103

CHAPTER- 6

DESIGN OF MEMBERS
The procedure for design of c ·
bas been presented. omponent members namely, slab , stair, beam , column, and column footmg

6.1 PRELIMINARIES
Before starting with the des · . • · · l
. fi f ign, prepare a structural plan from the given arch1tectural/buildmg p an .
For this 11
· ' trSt o . a '. plan the stru ctura 1 frame accordmg. to the pnnc1ples
. . •
explamed · Chapter- J. Tb is
m '
·10volves determmation
.
of positions f I • . · • f ·
· 0 co umns, pos1t1ons of beams, spanmng of slabs, layout o statrs, an
d
rype of foot mg.
The structural plan will be drawn showin th . .
') .. g erem .
(~- posmons of colun:ins, beams, stairs, and spanning of slabs,
(u) centre to centre dimensions between beams and columns to decide the span lengths
of slabs and beams ,
(iii) marking of slabs, beams, and columns using one of the marking schemes given in
Sect. 1.8 or any other standardized/established method.
After t~e pre~aration of structural plan, the calculations will be done for unit loads as :
(~! un~t loads on slabs of roof, floor, balconies, stairs, W.C. and bathrooms, lofts etc, (in kN/m.)
(~~! un~t loads of walls (external, internal) per meter height, (in kN/m)
(111) urut loads of parapet walls, grills, weather sheds etc. (in kN/m).

Once these preliminaries are over, design the frame components starting from slab, followed by stairs,
beams, columns, and column footings provided sufficient time is available for doing the design prior to
commencement of the construction work. However, if the work to be started urgently, it may be necessary
to give sizes of footing and ground floor columns first. In such a case, the design will first be done of
foot ings and columns by estimation of approximate equivalent axial load on columns as detailed in
Sect. 5.4.2 giving sufficient allowance for effect of continuity of slabs and beams, uniaxial/biaxial bending
in columns due to fixity with beam; slenderness of column etc. wherever necessary. This approach, of
course, should be avoided as far as possible.
In the text that foll ows both the procedures have been given for the design of members.

6.2 DESIGN OF SLAB

6.2.1 General
(a) One-way Slab
As mentioned earlier, one-way slab supported on opposite edges or when L IL > 2 , predominantly
bends in one direction across the span and acts like a wide beam of unit width. x
If a continuous slab/beam loaded by UDL has equal spans or if the spans do not differ by more than
15% of the longest they are designed using IS: Code coefficients given in Table. 5.1.1 (see Sect. 7.2.3) .
For accurate analysis a continuous slab carrying ultimate load is analyzed using elastic method (e.g. using
moment distribution method see Sect. 7.2.3 Design - II) with redistribution of moments.
The approximate method is to categorise one-way slab into the following types depending upon the
end conditions :
(I) Simply supported slab End Condition No. 1 (EC = 1),
(2) Slab simply supported at One end, End Condition No. 2 (EC = 2),
and Continuous at the Other end.
(3) Slab Continuous at Both ends. End Condition No. 3 (EC = 3),
(4) Miscellaneous types. End Condition No. 4 (EC = 4).
104 Des·
ign of Me'"bers
(b) 1\vo-way slab
A recta n \ t I h
defl ects i hgu ar slab supported on four edges wi th ratio of long span to s ,~rt span ess t an 2(L IL
directiont t e forn1 of a dish. lt transfers th e tronsverse toad to its supporting edges by bendin~ in~b" 2J
,..., · oth
l Wo-way sla .. . ..
( 1) s1::/re_categorised into following two-types depending ?J1 the supporting cond1t1ons as follow
(2) Slab w~ th Corners Restrained (i.e. corners not fr_ee to Ii.ft) , 00d s:
8
with Comers not Restrained (i. e. corners f1ee to lift) .
Afterhav· b d · d d'
g· , . ing categorised the slabs under each category th ey may e esigne accor mg to the pr0 c
l\ en in Sec t. 6.2.2 and 6.2.3 . edure
6.2.2 D ·
S teps . es1gn of One-Way Slab

I2 . Slab
E Mark : W nte
· the slab mark or designation · sue I1 as SJ , S2 , etc ·
· nd Cond Itron
· · : For approximate analysis write the end conct·ition
· N o. accord'mg to the category
S the slab as given in Sect. 6. 2. 1. . of
pan (L) : Depending upon end conditions deterrnjne the effective span (see Sect 5.2.3) oftbe
In fact ·
. ' s mce t h e depth of slab is not known in advance (as it . is
· to be d esigne
· d) and the Widths1ab·
support 1s no 11 . h .... · . of
rma Y greater than the effective depth of slab, in practice t e e11ective span 1s taken e
to centre to d' ,,. 'd qua/
. centre rstance between the supports to be on th e sa1er s i e.
3 · Trral Section

Effective depth required d = -Effective

-------
span L
(6.2.1)
Basic Lid ratio x a 1
where, Basic Lid ratio = 7 for cantilever, 20 for simply supported and 26 for continuous
a.1 = depends upon p 1% and steel stress of service load steel and is to be obtained as per Fig. 4. 7.J.
But steel stress at service load if) cannot be predicted and hence the modification factor a 1 cannot be
found . To avoid this problem use graph given in Fig.4. 7.1 for/5 = 290 Nlmm 2 ,fs = 240 Nlmm 2 and
~ = 145 N/mm 2 for steel grade Fe 500, Fe 415 and Fe 250 respectively corresponding to percentage of
tension steel required 6 -1, 6 -2 •
Initially, assume p I = 0.5% to 0.9% for steel of grade Fe250
p 1 = 0.25% to 0.45% for steel of grade Fe415
p 1 = 0.2% to 0.3 5% for Fe 500.
Obtain the nominal cover from Table C-1, add half the diameter of main steel </> to give effective cover.
: . Effective cover= d ' = Nominal cover + </> /2 .. .... (Table C-1)
:. Total depth of slab= D = effective depth + effective cover= d + d'
This should be rounded in multiple of 10 mm.
4. Loads :
Calculate load in kN/m on one metre wide strip of slab.
Dead Load : Self weight = w 5 = 25D where, D shall be in metre. .. . ... (6 .2.2)
Floor Finish FF = As per Table A-3
Total dead load = DL = wd = w 5 + FF
Imposed Load = LL = As per Table A-2.
Total working load w = DL + LL
Total ultimate load w,, = 1.5 w
• num and minimum loads are required for analysis, calculate them as given below :
Whenmaxn
Maximum design load = w_max = 1.5 (DL + LL ) = w,,,
· · load = w = DL
and Minimum d es1gn ·"''" .
sect. 6.2
Design of One-Way Slab 105

5_Design Moments :
Design moment M == a x
• II w11 L 2
where, a 1s design moment •
f or approximate anal . thcoe~cient for approximate method given in Table 6.2. l
ysis e design moment coefficients may be ta ken as un der ·
Table 6.2 1 De I
· s gn Moment Coefficients for Approximate Analysis
End Condition No.
EC-1 EC 2 EC - 3
Design Moment Coefficient
a - 1/8 a. 1/1 0 a l/ 12
As mentioned earlier the exa t . . · Is
ffi · . . c analysis may be carried out or the design moment obtained using · ·
Code coe 1c1ents gwen ID Table. 5_1,1
6· Check for Concrete
cal cuIateDepth fi·om b 11 d.
e mg moment criteria :
the maxim .
um moment carrying capacity of a balanced sect10n.
M1 - R b i2
'.'max - umax d • For slab, b = 1 metre = 1000 mm.
Obtatn · R u.max from Table 4.1 . /
Calculate d,e d
q
= ✓ M ; (R.11.ma.r X. I000)
11

Check than d ,, < d

requ prov.
Alternatively. it is sufficient to Check that Mur.max ~ M" for adequacy of concrete depth for strength.
7• ' \1ain Steel (ASI ) :
Required A 51 =
0.5 f
c
k Il _
\
4.6MII
} 1000 x d • A,,_.;, (6.2.3)
!i- L f,k x 1000 x d2
where. Asr mrn = p r.mi n bD
P1mm == 0. 12% of gross section for Fe 415 and Fe 500 and 0.15% for Fe 250
Assume bar diameter (8 mm orl0 mm for steel of grade Fe 415, and 10mm or 12mm for Fe 250).
Required spacing s == 1000 a IA where a is area of one bar .... .. (6.2.4a)
JI SI ' SI •
Maximum spacing sma.r < ( 3d or 300 mm) whichever is less (Eq . 5.2.2a)
From practical consideration minimum spacing s ~ 75mm or preferably <i 100 mm (Eq. 5.2.3)
Round off the value to multiple of 10 mm or 25 mm on lower side as desired.
The spacing shall preferably be between I 00 mm and 200 mm.
8. Check for Deflection :
Calculate required p 1% (maximum value at mid - span of continuous slab or simply supported slab)
If ( P 1 )arsumed < ( P 1 ),equlred
Then the check may be considered to be satisfied else detailed check should be carried out as given in
the Code as under :
Calculate steel stress of service load = f s = 0.58 x f y x ( As1 ) reqd. I (A s1 ) prov. .. . ... (Eq. 4. 7.lb)
Obtain modification factor, a,, corresponding to ( pI )pro1i and/S from Fig. 4. 7. 1
Required depth d = LI (basic Lid ratio x a 1 ) < effective depth provided. ..... . (Eq. 6.2.1)
9. Distribution Steel
Required A . = 1.2 D for HYSD bars , A . = 1.5 D for Fe250 where, Din mm (Eq.5.2.1)
u= =m
Assume bar diameter (6 mm for steel grade Fe 250 and 8mm for Fe 415).
Required spacing ' s = 1000 aSI IASI.mm. to be rounded off
•
on lower side in multiple of 10mm.
.. (6.2 .4b)
or 25 mm as desired.
Maximum spacing, s = < (5d or 450 mm) whichever is less. (Eq. 5.2.2b)
In practice, spacing is kept between 150 mm to 300 mm.

a
106 D e s,gn
. Chapter
of M e mb ers - (i
10. Ch eck ,.
J Or s hear •
(a) Ca lculate d · · .
In ca es ,g n (ma.x1111u111) shem: . 1 or J/" mar al support, and is g·lVen by :
se of slabs, design shear may be taken equal to maximum s 1e
V - - . Tab le 5. t .J(b)
11 .max - "'., x L x Shear coeff1clenl as per
= w 11 x L/2 for s impl y supp orted slab
w h ere.· w " = u lt'1mate UDL on sleb/un1t. w1'd tI1. . · I s of mechan ics
In oth er cas th I d from pnnc1p e . ' .
es, e maximum sheer may be calcu ate

(b) Ca/c u/a re s hear res istance (V ) of slab : (clause . 40 · 2)

This may b e b . . 11 c bd ,. (b == 1000 mm in case of slab s) (Eq. 4_4 3
o tamed from relat10n ' VIIC == r II C . x "· · a)
T depends upon p 1 == I 00 As,J I bd
uc · Tabl e 4 .4. 2
r obta ined from Table 4.4.1 and k from
·where , A = area ofuctension steel. It is the bottom stee 1 at 511· nply supported end and top st ee 1at
SI/

continuous end . .
A s11 = A ,f2 if alternate bars from mid-span are bent to top at Simpl e support .
5
Check that Vuc > Vu.max . If not ' increase the depth.

This check for shear is mostly satisfied in all cases of slabs subjected to uniformly diSlribu1ed
load a nd therefore, many times omitted in design calcu lations.

It may b e noted that when the check for shear is obtained, it is not necessary to provide minimum
stirrups as they are requ ired in the case of beams .
11. Check for D eve lopment Length
Required Ld ::j, 1.3 M J V + L 0 .. . ... (Eq. 4.6.3b)
For slabs , alternate bars are bent at support M1 = M11 max 12
and L o = bs I 2 - x l + 3,1. for HYSD bars using 90° bend .. · .. · (Eq. 4.6.4a)
'I'
L 0 = bs I 2 - x 1 + 13$ for mild steel us ing 180° bend ... .. . (Eq. 4.6.4b)
where , x 1 = end clearance (see Fig . 4. 6. 1)

6.2.3 Design of Two - Way Slab (Corners Restrained)

Steps
1 . Slab Mark : Write slab des ignation eg. S2,S3 etc.
2 . End Condition No: Write End (Boundary) Condition No. according to Table D -7
3 . Spans : Determine Short Span Lx, Long Span Lv, check that Lv /Lx < 2
4 . Trial Depth (DJ : . .
It will be decided by deflection criteria based on short span Lx and the total depth D .
The allowable LID ratio for two - way slab with short span up to 3.5m and for loading class up to 3kNI
m 2 is giv en as under (clause 24.1)
-
Table 6.2.2 Allowable LID Ratio for span ~ 3.Sm and loading class ~ 3 kN/m 1

LID Ratio
End Condition Grade of Steel
Fe 250 Fe 415 or Fe500

Simply supported slabs 35 28

Continuous slabs 40 32
sect. 6.2 Design of One- Way SIah 107

(ii) If Lx > ~.5 m or live load > 3 kN!mi, allowable Lid ratio will be the same as that for ooe - way slab. This
[J)ay be obtamed by assuming P, % between 0.2% to 0.3%and proceeding as per Step - 3 of Sect. 6.2.2
5. Loads : Calculate load for one metre width strip of slab. w = 1.5 (25D + FF + LL) kN/m
II
6_ Design Moments :
Obtain the bending m .
. oments by using the relation M = a w L 2.
V:8lues of coefficients, a for L d b d
11
" x •
. . x x an a" for L" may be obtained from Table D - 7 for given oun ary
condit1on No. and the aspect ratio , L \' I L. ·
c ,,.,,,ents : Ir may be nored that :
0
· .r •
(i) for long span also tlr b d' L1
.. e en mg moment is a/11nctio11 ofw L 1 and NOT w,, ,
(ri) value of a is tire s II x • Y
_1 ame as rhar of a" corresponding ro aspect rallo = 1
7. ICheck for Concrete Depth from Be d' M . .
0
the case of tw n mg oment cnterra :
. a O-\: ay slab, effective depths for reinforcement in short span and long span at
'd - span differ by a bar d1amete · l . 1
nlJ . . r smce ong span steel 1s placed above short span stee •
The effect'.ve depth dois for outer layer of short span steel and effective depth d is for inner layer oflong
1
span steel at mid-span. As far as support section is concerned the effective depth is d only for both spans.
do = D - (nominal cover+ ~ /2) , where , ~ : diameter of bar
0

d1 = do - ~ for mid-span long-span steel.

It is sufficient to check that Mur. max > Mu.max . , for adequacy of concrete depth from B.M. Criteria
8. Main steel :
Cal~ulate area of stee~ required at four different locations using Eq. 6.2.3
Mam steel calculated ts provided only in the middle strips of width equal to 314th the slab width (at right
angles to the span i.e. (3/4) LY for short span steel and (3/4) L for long span steel). There will be no main
steel parallel to the support in edge strip of width equal to 118th ~f slab width (i.e. L /8 for short span steel and
L /8for long span steel). In this edge strip, only distribution steel will be provided which is obtained as given in
s:ep -9 of Sect. 6.2.2.Distribution steel shall also be provided for middle strip bars at top of supports.
9. Check for deflection :
lf Lx ~ 3.5 m and LL t:_ 3 kN/m2, check that (LID) provided . das per Table 6.2.2
. > (LID) require
2
For L, > 3.5 m or LL> 3 kN!m , the deflection check should be carried out as per Step - 8 Sect. 6.2.2
of one-way slab taking reinforcement at middle of short span i.e. A
SIX

J0. Torsion steel :

At corners where slab is discontinuous over both the edges, AI = (3/4) ASIX.
At corners where slab is discontinuous over only one edge, A, = (3/8) Astx.
At corners where slab is continuous over both the edges, A1 = 0.
The above area of torsion steel will be provided at corners over width equal to L/5 in each direction in
each layer of bars provided orthogonally in two meshes - one at top and the other at bottom of slab.
In practice this may be achieved by providing the main steel in the edge strips also and continuing all
the bars at bottom within a width LX 15 each way and bending back the bars at top through 180° and
continuing them through a distance L) 5 at top.

11 . Check for shear : . . . .

(a) Design (maximum) shear in two -way slab may be obtamed usmg followmg relations.
At middle of short edge, vu.ma.r = wu Lx /3 per unit width.
At middle of long edge, vu.max = wll LX [/3 /(2/3 + l)] where, /3 = Ly I LX.
 I 08 D e .
s,g,, of Memb en
Chapre,,.
-6
1
· d dec rease th e sam e by 10% at 8t.
Iner ease nbove value by 20% for shear at cont111u · ous edge ond e and co ntinuous
. h
over t e other
tt1p1 y
supported d. . ted at one e g · · b ·
· tscont111uous edge fo r a slab s imply sup por . . d in th e sa me woy as i t is o tainect
(b) Shear resistance and hence shear chec k is ob toine for
one-way slab Step - JOb of Sect. 6.l .l . b
18
( c) Load carrie d by supporting beams of Two-way s ·
· = ~ L.t ~ _
2
Long Edge : Trapezo idal loa d with ordinate wL/

Equi valent UD load for ben ingd' 1V

cq/J
-
2 J~ ' J .. . (Eq . 5 3
' -5)

Equi val ent UD load for shear

weqs == w2lx iJ -
L 21/J J . . .. (Eq . 5.J.6)

Short Ed d' == wl 13 (Eq. 5 3

ge : Equivalent UD load for ben mg weqb x · -3)
. == wl /4 (Eq. 5 3
Equivalent UD load for shear w eqs_ ~ the other reduce the load .· ·4)
In the case of slab simply supported at one end and co~tmuous ~ same by 20% at the continat sunpty
supported end by 10% (i e take shear coefficient== 0.45) and mcrease e . b uous end
( ; tak h
.e
· ·
e s ear coefficient= 0.6) and 25 % at continuous en
d ft
wo °
span continuous earn .
.
J 2 Ch k . . h e way as it is applied for one -way 1
· ec "f or Developmem Length : It will be applted ID t e sam s ab.
Remark . T . b . l supported on all four edges with co.1
s · he bending moment coefficients f or rectangular s1a s,mp Y ,J h I b 1 . ners
f ree to lifi
1 t h ave been gi ven in Table D-2 (a) . In a frame structures the corners o Th
t e s a ge restrained d
. ,J I b : ue to
m onolithic constructions. Therefore, the slabs of this rype are of rare occurrenc~. e ,_oo ~a.,. sbilmply supported
o ver b nc
· k masonry of a s ingle storey ed building may be d es 1gne
. d using coefficients given 111 ia e D-2 (b)· such
slab can be considered to have corners fre e to lift.
6.2.4 Design of Stairs
Steps
1. Data : Staircase room size, floor to floor height (H), live load.
2. Functional details :
The guide lines for fixing dimensions of component parts of stairs have been given in Sect. 1.3.4.
Based on the type of structure (whether residential or commercial) fix up the rise (R) and tread (T) of the stairs.
Number of risers = Floor to floor height / Rise = H/R
Number of risers for any flight ~ 12
Based on these requirements decide the number of risers per flight.
Number of steps per flight= Number of risers - 1
Calculate, Going = Number of steps per flight x Tread
Depending on the size of stair - case room fix up the size of landing.
Compute the span L = Horizontal distance between the supports .
3 . Trial Depth = Span/25 to Span/20. This is the thickness of waist slab.
4 . Loads : w = self weight of slab+ weight of steps+ FF+ LL
= 25 D sec¢+ 25 x R/2 + FF + LL where , D and R in meters,
sec ¢ = ✓ T2 + R2 I T
w u = 1.5 w
Remaining design steps are the same as those for one - way slab .

6.3 DESIGN OF BEAMS

6.3.1 General
In a building fr~me at every floor level, t~ere can be large number of beams with different spans, end
conditions, and loadings. It would not be practicable to design all beams serially from first to last. It is quite
likely that som~ ?f the beams_ may have the ~ame end conditions, spans, and/or loadings. Under such
circumstances, 1t 1s always advisable to categorise them and group them to facilitate design, and reduce the
computational efforts.
sect. 6.3 Desi~n of Beoms 109
6.3 .2 Categorization of 13
. . cams
The categonzat1on of beams moy b 1 . fl t rs •
( 1) End Cond 't' e cone on the bASis of des ign which depends on the follow ing ac O ·
I ton (EC = 1 2 3 .
(3) Load Type (U D I0 0 d •. • , 4) , (2) Span ,
(4) Section Tyµ e (R • Point load, trinngul or/trnpezoi dal loa d etc),
ince ca tegori zation of beams w:~tang~lar_I Flanged). (5) Load Magnitude. . .
~ . beginning, to take certain d . !dpn nctpa ll y depend upon th e end condition s of beam 1t 1s necessary, ~ 1

tie (i) Whether the mul t' eciSions or make suitable simplifying assumptions regarding the following
up of independ isbpan continuous beams are to be analyzed and designed as a whole or as made
. · ent earns wit!1 · end cond1t1ons
• • as explaine · Sect. 6J. 2•2 St ep • 5
· d JD
(ii) What will be th e en d cond1..tion sappropriate
f th b
O
The decision would dep d e earns?
en upon the r. II .
( I) Whether detailed c . ;o owmg : . .
future/office recor~.lculations are required by the cli ent (as in case of public buildrngs) for
(2) Whether the cl ient r . .
of re ·d t' b . . equires only the results in the form of schedules of members as m case
s1 en 1a1 mldmgs st
(3) What is the ac · c?n ructed by private owners or builders. .
and . . curacy reqwred ? It depends upon the importance of the building and magrutude
_re.pet1t1ous nature of the work.
for example, If 1t 1s to be used for a b . . . .
. te and/or steel th ig residen fl al complex with large num ber of such units. then small excess
01.r cone, e . • II
at may occur b
,r .
• . . . . • bl
Y us 117g simplifying assumption in design of one unit can lead to apprec1a e
·ncrease m ove,a cost O; matenals in th .
1 • • e entire big scheme
The declSlon regarding the · · •
• d d d . as~umptions made for the end conditions of the beam matenally affects the
des1~ proce ure an es,gn Itself.
Bearing the above points in m· d h .. b
f . m , t e dec1swn has to be taken very carefully whether to use t e
rnetho ds o s rue ura 1ana 1ys1s or sim l'fy'
t t . and approximations . . A bearn may be assumed
.
1
rt d d. . P 1 mg assumptions
as s,mp Ysup~o e at iscontmuous end for simplicity on safer side simultaneously taking care to provide
steel at top at eaS t equal to I/3rd the midspan steel to account for ;artial fix ity developed.
For approximate me th o~, the beams may be categorised on the basis of end conditions as follo ws :
Category · I _: Beam s~mply supported at both ends and carrying only uniformly distributed load.
- II · Beam simp~y supported at one end and continuous at the other end and carrying UD load.
- III : B~am contmuous at both ends and carrying UD load only.
- IV : Misc~llaneous beams such as overhanging beams, beams with any end condition but
c~ryrng unusual loading like UD load over part of the length of beam, continuous beams
with abnormally unequal spans etc.
The be~ms under e.ach category may further be divided into different groups on the basis of
approximate equality of spans and loads. For beams with uniform cross section and having the same
end conditions the equality of spans may be assumed when they do not differ more than 15% of the longest.
6.3.3. Beam Section
The cross sectional dimensions of the beam consists of fixing breadth and depth of the beam. The
breadth of the beam is generally kept equal to the thickness of the wall to avoid offset inside the room. It
shall also not exceed the width of the column for effective transfer of load from beam to column. The
minimum width of beam shall be 200 mm to meet the requirements of fire resistance of 0.5 hours
(see Fig.I of IS :456-2000) .
The depth of the beam is taken between Lil Oto L/16. The types of beam having different sections are kept
minimum to facilitate reuse of form work. Even in some cases, specially in residential buildings, the depth of the
beam is provided equal to the difference between the top of the floor and top of the door / window. The advantages
are there is no need to provide lintel, the depth of the form work remains the same so that they can be reused and
the top of the fonn work being at the same level there is considerable saving in labour.
6.3.4. Procedure for Design of Beam
Initially the beam is analyzed using one of the following methods:
(a) Exact Analysis : The beam is analyzed by rigorous linear elastic theory (see Sect. 3.1 .1) to
calculate the internal actions (Such as bending moment, shear force etc.) produced by ultimate load. Further
redistribution of moment may be carried out to the maximum extend of 30% (see Sect 3. 1. 3), if desired.
 Chapte
/" - 6
11 O Design of Members ..
d for detenrunmg the bending
(b1,1 s·m1pI!fied Analvsis : S 1 3 2.2) caJ1 , 1 ds The re 1stn ut··1on of mo
be use d' 'b
(i) A simplified sub~titute fmme nno lysis (.ree e,c · 1due to gravity oa · ll'len1
·roof eve
moments and shearing forces at ony noor 01
• aeometry or loading rig
ma b • . .
Y e earned out, 1f desired . . . 1due 10 uns)'l
nrnetry 1n o ' oro\J s
Whe re.s1'de-swny cons1derat1ons
· · become cnuca . 0 supporting substantial)
analysis may be required. f uniform cross-secth,o l 5% of the longest ,..., y
t' ous beams O , •t1ay be
(ii) A · l'fi • ,
. s1mp 1 1ed analysts. 1or con mu . dO 11ot differ bYmore t anfficlents
1 given in Tab/
umform loads over three or more span which r rce using the co.e e 5.J.J.
• . t and shear 10 rm1tted.
earned out for obtaining bendmg momen . f . oments is not pe imated by t .
Where coefficients are used the redistributton ~ 01 us beam is further approx d d reattng it to
(c) Approximate Method · In this case the conunuo iformly distributed loa ' an moments at
be made of independent single span beam loaded by a un · ..
supports are obtained using Eq. J.3.1 and Eq. ~.J.l. 2 by specifying End CoD dltton No.
63
The categorization of beam is made as detat·1ed 10 Seel. • ·
are as under :
Tbe steps that may be followed for design of beam elected scheme of marking.
1• Bearn Mark : Specify beam mark (eg. Bl , Bl , etc) as per s
d' tance between the supports, on
2· Span (L) : In general it may be taken as cen tre to centre is
5 23
' efer to Sect. · · d
the safer side. For exact va1ue, r d t el to be used an
3• Section and Materials : Assume grades of concrete an ~ e200 230, 250, 300, 350, 380, 400,n
(a) breadth , b ~ Breadth of Wall. Common values · 1
5
530, 600, 680,750,840, 900,nrn.
3 0 380 450
(b) Depth , D = L/10 to L 11 6. Common value:· o ' m ~o 70mm depending on rn
(c) Effective cover : Assume effective co_v~r d betwee~/e
40i1. The narrower the beam more is
environmental cond1t1on a per Ta
. the effective cover require?· rectan lar section (See Sect.3.3.3)
Decide whether the beam is acting as a flanged_sectto~ or a b gu the weight of the fla .
For flanged section it will be the weight due to nb portion only ecause nge 1s
already taken in to account in the design of slab.
(d) Effective depth= d = (D-d') inmm. (e)Depthofflange= DJ= Deptbofslab.
(f) Breadth of Support = bs
5. Loads :
(a) Uniformly Distributed Load : (w) in kN/m
The load transferred from the slab per metre length of the beam will be either rectangular from
one-way slab or trapezoidal / triangular from two-way slab as detailed in Sect. 5.3. 2. Since the design
of beam will be done in the tabular form it is necessary to decide the position of the slab with respect
to the beam. The left or right side of the slab will be decided as we see the beams along its length from
below and from right side of the plan.
(i) Slab from Left Side : The equivalent uniformly distributed load transferred from slab on left side
of the beam is denoted as ws1
(ii) Slab on the Right Side : The load transferred from the slab on right side is denoted as ws2'
(iii) Masonry Wall :ww = r tw Hwwhere, tw = thickness in m, Hw= height in m.,
y = Unit weight of masonry ...... (Eq. 5.3.7)
R.C. Wall : ww =25 x t x H, where, t = thickness in m(for grill take t /2 to account for openings)
H = height in m
(iv) Self weight : ws = 25 x (D - DI) x bw ... ... (Eq . 5.3.8)
(v) Total Working Load :w= (ws1 + ws2 ) + ww + ws for calculation of B.M., and S.F.
(vi) Design (Ultimate) Load : wu = 1.5w in kN!m.
(b) Point Loads : Give total No. of point loads = Number of d b d
. secon ary earns supporte .
Give Data for each beam : Beam Shear W in kN Dista ( ) f rt
, , nee x, o W; from the nearest suppo ·
v
sect. 6.3 De.rl~f1 of Beams JI 1
_ Design momenr :
6
for flanged section calcul ate n . ,
eek whether the neutral axis 1. _en~e width h1, either using Eq.4 3 / or Eq. 4 J 2
ClJ ies inside ti1 fl
Calculate (M ) _ c e11ge or ou tside the nan ge.
1/r x-::::.D - 0.36 /kb D (d - 042 D) .. . (Eq 4 3.8)
" f C f J · ' I
If M11.max < (M,,,.)x -:: :. D ' NA 1· · 'd
. tes ms1 e the flange. Where M is · m BM
· max1mu , .
11 .f , 11 mat

This case normally governs in the .

or continuous beam calculate _case 0/ slab- beam construct10n. .
iq.J,6.l and 2. 6.2 maximum span momen ts and points of contraf1e xu res using
Main Steel :
7. '
Depend mg on the type of beam c 1 1
for rectangular section : a cu ate area of steel at mid - span,

Required A,, = x, [1-✓I -

O ;,,67:, ] x bx d ...... (Eq. 4./ .6a)

f or flanged section with x ~ D

II f'

Required As, = 0.5 ~ k [ 1- I- 4.6M" ]

f ----- xb xd .. .. .. (Eq . 4.3.5)
y /ck bf d2 f

The continuous beams at sup t . . ·

. d . por s are generally requued to be designed as a doubly reinforced
section an rarely as a smgly reinforced sect·100.
The steps f or design of a Doubly Reinforced section are as follows :
2
1. Calculate M ur.max = R u.max bd , Ru.ma.x to be obtained from Table 4. 1. 1
2. If M,, < M ur.max , obtain As, as per Eq. 4.1.6a else proceed to obtain areas of steel for a doubly
reinforced section as under
M
Required A stl =
o 87 / ur.max
( .. .... (Eq. 4.2.3a)
· y d - 0.42 Xu.ma.)

or A stl = P,.max bd I 100 , ptmax to be obtained from Table 4.1.1

Mu2 = M -M11r.max 11

M ui
Required A stl = ------ .. . .. .(Eq. 4.2.3b)
0.87 fy ( d - d)
Total area of tension sted = A st = A st1 + A st2

0.87 f Ast2
3. Calculate A = Y = 0.87 fY A st2
.. . ... (Eq. 4.2.3c)
sc ( f'sc - f"c) f'sc ( )
d Id
for HYSD bars obtain/ corresponding & = 0.0035 I - ....,L__ from Ta ble 4.2.1
K K k
u.max
or from Table 4.2.2 corresponding to dC Id or obtain ASC directly from Table 4.2.3
8. Detailing of Reinforcement.
(a) Select number - diameter combination of bars using Table H- 2
Required width b to accommodate N number of bars of diameter ~ is :
Required b = N~ + (N + 1) x 25 + 2 x diameter of stirrups ($s,) ..... .(6.3 .1)
 Chap,e .
I • 6

d aJculate the revised effect ·

112 D es,g11
· of Memb ers berofro \\'San c 1"e
· · r1uJ11
1f assumed width < Required width. pro, ,.de
1
more
depth. Revise the area of steel if required . r J
· •S'err· •' ·3·
Adhere to the detAi ling ru les given 111
(b) Decide 'dspon of bars.
I
(i) No. of bot10111 stroighl bars nt n11·c1,cd <,;.cur111il111cnb"(~ 'ded d
1or ,, · · e ePending
(~~! ·0 1,
No. Clf bent up bors , r to _be pr ors at rop os nnc , . l 1 111111 d10111cter ar
( u1) No. and diameter of mo,ght b
pro v i
of JO or 2 nl
2 0 f 8 )/'
2 '
Normally anchor bars of ·' , su port.
on the span of the beam 1
,op at lefL/J·iglit t~nuing them over the supports.
. d 1'fo11y. a by con J
(i\') No. of extra bars require · hor bars
°
Ad\'alllage can be taken f the rop one
9. D .
es,gn of Shear Reinforcemen t .stributed /oa d 0 1t beam
•
:l distributed 1oa ds w,, 1s
. th e sani
(a) Calculation of roral uniformly d, lab the uniform Y e
. ,·111gone-ways (b'
(1) In the case of beams carr) d' Go 10 step 'I · ( porting two - way slab)
. ",or ben 111g.
as that calculated ear11er /t apezoidal 1oa ds sup '
In case of beams carrying rriang~la~b \ed load for shear.
(ii) ( )
-~Onnly d1strr u 1
calculate equivalent um ) 11 ' l k = J- - - (Eq 5
lt' L J k X _,, x • where, 2 2/J · -3. 61
/
I - - ::: ; / 2
2 ( - 2/3
II \'
For trapezoidal load, w11 eqs =

For triangular load on short edge beam carrying. h re k == 112 .. · ··· (Eq. 5.3,4)
2
two - way slab w
' 11.eqs
= wII LJ_/ 4 == kl wu L/- Joa
l \\d' e lab
on S •
·· · ... (Eq.5.3.Jai
/
one . way slab w = h e
w L ,1 6 w er ' 111r - • ll load + sel we1g h. t
f ·
b th sides + wa
' 11.eqs
Total load on beam w = w
u -'

u
from slabs on
~qs
° x
I

(;s+i) ~s::,=:c==-
__....f,..---- lLs,22--+-
~L's,33 --!--
-►i,
V
u~x f
Section x • x al which
shear f1ce is zero

j IL____J1--------
Vuo vusv 1

l Ls1 ___,.____
vu,

Ls3 _ !I
Design shear Minimum shear reinforcement zone Nominal I
reinforcement zone
s =0.87(YASV S.R. Zone ,
S : 0.87 fyAsv.d 0.4 b
vusv

Fig. 6.3.I Shear Force Dbtgram

Fig. 6.3.J shows a beam simply supported at ends carryi~g UDL of intensity w
. u
Let x-x be the sect10n at which shear force is zero.
(b) Calculate maximum shear Vurnax ar the centre of support :
Vu max = adwDu xL + aLwL 11 xl

where, ad and a.L = shear coefficients given in .. ,Ne 5.1.Jb.

se ct. 6.3 Derf g11 of EJeams1/3

(c) Checking adequacJi of

. co 11cl'ete ~ect/ 11 ,,
Compute maximum sl · ·

11
iear rcslstn11cc of concrete In dlngonnl co rnpre~~ion.
,,rmctr
== r ,,l' ,1110,\ hd ::, v,,D else revise the sec tion by increasing h or ()
where, r - l
uc max - s iear strength of concrete in diagonal com pres~ion ,

:::: 2·8 N!mm for M20 and 3. 1 N/ 111111 1 for M25 concrete
2

ere Design shear V === v (b . t on (£q 4 4. /aJ

WIl ' , uD u.max - w,, /2+ d) for support offering COmpreSStVe reaC I
V11 ==V b . (Eq 4 4 I b;
D ,,.max - w,, x /2for support offering ten si le reaction
bs == Breadth of Support .

(d) Determination of Nee · .r

. ess1ty 01 Design of Shear Reinforcement .
(t) Compute shear resistance of concrete ( V ) :
V :::: r bd 0
"c
1/C IIC

where, r,,c:::: shear st rength of concrete given in Table 4.4.1 corresponding to percentage
(p,) of tension steel at support and grade of concrete used or using Eq.4.4·3.
nd
a P, === lOO As,/ bd, where, A = Area of tension steel at support.
(ii) Calculate the Shear Resi'stanc e of M'munum· sll Sttrrups
· (V ):
V == usv.m1n
usv.min0.4bd ... .. J Eq. 4.4 8)
(iii) Therefore, Shear Resistance of Section with minimum Stirrups ( V • ) :
V . -- V + V ~- .. . ... (Eq.4 .4.9)
ur.m,n uc usv.min -- Vuc 1' 0· 4 bd
(iv)IfVuD <V111:min prov·d · · . . .
1 e mm1mum stmups at spacmg given by :

0.87~. A
s~ - sv ... .. .(Eq. 4.4.7)
0.4b
where, Asv total area of vertical legs of stirrups,
===

b = width of the beam or breadth of web bw, for flanged beams

s ~ (0. 75d or 300mm) whichever is less.
Note : If V11.ma:t. < V11r.m1n• , it is even not necessary to calculate VuD but only minimum stirrups are required
to be provided.
If VD>
11
Vur. m111. , design the shear reinforcement else proceed to step (f)
(e) Design of shear reinforcement :
(i) Shear carried by shear reinforcement= VIIS = VD ti
- VIIC
(ii) If bent up bars are used, calculate shear carried by bent up bars
Vm b = 0.87 fy Asb sin a :+ 0.5 Vn ... ... (Eq. 4.4.4 )
where, Asb = area of bent up bar
a = angle between bent up bar and beam axis= 0.707 for a= 45°
Bend the bar preferably at a distance of 1.5d (::r 2d) from the centre of support (see Fig. 5.5.4)
If bent up bars are not provided , V11 sb === 0
(iii) Ultimate shear to be carried by stirrups,
Vusv = (V11s - Vusb ) ~7 0.5 V11s or V11sv = V11s when bent up bars are not provided.
Spacings of design stirrups of area A)s given by :

0.87fy Asv .d
s .. . ... (Eq. 4.4.5)
Vusv
s '5 (0.75 d or 300 mm) whichever is less.
 11 4
Des ign of Members
r• "" 0) ~ - Vur.mm. ) lw11
Cf) C I f
r b
(w lie/I 1 us L ::: ,, ,1iax
· a cu/are zon<'s o( shear rci11(orce111 en . r e,nent sl 111 - 0. 5 V ) lw
. . . . I orrc111 1orc t l "" l' ,11:m/11 11c "
(1) Zone - J : Zone of dcs1gt1 5 ,e .. {orcemell sJ (V - 0.5V ) lw
.. . . sheor rein L "" u m11,t uc "
(11) Zone - JI : Zone of 11111 111 nuni ' L ~ 0 , . ~si · V / w (6
JI sl J., == O.5 uc " .3 ~
.u
if 1· < V11r m1n or VuD <. lur niln'
" ) . u ma, hear reinforc
emcnt 1 1 . , (0 75d
....1JJ1 spac111g ::t .
30 · C)
or Ornn-i)
(l Zone - !IT : Zone of nomino s . p Of ,,,,11 al max imt
6
In zone L minimum diameter of 5r,rru
sJ'
should be provided . nd min /mum shear reln/orce,nenr
Co,,,,,,ems : (if required) 0
(JJ l n practice
. . ,fi . eme111 zone - 1
only design shear rein oic .r V tb' reduce compulaf/on I
Zone - fl are provided taking Zone - Ill absent. I 1ake11 /nsieod O; uD b . a effo~,s
(2 I rV s . Ob10ined ~1 usrng exact method
) Also many times maximum value of e11d s ,ea ,,.nu,x . avings IS ·
prec1ab 1e s
because zone of design shear L, is smaII 110 0'P
1

9. Check f or Bond d elopment length may be carried out at

B d· · d check for ev
on 1s not very critical in beams. If require . d in Sect. 4.6.5
simple support and at point of contraflexure as detai 1e
1 O. Check for Deflection
effecti ve span L _ ... .. . (Eq. 4.7.J a
Check that (d) > _ _. . : . _ - - - ~~ )
pro vided . 1'D X a X a3 X a4
Basic L 1. x al 2 Lid< J6 and hence computat'
In the case of beam deflection criteria is normally satisfied ' because ions
are ski~ped. k d with pennissible value (See Ref 6.J
If required, actual deflection should be calculated and chec e ).

Practical Note : . . nable one to reuse the same form work,

(1) Keep the types of beams and column sections minimum to e
(2) It is economical to use less steel in column.

6.4 DESIGN OF COLUMNS

6.4.1 Introduction
The design of column necessitates determination of loads transferred from beams at different floor
levels. Loads are transferred from slabs to beams and then to columns. Hence, slabs and beams are normally
designed prior to the design of columns. This method called as Exact method which enables one to assess the
loads on columns more accurately and thereby the design of column becomes realistic and economical.
However, in practice, many times situations arise which require the design of columns and footings to
be given prior to the design of slabs and beams. In such a case, loads on columns and footings are required
to be assessed using judgement based on past experience and using approximate methods. The loads on
the columns can be determined approximately on the basis of floor area shared by each column as detailed
in Sect. 5.4.2. These loads are normally calculated on the higher side so that they are not less than the
actual loads transferred from slabs/beams. In such cases, the design of column is likely to be uneconomical.
In the sections that follow, the design procedure using both these approaches of column load
calculations has been explained.

6.4.2 Design Procedure

Design of columns involves follo wing steps:
(I) Categorization of Columns :
(a) Category - I : I~temal Columns or Axially Loaded Columns.
(b) Category - II : Side Columns or Columns subjected to Axial Load and Uniaxial Bending
(c) Cate~ory - III : Comer Columns or Columns subjected to Axial Load and Biaxial Bending.
(2) Computation of Loads on column,