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Solution:
2
k �c �
Damped natural frequency is wd = wn 1 - x = 2
1- � �
m �Cc �
- Find C =?
k = 20 N/mm = 20kN/m
Fig
x = Ce - J wnt sin ( wd t + f )
�2p � 2p J
J wn �
x1 � �
�
= e J wn ( t1 - t2 ) = e �wd �= e 1- J 2
x2
Since ( t1 - t2 ) = T and wd = wn 1 - J 2
�x � 2p J
\ ln � 1 �= =d logarithmic decrement.
�x2 � 1 - J 2
c = 2 J km
We have
x1 1 x x x x x
= =4= 1. 2. 3. 4. 5
x6 0.25 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
�x � �x2
� �x3 � �x4 � �x5 �
\ ln ( 4 ) = ln � 1 �+ ln �
�+ ln � �+ ln � �+ ln � �
�x2 � �x3
� �x4 � �x5 � �x6 �
2p J
= 5d � d = 0.28 =
1- J 2
� J = 0.044 \ c = 2 J km
N-aec
c = 2 �0.044 20 �103 �1 = 12.445
m
- We are all aware of the sound which is radiated from an object for given a sharp
blow.
- When a busy (float) is made to bob up and down in the water, waves radiate out
and away from it, thereby resulting in its loss of energy.
- The loss of energy from the oscillatory system results in the decay of amplitude of
free vibration.
- Generally their mathematical description is quite complicated and not suitable for
vibration analysis.
- Thus simplified damping models have been developed that in many cases are
found to be adequate in evaluating the system response.
- For example, the viscous damping model, designated by the dashpot, which leads
to manageable mathematical solutions.
- In all cases, however, the force-displacement curve will enclose an area, referred
to as the hystersis loop, that is proportional to the energy lost per cycle.
- The energy lost per cycle due to damping force Fd is computed from the general
equation.
Wd = FFd dx (1)
- In general, Wd depends on many factors, such as temperature, frequency, or
amplitude.
Wd = Fcxdx
& = Fcx&2 dt
2p / w
= cw 2 X 2 F cos 2 ( w t - f ) dt = cw 2 X 2 �cos ( wt - f ) dt
2
0
2p / w
1
= cw 2 X 2 �2 { 1 - cos 2 ( wt - f ) } dt
0
2p / w
cw X � sin 2 ( wt - f ) �
2 2
cw 2 X 2 �
2p 0 - 0 �
= t-
� � = � -
2 � 2w �
0
2 �w 2w � �
Wd = p cw X 2 (3)
k
- Substituting w = wn = and C = JCc = 2 J km , in eqn.(3)
m
We get,
Wd = p 2 J km ( ) k 2
m
X = 2 J p kX 2 (4)
- The energy dissipated per cycle by the damping force can be represented
graphically as follows.
c 2w 2
2 2
� Fd � �x �
or �cw X �+ �X � = 1 (7)
� � � �
Eqn. (7) is the equation of an ellipse with Fd and x plotted along the vertical and
horizontal axes, as shown in Fig 1(a).
FIG
- The energy dissipated per cycle is then given by the area enclosed by the ellipse.
- If we add to Fd the spring force kx (i.e. of the losses spring), the hysteresis loop
is rotated as shown in Fig 1.(b)
x=0 Fd + kx = Fd + 0 = �cw X
x=X Fd + kx = 0 + kX
or c 2w 2 X 2
x 2 ( k 2 + c 2 w 2 ) = c 2w 2 X 2 � x 2 =
(k 2
+ c 2w 2 )
cw X
\ x=� . It is the location where Fd + kx = 0
k + c 2w 2
2
- The Fig. 1(b) conforms to the Voigt model, which consists of a dashpot in
parallel with a spring.
- Specific damping capacity: is defined as the loss per cycle Wd divided by the peak
potential energy U.
Wd
(8)
U
Loss coefficient h : is defined as the ratio of damping energy loss per radian Wd / 2p
divided by the peak potential or strain energy U.
Wd
h= (9)
2p U
- For the case of linear damping where the energy loss is proportional to the square
of he strain or amplitude (eq.4) the hysteresis curve is an ellipse.
- When the damping loss is not a quadratic function of the strain or amplitude, the
hysteresis is no longer as ellipse.
- In the case of viscous damping, the amplitude at resonance, equation was found to
be
F0
X = (10)
Cwn
A single –degree-of-freedom viscosity damped system has a spring stiffness of 6000 N/m,
critical damping constant 0.3 Ns/mm, and a damping ratio of 0.3. If the system I given an
initial velocity of 1 m/sec, determine the maximum displacement of the system.
Solution:
k
wn =
m
Given Cc = 0.3 Ns/mm = 300 Ns/m = 2 km = 2 6000m
or m = 3.75 kg
6000
hence wn = = 40 rad/sec
3.75
Damping ratio
c
x= = 0.03
Cc
Now assuming x0 = 0 and x&0 = 1 m/s, the general expression for displacement is:
x&0
x ( t ) = e -xwnt sin 1 - x 2 wn t
wn 1 - x 2
p
For maximum displacement ( xmax ) : wn t = and sin 1 - x 2 wn t - 1
2
�p�
-0.3� � 1
Hence xmax = e �2 �
( 1) = 0.01636 m
40 1 - 0.32