3/22/2017

AGING OF THE ORGAN SYSTEMS CHANGE

• Life is a process of continual change.

• Age-related changes occur at many levels.
A.A.A.N.SUSRAINI – Biological level
CENTER FOR STUDY OF ANTI ANTI AGING MEDICINE
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY MEDICAL FACULTY
– Physiological level
UDAYANA UNIVERSITY/SANGLAH HOSPITAL – Psychological level
– Functional level
• During adulthood, there is a slow decline in function.
• Homeostasis is maintained at a level of decreased function.

FACTORS AFFECTING BIOLOGICAL AGING CELLULAR CHANGES

• Alterations of DNA, RNA, mitochondria and other sub-

cellular changes are seen with aging.

• This changes result in decreased cellular activities resulting in:

– altered homeostasis
– altered protein synthesis
– altered degradation rates

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EFFECT OF AGING ON BODY

SHORTENING OF TELOMERE
1. Endocrine
MECHANISM OF CELLULAR AGING 2. Cardiovascular
3. Brain and Nervous system
• Length of telomere is controlled by cells.
• Shortening of telomere decreases cell replication. It is proved by 4. Musculo skeletal system
experimental study by culture of fibroblast cells. 5. Respiratory system
• Fibroblast replication decreases until 50% shows the occurrence of 6. Vision
cell senescence.
• Aging of fibroblast cells occurs in all organs 7. Ear
8. Digestive Tract
9. Skin
10. Kidney
11 Reproductive system

1. ENDOCRINE CHANGES
2.HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS
With aging, some hormone levels decrease, those
are :
•Testosterone • Modest increase in left ventricular wall thickness (myocytes).
This is exaggerated with hypertension.
•Estrogen
• Slight enlargement of the left ventricular cavity
•Growth hormone
• Myocardial stiffness during contractions.
•Renin
• The walls of the heart are less compliant
•Aldosterone
•Triiodothyronin
•DHEA/DHEAS
These changes result in many signs, symptoms, and
complaints.

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BLOOD PRODUCTION ……

Thickening and calcification of heart and vessels occur.
– Cells become irregular in size and shape.
– By age 50, the aorta has thickened 40%
pulmonary and heart valves.
– By age 40 98% of aortas have some calcification
The amount of active bone marrow fewer blood cells are
produced.
Problems may occur when the need for blood cells is greatly
increased
For Example: anemia or an infection develops or bleeding occurs
bone marrow is less able to increase its production of blood
cells in response to the body’s needs.

3. BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM CENTRAL NERVUS SYSTEM

Neurons are extremely sensitive to oxygen deficiency.
Consequently, it is probable that neuron loss, as well as other
abnormalities observed in aging brains
Results not from aging itself but from disease: arteriosclerosis
that reduces the oxygen available to areas of the brain by reducing
the blood supply.
• Degeneration disease in cortex cerebri : alzeimer
• Degeneration disease in basal ganggle and pons:
Parkinson ds, Hutington ds.
• Degeneration disease in motor neuron : Amyotrophic lateral
sclerotic

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NEUROMUSCULAR CHANGES
4. MUSCULO SKELETAL
There is a decrease in the number of motor units, seen after
60 years. Osteoporosis a disease characterized by a loss of
calcium and minerals from bone, also increases with
– Motor neuron innervates more muscle fibers more
age.
come in distal muscle groups
The number and diameter of motor axons decreases. • It occurs more frequently in women after menopause
than in men.
– After 60, there is a reduction in spinal cord axons
• especially evident in the spinal column.
• Back pain is a primary symptom of the disease.

OSTEOPOROSIS IN AGING PROCESS

MUSCLES
Genetic Factor

• Blood flow to the muscles is decreased.

Physical Activity
MENOPOSE
• Decreased serum estrogen
• Increased IL-1, IL-6, TNF
levels
• Increased expression of RANK,
RANKL
• Increased osteoclast activity
PEAK BONE MASS Nutrition – Results in decreased endurance capacity.
– Capillary density decreases which makes less O2
available during muscle work.
AGING
• Decreased replicative
activity of osteoprogenitor
• Decreased Enzyme Activity
• Decreased synthetic
activity of osteoblast – Aerobic enzymes decrease resulting in
• Decreased biologic activity mitochondrial decay.
of matrix –bound growth

•
factors
Reduced physical activity
– Increased mitochondrial DNA deletions and
mitochondrial mutations appear.
OSTEOPOROSIS

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5. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.

Changes to the bones and muscles of the chest and
spine:
• Bones become thinner and change shape. This can change the
shape of the ribcage ribcage cannot expand and contract as
well during breathing.
• These changes in the bones and muscles may lower the oxygen
level in the body.
• Carbon dioxide may be removed from your body. Symptoms :
tiredness and shortness of breath can result.
Changes to the nervous.
• The part of the brain that controls breathing may
lose some of its function the lungs are not able
to get enough oxygen Not enough carbon
dioxide may leave the lungs Breathing may get
more difficult.
• Nerves in the airways that trigger coughing
become less sensitive. Large amounts of particles
like smoke or germs may collect in the lungs
hard to cough up.

Changes to the immune system: As a result of these changes older people are
• The immune system can get weaker the at increased risk for:
body is less able to fight lung infections and • Lung infections, such as pneumonia and
other diseases. bronchitis.
• The lungs are also less able to recover after • Shortness of breath
exposure to smoke or other harmful particles. • Low oxygen level
• Abnormal breathing patterns, resulting in
problems sleep apnea.

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7. EYES

As people age the following occur:

• Ptosis, wrinkling and loss of orbital fat
• The lens stiffens, making focusing on close objects
harder.
• The lens becomes denser, making seeing in dim light
harder.
• The lens yellows, changing the way colors are perceived.
• The pupil reacts more slowly to changes in light.
• The number of nerve cells decrease, impairing depth
perception.
• The eyes produce less fluid, making them feel dry.

8. EAR

• Aging effects all parts of the ear.

• The eardrum thickens
• The tiny bones in the middle ear stiffen
• Loss and breakage of hairs (cilia) in the inner
ear
• Nerve function decreases.
• The brain's ability to translate sound signals
slows down.

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9. DIGESTIVE TRACT

While it is true that the secretion by the stomach

As a result hearing may decline. due to aging
is called Presbycusis the most common
causes of hearing loss in men and women over
50.
of hydrochloric acid enzymes decreases with
age, the overall process of digestions not
significantly impaired in the elderly.
Sugar, proteins, vitamins, and minerals are
absorbed from the stomach and intestine as well
in the elderly as in the young.
Some investigations indicate a slight impairment
in fat absorption, but the reduction is probably
of little practical significance.

10. SKIN TISSUE

For women, the change in hormone levels, estrogen in
With aging, there is a decline in the level of sex particular, during menopause.
hormones :
- estrogen In addition to the skin's antioxidant defense, epidermal
- testosterone immune cells called Langerhans cells help protect the
- dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate skin by recognizing antigens (foreign substances) and
inducing antibody defense responses.
- growth hormone
These particular hormones have great influence on the
As observed in aging skin there is a reduced number of
skin. immune Langerhans cells affecting skin's ability to
ward off stressors or infection that may impact its
health.

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SKIN……..
SKIN AGING PROCESS.........
– The skin wrinkles, looses elasticity and a decline
• in cell replacement occurs.
– The skin tears and blisters easily.
– There is a loss of dermal thickness (20%)
especially in sun-damaged skin.
– Skin neoplasms (benign and malignant) increase.
– Vitamin D production declines.

11. KIDNEY

Two processes participate in the arterial lesions:

• Medial and intimal thickening, as a response to hemodynamic
changes, aging, genetic defects, or some combination of these.

• Hyaline deposition in arterioles, caused partly by extravasation

of plasma proteins through injured endothelium and partly by
increased deposition of basement membrane matrix

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NEPHROSCLEROSIS 12. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

DUE TO
Aging changes in the male reproductive system
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
• Aging changes in the male reproductive system testicular
tissue, sperm production, and erectile function. These changes
usually occur gradually.
• The tubes that carry sperm may become sclerosis. The testes
continue to produce sperm, but the rate of sperm cell production
slows.
• The epididymis, seminal vesicles, and prostate gland lose some
of their surface cells but continue to produce the fluid that helps
carry sperm.

Aging changes in the female reproductive

system

• Aging changes in the female reproductive system result

mainly from changing hormone level menopause.
Other changes :
• Vaginal walls become thinner, dryer, less elastic, and possibly
irritated Dyspareunia.
• Risk of vagina yeast infection increases.
• The external genital tissue decreases and thins, and can
become irritated.

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