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Ode Lec 02001 PDF
Ode Lec 02001 PDF
October 5, 2019
Abstract
The method of series solution for a differential equation which has
distinct roots of indicial equation, not differing by an integer, is ex-
plained.
EXAMPLE - I :
In this lecture we shall take up solution of an ordinary differential equation
by the method of series solution. The example to be discussed is such that
the indicial equation has two distinct roots and the difference of the roots
is not an integer.
Consider the equation
d2 y dy
4x 2 + 2 +y =0 (1)
dx dx
Let us assume a solution in the form
∞
X
y(x, c) = an xn+c (2)
n=0
or,
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
4an (n+c)(n+c−1)xn+c−1 + 2an (n+c)xn+c−1 + an xn+c = 0 (4)
n=0 n=0 n=0
or,
∞
X ∞
X
2(n + c)(2n + 2c − 1)an xn+c−1 + an xn+c = 0 (5)
n=0 n=0
1
We now equate coefficients of different powers of x to zero. The minimum
power of x in Eq.(5) is xc−1 . So we get
2c(2c − 1) = 0 (13)
1
or, c = 0, (14)
2
Solution for c = 0
The recurrence relation Eq.(12) becomes
1
am+1 = − am (15)
(2m + 2)(2m + 1)
1
Therefore, a1 = − a0 (16)
2·1
1 1
a2 = − a1 = a0 (17)
4·3 4·3·2·1
and
1 1
a3 = − a2 =− a0 (18)
6·5 6·5·4·3·2·1
(−1)m
Thus am = a0 (19)
(2m)!
and one solution for, c = 0, is
∞
x2 x3
X x (−1)m xm
yI (x) = x
c
an x = a0 1 − +
n
− + ... + + ...
2! 4! 6! (2m)!
n=0
(20)
2
1
Solution for c = 2
Therefore,
1
a1 = − a0 (22)
3·2
1 1
a2 = − a1 = a0 (23)
5·4 5·4·3·2
1 1
a3 = − a2 = − a0 (24)
7·6 7·6·5·4·3·2
In general,
(−1)m
am = a0 (25)
(2m + 1)!
The second solution is, therefore, given by
∞
x2 x3
X √ x (−1)m xm
yII = xc
an x = a0 x 1 − +
n
− + ... + + ...
n=0
3! 5! 7! (2m + 1)!
(26)
The most general solution of the differential equation (1) is given by