*

*A PRACTICAL HAND BOOK

ON SKILL ACQUISITION
(TOILETRIES AND
BEVERAGES)
by
EZEKIEL E PRINCE
------------------------------

Bookshops can order this book

from the following email or
mobile numbers:
princeglobal@gmail.com
09092125124
and

08052532007.

Second Edition

1
 Volume 1

Copyright (c) 2013 Ezekiel E.

Prince
All rights reserved. Apart from
any fair dealing for purposes of
private
study, research, review
or criticism, no part may be
reproduced by any process
without permission
in writing from the
Author.
ISBN 978 - 978 - 49654 - 1 - 5
Printed by:
OPEOLU PRINTS
A PRACTICAL HAND BOOK
ON SKILL ACQUISITION.
(TOILETRIES AND

2
 BEVERAGES)
------------------------------

E-COPY

CHAPTER ONE
LIQUID WASHING SOAP (LIQUID DETERGENT)
This chapter deals with liquid washing soap,
Hair Washing Shampoo and Liquid Air freshener.
Liquid soap as the name implies, is soap in liquid form.
It is a cleansing agent and it is a multipurpose cleanser.
Liquid soap is also known as liquid detergent. It has
the ability to emulsify oils and hold dirt in suspension.
Liquid detergents (Soap) share same properties with
solid detergents. A detergent is expected to consist of
the surface-active agents or ingredients, which are the
essential ingredients and subsidiary ingredients
(supplementing ingredients).
In all detergents, the surface-active agent forms the
most important part of the detergent. All the ingredients

3
needed in the production of liquid soap (liquid
detergents) will be listed later.

USES OF LIQUID DETERGENT (LIQUID SOAP)

As it has been said, liquid detergent (soap) is a
multipurpose cleanser. It can be used daily for:
1. Cleaning dishes
2. Cleaning the floor
3. Cleaning window panes
4. Cleaning the washroom (bathroom)
5. Washing of hands after meals
6. Laundry (In the same way as commercially made
detergents powder) etc.

PLACES LIQUID DETERGENTS (SOAP) CAN BE USED

Liquid detergents (soap) can be used in the following
places
1. Eateries or restaurants
2. Offices
3. Hotel
4. Banks
5. School
6. Bakeries and
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7. Our homes

PRODUCTION OF LIQUID DETERGENT

Production of liquid detergents (soap) involves a
simple combination of some chemicals (Ingredients) in the
right proportion to get a solution (product) called liquid
detergent (soap).
No special scientific knowledge is actually required
to engage in liquid soap production. That is, anybody
from any field can produce liquid detergent (soap). No
special machine is also required to start up the liquid
detergent production for home use or commercial
purpose.
However, as time goes on and the scale of production
increases, the producer might decide to acquire a
special packaging machine or think of getting any useful
machine for production.

THE CHEMICALS (MATERIALS) REQUIRED FOR 20

LITRES

5
1. Nitrosol/Antisol or C.M.S...........................1 tin milk
cup (very full).
2. Sulphonic acid..............1 litre
3. Caustic soda................3 spoons
4. Soda ash...................1 tin milk cup
5. Texapon...........................5-6 teaspoonfuls
6. Formaline........................2-4 teaspoonfuls (optional, if
product can be used within 6months)
7. Perfume(Fragrance).........to taste (as desired).
8. SLS. (Sodium lauryl sulphate)..........................5-6
teaspoonfuls
9. S.T.P.P (sodium Tripolyphosphate).............5-6
teaspoonfuls
10. Colorant.................as desired
11. Water........................19 litres
THE APPARATUS (TOOLS) NEEDED
1. Containers
2. Hand gloves
3. Nose mask
4. Stirring rod (Turning Stick)

6
 METHOD OF PREPARATION
1. Dissolve the caustic soda with 1 litre of water and
allow to stay for 30 minutes to 1hr or over night
2. Dissolve soda ash in 1 litre of water and allow to
stay for 30min/hr or overnight.
3. Get your sulphonic acid, pour inside an empty bowl,
and add your perfume (fragrance) to it and the
texapoon, then add like 8 litres of water and stir
very well for about 5 - 10 minutes.
4. Dissolve the SLS with 2 tin milk cups of water
5. Dissolve the STPP with 2 tin milk cups of water also
6. Get the Nitrosol but if it is C.M.C you’re using, make
sure it is dissolved 2 days to the preparation of the
soap with 5-7 litres of water. If you are using
Nitrosol, it's used instantly (as in, no need soaking it
down).

PREPARATION
1. Get the Nitrosol that has been dissolved in water or
the C.MC. that has been dissolved 2 days to the
preparation of the soap.

7
2. Add the dissolved sulphonic acid, texapon and
perfume to either the Nitrosol or C.MC depending
on the one you are using and stir very well.
3. Add the already dissolved caustic Soda and stir
very well.
4. Add the already dissolved soda ash and stir
properly.
5. Add formalin to the content and stir properly
6. Add the dissolved S.T.P.P and stir
7. Add the dissolved SLS to the content
8. Dissolve your colourant in water and ensure that the
colourant is completely dissolved, then add it to the
solution and stir thoroughly.
9. Add some quantity of water to the mixture,
depending on the thickness of the mixture.
10. Leave the mixture for some hours or preferably until
the following day and then package for use or for
sale.

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IMPORTANT POINTS TO NOTE WHEN PRODUCING A
LIQUID SOAP
Mixing or stirring is a very important part of liquid
detergent (soap) production.
If the content is not properly mixed or stirred, there
is a strong probability of sedimentation of the various
components.
This is because; it is a mixture and not a compound.
Therefore, mixing (stirring) should be thorough and
consistent as this is a very vital part of the production
process.

THE FUNCTION OF SOME OF THESE CHEMICALS

1. Caustic soda is used as a base during detergent
production: It is a stain remover

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2. Sulphonic acid is an organic acid, which is very
important in liquid detergent production. It
neutralizes the basic effect of sodium hydroxide
(Caustic soda): It is a foaming agent
3. S.T.P.P (sodium TripolyPhosphate): In liquid
detergent, it helps to soften water, suspends soil,
and serves as an anti-spotting agent. It is a good
builder and ensures stability of liquid detergents
when used.
4. Formalin is a preservative, which prevents
proliferation of microorganism in the liquid
detergent. Your liquid soap can last for 6 months
plus without it if all the instructions given are strictly
adhered to
5. Fragrance (perfume) is to give good and pleasant
smell
6. Nitrosol: Is a thickening agent.
Note that, there are different methods and styles or
approaches to production of liquid soap: The procedure
given above is perfect and accurate.

10
Therefore, a strict adherence by anybody to the
procedures or steps given above will definitely yield a
perfect result.

HAIR WASHING SHAMPOO

What is shampoo?
In a general term, shampoos are simply detergents.
They are different type of cleansing media than laundry
detergent because of their application to different types
of hair. However, you will learn later that your dish
detergent and your shampoo have more in common than
you think.

USE OF SHAMPOOS
Shampoos are used to remove excess oil, dirt and
skin debris from the hair known as sebum. A good
shampoo will perform this function while leaving the hair
manageable. These products should posses rich foaming
action and rinse out easily.

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 Various forms of hair care shampoos are available
from clear liquid to opaque pastes.
Summarily, the purpose of shampoo is for cleaning
the hair.
09092125124

PLACES SHAMPOOS ARE USED

1. In the saloons (Female & Male hair saloons)
2. At homes
PRODUCTION
The process involved in the production of hair
shampoo is a very simple one and the materials
(chemicals) needed are readily available just like liquid
soap (detergent). No special machines or equipment
needed for a start, whether for home use or commercial
purpose.
The producer can only decide to get any useful
machine for production if he or she feels there is a need
for it, probably when the scale of production increases.

12
 The primary ingredients (chemicals) of a hair care
shampoo are the detergent, from either an organic soap
or a synthetic.

INGREDIENTS (CHEMICALS) FOR 20 LITERS OF HAIR

SHAMPOO)
The ingredients (Chemicals) and the procedures for
hair shampoo are very much similar to that of liquid
detergent.
The ingredients are:
1. Nitrosol/Antisol or C.M.C(I will recommend carbopol
as your thickner in hair shampoo)
2. Sulphonic Acid
3. Caustic Soda.........1/2 spoon (just half a spoon in
hair shampoo)
4. Soda Ash
5. Formalin (I will recommend alcohol as your
preservative)
6. Fragrance (Perfume)
7. Colorant
8. Water

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9. Aloevera Gel-------5-10 spoons
10. Vitamin E-----------5-10 spoons
11. Glycerine---------------5-10 spoons
12. Texapon
13. S.T.P.P---------------------6 spoons
14. SLS-------------------------8 spoons
You notice all the ingredients for liquid detergent
are mentioned here and there is an incensement in
quantity and measurement of some ingredients….

METHOD
PREPARATION
Follow all the procedures and instructions for producing
liquid detergent and subsequently add: Aloevera Gel,
Vitamin E and glycerin, then stir properly, and leave the
solution for some hours and thereafter; you can package
the product for your use or for sell.

Alternatively, add the glycerin, vitamin E and aloevera

gel to the mixture of suphurnic acid and texapon, stir

14
properly till everything blends well together before
combining it with your thickener and so on………

LIQUID AIR FRESHENER

Liquid air freshener is a highly concentrated
perfume product with a cleaning component. Liquid Air
freshener eliminates odors and spreads a pleasant
fragrance. Because liquid air freshener is a liquid, it is
easy to use in a spray bottle and therefore easy to
spread throughout the room. Liquid Air Freshener is also
usable as a mild cleaner.
USES OF AIR FRESHENER
Liquid air freshener is used to take away odors
(Offensive smells) and keep things smelling good and
fresh.
So liquid air freshener is used in the following
places in our homes
1. The kitchen
2. Garbage can
3. The Diaper pail

15
4. Bathroom
5. Closets and
6. Our rooms
Other places liquid air freshener can be used are:
1. Hotels
2. Eateries (restaurants)
3. Offices etc
It is used in these places to keep the environments fresh.

PRODUCTION OF LIQUID AIR FRESHENER

The production of liquid air freshener is a very
simple process that involves the combination or mixture
of some ingredients (Chemicals) together. This Process
does not require the use of any special equipment or
machine. Everything can be done manually.

APPARATUS (TOOLS)
Containers (bowls)
Stirring rod (turning stick)

INGREDIENTS (CHEMICALS)

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1. Perfume..................1 Unit
2. Catalyst...................1/10 Unit
3. Deionised Water......10 Units
4. Cooler (optional)

PREPARATION
Put the perfume and the catalyst into a container,
close the container and Shake the content very well
together, pour it into an open bowl or bucket and using
your measuring tool, measure the deionized water into
it, add color and mix very well.
Now you have your liquid air fresher ready for use.

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 CHAPTER TWO
Germicide
Insecticide
Bleach

GERMICIDE
A germicide is any type of product that is designed
to kill germs and bacteria on different types of surfaces.
Many household cleaning products are formulated to
function as germicides. Just about any home or business
will have at least a few of these products on hand at
any given time.
Over the years, a number of uses of germicide
products have come into common use. Some involve the
utilization of basic germicidal and antibacterial products
as a way of minimizing the chances of spreading colds
or other forms of illness.
Bacteria are living along with man, sometimes
helpful sometimes harmful. Wherever there are people,
there are bacteria. Since bacteria are invisible to the
naked eye, their presence is usually unsuspected.

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Germicide therefore helps to rid the area of bacteria
and germs that have the potential to cause harm to
humans and other living things.
Germicide can be used to clean surfaces such as:
1. Toilet
2. Sinks
3. Floors
4. Drains
5. Door Knobs
6. Counters and
7. Garbage cans, etc.
Summarily, germicides as disinfectants aid in
maintaining a clean environment to help prevent the
spread of harmful bacteria that may cause infections.
PLACES GERMICIDES CAN BE USED
Germicide as disinfectant can be used in the:
1. Hospitals
2. Homes
3. Eateries, etc
PRODUCTION OF GERMICIDE

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 The production of germicides does not involve much.
It is very simple and can be done without a machine or
any heavy equipment. The materials needed are readily
available in the market.

TOOLS
1.Bowls (containers)
2.Stirring Rod
3.Hand gloves
4.Nose mask
CHEMICALS (MATERIALS REQUIRED) FOR 10 LITRES
1. Texapon.........2 tin milk cups
2. Pine oil...........4 tin milk cups
3. Phenol............4 tin milk cups
4. Lysol...............4 tin milk cups
5. Izal booster... .4 tin milk cups
6. Carbolic Acid.....4 tin milk cups
7. Izal concentrate.........4 tin milk cup
8. Whitener.................2 tin milk cup
9. Water.......................5 litres
PREPARATION

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1. Pour the Texapon into a bowl
2. Add the pine oil and stir very well
3. Add the phenol and stir
4. Add the lyzol and stir
5. Add the booster and stir
6. Add like 3 liters of water and stir
7. Use some quantity of water to dilute the carbolic
acid before you add it to the mixture
8. Add the izal concentrate and stir
9. Also use some water to dilute the whitener before
you add to the mixture and stir together
10. Pour the remaining water and stir properly
11. Finally package the product.

INSECTICIDE
Insecticides are chemicals used to control or kill
disease-carrying insects. They are classified in several
ways, such as by their chemistry, toxicological action or
method of penetration. The two main types of
insecticides are organic and inorganic; organic
insecticides contain carbon, and inorganic insecticides do

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not. Insecticides come in a wide range of formulas and
are used to kill a variety of pets. Organic insecticides
are the most used type of insecticides today. They are
synthetic chemicals.
The use of insecticides has advantages, but also has
disadvantages, so one should have all the information
about insecticides before using them.

USE OF INSECTICIDES
Insecticides are used to kill insects, such as:
1. Ants
2. Cockroaches
3. Mosquitoes
4. Flies
5. Lice
6. Moths
7. Beetles
8. Fleas
9. Wasps
10. Silver Fish
11. Ticks

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12. Snails
13. Slugs
14. Aphids
15. Spider mites
16. Caterpillars
17. White Flies
18. Parasitic worm infections
19. Moths beetles and other pests
It is also important to note that some insecticides are
harmful to other animals such as bees, which are
beneficial to the ecosystem.

PLACES INSECTICIDES ARE USED

Insecticides are used in
1. Homes
2. Farms
3. Green Houses
4. Households
5. Buildings
6. Industrial Plants
7. Ware Houses and

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8. Food Storage sites.
Insecticides are used on a wide variety of crops
such as rice, fruit trees, sugar cane, corn, tobacco and
potatoes and on horticultural plants. It can also be used
at times to control termites.

PRODUCTION OF INSECTICIDES
This product can be locally produced without a
need for special equipments. It is just the combination of
some materials (chemicals) in the right proportion
together. The procedure involved is very simple.

TOOLS
i. Bowls (Containers)
ii. Stirring Rods
iii. Hand gloves
iv. Nose mask

MATERIALS (CHEMICAL)
1. Industrial camphor....1/4 Unit
2. Kerosene....................5 Units

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3. DD Force...................1 Unit
4. Eucalyptus Salt.........1/4 Unit
5. Formalin...................1/4 Unit
PROCEDURE
Using any container, pour the DD force or the sniper
depending on the one you desire to use into the
container, add the industrial camphor, add the formalin,
add kerosene and then stir the content together very
well. Now you can package for use.

BLEACH
Bleach is a chemical that can remove or lighten
color, usually via oxidation. Bleach makes it possible for
laundry detergents to be more effective against stains

MAIN USES OF BLEACHES

25
1. Bleaches are used as household chemicals to whiten
clothes and remove stains
2. Bleaches are also used as disinfectants primarily in
the bathroom and kitchen.
3. They are also used in many industrial process,
notably in the bleaching of wood pulp, etc

PRODUCTION OF BLEACH
Production of bleach involves a very simple process
of combining some materials (chemicals) in the right
proportion together.
The proposed method makes use of basic materials
that can be found easily, anywhere. The production does
not require any special or heavy equipment for a start.

CHEMICALS (MATERIALS)
1. Chlorine .................10 spoons
2. Caustic Soda...............20 spoons

26
3. Soda Ash-------------40 spoons
4. Water--------------20 litres

PREPARATION
1. Get a big bowl (bucket) pour the water into it
2. Pour your chlorine inside the water and stir
3. Pour your soda ash and stir
4. Pour in caustic soda and stir also
5. Cover the bowl (bucket) for 24 hours
6. After that, you will notice some settlement which is
now chaff
7. Separate the liquid content and throw away the
particles (chaff)
The liquid content is your bleach so you can now
package it for use.

Please, if you notice the bleach is too harsh, kindly add

some quantity of water to reduce the harshness (its
harshness).

27
 09092125124

CHAPTER THREE
This chapter will be focusing on:
1. Medicated Soap
2. Non medicated soap and
3. Body cream

MEDICATED SOAP
Medicated Soap is a soap containing an antiseptic
agent at a concentration sufficient to inactivate
microorganism and/or temporarily suppress their
growth.
The detergent activity of such soaps may also
dislodge transient microorganisms or other contaminants

28
from the skin to facilitate their subsequent removal by
water.

FUNCTION/USE OF MEDICATED SOAP

Medicated soap works well on problems you have
with your skin, such as breakouts, dryness, redness, and
other skin conditions. They are made with various
ingredients to help treat different skin ailments while
cleansing you, making treating the problems easy.
Various skin conditions can be treated using
medicated soap. Skin conditions such as:
a. Dry skin
b. Acne
c. Eczema
d. Pimples etc.

PRODUCTION OF MEDICATED SOAP

Medicated soap can be produced right in your
home. It does not involve much. All you need is the
knowledge of how to combine the materials (chemicals)
together in the right proportion. You don’t need heavy

29
equipments or machines to produce your medicated
soap. You can start with what you have around, unless
you personally decide to get necessary equipments for
your production, probably as the scale of production
increases or for branding and customizing.

MATERIALS (CHEMICALS)
Palm kernel oil (PKO)---------7 cups
Caustic soda ------------------1 cup
Soda ash-----------------------1cup
Kaolin---------------------------1/10
Sodium silicate---------------1/8
Sodium Sulphate------------1/10 cup
Sodium bi-carbonate------1/10 cup
Antiseptics--------------------1/4 cup
30
Hydroquinone-----------------1/10 cup
Mercuric iodide--------------1/10 cup
Colorant--------------------as desired (note that we have
two different types of colorants: oil based colour and
water based colour. In bar soap you use oil based
colour while in liquid soap water based colour is used.)
Oil soluble and water soluble colours.

Fragrance-------------------as desired (please, also note

that there is a special fragrance used for bar soap.
Always ask for it specifically from the store when buying
them. Too much of fragrance can also affect your
mixture so, make sure you don't over pour the
fragrance. Like for this quantity of production; 4-8
spoons should just be enough.

DIRECTIONs:
-Dilute your caustic soda with 3 tin milk cups of water,
add the sodium sulphate, sodium bicarbonate and stir till
everything dissolve.

31
- Dissolve the soda ash with 3tin milk cups of water; add
the kaolin and stir till everything completely dissolve
together.
PROCEDURE (COLD METHOD)
1. Measure the palm kernel oil into a bowl.
2. Add the prepared caustic soda, sodium sulphate
and bicarbonate (solution) and stir continuously.
3. Add the soda ash/kaolin solution and stir
continuously
4. Subsequently add: sodium silicate, mercuric iodide,
hydroquinone, antiseptics, colour and fragrance.
Mix properly until you reach trace, then pour
content into a wooden mould lined with polythene
bags.
5. Allow to stand overnight. Finally remove and cut
into bar and allow to cure for 3-4 weeks before
use.

NON-MEDICATED SOAP

32
 Non-medicated soaps are detergents (soaps) that
contain no added anti-microbial agents, or may contain
these solely as preservatives.
Non-medicated soap and medicated soap are very
similar but medicated soap has the addition of
antiseptics and disinfectants.

For your antiseptics, the following are all antiseptics

just as used in the production of dettol:
1. Pine oil
2. Chloroxylenol
3. Phenol
Anyone of the above can be used as disinfectant in
our medicated/antiseptic soap. I will suggest pine oil.
Everything can also be combined and be added at
once but in the right proportion.

USE OF NON-MEDICATED SOAP

Basically, we use non-medicated soap to wash or
clean our body daily, it helps to keep our body clean,
fresh and free from germs.

33
 PRODUCTION OF NON-MEDICATED SOAP
Follow all the instructions for medicated soap but do
not add: mercuric iodide, hydroquinone and
antiseptics.

09092125124

BODY CREAM
Body cream is a toiletry consisting of any of various
substances or ingredients that have a soothing and
moisturizing effect when applied to skin.

USES AND FUNCTIONS OF BODY CREAM

34
 We apply body cream to moisturize our skin and
sometimes to reduce blemishes.
Body cream also enhances our skin’s beauty.

PRODUCTION OF BODY CREAM

The process of producing body creams at home is
very simple. However, the skill or knowledge of the
process is very important. There are Different types of
body Creams in the Market today each with different
Ingredients but we Shall be discussing Simple method of
producing your body cream at home, either for Personal
use or commercial purpose. The chemicals (ingredients)
needed are readily available in our local markets.

MATERIALS REQUIRED
A
Cetyl alcohol...3.5 units
Stearic acid...0.65 unit
Soya Oil............9 units
Paraffin oil...3.5 units
Palm kernel Oil...0.5 unit

35
Propyl Paraben...0.1 unit
Polar wax.............1.5 unit
B
Propylene Glycol 8.5units
EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic
acid)........................0.022 unit
Water .........................6.6 units
Perfume.......................0.6 unit

PROCEDURE
1. Combine A in the right proportion and melt (heat to
about 70oc)
2. Heat B also to 700c
3. Add B to A and Stir vigorously
4. Allow to cool at room temperature. Finally, Package
for use.

PRODUCTION OF PETROLEUM JELLY (Vaseline)

36
 INGREDIENT:
1. Petroleum jelly........1 kg
2. Fragrance...............as desired
3. Stearic acid...........0.09 gram
4. Paraffin Oil............1/2 litre
PROCEDURE
1. Put the Petroleum Jelly in a metal Container
2. Add the paraffin oil, stearic acid
3. Heat the mixture Using dry heat, until it melts
completely.
4. Add any Fragrance of Your Choice
5. Pour the content out into a container and allow to
cool. You can now Package for use.

37
 REVISION QUESTIONS

CHAPTER FOUR
This chapter will be focusing on:
Liquid
Toilet wash (like harpic)
House paint
Customized candle
Laundry Soap (Bar Soap)

LIQUID TOILET WASH

Liquid toilet wash is a powerful cleaner produced
with active ingredients capable of removing dirt, scum,
and any form of stain on the toilet seat, leaving the
toilet seat clean and shiny.

38
 USES OF TOILET WASH
From the definition giving above, liquid toilet wash is
used mainly to clean our toilet seats.
It is used to produce germ and dirt’s free surfaces.

PLACES WHERE TOILET WASH CAN BE USED

This product can be used anywhere there are toilet
bowls or water system toilets e.g.
1. Our Homes
2. Offices
3. Schools
4. Hotels and
5. Other Public Places

PRODUCTION OF LIQUID TOILET WASH 20 litres

The production of liquid toilet wash involves a
simple process of combining some chemicals (ingredients)
together in the right proportion, such that, the solution
(product) provides easy and efficient cleaning of the

39
toilets. That is, having the ability to clean inner surface
of the bowl efficiently and remove the most stubborn
stains efficiently, making the toilet sparkling clean. There
is just a little difference between liquid detergent and
liquid toilet wash. Addition of HCL (Hydrochloric Acid)
makes the difference.

MATERIALS (CHEMICALS)
Nitrosol
Sulphonic Acid
Caustic Soda----------5 spoons
Soda Ash
S.T.P.P
Perfume or Flavor
HCl.....................1 cup
Color...............as desired.
You notice the quantity of caustic soda used here is
increased, that is to increase the cleansing ability of the
product. This product shouldn't be used on dishes.
PROCEDURE

40
 Follow all the instructions involved in making liquid
washing soap, and then add diluted HCL (Hydrochloric
Acid)
Note: when diluting, always add HCL to water and not
water to Hcl and when doing this, give little distance
from the containers. Also, ensure that your nose is
covered during the process.

HOUSE PAINT
What is house Paint? Paint is a liquid that dries to
form a protective film on the surface. Paint mainly
consists of pigments, binders, additives and solvents.
Each type of finish will have its own special blend of
ingredients that enhance its performance for a given
surface.

41
 USE OF HOUSE PAINT
Paints are used to add color to the surface of an
object, like the walls of our houses. It beautifies our
houses.

PLACES PAINTS ARE USED

1. Paints are used where buildings exist

PRODUCTION OF HOUSE PAINTS

There are different types of house paints, here,
we are going to be talking about a particular type of
paint, which is white color, and white coated paint.
The production of this kind of paint involved a very
simple process that anybody can carry out. The
materials needed are readily available in any chemical
shop. No heavy equipment needed to start up the
production of paints, except the producer chooses to
acquire one as the scale of production increases.
TOOLS
Bowls

42
Turning stick (Stirring rod)

MATERIALS (CHEMICALS)
1. Calcium---------------15 units
2. Titan--------------------1 unit
3. Nitrosol---------------1/6 unit
4. PVA (Polyvinyl acetate)--2 units
5. Formalin--------------1/10 unit
6. Jenopour---------------1/10 unit
7. Deformers---------------1/10 unit
8. Ammonia-----------------1/10 unit
9. Kerosene-----------------1/10 unit
10. Water-----------------------10 units
PROCESS AND PROCEDURE
1. Add calcium into water
2. Using your hand or a stirring rod, mix together
properly
3. Add titan into the already mixed calcium
4. Add the nitrosol
5. Add the PVA
6. Add the formalin

43
7. Add the Jonopour
8. Add the Deformer
9. Then add the Ammonia
10. Finally, add Kerosene to the mixture and stir
vigorously together. After that, you can package the
product for use
COATED PAINT (TEXT COAT)
To have a coated paint, just add some desired
amount or quantity of marble dust to the already made
paint and stir.

CUSTOMIZED CANDLE
A candle is cylinder or block of wax or tallow with
a central wick that is lit to produce light as it burns.
Regardless of this definition, I am very sure everyone
knows what candle is. There are different types of
candle, in size, color and shape.
However, we will be talking about customized
candle. E.g. the scented candle.
USES OF CANDLE

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Candle is an amazing invention used for many purposes.
It can be used for the following:
1. Lighting a room (for illumination) Where there is no
light
2. Magical use
3. Aesthetic value
4. Decorative purposes
5. Religious or ritual purposes for example, some
people use candles for prayers

PRODUCTION OF CANDLE
The production of candles does not involve much
stress; it’s very easy to carry out. Anybody can produce
candle: that is, no scientific knowledge is needed to be a
candle producer. More also, the materials needed in
production of candle are readily available in the market
(Chemical Shop) you can start your own production with
available resources around you. That is, you do not
need any special or heavy equipment or machine to
produce candle except if you choose to acquire any
relevant one as the scale of production increases.

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 Materials (chemicals)
1. Candle wax------------------99 o/o
2. Paraffin oil (for lubricating the moulds)
3. Fragrance------------as desired
4. Thread (candle thread)
5. Stearic acid----------------1o/o
PROCEDURE AND PROCESS
1. First, Melt the wax (candle wax)
2. Then add stearic acid and allow to melt
3. When all have melted, add your desired perfume(
fragrance) and stir
4. Pour the content into mould in which candle wick
(thread) has already been inserted.
5. Allow to solidify and remove the candle
thereafter.

FOR COLORED CANDLE

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 You can have candle of different colors and to do
that is very simple. After melting your wax and have
added stearic acid, use little of your fragrance
(perfume) to dissolve the color properly and pour into
the melted wax then stir, now add your fragrance
properly, stir and pour into moulds, allow to solidify
and remove the candle afterward.

LAUNDRY SOAP (BAR SOAP)

Soap is a surface-active agent generally used for
washing. It is a surfactant used in conjunction with water

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for washing and cleaning. In chapter one of this book,
we talked about liquid detergent (soap) this brings to
our remembrance or knowledge that soap can be
prepared in various types, shape and sizes. It can be
produced in the form of bars, cakes, flakes (powder),
Liquids, gel or pastes. Here, we are taking about
laundry bar- soap. That is, soap in a solid form.

PRODUCTION OF LAUNDRY SOAP

Making laundry bar soap at home is a very
economical and a creative hobby.
Anybody can engage in this venture either for
personal use or for commercial purpose. Laundry bar-
soap like every other product we have been discussing -
does not require much to venture into it.
No special or heavy machine/ equipment needed to
start. You can begin with the things you already have
around you. The issue of equipment only comes in when
the scale of production increases. Soon, I will be dishing

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out helpful tips/ guides on how to make your own
laundry bar soap.

USES OF LAUNDRY BAR SOAP

As the name implies: Laundry bar soap is usually
used for laundry purposes. It might also be used for
other cleansing purposes but basically, it is used for
daily laundry.
MATERIALS (CHEMICAL)
1. Oil (PKO)-------------7 tin milk cups
2. Colorant--------------as desired
3. Caustic soda--------1 cup
4. Soda Ash-------------1 cup
5. Sodium sulphate----1/10 cup
6. Sodium silicate--1/5 tin milk cup
7. Perfume--------------as desired
DIRECTIONs:
-Dilute the caustic soda with 3 tin milk cups of water,
add the sodium sulphate and stir properly till it
dissolves into the solution of caustic soda
-Dilute the soda ash with 3tin milk cups of water

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 PROCEDURE
1. Pour oil into a boiler
2. Add colorant and apply heat
3. When it becomes warm , put off the heat and stir
properly
4. Add caustic soda/sodium sulphate solution and stir
(make sure it’s well mixed) You have to stir
continuously, till it reaches trace
5. Add the soda ash solution and stir gently.
6. Add the silicate and continue to stir till trace is
reached
7. Add your fragrance (perfume), stir gently then pour
the content into prepared mould and allow to
harden. The following day, cut to size and stamp
and allow to cure for 3-4weeks.

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TERMS USED IN BAR SOAP
1. Trace: trace is a point that shows the mixture is
ready to be poured into the mould. Trace is
reached when you can make a design with the
mixture at the top.
If you lift your stirrer up with some of the mixture
on it and let it drop back into the mixture it takes
some few seconds to disappear into the mix, that
means you have reached trace so, you can now
pour the pap like mixture into the moulds.
2. Curing: it's the number of days or weeks the
soap has to stand before it's fully ready for use.
If soap is not allowed to cure before use, it can
be harsh to the skin. When a soap is completely
cured, there won't be much presence of caustic

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 soda left in the soap and the quality of the soap
will show up in full.
NOTE:-
There are many styles of producing laundry bar
soap but the recipe given above will yield a perfect
result if all instructions are strictly adhered to.

09092125124

CHAPTER FIVE
YOGHURT DRINK
Yoghourt (also spelt as yoghurt or yoghurt) is a
diary product, which is made by blending fermented
milk with various ingredients that provide flavor and
color. Yoghurt is a kind of healthy diary product, which
has become a popular drink in our daily life. Yoghurt
has many health benefits.
HEALTH BENEFITS OF YOGHURT
 Yoghurt is an excellent source of calcium and can
assist in bone growth and the prevention of
osteoporosis.

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 Yoghurt is a good source of complete protein
 Yoghurt is rich in B vitamins, Potassium and
magnesium.
 Yoghurt is more nutritious than milk
 Yoghurt is easier to digest and absorb, which
increases the availability of its nutrients.

PRODUCTION OF YOGHURT
Aside from the definition given above, Yoghurt can
also be said to be a fermented diary food made by
adding bacterial cultures to either cow’s, goat’s or
sheep’s Milk. The milk can also be in a dry form like the
powder milk. Because of its delicate nature, one has to
ensure that the environment where Yoghurt is produced
is hygienic. The process of producing Yoghurt is very
easy. You can produce Yoghurt at home without using
any heavy equipment. Whatever purpose the Yoghurt is
meant for (for personal consumption or commercial
purpose), it can always be produced with simple tools

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you already have at home. The materials for production
are also readily available in the market.
There are various styles of making Yoghurt. As said
earlier, Yoghurt can be produced using either cow’s milk,
goat’s milk or sheep’s milk & powder milk. Here we will
be discussing the production of Yoghurt with powder
milk.
INGREDIENTS (MATERIALS)
1. Milk (Powder Milk)-----1.5 kg
2. Culture-----------------------1o/o
3. Sodium benzoate(preservative)---0.5 o/o
4. Sugar------------------------to taste
5. Flavor-----------------------to taste
6. Food Colorant (Optional)
7. Warm water------------------1 liter
8. Hot water (boiled water)---one ½ liter (one and a
half liter)

PROCEDURE
1. Measure the Warm water into an empty bowl
(bucket)

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2. Pour the powder milk into the water
3. Add the sodium benzoate (preservative) into it and
stir vigorously. And ensure no crumb or seed is
formed or left
4. Add some quantity of hot water into the mixture
and stir properly.
(The hot water to be used or added must boil at
100oc)
5. Add culture to the content and stir properly again
6. Cover and leave for minimum of 8hours for
fermentation to occur.
7. Then open and add sugar to taste.
8. Add flavor (to taste) and stir. Now your Yoghourt is
ready for consumption.
ADVICE
If there is any trace or presence of seed (crumb)
from the milk or from sugar noticed in the Yoghurt, you
can get rid of this by using a simple net-filter that is
porous enough to allow the passage of the content into
another bowl or bucket.

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 CUSTARDS
Custard is an edible Powder like substance that can
be prepared and consumed (eaten) in Liquid form like
pap. Custard is usually white when it is raw but turns
yellow when water is added and prepared for
consumption. It is a very common food in Nigeria today.
Custard can be Prepared and eaten with beans, beans-
cake (akara), “Moimoi” and can also be eaten
ordinarily with milk and Sugar added to it once
prepared.
Custard has a long life shelf. That is, it can stay for
a very long period without being spoilt.

USE OF CUSTARD
Custard Powder is mainly for human consumption.
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Anybody can take Custard, whether young or old.

PRODUCTION OF CUSTARD
Nothing much is involved in the Production of
Custard. No special knowledge or degree is required to
engage in Custard Production. Anybody can produce
custard. The materials required to start up the
Production are cheaply and readily available in the
market.

Read on as we dish out the simplest tips and steps

for making your own custard at home, either for
Personal consumption or commercial purpose.

MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF CUSTARD

1. Cornstarch-----------4 kg
2. Sunset yellow-------0.5 kg
3. Flavor-------------------1 ml
4. Tertrazine-------------0.5 kg
5. Vitamins (essential ones)---1-3 o/o
6. Skimmed milk (Optional)-2--------------4o/o

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7. Salt (optional)-------0.1-0.5o/0
8. Sugar (optional)--------3o/o

PROCEDURE
1. Take aside like 30 o/o of the entire corn starch
2. Add the sunset yellow, flavor, Vitamins, skimmed
milk, Sugar, salt and tertrazine to it (that is to the
30 o/o corn starch set side)
3. Blend very well together
4. Pour into the remaining cornstarch and mix properly
together. Then package for use.

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