Assignment # 04

Subject:

Computer Science

Topics:

OSI Layers

How network develop?

What are the needs of data networking?

Submitted By:

Aqsa Ibrar (English)

BS-III

Submitted To:

Mr. Bashir Khan

Date:

13th Of Nov, 2019

 The 7 Layers of the OSI:

In the OSI model, control is passed from one layer to the next, starting at the application
layer (Layer 7) in one station, and proceeding to the bottom layer, over the channel to
the next station and back up the hierarchy. The OSI model takes the task of inter-
networking and divides that up into what is referred to as a vertical stack that consists of
the following 7 layers.
 Layer 7 - Application
 Layer 6 - Presentation
 Layer 5 - Session
 Layer 4 - Transport
 Layer 3 - Network
 Layer 2 - Data Link
 Layer 1 - Physical

Application (Layer 7):

OSI Model, Layer 7, supports application and end-user processes. Communication
partners are identified, quality of service is identified, user authentication and privacy are
considered, and any constraints on data syntax are identified. Everything at this layer is
application-specific. This layer provides application services for file transfers, e-mail, and
other network software services. Telnet and FTP are applications that exist entirely in the
application level. Tiered application architectures are part of this layer.
Layer 7 Application examples include WWW browsers, NFS, SNMP, Telnet, HTTP, FTP
Presentation (Layer 6):
This layer provides independence from differences in data representation
(e.g., encryption) by translating from application to network format, and vice versa. The
presentation layer works to transform data into the form that the application layer can
accept. This layer formats and encrypts data to be sent across a network, providing
freedom from compatibility problems. It is sometimes called the syntax layer.
Layer 6 Presentation examples include encryption, ASCII, EBCDIC, TIFF, GIF, PICT, JPEG,
MPEG, MIDI.
Session (Layer 5):
This layer establishes, manages and terminates connections between applications. The
session layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations, exchanges, and
dialogues between the applications at each end. It deals with session and connection
coordination.
Layer 5 Session examples include NFS, NetBios names, RPC, SQL.
Transport (Layer 4):
OSI Model, Layer 4, provides transparent transfer of data between end systems, or hosts,
and is responsible for end-to-end error recovery and flow control. It ensures complete
data transfer.
Layer 4 Transport examples include SPX, TCP, UDP.
Network (Layer 3):
Layer 3 provides switching and routing technologies, creating logical paths, known
as virtual circuits, for transmitting data from node to node. Routing and forwarding are
functions of this layer, as well as addressing, internetworking, error
handling, congestion control and packet sequencing.
Layer 3 Network examples include AppleTalk DDP, IP, IPX.
Data Link (Layer 2):
At OSI Model, Layer 2, data packets are encoded and decoded into bits. It
furnishes transmission protocol knowledge and management and handles errors in the
physical layer, flow control and frame synchronization. The data link layer is divided into
two sub layers: The Media Access Control (MAC) layer and the Logical Link Control (LLC)
layer. The MAC sub layer controls how a computer on the network gains access to the
data and permission to transmit it. The LLC layer controls frame synchronization, flow
control and error checking.
Layer 2 Data Link examples include PPP, FDDI, ATM, IEEE 802.5/ 802.2, IEEE 802.3/802.2,
HDLC, Frame Relay.
Physical (Layer 1):
OSI Model, Layer 1 conveys the bit stream - electrical impulse, light or radio signal —
through the network at the electrical and mechanical level. It provides
the hardware means of sending and receiving data on a carrier, including defining
cables, cards and physical aspects. Fast Ethernet, RS232, and ATM are protocols with
physical layer components.
Layer 1 Physical examples include Ethernet, FDDI, B8ZS, V.35, V.24, RJ45.
 HOW NETWORK DEVELOP?
It's well known that networking is the key to a successful career. You can have the skills
and the education, but without connections, it will be very difficult to get a job or even
build a business. A recent study by Right Management found that for the fifth year in a
row, person-to-person networking is the most effective way of finding a new job.
Networking had a 46 percent effectiveness rate, compared to Internet job boards (25
percent), recruiters (14 percent), the direct approach (7 percent) and newspaper listings
(1 percent).

A lot of people have trouble with networking because they are introverted, feel like they
are using people and come off as selfish instead of helpful. Here are seven tips that will
help you, even if you're not a natural schmoozer.

1. Focus on the right people:

The secret to networking isn't to attend a networking event and pass out as many
business cards as you can. It's not meeting as many people as possible in hopes
something will work out. Instead, you need to concentrate on the people who you know
will be able to make a difference in your career.

2. Create win/win situations:

It's very important that both you and the other party gain equally when networking. If
you benefit more than the other person, he or she will feel cheated and used. When that
happens, you won't be able to go back and built a long-term relationship.

3. Give before you receive:

In a networking situation, people expect you to ask them for help. If you turn that
around and just offer some support, your networking partner will be grateful and want
to return the favor.

4. Become a connector:
You don't always have to gain something in a networking relationship. If you can
introduce people who can benefit from one another, it's just as effective. You can build a
stronger rapport with multiple people and it makes you very good.

5. Remember to reconnect:
We've all had people who will contact us out of the blue after years of never touching
base. When that happens, you typically don't want to go out of your way for them
because they haven't put any effort into sustaining the relationship. After you choose
the right people to network with, remember to stay in contact with them.

6. Use social networks:

LinkedIn, Facebook and Twitter are tools that you can use to connect in a personal way
to different people in your industry. On LinkedIn for example, you can get introduced to
new contacts through your current connections. You can also use LinkedIn as a
professional database to find people who work in your professional at various
companies you're interested in.

7. Start your own networking group:

One of the best ways to meet like-minded people is to establish your own networking
group. You can use Meetup.com and EventBrite.com to create a series of events under a
certain topic such as marketing, finance or accounting. By being the leader of the group,
you will immediately become more connected and sought-out. People will want to meet
you because you're the creator.
 WHAT ARE THE NEEDS OF DATA NETWORKING?
Computer networks help users on the network to share the resources and in
communication. Can you imagine a world now without emails, online newspapers, blogs,
chat and the other services offered by the internet?

The following are the important uses and benefits of a computer network.

File sharing:

Networking of computers helps the network users to share data files.

Hardware sharing:
Users can share devices such as printers, scanners, CD-ROM drives, hard drives etc.
Without computer networks, device sharing is not possible.

Application sharing:

Applications can be shared over the network, and this allows to implement client/server
applications

User communication:

Networks allow users to communicate using e-mail, newsgroups, and video

conferencing etc.

Network gaming:

A lot of network games are available, which allow multi-users to play from different
locations.

Voice over IP (VoIP):

 Voice over Internet Protocol (IP) is a revolutionary change in telecommunication which
allows to send telephone calls (voice data) using standard Internet Protocol (IP) rather
than by traditional PSTN.