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    Gate preparatory notes for geo-technical engineering

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    Gate preparatory notes for geo-technical engineering

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    50 views24 pages

    Geotechnical Notes

    Uploaded by

    Mashudha Sulthana
    Gate preparatory notes for geo-technical engineering

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 24
    1. Soils are formed by weathering of rocks and decomposition of organic matter, ‘There fore, soils may be organic or inorganic (depends on source of origin). Organic soils are called ‘Cumulose soils’. Examples: Peat, Humus, muck etc Geological Cycle: Weathering of rocks ~ ‘Transportation ~ Deposition — Upheaval. 2. Types of weathering: (a) Physical (b) Chemical 3. Physical weathering : * It is due to physical effects like temperature, abrasion wedging action of ice, penetration of plant roots ete. 5. Sedimentary Physical weathering results in no change in chemical composition of particles. It produces coarse grained and _non cohesive soils, Examples: Gravel, Sands. | Chemical weathering : It is due to chemical actions like oxidation, hydration, carbonation, solution, leaching, hydrolysis etc., Original rock minerals are transformed into clay minerals. It results in fine grained and cohesive soils. Examples: Clays. These soil particles created at one location, transported and finally deposited in another location.” Source of ee Type of soll River Alluvial soils Lakes Lacustrine soils (IES’96) Sea Marine soils Wind Aeolian soils (GATE’95), Example: Sand dunes, Loess Gravitation Colluvial soils, Example: Talus. | Glacier eer ate (ECR) it at ipl Petre Hee Lao Pana Chena Vida Vig Dict Ew 6. Percentage air voids (n,): n= [¥}x100 Lv © fora saturated soil, n= 0 and * fora dry soil, n,=n © Range: 0 0 * Some times it can be greater than 100% 8. Bulk unit weight of soil (y): __total We. Total vol. of soil = WV WotWe v Vv 9. Dry unit weight of soil (ya): __We of solids _ Ws total vol. ofsoil V Ye 10. Unit weight of solids (7): , . Wtof solids _ Ws “Vol. of solids V, * While y, is constant for a given soil the yg 1s not constant. urated unit weight (Y ; «Iris bulk unit weight when soil is funy saturated «Tt is also equal to total weight of soi when fully saturated per unit of total volume. 12, Submerged unit weight (ya OF 2”) «It is the submerged weight of soil solids per unit of total volume of soil. = Yet — Yow * It is based on Archimedes principle. 13. Specific Gravity of soil solids or soil(G or G,): @ It is the ratio of weight of a given volume of soil solids at a given temperature to the weight of an equal volume of distilled water at that temperature. Ys Yw * As per IS code standard temperature for measuring G is 27°C, For a given soil, G remains constant, Generally G_ for inorganic soils lies between 2.60 - 2.85. oe 14, Apparent or Mass or Bulk specific gravity of soil: 1 for partially saturated soil Yw Js for dry soil Yw Se ideraba Deli Bhopal Pune Bhubaneswar Bengaluru Lacknow [Paina Chena . A Bison 1 & Propenics of Soils 05. The void ratio of the soil is Classroom Practice Questions (a) 135 iGo LRG (©) 2.25 (@) 2.65 Defi OL. In a wet soil mass, air occupies one-sixth of its volume and water occupies one-third of its | 6. The degree of saturation of the soil is oun The void ratio of the soil is (a) 45.6% (b) 65.6% oe (b) 0.5 ” ‘y (©) 1.00 @ ia (©) 76.45% (4) 83.45% A soil has a bulk density of 1.80g/cc at a | Common data for Questions 07 & 08 water content of 5%, If the void ratio remains constant, then it bulk density for a water | ‘ Soil isto be excavated from a borrow pit which content of 10% will be has a density of 1.75 glee and w.c of 12 %. The (a) 1.98g/e0 (b) 1.80p/cc soil is compacted to that water content of 18 % (0) 1.70g/ee (4) 1. 88g/ec and dry density of 1.65 gice, For 1000m° of soit 03.1A sampler with a volume of 45 em? is filled |” meee i Srame with a dry’ soil sample. When the soil is poured into a graduated cylinder, it displaces es wes Aan asne 4 ane pit, in m Soa! of water, What is the void ratio of the (ay 1060 (b) 1056 soil (ESE-1998) (a) 0.50 (b) 0.44 (©) 945, (a) 940 (©) 0.65 (a) 0.80 (08) Amount of water to be added in tonsis 04. If a soil sample of weight 0.18 kg having @1.6 AO Gc af ae a volume of 10 cum and dry unit weight of OS Aa 1600 kg / m* is mixed with 0.02 kgs of water. Then the final water content in the sample | 09. For constructing an embankment the soil is will be (ESE-1999) transported from a borrow area using a truck (a) 30% (b) 25% which can carry 6 m® of soil at a time, The (©) 20% (4) 25% details are as follows. (GATE-1989) Common data for Questions 05 & 06 ‘The weight of an undried specimen of clay was 34.62 gm. The oven dry weight of the sample was 20.36 gm. Before oven drying, the specimen was immersed in mercury and the soil volume found to be 24.66 cc. Assume G=2.68. (ERAN) 7 The number of truckloads of soil required to obtain 100 m’ of compacted earth fill is (a) 12 nos, (b) 56 nos. (©) 25 nos, (d) 33 nos, 10, A sheet of water of thickness | m wailable to fill the voids of cohesionless soil to a degree of saturation of 80%, The soil has a void ratio of 0.5, Find the thickness of s layer required to accommodate this amount of water (GATE-1995) (a) 1.5m. (b) 2.2m, (©) 3.75m (d) none Common data for Questions 11 & 12 A cube of dried clay having sides Sem long, weighs 135 g, The same cube of soil, when saturated at unchanged volume, weighs 195g. 11. The specific gravity of the soil is (a) 2.65 (b) 1.95 (0)2.74 (2.07 12. The void ratio of the soil is (a) 0.45 (b) 1.08 (c) 0.92 (d) 0.64 ‘A clayey soil has natural moisture content of 15.8% The sp. gr. of soil is 2.72. Its saturation percentage is 70.8%. The soil is allowed to soak up water, After some time the saturation increases to 90.8%, The water content of the soil in latter case, in % is___ 7 (‘) sandy soil has a saturated density of 2.08 K/ g/cc. When it is allowed to drain the density is reduced to 1.84 g/cc and the volume remains constant, If the grain specific gravity is 2.70, what will be the quantity of water that will drain from a layer of the sand 2.2 m thick in litres/m? O1.(c) 02.(d) 03.(d) 04. (b) 05. (c) 06. (d) 07.(b) O8.(c) O9.(c) 10. (c) U.(d) 12.(c) 13. Ans: 20.26 14. Ans: 528 Hyer Delhi Bhopal |Pune| Bhubaneswar Bengaluru |Lacknow Patna| Chennai Vijayawada Vizag (Tirupati |Gontur| Kukatpel Soil Structures and if Clay Mineralogy Bi B OL. Soil Structure: 04, Honey ~ Comb Structure + It is a geometrical arrangement of soil particles in a soil mass. - + The behaviour of soil depends on the soil structure. 02. Important types of structures: Depending upon the particle size and mode of formation the following are important types: (a) Single grained (b) Honey-comb (©) Flocculated (4) Dispersed (c) Composite Structure 03, Single grained Structures : © Itis present in soils like gravel and sand S5e888 Loosest packing If particles are assumed as spheres, the loosest and densest packaging are shown in the figures. BEEEED Densest packing The void ratio for the loosest state is 0.91, and the void ratio for the densest state is 0.35 when the particles are assumed as perfect spheres. Present in fine sands or silts ‘© under vibrations and shocks, the structure collapses and large deformation takes place. 05. Flocculated Structure * =n Pe ‘¢ Ttoceurs in clays. * Formed when there is a net attractive force between particles, © Edge to face orientation. high shear strength, compressibility, high permeability. ++ Clay particle « Has low 06. Dispersed Structure: eee Caeser: een es, SS eee eee | rece if arene wont meme | ee ed ee 01. Soil Structure: * It is a geometrical arrangement of soil particles in a soil mass. The behaviour of soil depends on the soil structure, 02. Important types of structures: Depending upon the particle size and mode of formation the following are important types: (a) Single grained (b) Honey-comb (c) Flocculated (d) Dispersed (©) Composite Structure 03. Single grained Structures : © Itis present in soils like gravel and sand Sees Loosest packing «If particles are assumed as spheres, the loosest and densest packaging are shown in the figures. SEES Densest packing © The void ratio for the loosest state is 0.91, and the void ratio for the densest state is 0.35 when the particles are assumed as perfect spheres. Soil Structures and Clay Mineralogy 04, Honey - Comb Structure : + Present in fine sands or silts ‘¢ under vibrations and shocks, the structure collapses and large deformation takes place. 05. Flocculated Structure ; og ++ c _ chy particle RYE 4 © Itoccurs in clays, © Formed when there is a net attractive force between particles. Edge to face orientation, * Has high shear strength, low compressibility, high permeability, 06. Dispersed Structure: ammo 1nd hE sey Occurs in remoulded clays. -¢ orientation, © Face to is net repulsive force © Formed when the between particles @ Has low shear stre compressibility and low perm different type of particles, 07, When soil cont ‘Composite Structure’ is formed. 08. Remoulding: Remoulding causes a loss of strength in cohesive soils. 09. Thixotropy: The phenomenon of regaining rength with the passage of time, with of lost no change in water content, is known as “thixotropy’. 10. Clay Mineralogy : © In Gravel and sands par, Mica ete. are present. rock minerals like quartz, * In Clays, clay minerals are present. ‘© Important clay minerals are Kaolinite, lite, Montmorillonite, Halloysite ete, 11. Kaolinite: oss Stable mineral © Causes no swelling and no shrinkage Present predominantly in china clay. Geotechnical Engineering sium ions elling and shrinkage © exhibits medium sw' 13. Montmorillonite : SS ote molecules swelling and large © exhibits large shrinkage © highest percentage is present in Bentonite followed by Black cotton soils 14, Halloysite: Behaviour is similar to kaolinite 15. Diffuse Double layer and adsorbed water : + Water molecules: OOO particle (O ° Diffused double layer ' ' I chy | 1 1 t ' eid Layer Layer Sarin Double Layer CesT ET ty he Wr Bei Pa Cha Win rd: Soil Structures & Clay Mineralogy * The layer on the clay surface upto the | 16. Specific Surface Area: limit of attraction due to electrical forces, © It is the total surface area of soil particles is known as ‘Diffuse Double layer’ The water held in the zone of diffuse double layer is known as “adsorbed water”. Present on clay particles only because of the net electrical charge present on the clay particles, water gets attracted and forms a bond adsorbed water imparts plasticity to the clay. Kerosene being non polar liquid does not cause plasticity to the clay. per unit weight or per unit volume of soil. Finer the soil, higher the specific surface area. Montmorillonite clay mineral has largest specific surface area (about 800 m’/gm) ————e O inaex Properties of Soils 1. Index properties : © These are the properties useful for classification and identification of soils. * Also give rough estimation of Engineering properties of soils. Example: Particle size distribution and relative density for coarse grained soils and istency limits for fine grained soils. 2. Engineering properties : These are the _ properties engineering applications. Examples: Permeability, Compressibility and shear strength. useful for 3. Shape of particles: Engineering properties of coarse grained soil depends on shape of particles 4. Particle size distribution : * Sieve analysis is used for coarse grained soils. * Wet sieve analysis is suitable if soil contains fines. * Sedimentation analysis or wet analysis is used for fine grained soils, finer than 75. size. Sedimentation analysis is Stoke’s law. * Stoke's law is valid only if the size of the based on particle is between 0.2mm and 0.2. (CCRT) yt ets Boral Pe Reto Benak Pa Chal Vids Vios [Tapa Guma) ay 5, Stoke’s Law: Terminal velocity, V, (or) p. gravity of soil particles d= diameter of particle +1.= unit weight of particle 11= dynamic viscosity of water =kinematic viscosity of water =1/p 5.1 Approximate version of Stoke’s Law: vs = 900 d* Where, V = velocity, in mm/see d = Diameter of particle, in mm. Examplel. For a particle of diameter 75 H, what will be the terminal velocity ? Sol: v, = 900 d? 75 w=75 x 10° mm Vs = 900 x (75 x 10°)? ¥. ~5.0 mm/s 5.2 Laboratory methods: * Pipette method is the standard sedimentation method used in laboratory. Itis an accurate method. Wet Finsn er kh. ae Index Properties of Soils Dispersion solution containing 33g of the sodium hexametaphosphate and 7g. of sodium carbonate in distilled water to make one litre of solution. The process of removal organic matter and calcium compounds is known as pretreatment. ‘The hydrometer method of sedimentation analysis differs from the pipette analysis in the method of taking observations only. gives an. idea about type of soil and gradation of soil. Well graded soil: Soil contains good representation of particles of all sizes. Gap graded. soil: Excess of certain particles and deficiency of others. Uniformly graded soil: Most of the particles are of the same size. For coarse grained soils sizes Dio, Dao and Dj are important. 5.3 Corrections to hydrometer reading : 7. Effective size (or) effective diameter (D, . us correction Cm is always Expressed in ‘mm’ It means, only 10% of positive. particles are finer than this size. Dispersing agent correction Cy is always negative. Temperature correction is positive when greater than 27°C and negative when less than 27°C. ‘The hydrometer readings increase on the downward direction towards the hydrometer bulb. Reading is taken corresponding to the upper level of the meniscus. 8. Coefficient of uniformity(C,)+ Doo/ Dio It is a measure of particle size range. It is always greater than or equal to 1. A soil is called uniformly graded if Cy lies between 1 and 2. For a well graded gravel, Cy must be greater than 4. ‘Where as for a well graded sand, Cy must be greater than 6. bs 2 2 o_ Gumelert afenrrstara(cy T= ” 9% finer Uniformly graded DaxDio “ ‘ii # Itrepresents shape of particle size curve. e For well graded soils, C, lies between Gap graded land 3. ¢ For uniformly graded soils, C. 10, Relative density (or) Density index (Ip) : © Most important for coarse grained soils. «Indicates relative compactness of soils. [CATR

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