business students who are
implication attending entrepreneurship and business skills training courses should be
categorized into two distinct groups of intuitive and analytical. For the
group of students with intuitive cognitive style, an entrepreneurship training
with systematic views and a method of establishing and reinforcing positive
and stable emotions should be offered. For those with analytical cognitive
style, training for “designing and writing Business Model and Plan”,
“Opportunity recognition and feasibility study” and its related soft wares
should be presented. Accordingly, in order to create and increase the
entrepreneurial ideas number among all students, it is suggested that a
course entitled “Entrepreneurial Idea Generation” be offered in
Entrepreneurship Education Programs at undergraduate and graduate levels.
Originality/ The paper is one of the first papers to clarify and empirically assess the
value effects of entrepreneurial ideas dimensions on entrepreneurial intention
considering the subjects' cognitive style as a mediating variable
variables Personal Desirability, Perceived Social Norms, Perceived Self-Efficacy,
Perceived Collective Efficacy,Perceived Feasibility, Perceived
Desirability,PERCEPTION of OPPORTUNITY,Propensity to Act,
INTENTIONS,Alertness,Social Networks,Prior Knowledge,Entrepreneurial
Ideas, Idea Novelty,Idea Value,Idea Volume,Idea Content,Analytical –
Intuitive Cognitive Style
Hypotheses H1. Entrepreneurial idea content influences university students’
entrepreneurial intention.
H2. More Entrepreneurial Idea Volume is associated with more university
students’ entrepreneurial intention.
H3. The more valuable and Entrepreneurial Idea, the higher student’s
entrepreneurial intention.
H4. The more novel an Entrepreneurial Idea, the higher the students’
entrepreneurial intention.
H5. Analytical cognitive style mediates the relationships between all the
four dimensions of entrepreneurial ideas and students’ Entrepreneurial
intention.
H6. Intuitive cognitive style mediates just the relationships between
 entrepreneurial idea, content and value (qualitative) dimensions and
students’ Entrepreneurial intention.

Discussion The relationship between entrepreneurial ideas value and entrepreneurial

and
intention is mediated by the cognitive styles of the students.in addition to
conclusion
the direct effect, the idea novelty indirectly affects entrepreneurial intention
by the mediating role of intuitive cognitive style.
According to the research results (indicating a significant effect of the idea
volume on entrepreneurial intention in both student groups), it is suggested
that establishing and developing an “IdeaHouse” in
universities.An“IdeaHouses”might be helpful in providing students with
training facilities to develop a creative and innovative spirit among them.
In the end, it is recommended that the course entitled “Entrepreneurial Idea
Generation” be offered in Entrepreneurship Education Programs for
undergraduate and graduate students.

Article # 7
Name
Purpose The purpose of this study is firstly to analyze whether the determining
factors of the entrepreneurial intention of academics are the same for men
and women and test whether their degree of importance varies depending on
gender, and secondly to test whether the lesser entrepreneurial intention of
women detected in previous studies is because of the lesser presence of the
determining factors of entrepreneurial intention among women or, on the
contrary, is determined by the existence of implicit barriers that do not
depend on these factors.

Design After conducting a survey on a sample of 1,178 academics, the results of a

linear regression model confirm the hypothesis that female academics have
less of an entrepreneurial intention.
Findings Moreover, through the Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition, it is observed that
this lesser female entrepreneurial behavior is not because of the absence of
any of the factors considered as determinants of entrepreneurial intention,
but instead is related to the existence of implicit barriers for women that
influence their entrepreneurial intention.
Originality/ To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time that a study of
 value this nature has been conducted internationally. Unlike other studies on
academic entrepreneurship, the authors do not restrict the sample to one or
two universities but rather aim the study at all universities in Spain and,
therefore, at all academics from all branches of knowledge.

variables socio-psychological, intentional behaviour,self-employed,self-efficacy,

cognitive variables (subjective norms)(perceived behavioural
control)(attitude toward entrepreneurship) environment and social
norms,attitude towards entrepreneurship,optimistic perception,Gender,more
financial and accounting aid
Hypotheses H1: A favourable perception of the environment and social norms is related
positively with entrepreneurial intention.
H2: A higher perception of self-efficacy is related positively with
entrepreneurial
intention.
H3: A favourable attitude towards entrepreneurship is positively related to
the intention of creating a firm.
H4: Women have a less optimistic perception of the environment and social
norms.
H5: Gender moderates the relationship between the perception of the
environment and social norms, and entrepreneurial intention (stronger for
women).
H6: Women have a less optimistic perception of self-efficacy.
H7: Gender moderates the relationship between self-efficacy and
entrepreneurial intention (stronger for women).
H8: Women have a less optimistic attitude towards entrepreneurship.
H9: Male students have higher entrepreneurial intention than female
students.

Result The majority of the sample of students had thought about creating their own
firm as a future career option (78.8%)9. Only 16% of male students,
compared to 26% of their female classmates, did not intend to create a firm.
The high entrepreneurial intention shown by the individuals in this sample
could be explained by the nature of their degree subjects10 and by the
majority having an entrepreneurial family background, which means they
are more likely to develop entrepreneurial values themselves (Davidsson
and Honig 2003). It can also be due to an important improvement in the
image of entrepreneurs in Spain which has increased the desirability of this
career option in recent decades (Veciana et al. 2005).