Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lecture - Science 7
Lecture - Science 7
CHEMISTRY
METALS - They are characterized by bright luster, hardness, ability to resonate sound and are excellent
conductors of heat and electricity. Metals are solids under normal conditions except for Mercury.
NON METALS - They are non-lustrous, brittle and poor conductors of heat and electricity. Non-metals can be
gases, liquids or solids.
Physical State: Most of the non-metals exist in two of the three states of matter at room
temperature.
Non-Malleable and Ductile: Non-metals are very brittle, and cannot be rolled into wires or pounded
into sheets.
Conduction: They are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
Luster: These have no metallic luster and do not reflect light.
Melting and Boiling Points: The melting points of non-metals are generally lower than metals, but
are highly variable.
METALLOIDS - Metalloids have properties intermediate between the metals and nonmetals. It is a much poorer
conductor of heat and electricity than the metals. The physical properties of metalloids tend to be metallic, but
their chemical properties tend to be non-metallic.
II. SOLUTIONS
There is a solution in the first beaker (as it is transparent), even though it is colored red.
Milk (second beaker) contains water + fat. The fat has not completely dissolved in the liquid as it is cloudy
(Colloid)
Flour is insoluble. This is why it settles at the bottom (stirring makes it go cloudy, but eventually the flour particles
settle to the bottom) (Suspension)
ACIDS
pH less than 7
Neutralizes bases
Corrosive-reacts with most metals to form hydrogen gas
Good conductors of electricity
Tastes Sour
Common Acids
Hydrochloric- stomach acid
Sulfuric acid - car batteries
Nitric acid – explosives
Acetic acid – vinegar
Carbonic acid – sodas
Phosphoric acid -flavorings
BASES
pH greater than 7
Feels slippery
Tastes Bitter
Neutralizes acids
Conducts Electricity
Common Bases
Sodium hydroxide (LYE) soaps, drain cleaner
Magnesium hydroxide - antacids
Aluminum hydroxide - antacids, deodorants
Ammonium hydroxide - “ammonia”
SALTS
Composed of the negative ion of an acid and the positive ion of a base.
Are the product of a reaction between an acid and a base, along with water.
Examples: KCl, NaCl,
III. ENERGY, FORCE & MOTION
POTENTIAL ENERGY
The energy stored in an object.
"Potential" simply means the energy has the ability to do something useful later on.
The higher an object, the more potential energy.
The more mass an object has, the more potential energy it has.
KINETIC ENERGY
The energy of a moving object.
"Kinetic" means movement.
When stored energy is being used up, it is making things move.
The faster the object moves, the more kinetic energy is produced.
The greater the mass and speed of an object, the more kinetic energy there will be.
REMEMBER:
An object has the MOST kinetic energy when its movement is the GREATEST.
When an object has the LEAST potential energy, it has the MOST kinetic energy.
FORCE
The push or pull on an object with mass that causes it to change velocity (to accelerate).
Represents as a vector, which means it has both magnitude and direction.
MOTION
When an object changes position over time when compared with a reference point we say that the object
is in motion.
SPEED
The rate at which an object moves.
Depends on distance travelled and the time it takes to travel that distance.
ACCELERATION
The rate at which velocity changes.
To change velocity (change speed or direction or both)
It is not just how much velocity changes, but it is also how fast it changes.
The faster velocity changes, the greater the acceleration is.