PROJECT WORK

IN
RADIO IMAGING TECHNOLOGY
SESSION -2014-2018
NAME OF TOPIC- DIFFERENT PULSE
SEQUNCE OF MRI ESPECIALLY ON
T1WI AND T2WI.
NAME OF THE HOD–DR.RABINDRA
PRASAD MD ,DMRD ,HOD BRIT PHI
PATNA.
NAME OF THE GUIDE :-DR.SANJAY
JHUNJHUN WALA(M.B.B.S,PGDFM)
DR.LATA SINHA(MBBS,senior faculty
member phi)
NAME OF THE CANDIDATE
MADHUMALA KUMARI
REG .NO-14310306030

Signature of head of the department

 PREFACE

It is a great opportunity for me to have

the BACHELOR IN RADIO IMAGING
TECHNOLOGY in PUBLIC HEALTH
INSTITUTE ,PATNA .In the
accomplishment of this degree I am
submitting a project report on “
DIFFERENT PULSE SEQUENCE OF MRI
ESPECIALLY ON T1WI n T2WI”.Subject to
limitation of time effort and resourse
every possible attempt has been made to
create the project deeply.The whole
project is effective to provide us the basic
information about the modern imaging
modality MRI and its clinical application of
its different pulse sequence.

The whole project has been create with

intresting facts and basic interprets of mri
image especially on T1WI and T2WI OF
BRAIN AND SPINE.
THANK YOU
 PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTE
PATNA

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that MADHUMALA
KUAMRI ,student of public health
institute patna doing bacherlor in radio
imaging technology has completed the
research on the project on the topic
Different pulse sequnce of MRI
epecially on T1WI AND T2WI.under the
guidance of DR SANJAY
JHUNJHUNWALA and DR LATA SINHA
during year 2014-2018.

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT,PHI
DR .RABINDRA PRASAD ,MD ,DMRD
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of

gratitude to my teacher DR. RABINDRA
PRASAD ,DR SANJAY JHUNJHUNWLA ,DR LATA
SINHA as well as the MRI technician of
PMCH Vijay Sir who gave me the good
guideline to make a wonderful project on the
topic DIFFERENT PULSE SEQUENCE OF MRI
ESPECIALLY ON T1WI AND T2WI. With lot of
research and I came to know about so many
new things . I am really thankful to them .

I am really thankful to them

Secondly I would also like to think my fellow
colleague who helped me a lot in finishing
this project.
I am making this project not only for marks
but to also increase my knowledge .
THANKS AGAIN TO ALL WHO HELPED ME .
CONTENTS
1.INTRODUCTION TO MRI
2.BASIC PRINICIPLE OF
MRI
3.BASIC MR PULSE
SEQUNECE
4.CASE STUDIES
5.CONCLUSION
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF MRI
SYSTEM,1.Cylindrical magnet 2.
Gradient coil 3.rf body coil 4.patient 5.
Patient table 6. Head coil 7. Transmit
/receive chain 8. Imaging display.
FIG-A schematic
represention of major
system of MRI .
 HISTORY
• Felix Bloch and Edward Purcell :
discovered just after world war 2 and
named nuclear magnetic resonance and
they got noble prize 1952.1940s

• 1977:- Mansfield :first image of human

anatomy, first echo planar image.

• 1990s:- Discovery that mri can be used

to distinguish oxygenated blood from
deoxygenated blood leads to functional
magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

PAUL LAUTERBUR AND PETER MANSFIELD

won the noble prize in physiology /medicine
for their pioneering work in MRI.
 Advantage of MRI over CT
in imaging
1.MRI does not use ionizing
radiation and is thus preffered
over CT in children and patients
requiring multiple imaging
examination.
2.MRI has a much greater range
of available soft tissue
contrast,depicts anatomy in
greater details and more sensitive
and specific for abnormalities
within the brain parenchyma
itself.
3.images may be acquired in
multiple
planes(Axial,sagittal,coronal or
oblique) without repositioning the
patients.CT image have recently
been able to take reconstructed
images in multiple planes with the
same spatial resolution.
4.MRI scanning can be performed
in any imaging plane without
having to physically move the
patients.
5.MRI allows the evaluation of
structures that may be obscured
by artifacts from bone in CT
images.
INDICATION OF MRI

*Multiple sclerosis
*Primary tumor assessment and metastatic
disease.
*infarction(cerebral vascular accident (CVS)
vs (transient ischaemic attack (TIA)
*Hemorrhage
*Hearing loss
*Visual disturbance
*Infection trauma
*Unexplained neurological symptoms or
deficit
*Mapping of organ function
Patient preparation
*Before preparation ,complete history
should be checked .if indication is unclear,
the referring physician should be contracted.
*All metallic objects should be removed
from pts body to ensure that artifacts are
not created during scanning.
*Disposable ear plugs should be provided to
the patient to devoid the patients from
repeated noises during scanning.
*the patient should be instructed to avoid
coughing ,wriggling or producing other large
motion during or in between the scans.
*Ensure the IV line intact prior to the pre
contrast.
*patients who present with claustrophobic
features may require sedation.
MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH
*S.I unit of magentic field is Tesla.
*old unit was gauss.
*1 tesla =10,000 gauss.
0.3 to 3T MRI USING NOW A DAYS
BASIC PRINCIPLE OF MRI
*MRI is based on principle of nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR).
* two basic principle of NMR
1. Atoms with an odd number of protons
have spin.
2. A moving electric charge be it positive or
negative produce a magnetic field.
MRI utilizes this magnetic spin property of
protons of hydrogen to produce images.

Why hydrogen ions are used in mri?

1.hydrogen nucleus has an unpaired protons
which is positively charged.
2. every hydrogen nucleus is tiny magnet
which produce small but noticeable magnets
field .
3.hydrogen is abundant.
ions in body are spinning in haphazard
fashion and cancle all the magnetism.
4.when an external magnetic field is applied
Protons in body align in one direction.

MRI forms image with reference to hydrogen

atom present in human body.
The principle of formation mri imaging can
be described as follows:
-NET MAGNETISATION
-PRECESSION
-RESONANCE
-TRANSVERSE MAGNETIZATION
-LONGITUDINAL MAGNETIZATION
-IMAGE FORMATION

IN the absebnce of applied magnrtic field

those hydrogen atom are randomly oriented
in our body cancelling to each other by
giving out net magnetization zero.
When we place our body near to the huse
magnetic field the randomly oriented those
tiny magnet align to the direction of huge
magnetic field.
PRECESSION is due to influence of external
magnetic field those tiny magnet show
spinning as well as wobbling movement
around the nucleus on its own axis .those
two movement combine called as a
precession or lamor precession.
Each hydrogen atom precise on the
particular frequncy called precesional
frequency which can be ruled out by lamor
equation

RESONACE take place if we add external

energy ie RF pulse to those aligned hydrogen
atom where the frequency is equal or close
to precessioanl frequency of hydrogen
proton ,then the energy get summed up this
phenomenon is called resonance
Result of resonance
Due to this those precising hydrogen atom
move away from the alinment og huse
magnetic field ie B0.
The angle to which the tiny magnet moves
out of alignment is called FLIP ANGLE
FLIP ANGLE –The angle to which the NMV
moves out of alignment is called flip angle
The magnitude of flip angle depend upon the
amplitude duration of the RF pulse applied
Normally flip angle is 90 degreee although
FA can be chosen between 1 to 180 degree.
TRANSVERSE magnetization
When RF pulse is applied ie excitation those
longitudinally aligned hydrogen atom
magnetic direction moves to transverse
direction such alignment is known as a
transverse magnetizarion.

LONGITUDINAL magnetization
When RF pulse is stopped the resonance
stop then relaxation occur and the energy of
tiny magnet cannot overcome the energy of
external magnetic field resulting alignment
in longitudnal direction this alignment is
called longitudinal magnetization.
TE AND TR
*TE (echo time): Time interval in which
signals are measured after excitation or
time between the excitation pulse and echo.
-increasing the TE result in following effects
More T2 contrast,less signal
*TR(repitition time ) : time between two
excitation is called repetition time .
-Increasing the TR result in following effect
Less image contrast ,more PD
CONTRAST,more signal ,increase of scan
time

*By varying the TR and TE one can obtain

T1WI and T2WI .
*IN general a short TR(<1000ms) and short
TE (<45ms ) scan is T1WI.
*Long TR (>2000ms) and long TE (>45ms ) is
T2WI.
*Long TR(>2000ms)and short (<45ms)scan is
Proton density image.
T1 relaxation time – the time taken by
tiny magnet or H2 PROTON TO ALIGNMENT
FROM TRANVERSE TO LONGITUDINAL
DIRECTION IS T1 relaxation time .
T1 relaxation in fat and water
T1 relaxation occur dur to nuclei giving up
their energy to surrounding environment .
So, slow molecules has rapid relaxation
process than in higher molecule.so, T1
recovery time of fat is shorter than water
.such image is called T1 weighted image

T2 decay time – the time taken by proton

to looose the energy in tranverse direction is
called t2 decay time .t2 deacy time is
different is different matter . such iamge are
called t2 weighted image.
T2 decay in fat and water
T2 decay occur by exchanging their energy to
their neighbors .it depend on efficient
energy exchange in hydrogen atom . so
enengy exchange is more efficient in fat
than in water . so t2 decay time of fat is
shorter than water.
TYPE OF MRI IMAGING

1.T1WI
2.T2WI
3.FLAIR
4.STIR
5.DWI
6.ADC
7.GRE
8.MRS
9.MRA
10.MRV
11.POST GD IMAGE
 BASIC MRI PULSE SEQUENCE

An MRI pulse sequence is programmed set

of changing magnetic gradients.Each
sequence will have a number of parameter. A
multiple sequence are grouped together into
an MRI protocol.Each sequence is a subtle
combination of radiofrequency pulse and
gradients.whatever the type of sequence
,the aims are to favor the signal of particular
tissue (contrast),as quickly as
possible(speed) while limiting the artifacts
and without altering the signal to noise
ratio(SNR).

*The image weighting, contrast and quality

is determined by the type of pulse sequence
we use.
Pulse sequence is time chart of interplay of:-
1. Patient net longitudinal magnetization.
2. X,Y,Z gradient activation for
localisation and acquition of signal
(echo).
3. K space filling with acquired signal
(echo).
TYPE OF MRI PULSE SEQUENCE ARE:
1.SPIN ECHO a.conventional
spin echo
b.fast spin echo
2.INVERSION a.STIR(short
RECOVERY inversion
recovery)
b.FLAIR(fluid
attenuated
inversion
recovery)
3.GRADIENTS a.coherent GRE
ECHO b.incoherent GRE
4.STEADY Heavily t2WI with
increased scan speed
STATE FREE without use of dedicated
PRECESSION excitation and rephasing
pulse.used to acquired in
volume or 2D.
5.ULTRAFAST This sequence use
IMAGING coherent or
incoherent GRE ,
only a portion of
RF pulse and echo
is used and read
respectivaly.
6.ECHOPLANER Fastest scan
IMAGING acquistion modes
in this all lines of
k space will be
filled in single
shot.Improvred
cardiac and
abdominal
 imaging .Is best
for real time and
interventional MR
guided procedure.

SPIN ECHO PULSE SEQUENCE

Pulse sequence enables us to control the

way in which the system applies pulse and
gradient. In spin echo pulse sequence spins
are rephased by 180 degree rephasing
pulse after 90 degree excitation pulse .The
spin echo MR signal depends on the
following parameters:-
*Spin density
*fluid flow
*tissue parameter T1and T2
*machine parameter TE AND TR.
Spin echo pulse sequence is used in –
Musculoskeletal region
Central nervous system
Pelvis
It is due to contrast is truly based on t1 and
t2 relaxation.
ADVANTAGE –
*IMAGE QUALITY IMPROVED, HIGH SNR
*INCREASED T2 INFORMATION.
DISAVANTAGE-
* SCAN TIMES RELTIVELY LONG.
*USES MORE RF POWER THAN A
GRADIENT ECHO SEQUENCE.
FAST OR TURBO SPIN ECHO
The main aim is to reduce the scan time by
filling several line of k space per TR .TR
,NEX,no of phase encoding are the function
of time .Decreasing TR,NEX affect image
weighting .Reducing phase encoding
reduce spatial resolution.thus two contrast
difference occur fats remains bright on
t2WI due to multiple rf pulse .muscle
appear darker.
INVERSION PULSE SEQUENCE
180degree preparatory pulse is
appplied to flip the net magnetization
vector 180degree from positive side
of z axis to negative side of z axis
thus saturate all the tissues.

*Inversion recovery gives heavily T1

weighted image with large contrast
difference between fat and water but
it is time consuming.It gives better
gray and white matter difference in
brain.
Apart from getting heavily T1w
image to demonstrate anatomy ,IR
sequence also used to supress
particular tissue using different TI.
*Inversion recovery with short Tl
(time to invert) in range 80-150ms is
called STIR(short tau inversion
recovery)sequence ,which is used
for fat suppression .Imaging with
long Tl range (1500-2500ms) is
called FLAIR.which reduce signal
from long t1 tissue e.g CSF.
Areas of short TI appear bright and
areas of long TI appear dark ,area of
low PD such as cortical bone and air
appear dark in IR sequence.
Flair (fluid attenuated inversion
recovery) null the signal from
CSF.nulled tissue remain dark and
other tissue have higher signal
intensities.it is heavily T2 wieghted
image with csf signal supresion
located adaject to csf containing
space .
clinical application-disease
affecting the brain parenchyma
neighboring the csf containing space
for multiple sclerosis and other
demyelinating disorder,neonates
with perinatal HIE, chronic
infarction,meningitits, TRAUMA(DAI)
,CYSTIC LESION (PILOCYSTIC
ASTROCYTOMA AND
GLIOBLASTOMA
MULTIFORMA),vascular
malformation,ischaemic stroke.
STIR(short Tl INVERSION
RECOVERY) null signal from fat
provide excellent depiction of bone
marrow edema which may be the
only indication of an occult
fracture.Its is helpful in fatty tissue
like retroorbital fat .MSK
IMAGING,and to differentiate lipoma
and sub acute hematoma as both
appear hyperintense on t1wi .lipoma
is fatty lesion and therefore
supppresed on STIR Sequence.
STIR FLAIR
Short tl of 80- Long tl of 1500-
150ms used 2000ms is used
Combined t1 and Heavily t2
t2 weighting is weighted image
obtained are obtained.
Fat and white Csf and water is
matter are suppressed.
suppressed.
Mainly used in Used in
body imaging neuroimaging
Cannot be used Can be used in
in post contrast post contrast
imaging as short Imaging.
t1 tissue are
suppressed and
contrast shorten
t1 of tissue that
uptake th
contrast.
GRADIENT ECHO PULSE
SEQUENCE
In a GRE sequence variable FA (less
then 90 degree ) ,lesser repetition
time is applied that partly flip the
NMV into the tranverse plane .
Gradient are used to dephase
(negative gradient) and rephase
(positive gradient) tranverse
magnetization.
This sequence reduces the scan
time which is achieverd by
application of gradient and reduced
reptition time and smaller flip angle
-the sequnce is useful in identifying
calcification and blood degradation
micro bleed , hemorrhage.
-it can be used for single slice
breathhold acquisition in abdomen and
dyanmic contrast enhancement .
-It is flow sensitive can be used for MRA
/MR myelography.
*type of GRE sequence depending on
residual TM in phase or out of phase :-
1 . coherent (in phase ) GRE/steady
state – it use variable FA excitation
pulse followwd by frequncy encoding
gradient to rephasing to produce
gradient echo ,tissue with long t2 values
appear with high signal intensity .good
for angiography and to acquired in
volume .
3 type of GRE:-
1. Post excitation refocused GRE
-FISP/FFE/FAST/GRASS
2. PRE EXCITATION REFOCUSED
GRE
-SSFP/CE-FAST
3. FULLY REFOCUSED GRE
-FIESTA/BALANCED FFE

2.INCOHERENT (SPOILED ) GRE

SEQUENCE
This begin with variable FA excitation
pulse and use frequency encoding
gradient rephasing to give GRE.it
provide *t1w GRE – FLASH/SPGR/T1
FFE
*TOF MRA
*3D VERSION for dynamic multiphase
contrast T1W include 3D LAVA and
FAME (GE)

Gre sequence-
FLASH ( fast low angle shot) siemens
SPGR(spoiled Gradient) GE
SSFP(steady state free precession ) GE
FSPGR(fast SPGR)
LAVA
FAME
DIFFUSION WEIGHTING IMAGING
It portrays the movement of molecules due
to random motion .its enbles to distinguish
between rapid diffusion of
proton(unrestricted difussion)and slow
diffusion of proton (restricted diffusion)
.DWI image is obtained by applying pair of
oppposing and balanced magnetic field
gradient (but of diferring duration and
amplitude).its detects acute brain infracts
where diffusion is restricted .
DWI is mainly useful in brain to differentiate
salvageable and non salvageable tissue
after brain stroke.
T1WI T2WI DWI
APPARENT DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT
Calculated by software
Area of restricted diffusion are dark.
Negative of DWI .
Restricted diffusion is bright on dwi and
dark on ADC .

Differentiate acute and chronic

The MRI IMAGE DEPENDS ON THE
FOLLOWING FOUR FACTOR :-
*T1 RELAXATION TIME
*T2 DECAY TIME
*PROTON DENSITY
*BLOOD FLOW

MR SIGNAL
HIGH LOW
PD HIGH LOW
T1 RELAXATION SHORT LONG
T2 RELAXATION LONG SHORT
BLOOD FLOW SLOW/ FAST/
STATIONARY TURBULE

T1W IMAGE
HYPOINTENSE – TISSUE WITH LONG T1
HYPERINTENSE – TISSUE WITH SHORT T1
 T2W IMAGE
HYPOINTENSE –TISSUE WITH SHORT T2
HYPERINTENSE – TISSUE WITH LONG T2

MR SIGNAL

HYPERINTENSE HYPOINTENSE
T1W Lipid,paramagnetic Air,csf,infarction
substance(copper,iron, Calcium ,cortical
Manganese),mucus, bone,edema
Cholesterol,post radiation ,demyeliation,
change (after 2 wks), Neoplasia,infection
hemorrhage(methemoglobin) ischemia
Increased protein content
like complex cyst ,melanin
T2W Water, Demyelination Air
,infection,CSF,ischemia, calcium,cortical
Neoplasia,edema bone
paramagnetic
Substance ,fat
 PATHOLOGICAL CHANGE INFLUENCING
IMAGE APPEARANCE
T1W T2W
EDEMA HYPOINTENSE HYPERINTENSE

NECROSIS HYPOINTENSE HYPERINTENSE

GLIOSIS - DISTINCT AREA

OF HIGH SIGNAL
INTENSITY
RADIATION - DECRESE IN
EFFECT SIGNAL
CYSTS HYPOINTENSE HYPERINTENSE
DEMYELIATION HYPERINTENSE

FATTY HIGH SIGNAL LOW SIGNAL

CHANGE
FIBROSIS HYPOINTENSE HYPOINTENSE
T1 weighted image is one where the soft
tissue contrast depend predominantly on
difference in the t1 times between tissue eg
fat and water .because the TR control how
far each vector can recover before it is
excited by next RF pulse ,to achieve T1
weighting the TR must be short enough so
that neither fat nor water has sufficient time
to fully return to B0and recover their
longitudinal magnetization fully.

T2 weighted image is one where the

contrast predominantly depend on t2 times
between tissue eg fat and water. The TE
controls the amount of T2 decay that
allowed to occur before the signal is
received .To achieve T2 weighting the TE
must be long enough to give both fat and
water time to decay. If the TE is too short
neither fat nor water has had time to decay
and therefore the difference in their T2
times are not demonstrated in the image.
T1 WEIGHTED SEQUENCE
Three type of t1w image are commonly
used which include-
T1W SE OR FSE –good for resolution and t1
contrast
T1W 2D GRE(FLASH /SPGR/ T1-TFE)-poor
Contrast and resolution.
T1W 3D GRE(LAVA /FAME) –breath hold
time acquired thus used for multiphasic or
dynamic studies

T2 WEIGHTED SEQUENCE
-Commonly used T2W sequence from SE
group is:-
T2 FSE,T2 fast recovery FSE and T2 single
shot sequence.
-T2W sequence provided by inversion
recovery group are STIR and FLAIR.
-T2W sequence from GRE group is
Balanced SSFP (TruFisp/FIESTA/Btfe)