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LIPIDS  HYDROLYSIS
 Fats are being degraded to glycerol & 3
General Structure: molecules of fatty acids
 Not polymers  Through water & acid or enzyme (LIPASE)
 AMPHIPHATIC – polar & non-polar ends  SAPONIFICATION
 Very small structures o Reacting triglycerides with an alkaline solution
will produce SOAP
Major Types:  WAXES
 FATTY ACIDS o Add alcohol to long chain of fatty acids
o Simplest form of lipid o Heads are less hydrophilic
o Has an acid group that serves as the polar end/hydrophilic o Beeswax – also includes some free alcohol and
end ( -COOH) *acid head* fatty acids
o Has a non-polar end/ hydrophobic end (-R) *hydrocarbon o Spermaceti – contains cetyl palmitate (from
tail* whale oil) that is useful for pharmaceuticals
o Rarely found in large amounts (creams/ointments; tableting and granulation)
o Types: o Carnauba wax – from a palm tree from brazil
 SATURATED FATTY ACIDS that is a hard wax used on
 Do not have double bonds o cars and boats
 Fit closely in regular pattern o simple esters of fatty acids (usually saturated
 UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS with long chain monohydric alcohols)
 Has one or more double bonds  MEMBRANE FORMING LIPIDS
 Double bonds in fatty acids are in Cis o Functions to form cell membrane
configuration (naturally occurring) o Has a polar head and a non-polar tail
 Forms a kink o Lipid components of a cell membrane
 NATURALLY OCCURRING FATTY ACIDS o Types:
 Cis configuration  GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS
 Even numbered  a.k.a. PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES
o Naming:  Has a phosphate group and the form
 Common name depends on the R3
 Systematic name  SPHINGOLIPIDS
 Formula  Contains SPHINGOSINE – an amino
 Symbol alcohol
 8 – # of carbons present
 1 – # of double bonds present SPHINGOSINE + F.A. = CERAMIDE
 c – Cis form
 3 – carbon where double CERAMIDE + PHOSPHOCHOLINE = SPHINGOMYELIN
bond is
 GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS

8:1c3 Sugar + ceramide =
CEREBROSIDE
 STEROLS/STEROIDS
 FATS (TRIGLYCERIDES/TRIACYLGLYCEROL) o Male/female
o Storage form of fat in the body hormones
o Formed by combining 3 fatty acids plus a o Bile acids
glycerol compound (attaches close to the head) o Vitamin D
o Linked by ESTER BONDS (triacylglycerol) o Adrenal
o Liberates 3 molecules of water Corticosteroids
o TRIACYLGLYCEROL o Cholesterol
 Long Hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids o Fat soluble
 Mixture of saturated & unsaturated fat vitamins:
 Greater concentration of unsaturated tend to be in  VIT A
liquid form  VIT D2
 Greater concentration of saturated tend to be in solid  VIT E
form  VIT K
o Function:
 Energy storage Key biological functions of LIPIDS:
 Heat production  Structural components of cell membranes
o 1g of protein = 4 cal  Energy storage
o 1g of fat = 9 cal  Participate in signaling pathways
o REACTIONS OF TRIGLYCERIDES  Form part of membranes
 HYDROGENATION  Vitamins have regulatory or coenzyme functions
 Occurs in unsaturated fat  Control of body’s homeostasis
 Unsaturated compound reacts with H2
 Ni or Pt catalyst Structural components of membranes:
 C=C bonds -> C-C bonds  Main component of biological membranes
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 Plasma membrane and intracellular membranes of organelles  Co transport – 2 molecules same direction
 Separates cell into compartments  Counter transport – 2 molecules in different
 Glycerophospholipids are used direction
 Amphipathic
 Contain a glycerol core linked to 2 fatty acid derived tails Ficks Law of diffusion – express the factors affecting velocity and
rate of diffusion

Intracellular signaling: Rate = Concentration Gradient + Surface Are + Solubility

 Lipid signals may occur via activation of nuclear receptors Thickness * molecular thickness
 Stimulates transcription/translation of proteins
 Examples : Diacylglycerol (DAG), phosphatidylinositol Greater Conc. Grad. = faster rate of diffusion
phosphate (PIP), and prostaglandins (function during
inflammation and immunity) Greater Surface Area = faster rate of diffusion
 Steroid hormones such as estrogen, testosterone and cortisol
have effects on reproduction, metabolism and blood pressure Greater Solubility = faster rate of diffusion

Fat soluble vitamins – stored in liver & fatty tissues Greater Thickness = slower rate of diffusion

Acyl Carnitines – transport and metabolism of fatty acids Greater Surface Area = slower rate of diffusion

Polyprenols – transports oligosaccharides across membranes Diffusion – is the random molecular movement of substances
molecule by molecule, either
Cardiolipins – activate enzymes involved in oxidative through intermolecular spaces in the membrane or in combination
phosphorylation with a carrier
protein.The energy that causes diffusion is the energy
Membrane Transport of the normal kinetic motion of matter.
 Types: • Concentration gradient - the greater the conc gradient, the
 Passive - high pressure to low pressure greater the rate of diffusion
 Simple diffusion – high to low concentration gradient • Surface Area - the greater the surface area, the greater the
because of random molecule rate.
 Osmosis – H20 high to low concentration gradient  Exercise - opens additional pulmonary capillaries,
because of semi-permeable membrane increasing surface area for exchange
 Facilitated diffusion - high to low concentration  Emphysema - decreases the surface area for exchange
gradient because of protein channels • Solubility in the membrane or permeability - the more
o rate of transportation - a substance is soluble the substance, the faster it will diffuse. CO2 is more
transported more rapidly than it would be by soluble than O2.
diffusion (only for that substance! w/c cannot • Thickness of the membrane - the thicker the membrane,
readily diffuse through a membrane the slower the rate of diffusion (e.g>fibrosis)
o saturation kinetics - as the concentration of the • MW - not imp. clinically
substance initially increases on one side of the
membrane, the transport rate will increase
o Chemical specificity - to be transported, the
substance must have a certain chemical structure
o Competition for carrier - substances of similar
structure may compete for the same transporter
 Active – low to high (against a concentration gradient)
needs ATP for transport
 Primary Active Transport
o Low to high w/ ATP
o Sodium Potassium ATP pump
o is consumed directly by the transporting protein,
the transporting protein has ATPase activity
 Secondary Active Transport
o low to high but depends on the other channel
o Cannot directly utilize ATP
o Sodium Calcium ATP pump
o depends indirectly on ATP as a source of energy,
on ATP utilized by the Na/K ATPase pump
(always powered by the Na/K pump in the basal
membrane)
o depends upon luminal sodium, is stimulated by
luminal sodium (via increased sodium gradient),
is linked to the uptake of sodium

o 2 layers: