C�rdoba, Argentina

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C�rdoba
City
Ciudad de C�rdoba
Cityscape taken from Naciones Park, San Martin Square, La Ca�ada Glen, Argentina
Pavilion from National University of C�rdoba, Cityscape at night taken from Nueva
Cordoba neighborhood, Arch of C�rdoba, Plaque commemorating the designation of the
Jesuit block as World Heritage Site in 2000, Evita Fine Arts Museum
Cityscape taken from Naciones Park, San Martin Square, La Ca�ada Glen, Argentina
Pavilion from National University of C�rdoba, Cityscape at night taken from Nueva
Cordoba neighborhood, Arch of C�rdoba, Plaque commemorating the designation of the
Jesuit block as World Heritage Site in 2000, Evita Fine Arts Museum
Coat of arms of C�rdoba
Coat of arms
Departamento Capital (C�rdoba - Argentina).png
C�rdoba is located in ArgentinaC�rdobaC�rdoba
Coordinates: 31�25'S 64�11'WCoordinates: 31�25'S 64�11'W
Country Argentina
Province C�rdoba
Department Capital
Established 1573
Named for C�rdoba, Spain
Government
� Mayor Ram�n Javier Mestre (UCR)
Area
� Land 576 km2 (222 sq mi)
Elevation between 352 and 544 m (between 1,155 and 1,785 ft)
Population (2010 census)
� Density 2,273.5/km2 (5,888.46/sq mi)
� Urban 1,317,298
� Metro 1,528,000 (est)
[1]
Demonym(s) Cordob�s
Time zone UTC-3 (ART)

Monument to Jer�nimo Luis de Cabrera, depicting his 1573 foundation of C�rdoba

C�rdoba (Spanish pronunciation: ['ko?�o�a]) is a city in central Argentina, in the
foothills of the Sierras Chicas on the Suqu�a River, about 700 km (435 mi)
northwest of the Buenos Aires. It is the capital of C�rdoba Province and the second
most populous city in Argentina after Buenos Aires, with about 1.3 million
inhabitants according to the 2010 census. It was founded on 6 July 1573 by Jer�nimo
Luis de Cabrera, who named it after C�rdoba, Spain. It was one of the first Spanish
colonial capitals of the region that is now Argentina (the oldest city is Santiago
del Estero, founded in 1553). The National University of C�rdoba is the oldest
university of the country and the seventh to be inaugurated in Spanish America. It
was founded in 1613 by the Jesuit Order. Because of this, C�rdoba earned the
nickname La Docta ("the learned").

C�rdoba has many historical monuments preserved from Spanish colonial rule,
especially buildings of the Roman Catholic Church. The most recognizable is perhaps
the Jesuit Block (Spanish: Manzana Jesu�tica), declared in 2000 as a World Heritage
Site by UNESCO[2] which consists of a group of buildings dating from the 17th
century, including the Colegio Nacional de Monserrat and the colonial university
campus. The campus belongs today to the historical museum of the National
University of C�rdoba, which has been the second-largest university in the country
since the early 20th century (after the University of Buenos Aires), in terms of
the number of students, faculty, and academic programs. C�rdoba is also known for
its historical movements, such as Cordobazo and La Reforma del '18 (known as
University Revolution in English).

Contents
1 History
1.1 First settlement
1.2 Early European settlement
1.3 Contemporary history
2 Geography
2.1 Geology
3 Climate
4 Demographics
4.1 Ethnicity
4.2 Demographic distribution
5 Urban structure
5.1 Districts
6 Transportation
6.1 Buses
6.2 Railway
6.3 High-speed rail project
6.4 Metro
6.5 C�rdoba Public Transportation Statistics
7 Economy
8 Sports
9 Education
10 Culture
10.1 Literature
10.2 Music
10.3 Monuments
10.4 Festivals
11 Image gallery
12 Notable people
13 See also
14 References
15 Notes
16 External links
History
First settlement

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In 1570, Viceroy Francisco de Toledo entrusted the Spanish settler Jer�nimo Luis de
Cabrera, with the task of populating and founding a settlement in the Punilla
Valley. Cabrera sent an expedition of 48 men to the territory of the Comechingones.
He divided the principal column that entered through the north of the provincial
territory at Villa Mar�a. The one hundred man expedition set foot on what today is
C�rdoba on 24 June 1573. Cabrera called the nearby river San Juan (today Suqu�a).
The settlement was officially founded on 6 July of the same year and named C�rdoba
de la Nueva Andaluc�a, possibly in honour of ancestors of the founder's wife,
originally from C�rdoba, Spain. The foundation of the city took place on the left
bank of the river on Francisco de Torres' advice.

Depiction of the first map of C�rdoba (1577)

The settlement was inhabited by aboriginal people called Comechingones, who lived
in communities called Ayllus. After four years, having repelled attacks by the
aborigines, the settlement's authorities moved it to the opposite bank of the
Suqu�a River in 1577. The Lieutenant Governor at the time, Don Lorenzo Su�rez de
Figueroa, planned the first layout of the city as a grid of seventy blocks. Once
the city core had been moved to its current location, it acquired a stable
population. Its economy blossomed due to trade with the cities in the north.

In 1599, the religious order of the Jesuits arrived in the settlement. They
established a Novitiate in 1608 and, in 1610, the Colegio Maximo, which became the
University of C�rdoba in 1613 (today National University of C�rdoba), the fourth-
oldest in the Americas. The local Jesuit Church remains one of the oldest buildings
in South America and contains the Monserrat Secondary School, a church, and
residential buildings. To maintain such a project, the Jesuits operated five
Reducciones in the surrounding fertile valleys, including Caroya, Jes�s Mar�a,
Santa Catalina, Alta Gracia and Candelaria.

The farm and the complex, started in 1615, had to be vacated by the Jesuits
following the 1767 decree by King Charles III of Spain that expelled them from the
continent. They were then run by the Franciscans until 1853, when the Jesuits
returned to the Americas. Nevertheless, the university and the high-school were
nationalized a year later. Each Estancia has its own church and set of buildings,
around which towns grew, such as Alta Gracia, the closest to the Block.

Early European settlement

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Rafael de Sobremonte, governor of C�rdoba from 1784 to 1799

In 1776, King Carlos III created the Viceroyalty of the R�o de la Plata, in which
C�rdoba stays in 1785 as the Government Intendency of C�rdoba, including the
current territories of the provinces of C�rdoba, La Rioja and the region of Cuyo.

According to the 1760 census, the population of the city was 22,000 inhabitants.
During the May Revolution in 1810, the widespread opinion of the most notable
citizens was of continuing respecting the orders of Fernando VII, attitude assumed
by the local authorities, which led to the Liniers Counter-revolution. This
position was not shared by the Dean Gregorio Funes, who was adhering to the
revolutionary ideas, beside supporting contact with Manuel Belgrano and Juan Jos�
Castelli.

In March 1816, the Argentine Congress met in Tucum�n for an independence

resolution. C�rdoba sent Eduardo P�rez Bulnes, Jer�nimo Salguero de Cabrera, Jos�
Antonio Cabrera, and to the Canon of the cathedral Michael Calixto of the Circle,
all of them of autonomous position.

The 1820s belonged to caudillos, since the country was in full process of
formation. Until 1820 a central government taken root in Buenos Aires existed, but
the remaining thirteen provinces felt that after 9 July 1816 what had happened it
was simply a change of commander. The Battle of Cepeda pitted the commanders of the
Littoral against the inland forces.
Finally, the Federales obtained the victory, for what the country remained since
then integrated by 13 autonomous provinces, on the national government having been
dissolved. From this way the period known like about the Provincial Autonomies
began. From this moment the provinces tried to create a federal system that was
integrating them without coming to good port, this mainly for the regional
differences of every province.

Two C�rdoba figures stood out in this period: Governor Juan Bautista Bustos, who
was an official of the Army of the North and in 1820 was supervised by the troops
quartered in Arequito, a town near C�rdoba, and his ally and later enemy, General
Jos� Mar�a Paz. In 1821, Bustos repelled the invasion of C�rdoba on the part of
Francisco Ram�rez and his Chilean ally, General Jos� Miguel Carrera. The conflict
originated in a dispute with the power system that included the provinces of Buenos
Aires, C�rdoba and Santa Fe; according to the 1822 census the total population of
C�rdoba was of 11,552 inhabitants.

Contemporary history

Col�n Avenue, c. 1900.

Olmos Avenue (1943).

Topographical relief map of the city of C�rdoba

At the end of the 19th century the process of national industrialization began with
the height of the economic agro-exporting model, principally of meats and cereals.
This process is associated with the European immigration who began to settle the
city, generally possessing the education and enterprising capacity appropriate for
the development of industry. The majority of these European immigrants came from
Italy (initially from Piedmont, Veneto and Lombardy; later from Campania and
Calabria), and Spain (mostly Galicians and Basques)

At the beginning of the 20th century the city had 90,000 inhabitants.[citation
needed] The city's physiognomy changed considerably following the construction of
new avenues, walks and public squares, as well as the installation of an
electrified tram system, in 1909. In 1918, C�rdoba was the epicentre of a movement
known as the University Reform, which then spread to the rest of the Universities
of the country, Americas and Spain.[citation needed]

The development of the domestic market, the British investments that facilitated
European settlement, the development of the railways on the pampas rapidly
industrialized the city. C�rdoba's industrial sector first developed from the need
to transform raw materials such as leather, meats and wool for export.[3]

In 1927, the Military Aircraft Manufacturer (FMA) was inaugurated. The facility
would become one of the most important in the world after World War II with the
arrival of German technical personnel. From 1952, its production began to
diversify, to constitute the base of the former Institute Aerot�cnico, the state-
owned company Aeronautical and Mechanical Industries of the State (IAME). C�rdoba
was chosen as the site of The Instituto Aerot�cnico that later became the F�brica
Militar de Aviones. It employed the Focke Wulf men until President Juan Per�n was
ousted by a coup in 1955. Lockheed Martin purchased FMA in 1995.

C�rdoba, according to the census of 1947, had almost 400,000 inhabitants (a quarter
of the province's total). Subsequent industrial development led thousands of rural
families to the city, doubling its population and turning C�rdoba into the second
largest city in Argentina, after Buenos Aires, by 1970. The city's population and
economic growth moderated, afterwards, though living standards rose with the
increase in the national consumption of C�rdoba's industrial products, as well as
the development of other sectors of economic activity.[citation needed]
At times rivaling Buenos Aires for its importance in national politics, C�rdoba was
the site of the initial mutiny leading to the 1955 Revoluci�n Libertadora that
deposed President Juan Per�n and the setting for the 1969 Cordobazo, a series of
violent labor and student protests that ultimately led to elections in 1973.
C�rdoba's current economic diversity is due to a vigorous services sector and the
demand for agro-industrial and railway equipment and, in particular, the
introduction of U.S. and European automakers after 1954.

Geography

Location of C�rdoba.
1. Argentina
2. C�rdoba Province
3. C�rdoba City
The city's geographic location is 31�25'S 64�11'W, taking as a point of reference
San Mart�n Square in downtown C�rdoba. The relative location of the municipal
common land, is in the south hemisphere of the globe, to the south of the South
American subcontinent, in the geographical centre � west of Argentina and of the
province of C�rdoba; to a distance of 702 km (436 mi) from Buenos Aires and 401 km
(249 mi) from the city of Rosario

As per the provincial laws No. 778 14 December 1878, Not. 927 20 October 1883, and
Not. 1295 29 December 1893, the limits of the city of C�rdoba are delineated in the
northern part, South, East and West located to 12 km (7 mi) from San Mart�n Square
which means that the common land has 24 km (15 mi) from side. The city, adjoins in
the northern territory with Col�n Department summarizing a total surface of 562.

Geology
The city is located in the plain of the Humid Pampa, to the east of the oriental
cord of C�rdoba Hills or Sierras Chicas, also known as the Sierras Cordobesas,
which has an average height of 550 m.[4] It spreads at the foot of the mount, on
both banks of the River Suqu�a, and flows into the San Roque reservoir; from there,
the Primero R