Lecture 06 (Compatibility Mode) PDF

MECH 313 Engineering
Drawing & Design
Lecture 6
Outline
Simplified Thread Representation
Detailed and Schematic Thread Representation
Common Threaded Fasteners
Special Fasteners
Fasteners for Light Gage Metal, Plastic, and Wood

Overview
Threaded fasteners are the most common and most used
parts in assemblies
Parts with counterbores, spotfaces are a direct result of

designers using these fasteners
In this lecture, the emphasis will be on how the threaded

fasteners are going to be represented in engineering drawing
Types of threaded fasteners available, and related

components that will be used in an assembly will be looked at
Fastening devices are important in construction of

manufacturing products, machines and many other devices
Simplified
p Thread Representation
p
Permanent Fasteners
Rivets
Ri t and
dWWelds
ld
Removable Fasteners
Bolts,
B lt screws, studs,
t d pins,
i kkeys
Due to requirements like industrial progress and need for
automated
t t d assembly
bl ttools,
l ffasteners
t became
b standardized
t d di d
over time
A favorite cost-reducing method, standardization, not only

cuts the cost of parts but reduces paperwork and simplifies
inventory and quality control.
Simplified
p
Screw Threads
A screw thread is a ridge of uniform section in the form of a helix on
the external or internal surface of a cylinder (Fig. 10-1-2).
The lead L is the distance the threaded part would move parallel to
the axis during one complete rotation in relation to a fixed mating part
(the distance a screw would enter a threaded hole in one turn).
Simplified
p
Screw Threads
2
1 3
0 4
7 5
6
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Simplified
p
Screw Threads
The helix of a square thread is shown in

Fig. 10-1-3.
Lead
L d screw on a llathe,
th ((mainly
i l used
d tto
transmit motion or power
Simplified
p
Screw Threads
The pitch of a thread P is the distance from a point on the thread form
to the corresponding point on the next form, measured parallel to the
axis ((Fig.
g 10-1-4).
)
Thread Forms
Shows some common thread forms
ISO Metric is the most common of all
Inch & Metric have same proportion
Knuckle thread is rolled or cast

((used in light
g bulbs and sockets))
Square and Acme threads are

used for transmitting power
Buttress thread takes pressure on

one side (⊥ to the axis)
Thread Representation
In Engineering drawing true representation

of threads are seldom done
There are three types of conventions to

represent threads
Simplified representation is used, if it gives

all the necessaryy information
Detailed representation is done while

dimensioning enlarged views, layouts
Schematic is the same as detailed but easy

to draw in case of manual drafting
Right and Left Hand Threads
If it is not stated in the drawing, it is

always assumed to be right hand
thread
A bolt
b lt th
threaded
d d iinto
t a ttapered
dhhole
l
should be turned clockwise
Some special cases (where the

torque may loosen the fastener) may
require Left hand threads
If Left hand threads are necessary it

is indicated in the drawing by the
letters LH after the thread
designation
Single and Multiple Threads
If it is not stated in the drawing, it is always

assumed to be single thread
Single thread has a single ridge in the form of

helix and lead is equal to the pitch
Double thread has 2 ridges in the form of 2

helices starting 180° apart and the lead is equal
t twice
to t i the
th pitch
it h
Triple thread has 3 ridges in the form of 3 helices

starting
g 120° apart
p and the lead is equal
q to three
times of the pitch
Multiple threads are required when small rotation

must gives faster movement (Example
mechanism for opening and closing
windows
Single and Multiple Threads
Thread crests, except in hidden

views, are represented by a thick
outline and the thread roots by a
thin broken line (Fig. 10-1-10).
10 1 10).
American Standard thread convention
ISO Standard thread convention

Inch Threads
In North America still design is based on
inch threads
Here the pitch is equal to the 1/No of

Threads per inch
Based on the No of threads per inch for a

set of diameters coarse threaded series or
fine threaded series are available
Thread Class
Thread class basically differs in allowance and tolerance in size in
each class
For external threads the classes are 1A, 2A, and 3A
o internal
For te a tthreads
eads tthe
e cclasses
asses a
are
e 1B,, 2B,, a
and
d33B
Each class have specific characteristic and used in different situations

Thread Class
Classes 1A and 1B
These classes produce the loosest fit, that is, the greatest amount of
play (free motion) in assembly. Such as for stove bolts and other
rough bolts and nuts
nuts.
Classes 2A and 2B
These classes are designed for the ordinary good grade of

commercial products, such as machine screws and fasteners, and for
most interchangeable parts.
Classes 3A and 3B
These classes are intended for exceptionally high-grade commercial

products,, where a p
p particularly
y close or snug
g fit is essential and the
high cost of precision tools and machines is warranted.
Thread Designation
In drawing it is designated in the following order; φ with 3-4 decimal places -

no of TPI – form and series – class of fit (number 1,2, or 3 and letter a,or b)
Metric Threads
Based on the diameter-pitch

diameter pitch combination metric threads are
grouped into coarse thread and fine thread series
Coarse-Thread Series
This series is intended for use in general engineering work and

commercial applications.
Fine Thread Series

Fine-Thread
For general used when thread finer than coarse thread is

desirable.
In comparison with a coarse-thread screw, the fine-thread screw

is stronger in both tensile and torsional strength and is less likely
to loosen under vibration
vibration.
Thread Grades and Classes
A fit of a screw is the amount of clearance when internal and external

threads are assembled
The number of the tolerance grades reflects the size of the tolerance.
For example, grade 4 tolerances are smaller than grade 6 tolerances,

and grade 8 tolerances are larger than grade 6 tolerances.
Grade 6 tolerances should be used for medium-quality length-of-

engagement applications.
Th tolerance
The t l grades
d below
b l grade
d 6 are iintended
t d d ffor applications
li ti
involving fine quality and/or short lengths of engagement.
Tolerance grades above grade 6 are intended for coarse quality

and/or long lengths of engagement.
Thread Grades and Classes
In addition to the tolerance grade, a positional tolerance is

required
This controls the MMC limits of the pitch and crest diameters of
th iinternal
the t l and
d external
t l th
threads
d
For external threads:
Tolerance position e (large allowance)
Tolerance position g (small allowance)
Tolerance position h (no allowance)
For internal threads:
Tolerance position G (small allowance)
Tolerance position H (no allowance)

ISO Metric Screw Thread Designation
ISO metric threads are defined in the

drawing by nominal size and pitch, both
express in millimeter
For example,
F l a 10-mm
10 di
diameter,
t 1 1.25-pitch,
25 it h
fine-thread series is expressed as M10 X
1.25.
A 10-mm diameter, 1.5 pitch, coarse-thread

series is expressed as M10; the pitch is not
shown unless the length
g of thread is
required.
If the latter thread were 25 mm long and this

i f
information
ti was required
i d on th
the d
drawing,
i
the thread callout would be M10 X 1.5 X 25.
A complete designation for an ISO metric

screw thread comprises, in addition to the
basic designation, an identification for the
tolerance class.
The tolerance class designation is

separated from the basic designation by a
dash and includes the symbol for
f the pitch
diameter tolerance followed immediately by
the symbol for crest diameter tolerance.
Each of these symbols consists of a

numeral indicating the grade tolerance
followed byy a letter representing
p g the
tolerance position (uppercase - internal
threads and lower case - external threads)
For external threads, the length of thread may be

given as a dimension on the drawing.
The length given is to be the minimum length of

f ll th
full thread.
d
For threaded holes that go all the way through

the p
part,, the term THRU is sometimes added to
the note.
If no depth is given, the hole is assumed to go all

the way through.
through
For threaded holes that do not go all the way

through, the depth is given in the note, for
example, MI2 X 1.75 X 20 DEEP. The depth
given is the minimum depth of full thread.
The chamfer or the undercut sizes

need not be shown in the drawing.
A comparison of metric and

i h th
inch thread
d sizes
i iis given.
i
Pipe Threads
Pipe is universally used in inch

size.
Nominal diameter and wall

thi k
thickness iis given
i
While calling for size of the

thread note is used that is
similar to screw threads
When calling a pipe for a thread

on a metric drawing the
abbreviation IN follows the pipe
size
Pipe Threads
Example 1
4 x 8NPT
Example
p 2
4 x 8NPS
Where 4 = nominal diameter of pipe,

pipe in inches
8 = number of threads per inch
N = American Standard
P = Pipe
S = Straight pipe thread
T = Taper pipe thread
Detailed Thread Representation
Close approximation of how

thread looks in real
The form is simplified by helices

as straight
t i ht lilines and
d ttruncated
t d
or rounded crests as Vs
Detailed Representation
p of V
Threads
The threads are represented by

sharp Vs
The pitch is generally

approximated and not drawn to
scale
Detailed Representation of V Thread
Step 1
Establish the pitch and half pitch, add crest lines
p2
Step
Locate the root dia and add the V profile (60°)
Step 3
Add one side of remaining Vs, and then the

other side, to complete thread profile
Step 4
Complete the root lines

and
a d the
e de
detailed
a ed
representation is done
Fig 10-2-1 Detailed Representation of Threads
P
60°
Root φ
Major φ
P/2
Detailed Representation of Square Threads
Note that the depth of the square thread

is one half of the pitch (P/2)
Step 1 - Establish spaces equal to P /2

along
l th
the di
diameter
t andd add
dd construction
t ti
lines to locate the depth (root dia.) of
thread
Step 2 - Add the crest lines
Step 3 - Add the root lines, as shown
Step 4 - Internal square thread is shown

in section.
Note the reverse direction of the crest

and root lines.
Fig 10-2-2 Detailed Representation of square Threads
Detailed Representation of Acme Threads
Note that the depth of the acme thread
is one half of the pitch (P/2)
Step 1 – Locate root dia and outside dia
Step 2 – Locate the Pitch dia midway

between the two
Step 3 – locate P/2 spaces on the pitch

dia and draw root and crest lines, as
shown (F shows enlarged view)
Step
p 4 – Sectional views of an internal
acme thread is shown. It is optional to
show root and crest lines beyond cutting
plane
p
Note the reverse direction of the crest

and root lines. Fig 10-2-2 Detailed Representation of Acme Threads
Threaded Assemblies
It is
i often
ft desirable
d i bl tto show
h
threaded assembly drawings in
detailed form, that is, in
presentation
t ti or catalog
t l
drawings
Hidden lines are omitted to

improve clarity of these
drawings
One type of thread

representation is used in one
drawing
If required, all three methods

can be used in one drawing
Schematic Thread Representation
The root and crest lines are

perpendicular to the axis of the
thread
The spacing between the root

and crest lines are drawn to
convenient size
Fastener Selection
Fastener selection is done at
design stage keeping in the
interests of designer, production,
and purchase personnel.
D i
Designer – optimum
ti performance
f
Production – Ease of assembly
Purchase – minimize initial and stocking

g
cost
It is important to determine the objectives and functions of the fastener
Thi can be
This b done
d iin consultation
lt ti with
ith ffastener
t suppliers
li
The key things are the load that the screw should withstand and the type of
load ((tension, shear, impact shock or vibration))
Once this is determined, then the size, strength, head shape and thread
type can be selected
Fastener Definitions
Machine Screws
Machine
M hi screws h have either
ith fifine or
coarse threads and are available in a
variety of heads. They may be used in
t
tappedd holes
h l as shown,
h or with
ith nuts
t
Cap Screws
A cap screw is threaded fastener that

joins two or more parts by passing
through a clearance hole in one part and
screwing into a tapped hole in the other
A cap screw is tightened or released by

torquing the head. Cap screw sizes start
at .25 in. (6 mm) in diameter and are
available in five basic types of head.
Fastener Definitions
Captive Screws
Captive
C ti screws remaini attached
tt h d tto th
the panell or parentt material
t i l
even when the mating part is disengaged.
Theyy are used to meet military

y requirements,
q to p
prevent
screws from being lost, to speed assembly and
disassembly operations, and to prevent damage
from loose screws falling
g into moving
gp parts or electrical circuits.
Bolts
A bolt is a threaded fastener that passes through clearance

holes in assembled parts and threads into a nut
Studs
Studs are shafts threaded at both ends, and they are used in
assemblies. The exposed end is threaded over with a nut
Fastener Configuration
Head Styles
Head
H d styles
t l are ddefined
fi d bbasedd on th
the ttype off d
driving
i i equipment
i t used
d ((screw
driver, spanner, wrench), type of load and the appearance desired
The head styles

y shown here are identified with Cap
p Screws or Machine
Screws
Head Styles
Hex and Square - The hex head is the most commonly used
h d style.
head t l Th
The hhex hheaddd
design
i offers
ff greater
t strength,
t th ease off
torque input, and area than the square head
Pan - This head combines the qualities of the truss, binding, and
round head types.
Washer (flanged) - This configuration eliminates the need for a

separate assembly step when a washer is required
required, increases
the bearing areas of the head, and protects the material finish
during assembly
Oval - Characteristics of this head type are similar to those of the

flat head but it is sometimes preferred because of its neat
appearance
Head Styles
Binding - Commonly used in electrical connection. The

undercut
d t prevents
t stranded
t d d wires
i ffrom fraying
f i
Flat - Available with various head angles, this fastener centers

well and provides a flush surface
Fillister - The deep slot and small head allow a high torque to
be applied during assembly.
Truss - This head covers a large area, used when extra

holding power is required, or oversize holes or soft material
assembly
12-Point – Commonly used on aircraft grade fasteners.

Multiple sides allow firm grip and high torque during assembly
Drive Configurations
The figure shows

different drive
designs on
fastener heads
Shoulders and Necks
The shoulder of a fastener is the enlarged portion of the body of a

th d d fastener
threaded f t or the
th shank
h k off an unthreaded
th d d fastener
f t (Fig.
(Fi 10-3-5).
10 3 5)
Point Styles
The point of a fastener is the configuration of the end of the
shank of a headed or headless fastener
fastener. Standard point styles
are shown in Fig. 10-3-6.
Cup - Used when cutting in action of the point is not

objectionable (most widely used)
Flat - Used when frequent resetting of a part is required

particularly suited for use against hardened steel shafts
Cone - Used for permanent location; spotted in a hole half of

its length
Oval - Used when frequent adjustment of assembled parts are

necessary
Half Dog - Used for permanent location of part with respect to

the other part
Properties and Classes of Fasteners
Inch Fasteners - Size of the fastener and the material with
which it is made provides the strength of fasteners
The mechanical requirement and the identification patterns are

shown in the table
Metric Fasteners - For material and mechanical requirements they are
classified under different p
property
p y classes - designated
g by
y numerals
Increasing numbers indicate increasing tensile strength and the

designation numeral consisting 2 parts
First of 2 digit or the first 2 of 3

digit numeral indicate one
hundredth of the tensile strength
in MPa
The last numeral approximates

th ratio
the ti off one tenth
t th off the
th
minimum yield strength to
minimum tensile strength as a
percentage
t
Example 1 - A 4.8 class fastener has 420 as Minimum Tensile strength and
340 minimum Yield strength
g
1/100th (or 1%) of 420 is 4.2 and the first digit is 4. Min Yield strength 340
is 80% of the min Tensile strength and the last digit is 8
Example 2 - A 10.9 class fastener

has 1040 as Minimum Tensile
strength and 940 minimum Yield
strength
1/100th (or 1%) of 1040 is 10.4 and

the first 2 digits in the 3 digit symbol
are 10. Min Yield strength 940 is
≈90% of the min Tensile strength and
the last digit is 9
Fastener Marking
All bolts and screws larger than 0.25in or M5 and above are marked to
identifyy their strength.
g ((lesser than these need not be marked))
The property class
identification symbol can be
marked on the screws on the
top of bolt head or screw
If it is hex head it can also be

marked on the side
For studs larger than 0.25in or

M5,, the marking
g is done on
the extreme end
Studs smaller than 0.50in or

M12 or marked
k d with
ith diff
differentt
symbols
Nuts
Terms regular and thick nuts

have been replaced by drawing
them in style 1 or style 2
The design of style 1 and 2 steel

nuts shown here are to give
sufficient strength & reduce
possibility of thread stripping
3 property classes of steel nuts

are available
Drawing a Bolt and Nut
Bolts and nuts are not normally drawn

on detail drawings unless they are of a
special size or have been modified.
On some assemblies it may be

necessary to show bolts and nuts
(conventional practice is to show the nut and
bolt heads across corner position in all the
views)
Studs
used in large quantities for needs of design

functions and economy
Double end studs are designated as type and

name, nominal size, thread information, stud
length, material, including grading and coating (if
required)
Example 3
TYPE 2 DOUBLE-END STUD

Example 4
.500-13
.500 13 UNC
UNC-2A
2A x 4.00 TYPE 3 CONTINOUS
CADMIUM PLATED THREAD STUD
Continous studs are designated

g as p
product M25 x 3 x 200,
name, nominal size, thread information, stud STEEL CLASS 8.8
length, material, and finish – coating (if required)
ZINC PHOSPATE & OIL
Washers
Most
os co
commono form
o oof
hardware performing different
functions in fastened
assemblies
Mainly used give better bearing for nuts in oversize clearance holes, or
di t ib t load
distribute l d over greater
t area; sometimes
ti tto provide
id a seall
Classification of Washers
Washers are commonly the elements that are added to screw systems to keep
them tight, but not all washers are locking types. Many washers serve other
functions, such as surface protection, insulation, sealing, electrical connection,
and spring-tension take-up devices.
Washers
Flat Washers
Washers are Plain, or flat, washers are used

primarily to provide a bearing surface for a
nut or a screw head, to cover large clearance
holes, and to distribute fastener loads over a
large area-particularly on soft materials such
as aluminum or wood
Conical Washers
Used
U d with
ith screws tto effectively
ff ti l adddd
spring
Washers
Helical Spring
g Washers
These washers are made of slightly trapezoidal wire formed into a helix
of one coil so that the free height is approximately twice the thickness of
the washer section
Washers
T h Lock
Tooth k Washers
W h
Made of hardened carbon

steel,, a tooth lock washer has
teeth that are twisted or bent
out of the plane of the washer
face so that sharp p cutting
g
edges are presented to both
the work piece and the
bearing g face of the screw
head or nut (Fig. 10-3-16).
Washers
Spring
g Washers
There are no
standard designs for
spring washers
washers. They
are made in a great
variety of sizes and
shapes and are
usually selected from
a manufacturer's
catalog for some
specific purpose.
Washers
Special Purpose Washers
Molded or stamped nonmetallic washers are available in many

materials and may be used as seals
seals, as electrical insulators
insulators, or
for protection of the surface of assembled parts
Many plain, cone, or tooth washers are available with special

mastic sealing compounds firmly attached to the washer. These
washers are used for sealing and vibration isolation in high-
volume production industries
Terms Related to Threaded Fasteners
Tap drill size –
minor Φ off the
thread
Clearance drill size
– Φ slightly > thread
major Φ
Counterbored hole
– permits head to
restt below
b l th
the partt
surface
Countersunk hole –
angular facing
recess for heads
Spotfacing – a
machining
operation
ti providing
idi
smooth flat surface
for head to rest
Fig 10-3-18 Specifying Threaded Fasteners and Holes
Specifying Fasteners
In order for the purchasing department to properly order the fastening
d i th
device thatt h
has b
been selected
l t d iin th
the d
design,
i th
the ffollowing
ll i iinformation
f ti iis
required. (Note: The information listed will not apply to all types of fasteners.)
1. Type of fastener Examples

2. Thread specifications .375-16 UNC-2A x 4.00 HEX BOLT, ZINC PLATED
3. Fastener length M10 x 1.5 x 50, 9.8 12-SPLINE FLANGE SCREW,
CADMIUM PLATED
4. Material
TYPE 2 DOUBLE-END STUD, M10 x 1.5 x 100,
5. Head style STEEL CLASS 9.8, CADMIUM PLATED
6 Type of driving recess
6. NUT HEX
NUT, HEX, STYLE 1
1, .500
500 UNC STEEL
7. Point type (setscrews only) MACH SCREW, PHILLIPS ROUND HD, 8-32 UNC x
1.00, BRASS
8. Propertyy class
WASHER, FLAT 8.4
WASHER 8 4 ID x 17 OD x 2 THK,
THK STEEL
9. Finish HELICAL SPRING
Special Fasteners Setscrews
Used as semi permanent fasteners – produces strong clamping action and

prevents movement of assembled parts
Selection of setscrew is to find the right from,

from size,
size point and head style that
will provide the required holding power
Special Fasteners
Keeping Fasteners Tight
Fasteners are inexpensive,

F i i b
but the
h cost
of installing them can be substantial.
Probably the simplest way to cut
assembly costs is to make sure that,
once installed, fasteners stay tight
The American National Standards

Institute has identified three basic locking
methods: free-spinning, prevailing-
torque,
q , and chemical locking. g Each has
its own advantages and disadvantages
(Fig. 10-4-2).
Special Fasteners
Keeping Fasteners Tight
Free-spinning devices - Include toothed and spring lock washers and
screws and bolts with washer like heads
heads.
With these arrangements, the fasteners spin free in the clamping direction,
which makes them easy to assemble, and the break-loose torque is greater
than the seating torque.
However, once break-loose torque is exceeded, free-spinning washers

have no prevailing torque to prevent further loosening.
Prevailing-torque methods - Make use of increased friction between nut

and bolt. Metallic types usually have deformed threads or contoured thread
profiles
fil that
h jam
j the
h threads
h d on assembly. bl
Nonmetallic types make use of nylon or polyester insert elements that

produce interference fits on assembly.
p y
Chemical locking - Is achieved by coating the fastener with an adhesive

Special Fasteners
Locknuts
Are nuts with means for

gripping fastener to prevent
rotation
Same dimensions and

mechanical requirements as
a nut but with added feature
for locking
They are divided into 3

types free spinning,
types, spinning
prevailing torque and other
Prevailing-Torque Locknuts
Special Fasteners
Spin freely for a few turns, and then wrenched to final position.
The maximum holding and locking power is reached as soon as
the threads and the locking feature are engaged. Locking action
is maintained until the nut is removed. They are classified by
basic design principles:
1. p when the threads
Thread deflection causes friction to develop
are mated; thus the nut resists loosening.
2. The out-of-round top portion of the tapped nut grips the bolt
threads and resists rotation
rotation.
3. The slotted section of the locknut is pressed inward to provide a
spring frictional grip on the bolt.
4. Inserts, either nonmetallic or of soft metal, are plastically
deformed by the bolt threads to produce a frictional
interference fit.
5. A spring wire or pin engages the bolt threads to produce a
wedging or ratchet-locking action.
Special Fasteners
Free Spinning Lock nuts – spin freely on the bolt and additional tightening
locks the nuts.
It depends on force for locking action.
Not recommended for joints that relax through plastic deformation or for
fastening materials that may crack or crumble with force
Special Fasteners
Other types
Jam Nuts – thin nuts used under full sized nuts. The large nut will have
enough strength to elastically deform the threads of bolt and the jam nut.
nut –
Not used mainly because of 2 units and involves more assembly time.
Slotted nuts – usually have slots that receive a cotter pin that passes
through a hole drilled in the bolt to provide locking action
Single thread lock nuts – spring steel fasteners that can be applied swiftly.
Locking action is provided by the prongs engaging the threads. They are
used in small screw sizes (<
( 66mm)) and non-structural assembly
Special Fasteners
Locknut Applications
Special Fasteners
Captive or Self-Retaining Nuts
Captive or self-retaining nuts provide a permanent,
strong multiple-thread
strong, multiple thread fastener for use on thin
materials. They are especially good when there are
blind locations, and they can normally be attached
without
t out da
damaging
ag g finishes.
s es Methods
et ods oof attac
attaching
g
these types of nuts vary, and tools required for
assembly are generally uncomplicated and
inexpensive. The self-retained nuts are grouped
according to four means of attachment
Plate or anchor nuts: These nuts have mounting
lugs
g that can be riveted,, welded,, or screwed to the
part.
Caged nuts: A spring-steel cage retains a standard
nut The cage snaps into a hole or clips over an
nut.
edge to hold the nut in position
Special Fasteners
Captive or Self-Retaining Nuts
Clinch Nuts: Specially designed nuts

with pilot collars are clinched into
parent part with predrilled hole
Pierce Nuts: A similar to Clinch nuts,

but the holes are not predrilled in
the parent part, instead the nut
pierces its own hole
Special Fasteners
Inserts
Inserts are a special form of nut designed to serve the function of a

tapped hole in blind or through-hole locations
Special Fasteners
Sealing Fasteners
In some cases fasteners also provide sealing

2 approaches there
The fastener enters the sealed medium and are separately sealed
Uses a separate sealing element that is held in place by the clamping
force of the fastener
Special Fasteners
Sealing
Fasteners
Fasteners for wood, light metal etc.
Self Tapping Screws
Cut or form their own mating
g threads on the
drilled hole
One piece fastener, fast assembly and can be
used where access is limited to one side
As the mating thread fits exactly with the self
tapping screw, no clearance is required
This keeps the screws tight
They are case hardened and can be
driven tightly and have a relatively high
torsional strength
Self drilling tapping holes have their own
sharp point which eliminates need for
drilling or punching, but require power
screw driver to drive
Fasteners for wood, light metal etc.
Special Tapping Screws
Self captive
p screws and double thread combinations for limited drive
They have coarse pitch starting thread (similar to type B) finer pitch
thread farther along the shank
Self tapping screws with

pre assembled washers for
providing seal are available
in variety of styles

Lecture 06 (Compatibility Mode) PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture 06 (Compatibility Mode) PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MECH 313 Engineering

Drawing & Design

 Detailed and Schematic Thread Representation

 Common Threaded Fasteners

 Fasteners for Light Gage Metal, Plastic, and Wood

 Parts with counterbores, spotfaces are a direct result of

 In this lecture, the emphasis will be on how the threaded

 Types of threaded fasteners available, and related

 Fastening devices are important in construction of

 A favorite cost-reducing method, standardization, not only

 The helix of a square thread is shown in

 ISO Metric is the most common of all

 Inch & Metric have same proportion

 Knuckle thread is rolled or cast

 Square and Acme threads are

 Buttress thread takes pressure on

 In Engineering drawing true representation

 There are three types of conventions to

 Simplified representation is used, if it gives

 Detailed representation is done while

 Schematic is the same as detailed but easy

 If it is not stated in the drawing, it is

 Some special cases (where the

 If Left hand threads are necessary it

 If it is not stated in the drawing, it is always

 Single thread has a single ridge in the form of

 Double thread has 2 ridges in the form of 2

 Triple thread has 3 ridges in the form of 3 helices

 Multiple threads are required when small rotation

 Thread crests, except in hidden

American Standard thread convention

ISO Standard thread convention

 Here the pitch is equal to the 1/No of

 Based on the No of threads per inch for a

 For external threads the classes are 1A, 2A, and 3A

 Each class have specific characteristic and used in different situations

 These classes are designed for the ordinary good grade of

 These classes are intended for exceptionally high-grade commercial

 In drawing it is designated in the following order; φ with 3-4 decimal places -

 Based on the diameter-pitch

 This series is intended for use in general engineering work and

Fine Thread Series

 For general used when thread finer than coarse thread is

 In comparison with a coarse-thread screw, the fine-thread screw

 A fit of a screw is the amount of clearance when internal and external

 For example, grade 4 tolerances are smaller than grade 6 tolerances,

 Grade 6 tolerances should be used for medium-quality length-of-

 Tolerance grades above grade 6 are intended for coarse quality

 In addition to the tolerance grade, a positional tolerance is

 For external threads:

 Tolerance position e (large allowance)

 Tolerance position g (small allowance)

 Tolerance position h (no allowance)

 For internal threads:

 Tolerance position G (small allowance)

 Tolerance position H (no allowance)

 ISO metric threads are defined in the

 A 10-mm diameter, 1.5 pitch, coarse-thread

 If the latter thread were 25 mm long and this

 A complete designation for an ISO metric

 The tolerance class designation is

 Each of these symbols consists of a

 For external threads, the length of thread may be

Detailed and Schematic Thread Representation

Common Threaded Fasteners

Fasteners for Light Gage Metal, Plastic, and Wood

Parts with counterbores, spotfaces are a direct result of

In this lecture, the emphasis will be on how the threaded

Types of threaded fasteners available, and related

Fastening devices are important in construction of

A favorite cost-reducing method, standardization, not only

The helix of a square thread is shown in

ISO Metric is the most common of all

Inch & Metric have same proportion

Knuckle thread is rolled or cast

Square and Acme threads are

Buttress thread takes pressure on

In Engineering drawing true representation

There are three types of conventions to

Simplified representation is used, if it gives

Detailed representation is done while

Schematic is the same as detailed but easy

If it is not stated in the drawing, it is

Some special cases (where the

If Left hand threads are necessary it

If it is not stated in the drawing, it is always

Single thread has a single ridge in the form of

Double thread has 2 ridges in the form of 2

Triple thread has 3 ridges in the form of 3 helices

Multiple threads are required when small rotation

Thread crests, except in hidden

Here the pitch is equal to the 1/No of

Based on the No of threads per inch for a

For external threads the classes are 1A, 2A, and 3A

Each class have specific characteristic and used in different situations

These classes are designed for the ordinary good grade of

These classes are intended for exceptionally high-grade commercial

In drawing it is designated in the following order; φ with 3-4 decimal places -

Based on the diameter-pitch

This series is intended for use in general engineering work and

For general used when thread finer than coarse thread is

In comparison with a coarse-thread screw, the fine-thread screw

A fit of a screw is the amount of clearance when internal and external

For example, grade 4 tolerances are smaller than grade 6 tolerances,

Grade 6 tolerances should be used for medium-quality length-of-

Tolerance grades above grade 6 are intended for coarse quality

In addition to the tolerance grade, a positional tolerance is

For external threads:

Tolerance position e (large allowance)

Tolerance position g (small allowance)

Tolerance position h (no allowance)

For internal threads:

Tolerance position G (small allowance)

Tolerance position H (no allowance)

ISO metric threads are defined in the

A 10-mm diameter, 1.5 pitch, coarse-thread

If the latter thread were 25 mm long and this

A complete designation for an ISO metric

The tolerance class designation is

Each of these symbols consists of a

For external threads, the length of thread may be

The length given is to be the minimum length of

For threaded holes that go all the way through

If no depth is given, the hole is assumed to go all

For threaded holes that do not go all the way

The chamfer or the undercut sizes

A comparison of metric and

Pipe is universally used in inch

Nominal diameter and wall

While calling for size of the

When calling a pipe for a thread

Close approximation of how

The form is simplified by helices

The threads are represented by

The pitch is generally

Establish the pitch and half pitch, add crest lines

Locate the root dia and add the V profile (60°)

Add one side of remaining Vs, and then the

Complete the root lines

Note that the depth of the square thread

Step 1 - Establish spaces equal to P /2

Step 2 - Add the crest lines

Step 3 - Add the root lines, as shown