Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Major Building Parts
Superstructure
Substructure
Foundation
Footing
Definition
3. Ground water
4. Underground defects
Depth and location of foundation
New Footing
In general, deeper the foundations and
closer to the old structure, greater will 450 Existing
be the potential for damage to old Limit for bottom of Footing
structures. deeper Footing
Primary Factors Affecting
Foundation Choice
Subsurface soil
Structural requirements
Secondary Factors Affecting Foundation Choice
Types of Foundation
Shallows Foundations
Deep Foundations
Shallows Foundations
Shallow foundations are generally where the founding depth (Df) is less than the
width of the footing and less than 3m. Shallow foundations are used when
surface soils are sufficiently strong and stiff to support the imposed loads;
they are generally unsuitable in weak or highly compressible soils, such as
poorly-compacted fill, peat, recent lacustrine and alluvial deposits, etc.
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Footing
Definition
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Types of Footings
Combined Footing
Usually support two columns, or three columns not in a row.
Combined footings are used when tow columns are so close that
single footings cannot be used or when one column is located at or
near a property
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Types of Footings
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Types of footings
Continuous footings
Support a row of three or more columns. They have limited
width and continue under all columns.
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Types of footings
Mat (Raft) footings (Thickened slabs)
Consists of one footing usually placed under the entire building
area. They are used, when soil bearing capacity is low, column
loads are heavy single footings cannot be used, piles are not used
and differential settlement must be reduced.
Raft foundations are used to spread the load from a structure over a
large area, normally the entire area of the structure. They are
used when column loads or other structural loads are close
together and individual pad foundations would interact.
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A raft foundation normally consists of a concrete slab which
extends over the entire loaded area. It may be stiffened by
ribs or beams incorporated into the foundation.
Raft foundations have the advantage of reducing differential
settlements as the concrete slab resists differential movements
between loading positions. They are often needed on soft or
loose soils with low bearing capacity as they can spread the
loads over a larger area.
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Mat (Raft) footings (Thickened slabs)
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Types of Foundation
Deep Foundations
Deep foundations are those with depths >3 m below finished
ground level. Deep foundations can be used to transfer the loading
to a deeper, more competent strata at depth if unsuitable soils are
present near the surface.
They are used when there are weak (“bad”) soils near the surface or
when loads are very high, such as very large skyscrapers. They
derive their support from deeper soils or bedrock
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Common Types of Deep Foundations
Pile foundations
Are relatively long, slender members that transmit foundation
loads through soil strata of low bearing capacity to deeper
soil or rock strata having a high bearing capacity. They are
used for economic, constructional or soil condition
considerations, when it is desirable to transmit loads to
strata beyond the practical reach of shallow foundations.
In addition to supporting structures, piles are also used to
anchor structures against uplift forces and to assist
structures in resisting lateral and overturning forces.
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Types of Foundation
Pile caps are thick slabs used to tie a group of piles together
to support and transmit column loads to the piles.
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Piers
Are foundations for carrying a heavy structural load which is
constructed in-situ in a deep excavation.
Caissons
Are a form of deep foundation which are constructed above
ground level, then sunk to the required level by excavating
or dredging material from within the caisson.
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Compensated foundations
Are deep foundations in which the relief of stress
due to excavation is approximately balanced by
the applied stress due to the foundation. The net
stress applied is therefore very small. A
compensated foundation normally comprises a
deep basement.
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Distribution of Soil Pressure
Soil pressure distribution in cohesionless soil. Soil pressure distribution in cohesive soil.
Design Considerations
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