CPE Use Of English 1 for the revised Cambridge Proficiency Examination Student's Book Virginia Evans oS Express PublishingPublished by Express Publishing Liberty House, New Greenham Park, Newbury, Berkshire RG19 GHW Tol: (0044) 1635 817 363 - Fax: (0044) 1635 817 463 ‘e-mail: inquiries @expresspublishing.co.uk http://www expresspublishing.co.uk © Virginia Evans, 2002 Design and illustration © Express Publishing, 2002 Al rights reserved. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, fr transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers. First published 2002 ISBN 1-84325-965-8 Acknowledgements We would like to thank al the staff at Express Publishing who have contributed thelr skills to the production of this book. Thanks are due in particular to: Mary Palmer (Editor in Chiet), Helen Smith (Senior editors), Mary Brown (ecitorial assistant), Phiippa Porter (senior Production Controller), the Express Publishing design team, and Mary Lews and Steve Mason for their suppor and patience. We would also like to thank those institutions and teachers who piloted the manuscript, and those whose ‘comments and feedback influenced positively the production of the book. ‘The authors and publishers also wish to thank the following who have kindly given permission to use copytight material: A future {or our Past. Historical Really, by Mark Brisbane and John Wood, © English Heritage Education Serviee, on p. 24. Corals and Cora! Roots, © Seaworld Adventure Parks, on pp. 46:47; Play's the thing, by Bryant Furlow., © New Scientist, on p. 61; Journal of Educational Psychology, © Dr Ra Persaud, on p. 68; Dad's beatime siory, © Sesame Street Parents, on'p. 69; The future of Tootball ies with women, © Vivek Chuachary, The Guardian Weekly, on p. 101: Peta! Power, by Jacqui Higgins. © Faicady Magazine, on p. 108; Vitamins... foo much of a good thing, by Dr Danny Penman, ® Focus, on p. 188; A dity business, by Fred Pearce, © New Scientist, on pp. 126-197; Research finds no il effects from use of mobile phones, © Tim Radford, The Guardian, ‘on p. 154; Charles Dickens. His Tragedy and Thumph, © Edgar Johnson, on pp. 156-157; Global communication and the return ‘f pictograms, © Focus, on p. 164; Westem Europe on a shoestring, Switzerland, © Lonely Planet Publications on p. 174; The Hindenberg, © Navy Lakehurst Historical Society, on p. 176; Thanks to Encarta online for Amelia Earhart, on p. 177; The freelance poisoner, by Gryant Furlow, © New Scientist, on p. 192; Soccer, © Synterga (USA) inc. on pp. 194-195: Batleialds, Defence, CContct and Wartare, English Hentage 1995, © English Heritage Education Service, on p. 212: Kingmaker’s feast, © Warwick Castle, England, on p. 213: Quiet Revolution, by Jane Feinmann, © The Observer Magazine, on p. 216; Internet wins 9% of young readers, by John Ezard, © Hellenic Star, on p. 222: Minoan Culture, © Washington State University, on p. 226; Inverness, © Inverness courier, on p. 243; Why boys can't be boys, © Tony Mooney, The Observer, on p. 243; Mars in popular cuture, © web site humbabe.are:nasalgovimgem/tun/pop himi, on p. 244; Mediterranean diet slashes heart disease risk, © Healthwel, on 'p. 269; This means war, by Debora MacKenzie, © New Scientist, on p. 270; Europe on a shoestring 2nd eaition, Highlands ancl Northem Islands, © Lonely Planet Publications, on p. 286; World's most endangered plant protected, © Focus, on p. 297: Perfect Vehicle (Driving Tomorrow), © Focus on p. 298: Saving the planet with a tree lunch, by lan Francis (b00k review) © Focus on p. 304; Aboriginal Music. © Aboriginal Art, on p. 309. Special thanks to the New Encyclopaedia Britannica ang the World Sook Encyclopaedia, Every effort has been made to trace all the copyright holders but if any have been inadvertently overlooked, the publis be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity10 u 12 13 4 Contents Units Page Tenses . . 6 Practice Test 1 24 Modals eee : ee 28 Practice Test 2 Ad Infinitive -ing FOrM ossssesestsesee evsneene oe os 48 Practice Test 3 : 66 Passive Voice : 7 Practice Test 4 86 Reported Speech 90 Practice Test 5... . - oe 110 Adjectives - Adverbs soe 14 Practice Test : . - i! Conditionals 138 Practice Test 7 ' 154 Wishes - Unreal Past sevens 158 Practice Test 8 evceeenee . 174 Relatives : 178 Practice Test 9 192 Nouns ee ee 196 Practice Test 10 : - oe . 210 Articles - 214 Practice Test 11 - - sevsnnnannnnsensnne 226 Cousative Form 230 Practice Test 12 SS : : : oa Clauses 248 Practice Test 13 ... 270 Inversion ... sosnnninnntnnnnnntninnnennnnnnennene on 274 Practice Test 14 286 Conjunctions - Punctuation : eo) Practice Test 15 306 Appendix 1 - Phrasal Verbs ...... : : E32 Appendix 2 - Idioms/Fixed Phrases csnnsnnenee - ose B17 Appendix 3 - Words often confused 322 Appendix 4 - Word Formation ..... : 329 Appendix 5 - Verbs, Adjectives, Nouns with Prepositions 338 Appendix 6 - Verbal Constructions 350Introduction The CPE Use of English I for the revised Cambridge Proficiency Examination is a practice book intended for cedvanced students of English who wish to sit the revised CPE examination as well as other exominations cat the same level of dificully. lt con also be used by advanced students, who wish to polish up their skills in the difficult grammatical area of structures and usage. The Teacher's Book for the Students Book contains the answers overprinted on the relevant pages of the Student's Book. How the book is organised Each unit consists of three main sections: Grammar, English in Use ond a Practice Test. Grammar In this section there is a condensed presentation of grammar structures followed by graded exercises Which practise the various phenomena, including conversational grammar fouroplion multiple choice sentences. There is also a Verbal Construction Appendix (Appendix 6) which students can use as reference guide for specific structures. English in Use This section consists of ‘Open cloze texts ~ modified cloze tex's containing fifteen gaps. Phrasal verbs ~ presentation of phrasal verbs clearly set out in coloured tables and with relevant exercises. (To be used with reference to Appendix 1) Idioms/Fixed phrases - presentation of idioms/fixed phrases in coloured tables with relevant exercises. {To be used with reference to Appendix 2) Prepositions — verbs, nouns and adjectives followed by prepositions written in alphabetical groups and tested in sentence form. (To be used with reference to Appendix 5) Key word transformations — discrete items with a leadin sentence and « gapped response to complete using a given word. Fixed phrases - presentation of fixed phrases in coloured tables with relevant gap filing and four-option multiple choice sentences. Note expansion exercises ~ notes to be expanded into complete sentences. Register transfer exercises - one text including certain information followed by a gapped text providing the same information in a different register. Mistake identification exercises - sentences with deliberate mistakes to be identified and corrected by students, Proverbs - commonly used proverbs with explanations through exercises. Word usage ~ word formation texts containing ten ops (to be used with reference to Appendix 4), four option multiple choice cloze texts and sentences to be completed using the most appropriate choice from groups of words offen confused. [To be used with reference to Appendix 3) Collocations - exercises designed to familiarise students with word-combination.Gopped sentences - each question is made up of three discrete sentences. Each sentence contains one gap which has fo be completed with only one word which is common to all three sentences. Preparing for Port 5 - a two-page section preparing students for the comprehension questions and summary writing task required for Part 5 of the revised Cambridge Proficiency Examination. Practice Test This section consists of complete Use of English practice tess in the same form as the revised Cambridge Proficiency Examination Paper 3. Appendices The appendices on phrasal verbs, idioms/fixed phrases, words offen confused, word formation, prepositions and verbal constructions at the end of the book aim to help students in their studies as well os teochers in checking the students’ competence in these dificult areas of the English language. How to use the book The book is designed for use in class or selfstudy. The teacher is encouraged fo adapt the book to the needs of the students and according to individual preference. The material in the book is structurally graded and is intended to be practised over the duration of the Proficiency course. Components Student's Book Teacher's BookIT ta Grammar: Tenses aN PRESENT habitual actions or Tepeated actions with permanent states, chvays, forever, constantly He goes swimming every _(olien to show annoyance) day. You're always leaving the ‘She works in o bank. cap off the toothpaste. corranged future actions actions in progress/ Ulimetables, programmes, temporary actions ete) He's sleeping at the The match begins ot 8:30 moment next Monday evening. They're hunting for @ fat laws of nature/scientfic fixed arrangements for the facts and instructions near future ce melts when heated. They are going on an First you chop the meat, excursion tomorrow. then you hy it dramatic narration current trends and The lights go out anda developments figure tears ovt of the villa. Oil prices are rising at present Time Expressions: usvolly, Time Expressions: now, ot offen, always, every day, in present, at the moment, the morning, on Mondays etc these days, sil, todoy, tonight, nowadays etc asd recently completed actions She has just painted her actions beginning in the past ond continuing up to the present, focusing on the result He has writen three books. indefinite post actions oF experiences She has seen this film. (We do not know when.) {ve been to Berlin twice repeated actions sill continuing He has worked as a teacher for four years. (He is silo teacher.) Time Expressions: since, yet, for, already, just, ever, so far, recently, lately, stil, how long etc Present Perfoct Cont. past actions produci Visible results in the present She has been painting her room. (it smells of paint) ‘an action beginning in th past ond continuing up to the present, focusing on the ection especially with for or since She has been waiting for two hours but there's still no sign of him. ‘action showing annoyance, inition or surprise What have you been doing fo my computer? Time Expressions: for, since, how long, lately, recently etc Stative verbs describe « state and do not have continuous forms. These include verbs related to: senses see, heor, smell feel, toste thinking think, agree, believe, consider, doubt, expect, feel (think) emotion & feeling feel, forgive, hate, loathe, like, disike, love, mind, wish, etc other ‘appear/seem, be, belong, have [=possess), keep (=continue}, matter, owe, possess/own ete Notes * Verbs ofthe senses con have continuous forms, but then there's @ change in meaning 1'm seeing my dentist tomorrow. [= @ prior arrangement) time, etc We were having 0 good time at the party when the fire broke out you can call him. (= possess) but: Do you see those birds? fabiliy 10 see) The verbs think, consider and expect can have continuous forms when they refer to an actvily Bo quiet, please! I'm thinking. but: 1 think you are wrong. {~ | believe) + Have can have continuous forms in certain expressions such os: have a bath, have a nap, have fun, have a good but Since you have his phone number,Ja Grammar: TeRses, 1. Put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate present tense. © Our firm is launching (launch) two new products next week, 1 “Why .- fhe/leave}?” “Because he (play football ct 6:30 this evening,” 2 Dancers at the ballet schoo! {train for the performance since last November. 3 You (n01/really/expect) me to eat this stow! It {smel) awful! 4 (try) to complete that jigsaw for over three months now! 5 "Why (you/feel) Annie's forehead?” 4 (think) she’s got « temperature.” He has been to Berlin. (=He has gone and come back.) He has been in Buenos Aires foro year. {=He lives there He has gone to Toledo. (=He hasn't come back yet 2 Fill in the blanks with have been to, have been in or have gone to in their correct form. 0 Ihave never been to (never) Cambodia, but | might include it on my itinerary nex! year. 1 Mrs Bates Cologne. She won't be back for at least three weeks. 2 Nick Woles for three years now, studying for his degree. 3 Why don’t you ask Clare about the tropics? She Thailand. 4 He Visit his father. 'm afraid you've just missed him, 3 Put the verbs in brackets info the Simple Present or Present Continuous. Terry Poole (06 (be) an engineer who (1) {work for on international aid orgenisation. Although he roxmally (2) {work in Indonesia, ot present he 8) : (supervise) 0 project in Rwanda which (4). (involve) the coordination of local people, aid workers and engineers lke himself. Athough he (5) soso (enjoy) the experience, he 6 {dovbi he projec wil be finished soon 6 The place looks like a bombsite! What (do) all day? 7 Come on John! You . (know) me since high schooll You .. (7 ot/really/believe) | would do such a tetble thing, 8 The opposition party {oppear) to be making ground in the opinion poll. 9 Randell (kick) the ball into the net and it {be} « goal! 10 He (study) most of the year, but now it's summer, he (work) in o shop. 11 You (always/leave) the bathroom tap running. “HRS BEEN TO / HAS BEEN IN / HAS GONE TO 4 Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous. Stonehenge (0) has been (be) the subject of erchaeological debate for many years. No one a) (yet/explain) satisfactorily why or how it was buil, although teams of experts 2) (excavate) the site for years and a team of American scientists (3) (recentty/start] working in the area with sophisticated new equipment. Popular theories 4 (sugges) that Stonehenge was built os a temple, but no one (5) (manage) to work out how the stones were transported here. A group of students from Bangor University 6 soe (iscuss) the possibilty of reenacting the journey from Wales, where such stones are to be found, overland to Stonehenge and sponsors 7)... .- (come) forward with offer: of financial assistance. The Bish ‘Museum (8) {lso/announce) « forthcoming exhibition of artefacts from the Stonehenge period which they (9) (gether) over the last five years from all over Northern Europe.Ja Grammar: | Tenses FUTURE FORMS A A TY TT predictions, offers, intentions, factions in progress at a factions finished before a promises, requests, 1 know my clothes are dirty. suggestions {/m going to wash them Will you help me with the tomorrow. dishes?/Shall | get you some coffee? conthe-spot decisions “Your clothes are dirty.” “Are they? Ill wash them.” planned actions She's going to take her diving test next month ‘opinions, hopes, fears, especially wit think, expect, suppote, imagine, possible action seen in the future as a result of sth else He doesn't know how to fear, etc light o fire. He’s going to [think he'll pass the test. burn himself when its not certain ‘when there is evidence that whether sh will happen sth will definitely happen (prediction) She's going to have a Perhaps itl rain tomorrow. baby. Time Expressions tomorrow, the day offer tomorrow, fonight, soon, next week, month/year, in a week/month/year ele OTHER WAYS OF EXPRESSING THE be + to infinitive (future plans, instructions) The meeting is to take place on Wednesday. certain time in the future 11 be ying to Paris this ime fomorrow. certain future time, usually th before, by, by then, by the time, until/ill By the end of July he will have been in Athens for ‘two months. logical assumptions about logical assumptions about sb’ actions in the present sbs actions He will be sleeping now. He will have gone fo sleep {it's midnight.) by now. previously planned actions {instead of Present Continuous) 1 be seeing Sam tonight. Would you like me to tell ‘on action up to a certain time’ inthe future, emphasising the continuity, usually with by. him the news? ra By next Sunday, they will ‘have been living here for wo weeks Note by/before ore used wih Future Perfect in postive sentences; un is used in negative sentences She will have cleaned the house by 6 o'clock ‘She won't have cleaned the house until 6 o'clock. FUTURE You are not to leave the premises until 17:00. bbe about + to - infnitive/be on the point of + gerund {immediate future) They are about fo leave. CONVERSATIONAL GRAMMAR 5 Choose the correct item. © “Any news from Tess?” "Yes. She tomorrow on the 9:15 train.” A will have been arriving C arriving B will have arrived arrives They are on the point of leaving. 1. “I suppose your report isn’t ready yet.” “Don't worry. | it by tomorrow." A will have been finishing Cam finishing B_ will be finishing D will have finished10 *So, ore you coming along, after all?” “Well, | don’t know. What fime on 2" A you're leaving C will you leave B will you be leaving D do you leave “Ive called Eddie o hundred times but he won't ‘answer the phone.” “Try once more. He A will sleep B sleeps C will be sleeping D is to be sleeping "Well, first came here last June.” "So by the end of May you ... almost a year.” A will have been working C will have working B are going to have worked D will work "Shall | call Eddie ot home?" with us for Link Re sas. NOW." A will be working C is to work B is going to work will work “ls Nigel stil here?” "Yes, but hurry up, he is just ‘A about to leave C to be leaving B about leaving D to leave Maggie's birthday today?” "Yes, she «© party fonight.” A hos C is to have B is having D will have “Doesn't she feel nervous about having to teach that class?” “| shouldn't think so os she’s such an experienced feacher. By October she teaching for fifteen years.” A is going to be C will have been B has been D istobe “Why don’t we go to the cinema?” “Vs 00 late; the film... started by now." A will be shall have B is going to be D will have "You look gorgeous in that dress.” “Really? | it then.” A will be buying C will buy B buy D am to buy "So, when is your maths exam?” "Well, this time tomortOW Venn for it.” A will be siting C will have been siting B will sit D sit Ja Grammar: TeRses, 6 Put the verbs in brackets into an appropriate present or future form. “161 0) am (be) reelected, | (1) {give} you my word that the first issues | (2) (tackle) are those of the environment and education. As of next month, 1 (3) vero . (serve) my country in a public capacity for 6 years; | (4) .. hope) to continue for at least as many more. While the general attitude (5) . (seem) to be that things inthis CoUNtY (6) .srnssensnnneess (QO) from bad to worse, I believe that by the end of my next term of office we ” --- (beable) to look back and count the improvements that have been made. In fact, | am so confident that if it (8) (n01/be) the cose, | ° {never/maks) another promise in my life. But | firmly believe that these (10) (bo) ‘years of positive change and dramatic improvements.” 7 Fill in will o be going to. 0 A: I'm going to start learning Chinese. B: Are you? Will you let _me know what i lke os I'd like to have a go too? 1 A: Sheila ... have an operation nex! Tuesday. B: If you tell me which hospital she'll be in, Il go cond visit her 2A: Thave to be at work by 8:30. B: But ts nearly 8:00. You be late. 3. A: So I'll book your dental appointment for 4:30, shall I? B: No later than that, as 1 be at the office before 5 today. Vm sure | this time. B: I hope you do. You've worked really hard this term. Look ot those clouds. i's definitely going to rain. ect bering the chairs in from the garden, then So, are you ready to go? B: I've told you a thousand times! I. come. If you buy the flowers, I'l get some chocolates. OK, but get a move on or we be late. {not} pass the course N P>\ 10 Ja Grammar: Tenses PAST Past Simple ‘ctions completed in the past when there is direct or indirect time reference He left on hour ago. [direct time reference) ‘She phoned before the boss findirect time reference) past actions in progress/ ‘at a given point in time She was siill working at eight o'clock yesterday evening, post habitual actions He travelled/used to travel «a lot when he was young. past action in progress interrupted by onother action She was leaving when the phone rang. post actions happening one simultaneous past actions after the other While Jane was getting He stood up, picked up his dressed, Tom was enjoying briefeose ond let the office. his drink. pas! actions which won't be polite inquiries repected J was wondering if you ‘Marilyn Monroe starred in could help me. “The Seven Year lich”. Time Expressions: yesterday, then, when, ago, How long ago...?, last right/week/year ete Time Expressions: while, when, 0s, oll morning/evening, day, night ete USED TO / GET USED TO / WOULD Used to + infinitive (post habitual action/state) be/get used to + gerund/noun {habitual action} ‘would (repeated past action and routine) ‘a longer past action which post action which happened before another continued up to another past action past action ‘She had already typed all She had been cooking cll the leners before her boss day long when Tom came corrved. home with some fish and chips. «3 the past equivalent of the actions producing visible Present Perfect results in the past Compare: ‘She was covered in paint Bob had always dreamed because she had been of being in o musical, but he never got the chance. Tom has always dreamed of being ina musical; he ‘might make it one day. painting her room. Time Expressions: before, after, already, just, for, since, tll/until, by the fime, never etc Time Expressions: for, since, how long, before, until etc This theatre used to be a hospital Ho used to work fill late at night. (He doesn’t anymore.) ‘She isn’t used to driving on the left. 1 haven't got used to living abroad yet. When | was at my grandparents’ cottage, | would wake up early and go for a ride.8 Pur the verbs in brackets into an appropriate past lense. © He walked (walk) to the front of the stage, took {toke) a bow and waved {wave} to the audience. 1 Her clothes were soaked because she (walk) in the rain. 2 We (201/enjoy) the play so we (leave) early. 3. While you (sleep) Joan (ty) hard to finish her dissertation 4 Susan and To {moet} when they (study) in Edinburgh 20 years ago. 5 In June 1979 they : {sill/build) this shopping centre. 6 They (walk) fo the water's edge, (wade) in ond (swim) to the other side 7 While the soldiers (advance) they did not reolise that the enemy (plan) « surprise attack. 8 The politician (already/finish) his speech by the time the TV reporter (arrive). 9 By the time Monica {get fo the library, Elena {olready/do) all the research. CONVERSATIONAL GRAMMAR 9 Choose the correct item. 0 "Where's Christine?” "Idon't know; she the office fifteen minutes ogo.” Biet C has left B hod left D had been leaving 1 "Why didn’t Madeline show up at the party last night?” "When | called her at 11:00 she : A. was sill studying would sill study B had still been studying D sill studied 2 Did you know that Oscor Wilde during his final years? A has been living B had lived in Poris © had been living D lived 10 uN 12 1a Grammar: TeXses, “You're looking miserable.” 4 ‘on my thesis when my computer suddenly crashed.” A. was working B used fo work CC would work D have been working "Did you hear the rain last night?” Y8, oneal igh.” ‘A had been pouring B was pouring C has poured D was poured “Can't we just order a nice bit of cod?” “Don't be ridiculous! We ...... all this way to eat fish and chips.” ‘A haven't been coming C aren't coming B_ haven't come D hadn't come “love your car.” “This old thing? We A had had B have been having “What's wrong with Robert?” “1 don't know. He... up, slammed the door and stormed out ofthe building.” A got C was geting B has got D had got “Mary has difficulty fiting in.” “Well, | quess she .... 4 this type of work." it for fifteen years.” C have had D used to have A didn't use C doesn't get used B isnt used D hasn't been used “loved Christmas as a child.” “So did I. Every Christmas Eve all the fomily the tree together.” ‘A would have decorated C had been decorating B would decorate used to decorating ‘When I lived downtown | to the cinema almost every night ‘A wos going have been going B went D had been going Sue from a severe bout of flu at the time. C would recover D was recovering A recovered B used to recover “How's Peter doing?” “| don't know. | A have to hear B didn’t hear from him for months." CC haven't heard D don’t hearJa Grammar: Tenses 13. “Ted is so inconsiderate.” “What you say that, George?” A is making C mokes B_ was making D had made 10 Put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate past lense. IF it (0) hadn't been (not/be) for Lovis, Joan (1) neo {never/survive) her trip to Paris lost month, She (2) -- (not/meet} him before, but she (3) (be) certainly glod that she had by the end of her stay. The first thing that (4) {happen} was that the hotel where she (5) {plan) to stay (6) {not/receive) her booking, so they had no room for her. Then, as she (7) {try) fo get a taxi 1 take her to another hotel, someone on a motorbike @ (snatch) her bag with all her tickets ‘and credit cards init. As her French (9) (be) quite rusty, she (10) {not/know) how to explain what (11) (happen). it was then that Louis (12) +» (approach) her cond (13) (introduce) himself CONVERSATIONAL GRAMMAR 11 Choose the correct item. 0 “Tina is sil looking for a decent flat.” “How long " A was she looking Chad she looked B is she looking © has she been looking 1. “Has Paul come to terms with his examination results?” “Yes. He the fact that he'll have to resit.” A had accepted C accepted B hos accepted D has been accepting 12 10 “Did you have @ good fime at the Jordans?” *Not realy. ...nn Fl ever visi them again.” ‘Adon’ think © won't be thinking B_ om not thinking D think not Gerold jst cont nme working shifts A used 10 get used to B be used D used to be Alson feels more sympathy and less anger than she A had C was B would D used Will you we withthe audiowideo equipment by 12:30 pm?" “Possibly, but I'l lt you know beforehand.” A finish C be finishing B finished D have finished “George is in hospital.” “Yes, I've heard he A makes B is making good progress.” will make D would moke “Ym geting my work permit next week.” “t's about time. You here for two months by then.” A are C will have been B will be D have been “How do you like your sushi?” “Well, it’s really different. It's the first time | Jopanese food.” A have eaten B eat C am eating D have been eating “Wasn't sacking Mary rather harsh on his port?" “Not really; he her several times in the past." A had warned C warns B was warning D will worn “Where's Jonathan?” “He nn 10 the travel agent's.” A has been Chas been going B hos gone D had goney: STRUCTURAL CONVERSION ~- 1 I've never been given such a nice present before. It's the nicest presen! I've ever been given. 2 He's never flown by Concorde before. 1's the first time he’s (ever) flown by Concorde. 3 I's a long time since he visited us. He hasn't visited us for a long time. 4 When did you leave school? How long ago did you leave school? How long is it since you left school? 5 The last time | saw her was @ month ago. haven't seen her for a month 6 He joined the golf club fen months ago. He has been a member of the gol club for ten months 7 It's. month since she moved fo Austria She moved to Austria a month age. 8 She started English lessons a year ago. ‘She has been taking/having English lessons for @ year. 1's. year since she stated toking/having English lessons 9 Having had dinner, | wont to bed. ‘Afr having dinner, | went bed. ‘AftorIhad had dinner, | went to bed. 10 think there will be o war soon. In my opinion, there is going to be @ war soon. Ifyou ask me, there’s bound to be a war soon. In my estimation, war is imminent. 11 I don’t believe that he'll agree. I's my boli that he won't agree. Ihave a feeling that he won't agree. There’s no reason to believe that he'll agree. Ja Grammar: TeXses, While I was walking down the street, | saw Mary. While walking down the sree, | sow Mary. When / was walking down the street, | sow Mary. Jhwas while | was weiking down the steet that | saw Mary 13 Was there any response to his appeal? Did anyone respond to his appeal? 14 The race takes place tomorrow. The race will/s going to be held/take place tomorrow. | The race is scheduled to take place/tor tomorrow. | 15. She started doing her homework as soon as her brother had lof for school ‘She started doing her homework when her brother had | lef for school ! ‘She didn’t start (doing) her homework until her brother had laf for school ; ‘She waited unt her brother had lef for schoo! before she | started (doing) her homework/or before starting to do... | ‘Not until her brother had left for school did she stort {doing} her homework. t 18 When did you last have o haircut? i When was the last ime you had a haircut? ; 17. She wrote the book while she was on holiday. : ‘She wrote the book during her holiday. i 18 | only slept for an hour last night. ' only had an hour's sleep last night. : 19 his certain that he'll pass his exams. i There is no doubt that he'll pass his exams i He is bound to pass his exams 12 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given. 1 fs been months since | last spoke with Paul contact haven't months. 2. He has never felt so embarrassed before. ever Ws peers embarrassed 3. She was going to hand in her notice when the boss decided to promote her. point She notice when the boss decided to promote her. 4 He has tried to lose weight before. first Ws a diet 5. France hasn't won @ gold medal in this sport for ages. time Wes medal in this sport. 6 is certain that he will compensate you for the damage he has done. bound He .. seve ests to you for the damage he has done. 7 Stephen realised something terrible had happened {5 soon as he saw May erying ‘aware Stephen €s soon as he saw May crying 13\ Ja Grammar: Tenses CONVERSATIONAL GRAMMAR 13 Choose the correct item. 1. “John really ought to lose some weight.” "You're right; he ........ very heavily during the walk yesterday." A. was breathing CC has been breathing B had breathing D had been breathing 2 “Sheard Roy and Alice had an argument.” "Do you know what it this time?” A has started CC had been starting B started D had started 3. “I wonder how Jeff is doing.” “I haven't got a clue. l’s been a long time since | to him.” A have spoke C had spoken B spoke D speaking 4 “It’s0 pity she had to pull out of the competition.” “Yes, especially since she such excellent progress.” A is moking C had been making B made D has been making 5. "Who's going to collect your mail while you're on holiday?” have asked my cousin.” A ever C yet B sill D okeody & “Did you get to see Frances in the end?” "No, She for the airport when | ortived ot her home.” A would leave C had left B_ was leaving D left 7. "Helen moved to London last week.” “Well, | suppose she'll find it dificult to on the lef.” A be used fo driving C get used to driving B use to drive D be used to drive 8 “How long have you been with Sears S.A,?" “By nex! month |... there for @ year.” ‘A will be working Cam going to work B have worked D will have been working 9 “Did you stay up late yesterday?” “Not really. | went to bed after Monica A. was leaving C leaving B had left D has left 14 14 Complete the second sentence so that it has o similar meaning tothe fist sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use benween three and eight words, including the word given 1 I believe the man you're looking for is standing right rex! to us. feeling 1 to us is the one you're looking for. 2 Jeremy joined the cricket club a year ago. member Jeremy's «0 yea 3. It was proposed that a new orphanage should be built. forward They to build a new orphanage The olections take place next Sunday. scheduled The next Sundoy. 5. I believe there will be an economic crisis soon. estimation In imminent & The final question in part 6 wasn’t answered correctly by anyone. answer Nobody - ne the final question in part 6° 7 Mozart started composing music during his ear childhood. young Mozart sess sess child 8 According to Dr Donovan, Rosie is bound to b offered the position, doubt According to Dr Donovan, the position 9 He's been writing the novel for nearly two years. started his the novel15 Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. POST IN HISTORY Although it may come as a surprise (0) to many people, postal services have existed in some parts of the word for thousands of yeors. (1) isomple evidence that a postal service existed among the Assyrians and Babylonians. In China a regular postal service (2) ‘established in the seventh century BC, ond (3) -.the centuries attained (4) a high level of efficiency that some 2,000 years after its insitution it won the admiration of travellers (5) Marco Polo. Efficient and highly developed postal services were also established in the Persian and Roman ‘empires. In ancient times, (6) services were mainly confined (7) .... the use of representatives. ofthe state; private citizens (8) use of slaves, merchants and the like to send their messages and documents, In Medieval Europe, postal services ° ‘organised by emperors ond by the papacy, (09) private citizens continued to ‘entrust their correspondence to various travellers. Later, ‘around the 13th century, universities and towns came (uy have their own messengers. However, it was not (12) the 14th century that merchants, the private ciizens (13) had the greatest need fora speedy and regular exchange of correspondence, began to (14) up regular courier services. The needs of business led to the development of the postal service as we know (15) today. PHRASAL VERBS 1 16 look at Appendix 1 and fill in one of the prepositions or adverbs below, then give o synonym for each phrasal verb, * beneath * off # up to * in for # in-witr * down on * out * on * down with * into © Susan gets all the perks because she’s in with the administration 1 She fees itis uneducated people. her to socialise with 2 Aso vegetarian, Poul is se people who at meat 3 Hellbe it when his parents discover he took the money. 4 Half the staff are the flu this week, 1b English in Use, 5. She doesn’t eat crisps or chocolate; she's health food 6 Ourdag has been 7 Do you know whats 8 I don’t know what he's been looks very embarrassed 9 The roses have been PHRASAL VERBS 2 ‘act do whatever is advised/ suggested behave awkwardly or badly/not work properly answer (sb) back (inf): respond rudely to sb its food for days now. at the cinema tonight? , but he for 0 few doys now. ‘act up fin: ‘answer for: be responsible for sth/pay for/vouch for answer to: be under the command of sb/have the characteristics described back down: cease to oppose or demand back out (of): withdraw (from) back up: support/confirm bear on (A): be relevant to/affect bear with: be patient 17 Fill in the correct preposition(s) or adverb. © The Ministers statement has no bearing on this case 1. The Prime Minister said that he would speak to his advisors and then act their advice, 2 You can’t change your mind now. I's too late to back the deal 3. The plant manager answers directly runes the head of the company. A. Iwas prepared to back .. her story because I knew it was the truth, 5. The boby has been acting all doy. 1 think she must be teething, The accused will answer highest court in the land 7 Faced with such formidable opposition to his proposal, he had no choice but to back 8 I was always in trouble for answering when I was at school 9 Ifyou can bear me a lite longer, Ill try to explain the reasons behind our actions. 15 his actions in the\e As English in Use IDIOMS/FIXED PHRASES 1) all but ‘nearly, almost/except all in (nf: exhousted all told: altogether for all: in spite of of all people: used fo express annoyance/ surprise because a certain person was thought to be unsuitable all along: from the beginning cllthe same: yet, however all in all: when everything is considered for all know: as far os | know forall leare: I don't care IDIOMS/FIXED PHRASES 2) take sth into account: ‘on account of: ‘on no account: ‘on this/that account: ‘on the air: under no circumstances for this/that reason broadcasting (opp.: off the oir) uncertain it exists, but not talked bout remove suspicion or bad feeling be very angry on the lookout; 16 expecting sth 18 Fill in the blanks with one of the idioms/fixed phrases. 0 I've all but Finished; just give me o few minutes Vo ceessnmnnmnnnsenney i S@med 10 be quite @ good suggestion. 2. He promised to come to the party on Friday; I don't think we should count on him. 3 his hard work, he didn’t get «@ promotion 4 I don't know how they found out, but they've known about it 5. I've been following the election campaign and [think the government wil win the election. 6 She told me her nome was Joan but é she could be lying. 1 don’t think V'l go out tonight. I'm I never expected you . such a thing! 9 You can take the whole lot ON to soy 19 Fill in the blanks with one of the idioms/fixed phrases. 0 Instead of botling up your feelings, let's talk abou! it and clear the alr 1 The fire fighters are always for forest fires, particularly in the summer. 2 There's a feeling of anticipation a the moment 3. The villogers ore .. proposed motorway. 4 [haven't been able to travel much lately nnn svsnnmnnsneseeseese My €0F having broken down. 5 His future is sill ; he can’t decide whether fo become a surgeon or a psychiatist 6 You must. ..- his educational background when deciding what work to .. about the give him. 7 The meeting tomorrow is very important; should you be late. 8 There's been o hurricane in Manila, and all flights have been cancelled 9 You can’t go into the studio just yet as the programme is sillTb English Use, 22 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the POSITIONS 20 Look at Appendix 5 and fill in the blanks with the correct preposition © The cinema which was adjacent go the bank was badly damaged in the earthquake. 1 The child showed no animosity... her new stepbrother. 2. What you're saying amounts blackmail 3. Mr Parker was arrested exceeding the speed limit. 4. She is finding it difficult to adjust cnn the imate. 5 Your calculations do not accord mine. 6 She was very appreciative cll the support she got from her fiends 7 Iwas totally ebashed 8 His abstinence months. his rude manner. caffeine lasted only two 9 Ihave an aversion spiders. 211 Look at Appendix 5 and fill in the blanks with the correct preposition 1 The recommendations are based 4 recent Home Office report. 2 My litle sister sill believes Father Christmas. 3 Beware the strong currents when ‘swimming in this area, 4 bumped ... ... an old school friend in town last week 5 The tourists bartered at the local market. 6 When the children arrived at the fair, they made a the souvenirs beeline the ghost train. 7 There's a ban using hosepipes during the drought. 8 The cot basked ... the warm sunshine. 9 He continually boasts his fantastic job 10 The man begged his wife... forgiveness. word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given The suspect could not explain why he had sand in his boots, account The suspect in his boots. What he told me made me very curious to hear the rest of the story. ppetite ‘What he told me f the story. | don’t mind staying in on a Saturday night if| have good company. averse Im e eas . night if | hove good company. ‘Miss Hayes will explain the day-to-day running of the office to you. acquaint Miss Hayes running of the office. I/don’t know how I can make it up to you for spoiling your plans. amends I don’t know “your plans Ihis 0 foregone conclusion that Mark will get he jab saying h the job, Ou teacher doesn't like it when we leave the classroom without asking firs. ‘approve Our teacher without asking firs. Those official files cannot be seen by the public until the end of the decade. ‘access The files until the end ofthe decade, Being her only niece, Ana is very precious to her. ‘apple Being her only niece, .. eye. 1?18 Ib English in Use 10 12 13 4 15 16 7 18 19 You need to consider the fact that he hasn't spoken French for years. allowances You need to : he hasn't spoken French for years. Sheila was the only one who succeeded in finding the solution to the problem. wp Only Sheila to the problem. | was surprised not fo see Meg at the party but | loter heard she was il ‘apparently | wos surprised that Meg she was ill | know this route looks dangerous but | can't think of @ better option alternative However dangerous this route looks, : think of. Because of the lack of co-operation he decided to leave the project unfinished cebandon He chose «10 lack of co-operation. Helen won't be happy till she gets « ful refund. than Nothing Helen. | always think about transport costs when job hunting consideration always . os when job hunting Becky didn’t tell you because she assumed you already knew. granted Becky didn't tell you cesses fe you already knew. How would you deal with such « challenge? presented What such a challenge? la my opinion, Simon was a fool not to accept their job offer. down \ think their job offer. 20 The neighbours will look after our house while we ore away. eve The neighbours while we are away. FIXED PHRASES in abeyance (: be of have no fixed abode (|: cut and about: in the abstract: of its own accord: agree to differ/disagr in arrears: ‘cast aspersions (A) cost an arm and a leg (inf): be thrown off balance: ‘on the ball: below the belt: bbe beside oneself with ‘anger/excitement: bide one’s time: in the black: blaze a trail: con the blink (in: 90 by the board: ‘cut fo the bone: out of bounds: pick someone's brains (in: halted temporarily be homeless 1) outdoors: 2) travelling from one place fo another in a general way automatically stop arguing because there is no chance of agreement have not paid the money they owe criticise be very expensive be surprised/confused olert crvel and unfair to be extremely aangry/excited wait for a good opportunity not owing anybody ony ‘money (opp.: in the red} discover/explore sth stop working properly (of electrical equipment be rejected/ignored/ rno longer possible reduced to the/a prohibited, forbidden place) ‘sk sb to help with o problem/extract information from an expert23 Complete the sentences using one of the fixed phrases in an appropriate form. 1 Ifyou until the market improves, you'll goto better return on your investment 2 Doctors in World War I plastic surgery techniques. 3. Ben's dreams of a university education when his father died and he was forced to earn « living 4 The swimming pool is toll pupils unless accompanied by o teacher. 5 Aholiday in the UK these days & MyTVhas been cll week. 1" have to call @ repairman, 7 Households that are more than six months with their morkgage repayments will foce repossession of their homes. 8 You don't need to worry. This kind of rash will usually dear up. 9 Costs must be if the company isto survive the current economic downturn Ws nice to see him ater his illness. 10 ‘again 24 Choose the correct item. 1 During winter the shelters ore full of people of no fixed A residence B abode 2 Unil your finances are in the idea to take out a loan A credit B funds 3 The matter has been left in romifications have been explored. A recess C obeyance B suspension D waiting C home D domicile , isnot a good © profit D black nfl the legal 4. hwos an extremely hostile article which cast ‘on the conduct of the entire cabinet A ciiticism C disapproval B aspersions D abuse 5 Could | pick your... on the subject before the eating? A brains C head B mind D intellect 1b cot 6 I'm not sure | can answer that. I've only thought about it in the before. A. general indefinite B hypothetical D abstract 7. You'll never convince me! We'll just have to to disagree. A agree © admit B consider D consent 8 The entire staff was thrown off of the takeover was announced. A composure C stable B disarray D balance 25 Read the following article and using the information ‘given, complete the folowing ler by writing the missing words inthe corec spaces. The words you need do not cccur in the anicl. The fist one has been done for you. Do not use more than hwo words fr each blonk. when the news The French government is planning to inkoduce new measures to monitor ond limit the use of live onimals in scientfic research, Ther aim is to establish new stondards for all of Europe. The new measures oim to ensure thatthe public will be informed as fo the condiions in which animals are kept, and scientiss wll be made to justify their use of ive animals in cases where subsiuls can be found. A council will so be | formed, consisting of scientists, animal rights activists ond ‘other qualified members. is hoped that Frances actions will be an example to other European counties which now hove fow controls regarding the reament of animal Deor John, 1 just wanted to write and tell you about he nw (0) daw! that is being (1) in herein (2) 0 8) ‘of the way live animals are used in ‘experiments and even 10 4) their use Ih makes all our hord work worthwhile. What they (5) todos 6) new guidelines for 7) of Europe. i will mean that (8) will know about 0 the animals are kept. Best ofall, it means that scientists wil have to explain (10} they experiment on live animals at allt Apparently, some kind of commits of my vill also be (12) Hopeful, this wal (13) cther counties in Europe change their ‘ways for the beter. We'llkeep you posted, Hopefully the changes here wil help with your campaign! 4 Yours, © Jocques 1920 bé English in Use WORD USAGE 26 Read the text below. Use the word given in copitals af the end of some of the lines to form a word that fit figure, and simple but (2) . oft cotmosphere with which they are invested: a kind of mute (4) the ortist and siter that implicates the spectator in a truly (5) Alter suffering from serious illnesses as a child, he was forced to give up (6) in the space in the same line. ‘A MODERN ITALIAN ARTIST Amedeo Modigliani (1884 - 1920] was an ltelian painter and sculptor whose (0) original pointings, which were characterised by asymmetry of composition, (I) nnnmvenes of .» Use of line, are among the most important he 20th century. They have also gained (3) ‘ORIGIN LONG MONUMENT POPULAR RELATION REMARK CONVENTION for the entirely personal between way. education, and it was then that he began to study painting. After his studies in ltaly, Modigliani left for Poris. There, he was overwhelmed by the painting of Pavl Cezanne, which exerted an ” (8) influence on the earliest phase of his work. Furthermore, his, study of African sculpture made a profound impression on his painting style. ‘QUESTION EXTEND, Modigliani was not a professional portraitist in the strict sense of the word. His paintings are ‘almost always portraits of relatives, (9) scene of his times and the contemporary artistic world, along with many portraits of (19) persons. 27 Fill in the blanks with one of the words from the 10 box below in the correct form. * laugh * smile * giggle * chuckle * sneer ‘grin # snigger * smirk * beam * titter * guffaw Mr Jones chuckled to story in the newspaper. The audience started when the cameras pointed their way. The students when they saw that their feacher had sat on some chewing gum. self as he read a funny nervously Ihordly ever ot jokes. | just don't find them funny. The woman .. wih pleasure when she saw her daughter get off the plone Fiona pleasantly at her neighbour when she saw her walking through the park When he loudly at the joke, everyone in the theatre turned to look at him. The boy could do nothing but nervously when he was asked fo stand up in front ofthe class. It’s disgusting the way she at everyone who doesn’t dress as well as she does. Mr Smith always when he sees me; | get the feeling he knows something | don’. Those teenage girls do nothing but when they see boys they lke of the Parisian literary PERSON IDENTIFY 28 Choose the correct item. 1 A small dog went for my ankles but | edroily managed to i. A. dodge © shirk B evade D duck 2. He's so lazy! We all have to work harder because he’s always his duties. A evading CC ducking B shirking D dodging 3. The Prime Minister managed to cony tricky ‘questions asked by the interviewer. A shirk © dodge B duck D evade 4. The domp has... his health; he's got rheumatism A offected C swayed B influenced D impressed 5 I'm sure thet living with a vegetarian has ...... me to eat less meat A. swayed € influenced B affected D impressed 6 Before | poy for the pointing, | need proof that it ofp) ns. Picasso, not @ copy. A real C valid B outhentc D natural7 He may appear to be but in fact he's a compulsive liar A outhentic B genvine C natural D real 8 If you have stomach problems it is best to avoid A ich C wealthy B affluent D lavish 9 Iwas rother embarrassed when John gave me such ofr} gif. A welloff CC extravagant B rich D affluent 10 Brozil derives the mojority of its revenue from one _ coffee. A stock C wore B merchandise D commodity COLLOCATIONS 29 Fil in artificial, false. © false teeth 6 . light 1 passport | 7 flowers 7 alarm 8 .. tears 3 hair 9 peorls 4 note 10 impression 5 limbs | 11 odditives 30 Think of one word which can be used appropriately in all three sentences. 0 + One doesn't need to be an expert to appreciate the beauty of classical music * He seems confident that houses in this area will appreciate in valve in the next few years. + ll always appreciate your help and support. 1 Her hands were swollen and 1... from the unaccustomed hard work. * Dieticians consider be the healthiest option. * | think you got a joined that frm. 2eA of dirt and oil lay over the surface of the pond. * Lorna Rook has been all over the world promoting her latest «Ifyou wrap the cheese tightly in plastic ‘and put it in the fridge it will last longer. vegetables to deal when you Ib English RU: The original of the restourant included an open kitchen by the front entrance. My heart is set on @ couch with an embossed floral | have to admit that | met him by 5 | waited in the lobby until he arrived. Game wardens traps to catch poachers and hunters IF you pay on our installment plan, we will : your carpets free of charge. You can’t simply the blome on the government whenever things go wrong! She the pillow angrily and started crying, wishing she hadn't told him anything. Danny holes in the reports and filed them The accountant quickly info the calculator. the amounts The school staff needs new in order fo bring in novel ideas. Having met his parents, | can see that generosity is in his : The doctors said they would have to carry out a test prior to the operation, After the whole ordeal, we wondered if it wos worth the The at the football match arose when fans of the losing team didn’t agree with the referee's call His chronic back his sleeping on a soft mattress. Peter's cond sense of humour made him a welcome guest on anyone's lis. Although he claimed not to be superstitious, he puta in his back pocket before heading for the exam The plan was a great success. It worked like 0 ‘wos caused by Ever since John broke the window, he's been in the teacher's books Rumour has it that he quit the country leaving nothing but debts behind Poor Markl | feel really bout his being laid off on his birthday. 2Ib English in Use PREPARING FOR PART 5 SUMMARY WRITING I Locating and Paraphrasing Relevant Information 31 a) Read the passages, then read the following summary question, and decide which four of the eight bole parts should be included in the answer. One has been done for you. Ina paragraph of between 50 and 70 words, summarise how each child reacted to the storytelling Relevant paris: B Kenneth Grahame was o large, self-effacing Scotsman (at 39, the youngest ever Secretary of the Bank of England) whose shyness and aloofness meant thot he had few friends. (A) To his son Alastair, however, he gave his heart and the wonderful literary gilt of The Wind in the Willows. The creation of this timeless clossic started in young Alastair’s bedroom, as his father would tell him bedtime stories about the magical world of Toad, Mole, Badger and Otter. (8) The irresistible combination ‘of fantasy and realism kept the boy spellbound night cafter night. (C} Soon, he would refuse to go to bed without his father furnishing him with another episode. Underlying this wonderful story is a caring father's ‘attempt to quietly instruct his son in the ways of the world, Wisdom, folly, firm action and tolerance are all discreetly displayed in such a way that a young child could understand and opprecicte. (D) ‘The Wind in the Willows’ has all of the characteristics of didactic children’s literatura, in that it primarily aims to teach. However, the ingenuity of its content means that it stands out from other didactic children’s literature, making it @ novel that can be read simply for the pleasure one finds in the hilarious exploits of Toad ‘ond his friends; on a didactic level, it acts as a gentle, benevolent guide. My husband and | write books for o living Specifically, we write books for eight to twelve yeor ‘olds and teens. As cowriters, we've put together all sorts of stories featuring all sorts of heroes, from princesses and trolls to singing horse riders and| animated green slime. (E) A few years ago we| decided to try a new genre and added goblins and various other monsters fo our cast of characters. Both our children have had the occasional] nightmare, but iis our younger one, Susan, who is the more sensitive ond more prone 10 fears of monsters lurking under her bed. (F} When she was four and her| brother Kevin was seven, my spouse and I were asked to write a scary book. As the level of the books wos ‘appropriate to my children’s age, | thought I'd "test” the book on them. (G) | hadn't even finished reading them} the first chapter when my daughter sat up and yelled| “That's horrible! How could you write something like that?” Needless to soy, | didn’t finish the story. (H) My sever:yearold hadn't said anything, but it was ‘obvious from his expression that he wasn’t exactly ‘enjoying it. We've gone back to writing non-scary books now, as the experience made us aware that children are extremely impressionable when it comes {Jo ghosts and other things that go bump in the night. 4) Porophrase the relevant parts so that you use as few of the words appearing in the passage as posible. The fofal wordcount for all four parts should not exceed 50 words. Hem (B] has been done for you. B Alastair loved his father's bedtime stories, which were both realistic and imaginative Complete the summary below. Alastair loved his father’s stories, (1) After o while, he wouldn't (2) : The experience of the writer of the second passage was very different. Her younger child (3) Although her (4) 22Ib English iMUse, 32 a) Read the passages, then read the following summary question, and underline the parts which should be included in the answer. One part in the second passage has been underlined for you. ‘In a paragraph of between 50 and 70 words, summarise the different accounts of how the Giant's Causeway was formed. Witness the result of nature's ancient fury. Burning lava pours out of the earth's interior and comes in contact with the freezing cir, rapidly cooling into 40,000 black, hexagonal columns. The tops of these columns (he tallest of which is 12 metres high) are relatively fat, and act as stepping stones which lead from the top of a perilous cliff gradually out into the rough Irish sea. Welcome to the world’s most spectacular volcanic site: the Giant's Causeway, in Northern Ireland ‘Coledonion Holidays’ now offers you the opportunity to visit this awesome site. Near the coast of County Antrim in Northern Ireland, the Giant's Causeway will astonish you with its alien ‘oppearance. Let our guides tell you all about its ‘reation, its history, and how it has inspired numerous lsh myths and legends. ‘Caledonian Holidays’ offers pockage weekend trips to the Giant's Causeway from Glosgow, Liverpool, Dublin ond Belfast. Normally priced ct £190 per person, this magnificent journey to the Earth’s most spectacular beach is now on special offer, costing only £145 per person, Offer ends on June 30th, s0 book now by using our free phone number or our web page. According to Irish tradition, the Giants Causeway has two possible origins, both involving legendary hero, Finn McCool. The first legend says that the Couseway was McCool’s labour of Tove. He had fallen for the charms of a itl from Sfaffo, an island in the Hebrides, and, in an attempt to see her more ‘offen, McCool built the Causeway so that she could ‘ross to Ulster, The second story presents the Causeway's construction ina less romantic light. The Scottish giant, Benandonner, challenged Finn McCool to a duel to the death. Finn, thinking he would win the duel easily and rid Britain of the giant forever, hastily hurled large stones into the Irish Sea to form a passageway for his enemy to walk across. Finn's wife, on seeing the giant, feared that her husband would be defeated, and so set out to fool Benandonner. She dressed her husband up as o baby and made him lie in an enormous cradle. She then invited the giant for a cup of fea, pleading for him to be quiet as her “baby” was sleeping. When Benandonner saw the huge “infant”, he began to ‘wonder about the size of the father, and ended up beating « hasty retreat back to Scotland. As he ron ‘off, he ripped up parts of the Causeway, which explains why only pars of it remain }) Poraphrase the relevant parts so that you use as few of the words appearing in the passage as possible. One item has been done for you. ‘A One legend has it that Finn McCool built the Causeway to help his love cross from the Hebrides. Write the summary. 23Jc, Practice Test One Paper 3 Use of English Time: 1 hour 30 minutes om Read the text below and think of the word which best fis each space. Use only one word in each space. TO SLEEP OR NOT TO SLEEP ‘Are you one of those people (0) who toss and turn all night, unable to (1) oo to sleep? Although many people who have sleeping problems, (2) ...-nn.nn chronic or occasional utomatically reach for the sleeping tablets when they see o difficult night (3) of them, there are o number of so-called “folk” remedies which are not only cheaper but also much safer in the long run. Most people hove tried having « hot drink such os milk or (4) ofe number of commercially available herbal infusions before going to bed, but there are other, (6) -eoccnsnenns Welkknown remedies, which can help you on your way to 0 restful night's sleep. One unusual (6) effective technique involves not warmth, (7) you might think, but cold. Before going to bed, run very cold water for several minutes over your forearms and legs from the knee (8) 1 then dry yourself quickly and hop into bed. You will find yourself feeling {olally relaxed and drowsy. Another unusual approach has to do with eating or, to (9) more precise, chewing. Take a large apple, wash it and eat it slowly, (10) particular care to chew the peel thoroughly. Chewing is not only relaxing in (11) , but the peel of the apple contains @ natural substance (12) induces relaxation. Meditation, stretching, waking and (13)... reading are also effective for many people. Clearly there are many ‘ways fo avoid the pillpopping route and (14) enjoy 0 good night’ sleep. Then again, if all (15) fails, you could always ry counting sheep! arp Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fils in the space in the same line. THE PRESENTATION OF HISTORY When dealing with (0) sensitive issues such as the atrocities of war SENSE and man's (16). foran, rt sory HUMAN may ty in vain to give an everrhanded (17) ws TREAT ofthe subject. This creates the danger of “softening” the image to make it litle less (18)... covey @ litle ess HORROR (19) vw and @ litle more acceptable to the SHAME general audience. This isan injustice to history, with foo much emphasis put on the bland and not enough on the harsh recliy of the past. Interpreting our heritage is not a soft option where oll that is required is anice, (20) view of the post. It requires SENTIMENT «full working (21) of the issues and the PERCEIVE evidence, together with a (22) to wilt be open about the strengths and weaknesses of our ability to interpret in a way that (23) understanding, DEEP IF (24) is required to do that, then it should not PROVOKE be avoided for fear of presenting something (25) AGREE 24mp Think of one word only which can be used oppropriately in all three sentences 0 * One doesn’t need to be an expert to appreciate the beauty of classical music. ‘+ He seams confident that houses in this area will appreciate in value in the next few years. + Ill olways appreciate your help and support. 26 * Ray married a woman ten years his + Ill always remember Mrs White, my teacher in school. Ripton was at that time a offical at the Treasury. 27 * Before signing the contract, make sure you read the small * Pat wore a dress with a pretty floral on it 4 The wild cot hadn't let single nace fOr us to follow. 2B + They bul « cottage on their Hille nu OF land. * The ploy had too many characters and o confused ... Guy Fowkes Night commemorates a to blow up Parliament 29 * You needn't take the pot out ofits in order to water i. The government is taking « firm ... on the issue. The witness wos asked to take the witness cond teslfy under oath 30 * They puto stronger wnnnssne Of the gate fo stop their dog from getting out © A ssnsnnns 08 @ CONG! regulates the flow of water 4+ Holen blew back @ stay vccnnsrnn OF halt 31 © Carmen had always... . hypnotherapy unl she found it octually worked © Sh WOS soosnneeee Sideways when she heard she had won the lottery * Aller negotiation, the price was . down on condition we paid cash Tc Practice TesNOne, amp Complete the second sentence so that it has @ similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given, © Nobody spoke when the teacher asked who the culprit was. remained Everyone remained silent when the teacher asked who the culprit was. 32. My boss says I can use his car whenever | want fo, s0 long as I'm coreful. disposal My boss , 0 long as I'm coreful 33. The news was a shock to us. aback We 34. James realised thot he could never be an architec. cut Jomes realised sevnsnnntnseninnseennnsesene QD OFChIIECL 35. They chose not to drive because they thought there would be too much snow. fear They chose too much snow. 36 I'm sick of that programme; I've watched it too often off Ive ; I've watched it too often. 37 | never have enough time these days. short I esc eee -. these days. 38. They tried very hard to finish by midnight. best They .. —— soon By midnight 39 The trapped fireman finally got away through the back window. scope The trapped fireman window. 25\ Ic Practice Test One 26 amp For questions 40-44 read the following texts. For questions 40 - 43 answer with a word or short phrase, You do not need fo write complete sentences. For question 44, write a summary according fo the instructions given. line 1 1 The chemical senses are the gatekeepers of the body. They provide information about the substances we come into contact with, and thus influence our decisions about what to eat and drink. Although our responses to many Flavours may appear to be hard-wired, they can actually be modified by experience. Much cof what we like and dislike about Flavours is learned, Scientists are exploring Factors related to Food choice and intake across the human lifespan. One research programme with human infants examines the role of early experience on development of Flavour preferences later in lif. The late- ‘term Foetus has Functional chemosensory systems that can detect tastes and odours, and research has shown that Flavours associated with the mother's diet are passed into the amniotic Fluid. Such transmission of flavour may provide the Foetus with an early introduction to elements of the mother’s cuisine. [Mt the other end of the lifespan, research has shown that loss of sensitivity of taste in the elderly affects the way food is perceived by these individuals. For | example, olfactory loss can diminish Food cravings and also aversions, leading to | lack of preference and subsequently to lack of appetite. 40 Explain the use of the phrase “gatekeepers of the body” os itis used in line 1 41 How does loss of olfactory sensitivity affect older people's perception of foods?Te Practice TesNOng | Is your fouryear-cld reluctant to eat vegetables? Do you have to disquise Foods like broccoli and carrots in pies and pasta bakes? Do you have difficulty line 3 —— convincing him or her to drink milk? Believe it or not, this may all be of your doing line 5 —— This is not another one of those guilt trips magazines tend to put women through, like claiming that the reason your child is not doing well at school is | that you didn't listen to enough Mozart when you were pregnant. Researchers are Tooking into the possibility of the mother's nutritional habits during her pregnancy affecting a child's response to certain Flavours after the age of three. Unborn children have the ability to smell and taste, and elements which keep ‘some of the Flavour of what the mother eats and drinks do end up in the amniotic Aluid. Following birth, Flavours From foods and drinks consumed by the mother pass into breast milk, and can influence what a breast-fed infant likes or doesn't Tike in its later life. Apart from Food preferences, what nutritional elements reach the unborn child may affect its body's physiological needs well into early adulthood. For instance, if a Foetus receives an overloading of calcium through ‘the mother's consumption of milk, cheese, pulses etc, the less likely it is that he | or she will be keen on dairy products in later life. So what is 2 lady-in-waiting to do? Follow your doctor's advice and make sure | you get enough of all nutrients. At the same time don't overdo it. As with most | things about being a mum, striking the right balance is essential. 42 What does the writer mean by the phrase “it may all be of your doing” (line 3}? 43 What does the word “This” refer to in line 3? 44 Ina paragraph of between 50 and 70 words, summarise how @ woman's nutritional habits can affect her child before and alter its birth. 2?\urt 2a Grammar: Modals ~S idee ‘can ~ could ~ may ~ might ~ must ~ ought to ~ will - would ~ shall ~ should — have to - need ~ dare FUNCTIONS OF MODALS res ea I can see smoke in the distance. Reckless driving can result in road PF Can | ask you a question? She ean’? speak German accidents Could you give me some advice? When | was at school, | could play You could be right ‘Might | borrow your newspaper? the piano. (repeated action) He may be lucky this fime. (formal) He was able to escape through 0 She might come with us. (but Idon’t_ May I join you? window. (single action) think so} You can sit here if you want, She wasn't able to/eouldn’t finish You can't be serious! You may take the lost sweet, if you the report on fime. (Both types con I's almost midnight. She should be wish be used in the negative for either a here any moment now. repeated or a single action.) ‘She must pay the rent by Friday. ¥ I need to improve my French. You mustn't eat in this room. {strong obligation or duty) The house needs cleaning. You may not make personal phone | have to meet the boss at noon. He has to see a dentist soon. calls during working hours. {obligation} ‘Must | go with you? You are not fo eatin this room. He had to have an X-ray before Do | have to/need to finish this now? (= its against the rules) going to the consultation Need he sign the form? You can’t park here. (= you aren't allowed to park here} ‘Absence of Obligation or erry eee ery i Cie) a) You needn't worry - everything's WP He must be nervous about the test. VP it can't be yours - Isn't yours blue? under contol You must be feeling very sad after She can't be enjoying herself: she | don't have fo leave until 3pm. the loss of your father hates classical music! You needh’t have waited for me. 1's already 6:00. She must have laf He can’t have broken the kichen {but you did} by now. window. He wasn’t even there! They didn’t need fo make any more He must have been lying all along. You can't have been listening food. (so they dida't properly. Mary would never be so rude fo anyone. You don’t look well. You should take NP We should have made sure that the WP Can you hurry up, please? a holiday. tickets were valid. (but we didn’) Wuld/Will you pass me the sal!? You ought to iy harder. That's what He ought to have cooked dinner. II give you a if I would do. {but he did’ Shall | make the toa? You ought not fo complain so much. You could have helped me (but you She should go to the dentist's didn't) 282a Grammar: Mo¥als, CHARACTERISTICS OF MODALS © They take no + in the third person singular except for have fo, need and dare. They have no infinitive or present participle forms except for need, have to and dare * They are followed by the bare infinitive except for ought fo and have fo. + They form their negative and interrogative forms inthe some way as the auxiliaries e.g. may not, may I..”} except for need, have to and dare, Notes * Need and dare are usually followed by a bare infinitive if they are used as modals; otherwise they are followed by a full infinitive. You needn't come. or You don’t need fo come. + Be able to, be allowed to and have to are used to replace the missing tenses of can, may (when expressing permission) and must respectively When you pass your test, you will be able to drive. They were allowed 10 leave as soon as they finished the exam. He had to have an operation. * Could/was able to are used to talk about « general ability whereas was able to is used to talk about an action in a particular sitvation. Both con be used in negatives and questions. Although he was tced, he was able to swim to safety. He couldn’t/wasn’t able to admit he was wrong. Were you able to/Could you find your way? ‘+ Have to expresses external obligation whereas must expresses obligation imposed by the speaker. According 10 the law, all motorcyclists have to wear o helmet when riding their motorcycles. | must vst my grandparents more often. ( feel obliged.) ‘© May and might both express possibility, although may is slightly stronger. He may come if you ask him to. ‘She might come if she has time. (slight possibility) 1 Fill in the blanks with the correct form of can, be able to, must or have to. 0 Students have to pass an entrance examination in order to be accepted by this college. 1 Our father told us that we be home by 10 pm. 2. Despite his lack of experience he get the job. 3 You get visa fo travel fo the USA. 4 You be careful with electricity. 5 Brian buy his new car as he'd been given o bonus at work 6 Ifyou want to be @ member of the club, you ... - register with the secretory. 7 I gave up French 8 | evenness . get down to studying. 8 She was so short she s-vsee Fach the door handle 9 We . go yet. I's not that late 29\e Grammar: Modals S 2 0 10 uN 12 30 Rewrite the following sentences using the words in capitals as in the example. It’s possible that Eve forgot about the meeting. MAY Eve may have forgotten about the meeting. Would you like me to help you? CAN wil Give this message o Mrs Bates, please! | don’t believe the President made such a contradictory statement. CANT cou Is it possible to pay in installments? Do you want to have © look at my article before | hand it in? woulD ‘Aunt May cooked chicken soup for us, even though wwe told her we were eating out NEED He didn’t make sure he had a spare tyre and he got « puncte miles fom anywhere SHOULD Ir is extremely dangerous to stike a match ot a petrol station MUST WfS 0 good idea to get a dental checkup every six months OUGHT Is there any possibilty of the fight being cancelled? UKELY Is it possible to pay by credit cord? MAY There's a possibilty Paul will come to the party this evening. MIGHT 13 14 15 16 7 19 21 22 23 It is necessary for governments to toke action ‘gaint tax evasion ‘MUST Sue didn’t leave home in time and now she is running late for work SHOUD believe business is now experiencing a severe recession MUST I don't believe Horry spent the whole evening studying for his French exam CANT Is it really necessary for me to make the presentation tomorrow? HAVE Iris doubtful whether he will be appointed Minister of Health. ‘MIGHT Iris not advisable to make personal phone calls ot work. ‘OUGHT twas wrong of you to rely on Michael's support. ‘SHOULD Pethaps she was behaving s0 orroganlly because of her insecuriy. MAY Is ita good idea to opply for the junior accountant’ pos!? SHOULD lt wasn't very polite of you not to notify them about the change of plans. coulDMAY - MUST - CANT may (= perhaps) must (= | think/l suppose, | strongly believe) ‘can't {= I don’t think, | don't suppose) 2a Grammar: MoXals, Simple Present Present Infinitive Parhops he works as a teacher He may work as a teacher. Present Continuous Present Continuous lnfinitive | suppose he is working hard. He must be working hard. Simple Future Present Infinitive I'don' think he will win, He can't win, Futur Continuous Present Continuous infinitive Perhaps they will be playing tennis. They may be playing tennis. Simple Post Perfect Infinitive I don’ think he worked very hard. He can’t have worked very hard. Past Continuous Perfect Continuous infinitive | don't believe she was working last week She can’t have been working last week Present Perfect Simple Perfect Infinitive Perhops he has le work. He may have left work. Present Perfect Continuous Perfect Continuous lafiniive I hink they have been living here for yeors. They must have been living here for years Past Perfoct Simple Perfoct Infinitive Perhops he had forgotten about he appointment. He may have forgotten about the appointment. Pes Perfect Continuous Perfect Continuous Infinitive 1 don't think he had been studying hard enough He can't have been studying hard enough. 3. Read the following sitvations and write sentences using the modals in the list above. 0 I don’t think Madonna's new CD has been released 4 | think Mark was living in Spain at the time. yet Madonna's new CD can't have been released yet. a 5 Perhaps you will need to hand in a research paper. 1 I srongly believe David is not lying this time. — : 6 | srongly believe he wasn't just speculating when 2. George is thinking of buying a house this year but he soid that prices will rise. he's not sure whether he will 3. I'm sure Linda is earning a high salary. 3t32 2a Grammar: Modals MUSTN'T / NEEDN'T You musin’t eat in the library. You needn't learn it by heart, 4 ° You are not allowed to eat inthe library. 1's not necessary for you to learn it by heart. You may not eat inthe library. You don’t need fo learn it by heart. You don’t have to learn it by heart. Read the following situations and write sentences using mustn’t or needn't. You aren't allowed to use a dictionary during the 2 It isn’t necessary for Mary to go to work tomorrow. You mustn't use a dictionary during the exam. 3. Eating and drinking is prohibited on the Metro. It isn’t necessary for Brian to finish the reports quickly. 4 Is not necessory to submit my proposal so early DIDN'T NEED TO / NEEDN'T HAVE Didn't need to shows that it wasn't necessary for something to happen ond it didn’t happen. Needn't have shows that it wasn't necessary for something to happen but it did happen. He didh’t need to go 10 work on Sunday. Ir wasn’t necessary for him to.go to work on Sunday, so he didn’t She needn't have bought so many eggs. It wasn’t necessary for her to buy as many eggs as she did, 5 0 1 Read the following sitvations and write sentences using didn’t need fo or needn't have. h wosn't necessary for Andrew to take so much 2. It wasn’t necessary for Mr Jones to collect his wif money for his holiday because everything was less from the airport yesterday as his son volunteered ty expensive than he expected. pick her up. ‘Andrew needn't have taken 60 much money on holiday with him, It wasn't necessary for Mr Smith to cook an evening 3 It wasn't necessary for Paul to stay up all night. The meal for her family last night os her husband took exam he was studying for was cancelled her out fo dinner... STRUCTURAL CONVERSION Perhaps she is abroad. She may be abroad. Perhaps she wosn't taking a batt. ‘She may not have been faking o both Perhops he has been/was studying. He may have been studying. | think she has lost her way. ‘She must have lost her way. | suppose he has left Ausiri. He must have left Austria. think he wos in Germany. He must have been in Germany. Nis certain that he'll ail He is bound to fal Iris certain that she (has) attended the ceremony. She is certain to have attended the ceremony. She must have attended the ceremony. I must reject this plan. I have no option but fo reject this plan. 1 wall have to reject this plan. 10 I don’t think she's forgotten ‘She can’t have forgotten 11 Fm sure he isn’t lying to us. He can’t be lying fo us. 12. tt wasn’t necessary for you to buy so many roses os you di. You needn't have bought so many roses. 13 Was it necessary for her to behave like that? Did she need/have to behave like that? |b wasn’t necessary for me to walk to work as he gave mea lif | didn’t need to walk 10 work as he gave me a lit There's no need to correct he tests today. Don’t bother fo correct the fests today. IHisn't necessary to correct the fests today. You needh’t correct the fests today. You don’t need io correct the tests today. He isn’t obliged to tell you the truth He needn't tell you the truth He doesn’t need/have to tell you the truth tis important for you to learn to drive. You need/have fo learn to drive. ‘Are exams compulsory at this school? Do you have fo sit for exams at this school? Senior students don’t have to take tess. {fs optional for senior students to take tests. 1s not compulsory for senior students fo take fess. o 23 24 25 28 2 31 32 2a Grammar; Md¥als, Its against the rules to write your answers jn ink You musin’t write your answers in ink. Its forbidden to speed in the city centre. You musin’t speed in the city centre. Under no circumstances should/must you drive fost in the city centre. He couldn't go out because it was raining. The rain prevented him from going out. Its advisable fo speok politely to your teachers. You should speak politely to your teachers. You had better speck poliely to your teachers. I would be a good ideo to go on a diet You had better go on a diet You should/ought fo go on a diet Itis advisable to go on a diet 1s a good idea fo go on a diet Why didn’t you consult your lawyer? You should have consulted your lawyer. lot's work out the detail. Shall we work out the details? Why don’t we work out the details? Shall |help you with the dishes? Would you like me to help you with the dishes? Could you come on Monday? Would Monday be convenient for you? How does Monday suit you? ‘May I borrow your car? Do you mind if borrow your car? Would you mind if | borrowed your car? Could I borrow your cor, please? Twas wondering if! could borrow your cor. Would you like to open an account? Would it interest you to open an account? Would you be interested in opening an account? How would you/do you feel about opening an account? How about opening an account? She is unlikely to pass her exams. Its unlikely/not likely that she'll pass her exams. There’s litle likelihood/possibilily of her passing her exoms/that she'll pass her exams 's doubtful whether she'll pass her exams. He is likely to win the prize. Its likely that he will win the prize. Its very possible that he will win the prize. He could certainly win the prize. There is every likelihood that he will win the prize. 332a Grammar: Nodals © Complete the second sentence so that it has a similor meaning to the first sentence using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given. 1. Jeff, shall we go out tonight? how Jelf tonight? 2 tis very possible that he'll be promoted. every There promoted 3. Itis certain that he wil return this afternoon. bound He seventeen this afternoon, 4 He wasn't able to understand the radio message because of interference. impossible The interference on the radio... the message. 5. Why haven't you signed this form at the bottom? sign Weren't . eee at the bottom? 6 Could he have been telling the truth? likely ee the truth? 7 Could you come on Saturday? suit How you? 8 How do you Fee! about going on an excursion? tke How on an excursion? CONVERSATIONAL GRAMMAR 34 7 Choose the correct item. 1 "l'm freezing." "You more warmly.” A could dress C may have dressed B should have dressed D must have dressed N ‘Oh, this looks familiar.” ai it to you before.” A had to show CC needn't have shown B may have shown didn’t need to show Louisa is sil in Palma, s0 you .... her atthe library. A couldn't see C weren't able to see B mustn't have seen can't have seen "Whose are these keys?” "Oh they're Mary's; she wa... them." ‘A must have left C ought fo be left B should hove left =D might be left "Do you think Sally will be offered « place at the University?” “Definitely; in fact, she's very likely scholorship.” A that she will get_ that she gots B tobe getting D toget "Kelly's late; that’s not like her.” "She nnn @bout your date.” A. might forget might have forgotten B could be forgetting D could forgotten the Complete the second sentence so that it has @ similar meaning to the first sentence using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given You don't have to inform the agency beforehand, compulsory ht a the agency in advance, May | borrow your typewriter? mind Do your typewriter? You won't be able to enter the country unless you have a visa. prevented Passengers without a visa .. evenness the country You mustn't start writing before the fest starts. rules W ae Until the test has started9 Read the text below and think of the word which best fils each space. Use only one word in each space. COSMETIC SURGERY Uni half a century (0) ago, the basic physical structure you were born with, (1) you suffered ‘an accident, was the one you died ‘Apart from ‘normal wear (2) tear or the possibility of a broken nose or (3) disfigurement, you did not expect to change your appearance drastically. However, people have not always been happy with : lot and have often wanted to see something different when they look at themselves in the mirror. Fortunes have been (5) by selling wigs ond miraculous wrinkle removers. Magazines have been full of advice on (6) to disguise the shope of your face by applying blushers and foundations (7) invented. Then fresh hope appeared in the form of cosmetic surgery. Most general practitioners warn their patients ‘ot fo expect their lives to be transformed when they @ their noses remodelled or their ears tucked back; nevertheless, there is a constant supply (9) willing victims streaming (10) the plush cls ofthe knife-wielders. kay) the people in the public eye who ‘normally have the (12) drastic changes made. However, many ordinary people dream of locking dramatically different, save for years to make thee dream (13) true, and are willing to put up with the inevitable swelling, scorring and black yes. (14) some people sell stores to the Inblod press about how their lives have changed, many ‘hers are sadly disappointed with the results, 05) it may even have left them looking considerably worse than they did before PHRASAL VERBS 1 10 o) Match the phrasal verbs in bold with the definitions given the day these products were 1 Perhaps you could hold your questions until the end af he lecture rather than keep breaking in. 2 The two countries have broken off diplomatic tclatons. ‘3 Wor in the Falklands broke out in 1982 aoca 2b English in se. The car broke down just as we were leaving the house. ‘When accused, she broke down and confessed her guilt. Breaking into smile, Tim said “Happy birthday.” Breaking through poverty barrier she became a world-famous scientist. Since they did nothing but quarel, they decided to break up. toend sth suddenly e to stop functioning to end a relationship suddenly start doing sth to begin suddenly (of wor, disease, fre ete) ochieve success @. 10 lose control of despite obstacles or oneself dificulies ht interrupt 3 5 7 4 6 8 b) What other meanings can you find for the following? break down, break out, break up Use each meaning correctly in a sentence. 3536 bi, English in Use 11 Replace the words in bold with one of the phrasal verbs in the correct form from the list below. * break through * bear out * balance against * blow up * bank on * brush up * blow over + become of # build up * book up 0 What has happened to John? I haven't seen him for ages. 1 Over the years he has ceccumulated on impressive collection of artefacts from all over the world, 2 Your request for greater financial support has to be ‘ossessed in relation fo the cloims from other depariments 3. He may come tomorrow but don’t depend on it. 4 Their disagreement about where to spend their holidays soon stopped and was forgotten. 5. The restaurant was fully reserved so we went to another. 6 accept your excuse. His sfotement supports the truth of your story 7 Fortunately, no one was in the cor when it exploded. 8 I must improve my Italian before going to that meeting in Rome. 9 After days of rain, the sun finally became visible from boehind the clouds What are the different uses of bum down and bum up? Use each meaning correctly in a sentence. hae become of IDIOMS/FIXED PHRASES 1 12 Match the idioms/fixed phrases with the definitions 0° black and bive all over a fed up 1 11 by and large b very lively 1 12 behind bars ¢ sudden clever idea | 13> full of beans d show neither profit nor! 14. drop a brick loss H 15. browned off © be very expensive | 16 a brainwave F covered with bruises | 17. out of the blue g suddenly and | {8 break even unexpectedly : 19 costa bomb hin prison : i i on the whole : : j_do/say sth tactless | ee 4 6 8 1 3 5 7 9 IDIOMS/FIXED PHRASES 2 13 Look at Appendix 2 and explain the following idioms/fixed phrases in bold. 1 Stop beating about/around the bush and come to the point 2. You should take the bull by the horns ond go and see him right now. 3 The nome rings a bell but can’t remember who she is, 4 The scandal was laid bare by on ambitious journalist. 5. Tom is the teacher's blue-eyed boy/golden boy 6 His life was hanging in the balance. We didn't know it he would live or die. 7. 'm afraid I'm broke. | can’t lend you any money. 8 He's been in everyone's black books since he was caught cheating in the exam 9 He decided to make a clean breast of it and tel his wife exactly what had happened. 10 The takeover came as a bolt from the blue. 11. Everything should be set out in black and white so that there will be no room for misunderstanding 12. He's always playing proctical jokes on us; | think i's time we got our own back 13 My parents’ atitude towards the less fortunate, ‘eolly makes my blood boil 14 I's going to rain; | feel15 The researchers realised they had been barking up the wrong tree when the first results came back negative 16 itmight be « good idea to butter up the boss before you ask for a rise 17 Don’t hold your breath waiting for him; he'll never show upl 18 The student was caught redhanded cheating in the physics exam. 19 John’s injury dealt a blow to his hopes of getting ‘onto the Olympic swimming team. 20 I'm glad to see the back of those terrible children. IDIOMS/FIXED PHRASES 3 14 What sort of person would you describe as 1 a chip off the old block? 2. awet blanket? 3 bigheaded? 4 above board? POSITIONS 15 look at Appendix 5 and fill the blanks with the correct preposition 0 Please take care of your sister while I'm out. 1 You have no choice to do what he soys. the matter. You have 2 Your alibi is consistent our report 3 Does this CD belong anyone? ‘A He cimed the target, squeezed the tigger and fired. 5 The board was agreeable the proposal 6 You're very careless locking the house; anyone could walk in 7 She wos bored the tedious conversation cond tried to change the subject. 8 you concentrated more wotk, your grades would improve. 9 My mother is confined she doesn’t go out very much 10 She didn’t like flying and was apprehensive making the journey alone. 11 you can bear me a litle longer, Ill give you all the information together. your school a wheelchair so 2b English IMUse, 16 Look at Appendix 5 and choose the best alternative, 1 Did you notice the for sale/on sale sign outside the house next door? 2 There’s no point ring to talk to Stuart; he’s totlly ebsorbed by/absorbed in that magazine. 3. The ogentis believed to have been in possession of/ in the possession of he documents all clong 4 The social worker received an anonymous leter, warning him not to meddle with/meddle in other people's business 5. As soon as the leopard came in sight/on sight, the hunter pulled the trigger. 6 This letter is to advise you of/advise you on the fact that your overdraft curently stands at £6,435. 7 Some people believe that the end of the world is. ct hand/in hand. 8 The mos! upsetting part of her relationship with her porents was that they rarely supported her with/ supported her in her decisions. 9 Even though they knew each other on sight/by sight, they had never exchanged words. 10 When the magician was asked the secret of his rick, he responded with/responded to a secretive smile 17 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given. 1 His father was very angry with him when he heard he had damaged the car. blew His fother he had damaged the car. 2 His speech was so confusing thot nobody could understand what he was talking about baffled Everyone - — speech 3 Jennys birthday is on the some day as the Queen's, coincides Jenny’ : Queen's. 4. Some children Wreat their younger siblings badly cel Some younger siblings. 3?ve English in Use 38 10 uv 12 13 4 He bought « new jacket without having planned to. spur He bought . moment. Initially, losing one’ ob can seem awivl oRerwards it can work out wel, for some people. blessing Losing one’s job has proved oe some people. He's a pleasant man socially, but he's @ tough businessman, bargein He 9 plescn mon business. He has on obsession about the dishonesty of lawyers bee He dishonesty of lawyers. The young actress was very nervous before the audition. butterflies The young actress fon udition ‘She was just about to pass out when someone. offered her a seat verge She was when someone offered her a seat Simon couldn't remember ever having met the woman, recollection Simon . ever having met the woman. Malcolm has finally decided to leave his job at the bank. hand Malcom has . at the bank. He got up very early this morning, crack He this morning, He didn't seem to consider anything to be as important as winning thot medol matter Nothing winning that medal. 15. The conference will now take place at a later date. postponed The conference 6 later dote 16 The diplomat has been arrested because itis believed he had been spying for his government. suspicion The cplomat hos boon creed for his government. 17 Cindy must be il; she ote very litle of her lunch touched Cindy must be ill her lunch FIXED PHRASES ‘make common cause wih sb: act together to cochieve aim ‘act and be successfil ‘even though sth is new ih tise to the challenge give chopter and verse: give every exact detail hhold/keep in check: control; prevent from becoming too power big cheese fin: person with important job/position take sth on the chin (in: bravely accept criticism, punishment ete chop and change (inf): keep changing (your mind) strike a chord: make sb fee! sympathy/enthusiasm claim to fame: thing which makes sb unusual/important come clean (inf: admit the truth; coiess stoor/stay clear of: avoid sb/sth part company with (|: end association of no/little consequence [f): of no value/ importance cut comers: be less thorough not all is cracked up to be (inf: not as good as people say it s/overestimated cramp one’s style (inf): restrict one’s behaviour in some way18 Complete the sentences using one of the fixed phrases in an appropriate form. 1 When his boss criticises his work, Jason never complains and 2 Fielighing teams worked relenlestly throughout the doy and managed to the fire 3 The teachers decided to the administration in the school and together press fora salary increase. 4 Sarah seems unable to make a final choice about her future career. She keeps 5 Ted likes to think of himself as a celebrity but his only is that he attended a bonquet ot Buckingham Palace. 5 The employee reluctantly about breaking the new computer and | confessed to his boss, 7 Ifyou want to lose weight permanently, you should food containing a lot of fat. 8 He had to his partner due to their strong disagreement. 9 Inhis otiempr to meet the deadline he cand handed in « poor presentation 19 Choose the correct item. 1 Govin will to the challenge of his new promotion, A toise C ride B ise D arise 2. found the information for the project in the encyclopedia but | couldn't give... and verse oni A chopter © poem B unit D extract 3.Me Simkins isthe big in the company as he hos jst been promoted to the position of Managing Director, A bread B apple 4. Speaking about his long batle with illness struck a with the audience. A wire B rope C cheese D meat © string D chord 2b English in Use 5 Whether you attend the lecture or not is of litle to me. A consequence C care B result D circumstance 6 Having seen the film that won the Oscar, | was disappointed as it wasn't all that its up to be A creased C lined B cracked D valued 7 \ prefer to practice the violin alone in my bedroom ‘5 having other members of the fomily listen really my style. A restricts CC obstructs B impedes D cramps 20 Match the phrases and explain the proverbs. 0) 0 Too many cooks ‘a is worth two in the bush. 1. Actions speak b has a silver lining, | 2 Assltch in time ¢ louder than words 3. Abird inthe hand — d catches the worm 4 Too many chiefs @ but it pours. 5 The early bird F spoil the broth 1 6 Make hay g and not enough Indians. | 7 Every cloud fh crying over spilt milk. 8 Itnever rains while the sun shines. 19 There's no use {_soves nine. ee: 4 é 8 1 3 5 7 9 )1 Betier late before they hatch. shouldn't throw stones. keeps the doctor away. oe 2 Time and tide b 3 Absence makes the d heart ‘on the other side (of the 4 People in glasshouses fence} 5 Alls well wait for no man, 6 Anoppleaday fF than never. 7 Don't count your g killed the cot chickens h grow fonder. 8 The grass is always i sweeps clean. greener {that ends well 9 Anew broom 10 Curiosity 1 3 5 7 9 2 4 6 8 10 39\o English in Use 40 21 This is a detective’s preliminary report concerning a robbery at a museum. Read it and complete the following press release using no more than two words for each blank. The words you need do not occur in the detective’s report. The first one has been done for you. ‘The museum guard went off duty at 9.30 and the replacement ‘was delayed and did not arrive until 10 pm. When | was called to the scene ofthe crime there weren't any fingerprints but a ‘wrench had been left behind by the robbers. Only the wo mast valuable paintings had been token so | assume the robbers knew about art. AY first | suspected James Smith but I wos later told he wos in jail the tim ofthe crime. Customers inthe eal ‘opposite the museum possibly witnessed something and | hope they come forword as soon as possible. Witnesses’ identities, will be kept confident WORD USAGE |. The museum robbery (0} might/could have token place ct round 9.45 pm. The robbers (I) ‘worn gloves as no fingerprints (2) scene ofthe crime. Evidence (3} that they had forced entry ino the museum with « tool. The rabbbers were obviously (4) bout at because only paintings of exceptionally high (5) wore stolen. James Smith was an immediate (6) ‘but he was found to have been in police 7) atthe time ofthe robbery. The police believe customers ina nearby café (8) witnessed tha 9 getin (10) with Westford Police Station without (11) e witness slotements will be (12) . ot the inte res! (13) 22 Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fis in the space in the same line. PRECIOUS METAL Gold hos several quolities that have made it a commodity of (0) exceptional value throughout EXCEPTION history. It is atractive in colour, durable to the point of virtual (1) DESTROY cand usually found in nature in a (2) ppure form. The history of COMPARE gold is (3) by that of any other metal because of its value in the EQUAL minds of men from earliest times. Because it is visually pleasing it was one ofthe frst metals to attract human (4) ‘ATTEND Examples of elaborate gold workmanship, many in nearly perfect condition, survive from ancient Egyptian, Minoan, Assyrian, and Etruscan artisans, and gold has continued to be a highly (5) material out of which jewellery and other FAVOUR 6 : : objects are crafted. DECOR The era of gold production that followed the Spanish discovery of the Americas in the 1490s ‘was probably the greatest the world had witnessed to that time. The (7) of Expo mines by slave labour and the looting of Indian palaces, temples, and graves in Central and South America resulted in a(o) (8) influx of gold thot literally pRECEDENT unbalanced the (9) structure of Europe. Until today the world ECONO 'AY remains (10) by the allure of gold CAPIVE 23 Choose the correct item. 0 Ann's injuries took © long fime fo... completely 2 The meot was $0... that I didn't have to et and she has been left with several scars, any fat off. A core ©heal A slim C skinny B remedy D treat B lean D slender 1 The picture looked very impressive but in fact ithed 3 The archeologist wos amazed to see that the body been from another. had’t esses at all A imitoted C emulated A mouldered C wasted B copied D faked B rotted D decomposed4 I'm used 0 being woken in the morning by the birds... outside my window. A snarling C bleating B howling D twittering 5 Car prices in the UK are high in to other European counties. A celerence € ‘relation B affinity D connection 6 We put some of bread out every day for the birds A chips cubes B crumbs D slivers 7 The ingredients included cheese for the topping, A chopped C minced B shredded D grated 8 Thisis a good hoir dye but the colour gradually... after a few weeks, A fades C disoppears B vonishes D poles 9 twos impossible for me to make @ decision, so | A tossed © flung B threw D cast COLLOCATIONS 24 Complete the expressions with words from the list below. *flout * devour * imitate * mow * raze * concede * squirm * interrupt * heal 0 to squirm with 5 to the grass. embarrassment 6 to a 1b. wound. _ speech 210 defeat 7 10 crrennn the law 3 to a meal B to sb’s 4 acity behaviour 25 Think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences. 0 * One doesn't need to be an expert to appreciate the beauty of classical music + He seems confident that houses in this oreo wil appreciate in value in the nex! few yeors. * Ill always appreciate your help and support. 2b English Use, The tolented writer was renowned for his : sense of humour, Alans on €OUugh kept him up all night The recent spell is worrying to farmers She knew she would be expected to for her indiscretion They decided to « visit fo the bonk manager to arrange an overdraft The trick, when bargaining, is not to a higher price than is necessary. Let me give you a ‘of advice about how to make a favourable impression at the interview. By nightfall, there was sill no ... of the missing hikers. Dan knew Steven could not be trusted to keep his ‘Aer she had 198 an MP for thirty years, she resigned to live a quiet life in the country. The player the ball over the volleyball net. We were fresh cucumber sandwiches ‘ond lemonade by the hostess. ‘The most memorable we visited was the Piazza Navona. lam the only one in my family whose is normal. When the road sign came in _ Irealised | only had a few kilometres of my journey to go. ‘My grandmother's face is lined with cand the hardships she has had to endure Is been an since we last saw each other. Some people believe that the of chivalry has come and gone. Joanne’ in the art competition won frst prize. He gained «nnn 10 the football match by climbing over the wall ofthe stadium The last in the balance sheet was dated 111th September. Where once had stood busy shopping centre was now only an empty Technology has made rapid progress in a very short of time. ‘Aunt Vera's living room is so crowded with furniture that there is no fo move.42 b English in Use ~~ PREPARING FOR PART 5S SUMMARY WRITING II Paraphrasing and Linking Information 26 a)Read the following passages and then read the following summary question. In the 1960s television hit Route 66 when two’ young men in a Corvette set out looking for adventure. Who better than another ‘60s icon, Peter Fonda, who played Captain America in the counterculture classic Easy Rider, to narrate and host Route 66: Main Street America? This vivid history of America’s fabled highway. traces its transformation from a twisting twolane road into a 2,400-mile highway that crosses eight states and three time zones. (A] Route 66 opened in 1926. to facilitate faster trade (B) and provide drivers with a safe, paved road from Chicago to los Angeles. Nowadays, however, the route has been eclipsed by new superhighways like 40. Along the abandoned sections of the old Route 66, nothing remains but ghost towns and tumbleweed. Through archival film and the collections of Dust Bowl survivors, this film revisits a time when Route 66 ‘was the road of dreams. {C} In the 1930s, a decade which saw the largest migration in US history, ‘Americans suffering from a devastating drought in the Great Plains gave Route 66 a new function. They packed their meagre belongings ond drove west along the highway fo the promised land: California. The Nipissing Road wos one of @ network of roadways devised by the government in 1850 to facilitate the setfing of land between the Ottawa River and Georgian Bay. (D) Flourishing lumber companies made extensive use of the road as a means to access the huge areas of virgin forest in the vicinity, (E} although the government had originally planned it to assist the new setlers. By 1877, the Nipissing Road was also open between Lake Rosseau and Lake Nipissing. The stage coach, which arrived three times o week, brought settlers, who built the village of Nipissing. However, the boom in the town was shortlived, os the greedy lumber companies quickly decimated the surrounding forests. The fertile prairies to the west colled out to the settlers and, en masse, they heeded the call ond set ‘out for greener pastures. Behind them they left farms and villages which ‘were quickly overrun by bush and vegetation, OF the many original settlements in the region, only four have survived Ina paragraph of between 50 and 70 words, summarise the various purposes and functions performed by Route 66 and Nipissing Road. b}. Read the summary below. (0) Rovte 66 supplied a safe way to travel over a huge distance, in addition fo (1) providing a fast trade route. ‘Moreover, 2) it was used by the people of the Great Plains to migrate to California after the 1930s drought. (3) The Nipissing Road, on the other hand, was built to help setlrs move to certain areas, but (4) was also used by lumber companies who look advantage of the forests around it. ¢) Match the numbered items of the summary with the bold parts they paraphrase. Item 0 has been done for you. o B81 2 oe 4 d) Which of the words in italics perform each of the following functions? Introduce an idea which contrasts with the previous one? but Introduce a sentence which adds @ point? ‘Add a point to a sentence? Indicate that we begin to discuss the second of two subjects?2b = Use, 27 Paraphrase and link the sentences in bold in the following paired passages to answer each question. (1) Shirley Bassey was born on January 8, 1937, in Cardiff's Tiger Bay. She was the youngest of seven dtiren. Shirley established herself os singer in cabaret which soon led to a recording contract with Mhilps. She scored a Top Ten hit with The Banana Boat Song in 1957, ond soon found transatlantic fame with her frst Bond theme, Goldfinger (although itfailed to make the UK top 20) {2) Ella Fitzgerald was born in Newport News, Viginia, on April 25, 1918. She broke into the music business by winning @ 1934 talent show ot Harlem's ‘Apollo driving band Theatre, then joined Chick Webb's driving band, becoming his featured vocalist atthe Savoy Ballroom. In 1938 she had her fist big bit,a novelty tune based on a nursery thyme, A Tisket A Tasket, followed by Undecided in 1939. When Webb died that yeor, Fitzgerald led the bond until 1942, then launched herself as a solo artist. 1 What were the frst big hits of each of he singers discussed in the passage? {3) Repetitive strain injury con create microtrauma in joints and the adjacent soft tissue, and can lead to csteoarthriis. in later years. If your job involves squatting, heavy physical labour or occupational knee bending, or if you have a history of regular sports participation, look out for symptoms and do not ignore them. Even long hours at the computer can strain and perhaps prematurely age your hands. Pause for at least five minutes every half hour and se ‘ergonomic keyboards with wrist support (4) Anhritis affects people differently, and the treatment for each patient varies. Mos! therapies include @ combination of medication to control pain ‘and reduce inflammation, exercise to maintain joint movement and strengthen muscles, and periods of relaxation. Your doctor can recommend o treatment programme that fits your individual needs. Until a cure is found, eating healthy food, toking regular exercise and avoiding tobacco is the best way to cope with the disease 2 What advice for preventing and treating arthritis is given in the two passages above? (5) According to mythology, at one point the Celtic god Nuada was the King of the Tuata, However, during the Fist Batle of Magh {which was fought by the Tuata and their rivals, the Fir Bolg), Nuada’s arm was severed from bis body. This wound immediately disqualified the god from the rank of king, and he would have had to abdicate if ithad not been for the clever god Dian Cecht. He made a silver arm to replace the one that Nuada had lost, and itwas at this time that the god received the ttle “Nuoda Argetlam”, or "Nuada ofthe Silver Arm” (0) Jupiter was the Roman sky god, the equivalent of the Greek god Zeus. The cult of the Jupiter Optimus Moxinus ("the best and greatest”) begon under the Etruscon kings, who were expelled from Rome around 507 BC. ‘iis, Jopiter was associated withthe elements, especially storms, and lightning, but he later became the protector atthe Roman people and was their powerful ally in war, allegedly assisting the Roman warriors to defeat many eneries. 3. What do the two passages tell us about each god's contribution to war? 43c, Practice Test Two Paper 3 Use of English Time: 1 hour 30 minutes amp Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. TIME TO RELAX? HOW? One of (0) the greatest problems with holidays, (1) from the usval travel complications and ‘accommodation difficulties, (2) the expectations people have of (3) When we go on holiday we expect to leave all he stresses and strains of our daily lives (4) Us. We imagine we will be able to escape to (5) «degree that we even tend to believe, consciously or not, the ‘we can change our own personalities and become completely different people. The average business-person, tense, preoccupied, shorttempered, (6) ..-..onnennnn 10 lax, envisages herself/himself (7)... .n from the moment of locking the office door, « radically different (8) of person: caretree, good humoured, ready to relax and enjoy whatever adventures present (9) In practice, we take ourselves with U8 (10) ..rnsnnn W® go, and the personality that is shaped (11) years of stress and tension is almost impossible to shake off (12) w..n.nnenmnennn @ moments notice, I is no ‘wonder so many holidays are a disappointment, no (13) .. ..- how smoothly they go or how lovely the weather is. In fact, the frequent problems that crop (14) during the average holiday are probably a welcome distraction (15)... .» the nagging feeling that we are not enjoying ourselves os much as we should. om 44 Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals af the end of some of the lines to form @ word that fis in the space in the same line. FLAMENCO DANCE The essence of flamenco is song, often accompanied by the guitar ond improvised dance. Music and dance can be placed into specific groups. These (0) categorications/categories are usually located across a continuum with CATEGORY subjects dealing with the profound to those that are lighthearted (16) , the themes of death, anguish and despair, in contrast to TYPE love, gaiety and the countryside are (17) : In flamenco dance, DRAMA the men’s stops are intricate, with toe and heel clicking. Footwork in women’s doncing is of les importonce, withthe (18)... Use of hands and body GRACE taking (19) Inthe dance, the arm, hand and foot movements PRECEDE closely resemble those of classical Hindu dance. Essential to traditional flamenco isthe performer's interpretation ofthe dance {20} by HINDER the emotion of the music. Performances are offen accompanied by ropid hand clapping, finger snapping and (21) shouts. The dancers ‘COURAGE themselves frequently employ finger snapping in complex rhythms including the use of castanats. This dance form was (22) inthe 19th PROFESSION century, when Romany people first began to perform in cafés. In this environment, 23) from the traditional form occurred. Unfortunately, the DEPART pressures of the (24) stage meant hat reheorsed routines COMMERCE replaced the (25) of the original flamenco performances SPONTANEOUSap Think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences. 0 * One doesn't need to be an expert to appreciate the beauty of classical music. '* He seems confident that houses in this area will appreciate in value in the next few years. + Il olways appreciate your help and support. 26 * We saw the animal back as the hunter approached. * You should cova the curtains ot dusk to stop mosquitoes coming into the house. “© He waited for the taxi to up tothe pavement before attracting the driver's attention. Tete the waiters, even though the service was appalling, «The rubbish from the dustcart was info the landfill. «+ The gloss ‘over and smashed on the floor. 28 * She began to 08 Tom related the embarrassing incident. + In pursuit of a new image, she decided to her hair . your narrative with more codjectives which will hold the reader's attention + Her in the conspiracy was comparatively minor. ‘Jeanette Duffy was overjoyed to hear that she had got the... of Juliet. * Forensic examination revealed that a vital : of the plane was missing. 30 * We had to hire on extra : to help us with the sheepshearing this year. * The loose, flowing script lef me in no doubt as to whose had penned the letter. + I1was pointless denying it; they knew I'd had o in their downfall. 31 © |n the 18th century, the River Thames was a sinking trough of woter. ‘He got fired on account of his persistent use of language. * Since he was evidently already in a temper, | avoided provoking him further. 2c Practice Ted Twp amp Complete the second sentence so that it has @ similar ‘meaning 'o the frst sentence, using the word given Do not change the word given. You must use bebveen three and eight words, including the word given. 0 Nobody spoke when the teacher asked who was to blome. remained Everyone remained silent when the teacher asked who the culprit was. 32 an is sure he was right to turn down the job. regrets lon the job. 33. They have decided to go to Crete for the summer. intention i : a for the summer. 34 The meeting was held in the Town Holl took The Town Hall 35. Mum says it was stupid of me to give up French. idiot Mum says French 36 | only came to see you sole My Ss a you 37 sit likely that you will move before July? chances What ‘ly? 38. She was pleased that he didn’t get the job help She : he didn’t get the jo. 39 Not many people went fo the last match of the season turnout There the last match of the season 45For questions 40-4d read the following lexls. For questions 40 - 43 answer with a word or short phrase. Yor do not need to write complete sentences. For question 44, write a summary according fo the instructions given. Tropical seas are renowned for their variety of colour and fascinating marine life Coral reefs have a unique place in this aquatic world and indeed their surrounding environment. Despite its “plant like” appearance, coral is actually a marine animal of the invertebrate species having no spinal columns, like jelhfish Coral reefs are sensitive ecosystems, which are under threat from human and natural elements alike. Reefs have formed over millions of years, and their scientific study teaches us many things about the complex changes that our | environment has undergone through the ages. Coral reefs are indeed an line 9 —— invaluable living record of our natural history, a snapshot in time, The body of the coral consists of a polyp ~ a hollow, cylindrical structure which attaches its lower end to a surface. The free end is 2 mouth which gathers food and acts a5 a “stinger” paralysing unsuspecting prey. The continual growth of new buds, or developing polyps, cause the old ones undemeath to die. The skeletons remain, however, creating a colony of corals, later developing into a reef. It is this Fragile structure which Forms an essential natural filter which removes detritus impurities, providing 2 clean habitat for marine plants and animals. Reefs grow faster in clear water and in the warm temperatures of tropical oceans are generally Found at depths less than 46 metres, where sunlight penetrates, 2 necessary condition For corals to thrive and grow. Waves also | carry Food, nutrients and oxygen to the reef. Shallow, warm, tropical waters with | strong wave action are ideal conditions For these unique organisms to Flourish, 40 How are coral reefs « ‘snapshot in time’? [line 9) 41 Whot key role does an old ‘polyp’ have? 462c Practice TesRTwo, | Have you ever dreamt of going to a tropical island, lounging on the warm sand, Feasting your eyes on an outburst of orangey-pink corals while snorkelling in the ‘sea? Just below the rush of Foaming waves lies a hubbub of marine life, Coral reefs are one of nature's masterpieces. line 3 ‘Apart from their unsurpassed beauty, reefs are essential to people in many ways. Corals remove and recycle carbon dioxide, hindering gas emissions causing global warming, Reefs also protect land and coastal dwellers from harsh oceans and floods as well as providing a rich Foad source for Fisheries. Tropical reefs are also the Favourite attraction For thousands of tourists Flocking to view this living sea garden, injecting a welcome income to local economies. Sadly, they are now under threat of extinction due to natural disasters and human intervention. One major problem is ocean pollution caused by oil slicks and untreated sewage. Pollutants are let out into the water and poison corals. Deforestation, absurd as it may seem, is also detrimental to coral reefs. Topsoil from cleared tropical Forests is washed down rivers inta the coast and settles on reefs, smothering the corals and blacking out the sunlight crucial for reefs to live. Extensive fishing and the use of dynamite have destroyed many reefs, while | the poaching of coral items for the souvenir and jewellery trade continues at a | devastating rate. Urgent measures need to be taken at a global level so that | corals continue to decorate tropical coasts for Future generations. 42. Explain the phrase “a hubbub of marine life” {line 3) 48 How does deforestation affect coral reefs? 4 Ino paragraph of between 50 and 70 words, summarise the reasons given in the texts for the importance of coral reefs to people and the environment. 4a?48 UNIT 3a Grammar Infinitive -ing Form TENSES OF THE INFINITIVE a ST) Regular Verb Irregular Verb Regular Verb Irregular Verb Present (to) cook (to) write Present Con. to} be cooking (to) be writing fone (to) have cooked to} have writen Perfect Con. {to} have been to} have been ‘cooking writing ‘© after certain verbs advise, offord, agree, allow sb, appear, be allowed, compel, decide, encourage, expect, hope, infend, invite, manoge, pretend, proceed, promise, refuse, remind, seem, tell, tend, etc He advised me to take a rest. * otter certain adjectives comazed, angry, delighted, difficult, disgusted, easy, fist, glad, happy, las, likely, obliged, sad, sorry, supposed, surprised, unable, etc Iwas glad to hear he had been promoted to manager. © with impersonal construction + adjective ‘hwas nice of him to send you roses. + with only and just (unsatisfactory result) He phoned only to say that he wouldn’t be coming. © im expressions such as: fo tell you the truth, to cut a long story shor, to be honest/fir, etc Teo tell you the truth, | haven‘ seen him since Monday. * after certain nouns (pleasure, nuisance, nightmare, etc) 17-0 pleasure to see you. ‘© ater question words (who, where, what, etc} 1 don’t know what fo do. © with to0 and enough She's to0 old to drive a car. (negative) He's old enough to drive a car. (positive) (to) be cooked {1o) be written {fol have been cooked {to} have been written oa fa + with modals (can, could, may, might, shall, should, must, wil, would) He can go if he wants to. * with need, dare (as auxiliary verbs) You needn't work today. | daren’t talk to him. Notes 2 dare expressing courage or lack of courage can be followed by bare or full infinitive 11don’t dare (to) tell her the truth He dared (to) atlempt it again. b dare expressing threats, warning, anger, etc is followed by bare infinitive Don't you dare lie to me again! How dare you speak to me like that! ¢ dare expressing challenge is followed by full infinitive | dare you to climb up that ree. + with had betier/would rather/would sooner You'd better go to bed. + with moke (= force), let (= allow], see, hear, smell, feel, watch, notice {in active voice) He let me watch TV. Note Notice, make, see, hear, tll, watch in passive voice «re followed by ful infinitive. The baby was made to eat all his soup. *ctter why (nol) to make suggestions Why not meet again some day? [Why don't we meet...Notes * 00 + adi/adverb + full infinitive (negative) adj/adverb + enough + ful infinitive (negative) enough + noun + ful infinitive (positive) 50 + adjective + 0 + fll infinitive 3a Grammar: Infinitive aS S He is too young fo get married. He isn't old enough to get married. He's got enough money to get married. ‘She was so gullible as to believe his story ‘+ When the subject of the verb is not the same as the subject of the infinitive we indicate it by using object forms. see + bare infinitive (complete action) hear listen watch + present porticiple {incomplete action/action in progress) @, come (when used fo refer to physical activities) spend/waste time be busy CONVERSATIONAL GRAMMAR 1 Choose the correct item. 0 “Ihaven't heard from Hugo recently Is he around?” “Yes, but he's thinking of going ...... in the French Alps soon.” A to trek C to be trekking © trekking D trek 1 She didn’t know who .....t0 for help A turning having turned B to have tuned D town 2 "Where's Anne?” *She’s busy ...... the washing up.” 4 doing C have done B be doing D todo 3 “The Government appear to have made up their minds at last.” ‘Ws about fimel They've spent months ..... this issue.” A debating C having debated B to debate D hove been debating 4. "don't think he will odmit to his foul.” “lagtee. It tokes courage .... he truth” A to reveal C revealing B reveal D tobe revealing + present participle I would like him/John to come. INFINITIVE AND PRESENT PARTICIPLE WITH VERBS OF PERCEPTION AND OTHER PHRASES 1 saw her lock the car and put the key in her bog. 1 saw her walking down the street He went skiing lost winter. He spent an hour fixing the tap. He was busy cleaning the car. No matter what Jo said she couldn't make him her point A to see C to be seen B soe D have seen "So, whose fault wos it? Jane’s or Brian's?” * csaun fait, they were both portly to blame.” A Being € Tobe B To have been D Hoving been | can't believe Peter was... naive os to trust her. Aw Cos B too D enough Sorah is honest and hord.working but she tends sans @ fille stubborn at fimes. A be © being B tobe D to have been “She was great, wasn't she?” “Absolutely. | con't recall the lost time | heard her such a an inspiring speech.” A deliver C to be delivering B to deliver D has been delivering 493a,,Grammar: Infinitive -ing Form 50 TENSES OF THE -ING FORM Active Voice Passive Voice Present cutting being cut Perfect having cut having been cut The ing form is used after prepositions detest, dislike, enjoy, fancy, hate, lke, loathe, love, prefer, resent thote, lke, love, prefer when used in the conditional are followed by full infinitive) begin, cease, commence, finish, start, stop these verbs, except stop and finish, can also be followed by an infinitive with no difference in meaning) i's no use/good, it’s (not) worth, there’s no point (in), feel like, can’t stand, can’t help, be/get used to, be/get accustomed to, have dificuly (in), in favour of ‘odmit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider, defer, delay, deny, endure, entail, escape (= avoid), envisage, evade, forgive, imagine, incur, involve, keep (= continue, look forward to, mention, mind, miss, pardon, postpone, practise, prevent, recall, recollect, report, risk, save, shirk, suggest, understand, ete Note. When the subject of the verb is different from the subject of the -ing form we indicate it by using object forms or possessves (more formal} Thate him/his/Jerry’s interrupting me. +g form VERBS TAKING INFINITIVE OR -ING FORM WITHOUT A CHANGE IN MEANING ‘+ begin, stat, continve, cease, commence, omit He continued listening to the radio. He continued to listen to the radio. Note The -ing form is not used ater the continuous form of these verbs. + advise, ollow, permit, recommend, intend followed by an object take o full infinitive whereas they take an -ng form when not followed by an object intend con also take a gerund whether the object is mentioned or nol) He allowed us fo eat inthe clossroom He allowed eating in the classroom He recommended us fo take plenty of exercise. He recommended (our taking plenty of exercise. * sth needs/requires/wants can be followed by an -ing form or by a passive infinitive The car needs servicing/to be serviced.3a Grammar: Infinitive in Yorn 2 Putthe verbs in brackets into -ing form or the correct form of infinitive. 0 The police allowed him to leave (leave) after he had mode a statement 1 She advised us through the woods to save time. (fake) the short cut 2 The doctor recommended (follow) « diet of fresh fruit and vegetables. 3 There's no use {postpone} your visit; you'll have to go sooner or later. VERBS TAKING INFINITIVE OR -ING «forget + toinfnitive = not remember fo do sth when you intend to | forgot fo visit the museum. forget + ng form = not to recall never forget visiting thot museum. + g0.0n + toinfntive = stop one action and start onother They frst discussed the items on the agenda and then went on fo discuss the budget. go.0n + ing form = continue He went on playing the piano in spite ofthe neighbour's complaints + ke + toinfinitive = find sth good to do | like t© go to the market very early in the morning $0 thot I can select the best vegetables. like + ing form = enjoy Ihke swimming; i's my favourite pastime. ‘would like to + infinitive = want fo | would lke 10 meet your friend; he sounds interesting. * mean + toinfinitive = intend to ‘She means fo discuss the matter withthe headmaster. ‘mean + -ing form = involve, entail ‘means changing the original plans. * propose + tinfinitve = intend | propose to build three more classrooms. ‘propose + -ng form = suggest | propose hying that new Chinese restaurant 4 regret + Ioinfinitve = be sorry to hove to do sth {regret o inform you thet your application has been rejected. regret + ing form = feel sorry about @ past action | regret buying this car because itis always bveoking down. Se “SS 40 don’t mind (help) you with your homework. 5 This room needs tidy) before we can use it 6 He omitied (ill) us about the meeting, 7 Jane started (have) bad dreoms afer being inthe cor accident. FORM WITH A CHANGE IN MEANING remember + toinfinitve = not forget to do sth when you intend to. Remember to lock the door before you leave the house. remember + ng form = recall ‘She remembers locking the door before leaving the house. ry + toinfintive = attempt We tried to persuade him not fo go, but he wouldn't listen. ity + sng form = do os on experiment They tried advertising their business inthe local newspaper: * sop + foinfntive «stop sth temporarily, in order to do sth else She stopped fo talk to hor neighbour as she was taking her dog for 0 walk stop + ing form = finish, stop permanently They stopped taking when the teacher came int the loss. ‘+ {bel understood + tenfinve = give the impression He is understood fo agree that negations are necessary understand + ng form = to understand sb else's feelings or actions | con understand his feeling angry about their decison © wont + toinfinitive = wish | want 0 extend my vsa want + ng form = need sth done The battery's fat; it wants recharging. + droad + toinfinitive = be afraid (specie) | dread fo thnk how much he may sur. dread + ing form = to fear greatly (general | dread going to the doctor. Stve Grammar: Infinitive ~ing Form 52 + hate + toinfinive = hate what one is about to do | hate to interrupt you but I need some help. hate + ing form = feel sorry for what one is doing I hate causing you inconvenience. ‘© be sony + toinfiniive = regret sth/feel regret 1 am sorry to hear of his illness. be sorry for + ng form = apologise 11m sony for shouting ot you. ‘+ be afraid o + toinfntve = he subject is too frightened to do sth She was afraid fo drive the car be ahraid of + ing form = the subject fears that the ction expressed by the gerund may happen ‘She dida’t want to drive the car; she was afraid of ‘causing an accident. CONVERSATIONAL GRAMMAR 3 1 Choose the correct item. His colleagues secretly tried... his advancement in the company. A blocking block B to block D tobe blocking I propose we ...... the speeches until the end of the event. A leaving € leave B to leave D be leaving Would you rather ....... at home or regular hours in an office? A to work C worked B work D working “Are you coming to the wedding?” “Yes but | would prefer not... 10 the reception afterwards.” A going C having gone B togo D to have gone “Everything | do fails; 'm o walking disaster.” “1 suggest you ...... complaining and count your blessings.” A stopping C to have stopped B stop D to stop © be ashamed 10 + infinitive (the infinitive refers to @ subsequent action) Sho was ashamed to admit tht she had lied. be ashamed of + ing form (the gerund refers to @ present or previous action) She's ashamed of lying, and swears she'll never do it again + would prefer + toinfinive (specific action) | would prefer to be left clone just now. prefer + ing form (general) | prefer swimming to running. prefer + oinfnitive (general) He profers to study a night. + can't/couldn't bear + infinitive (speci) | can't bear to tell him the bad news. can't/couldn’t bear + ing form (general) 1 can't bear telling people bad news. 6 “Have you made your decision yet?” “I'd prefer ...... Fight now, if you don’t mind.” A not answer not to answer B not answering D to not answer 7 “I thought you liked a challenge!” “Not the kind that involves «a rubber band round my ankles!” off « bridge wil A jumping C to jump B jump D to jumping 8 “Has Paul been told yet?” “Not yet. | dread his ...... out!” A to find € finding B find D to be finding 9 “Irefuse to write the report.” “How dare you ....... the boss's instructions!" A to defy C to be defying B defying D dely 10. “Is there something wrong?” "Yes, but I'm afraid you becouse you'll congry.” A of telling C to tell B telling D tell4 Put the verbs in brackets into the -ing form or the correct form of the infinitive. 1 The architect resented the design at such a late date. 2. you want to learn fo ride, you must firs ry : {maintain} control ofthe horse. 4. She's certain fo/want fo come tothe party but | very tmuch doubt she'll wish (Paticipate) in the dancing 4 suggest you (consult « specialist for a second opinion before having the operation. 5 They began (argue ot breakfast and are sill quarreling now. 6 don't support {use) live animals for experiments under any circumstances. 7 Daniel intends take) o gap year between school and university and wants to rave round Europe 8 twas srange that the fle went missing, because he disinlly remembered (pu) it in the cabinet before he lef. (modify) 9 hate (say) this, but think you've overstepped the mark this lime. 10 1 voguely recall . (meet) him in 1999 at a teaching seminar. 1 The lowers need (arrange) and the coke needs to be baked, 12 Concerning my eldest son, | wouldn't even venture guess as fo what he is plonning (do), 5 Put the verbs in brackets into the -ing form or the correct form of the infinitive. like many people, | dislike (0) having (have) someone ().. cov (look) over my shoulder while a (read) my newspaper on the bus. find it ifcult (3) (prevent) myself from 4 {say} something sarcastic to the onlooker cssurly, (5) (peruse) one's newspaper iso private affair. To my mind, (6) (invade) areaders space inthis way is rather lke (7) {eve} oneself (8} (join) o private ‘comersation. We seldom seem (9) felerie) rudeness of this kind in ordinary circumstances Teansider my precious few minutes with @ newspoper esely thot ~ minel 3a Grammar: Infinitive _ 6 Put the verbs in brackets into the -ing form or the correct form of the infinitive, It is difficult (0) to underetand (understand) why millions of cinema-goers queve for hours (1) (obiain} tickets 10 see the latest "blockbuster", only 2). cv (discover) that the film iso biter disappointment, (9) smn (Bay) seant regard reliable reviews, they appear (4) (prefer) (B) ons (place) their trust in extravagant claims made by the film promoters. These ore the marketers whose sole purpose is (6) (boost) ticket sales, thereby (7) Uline) the pockets of the film makers and (8) (ensure) o tidy profit, (9) (enable) them (10) {produce} yet another film of equally poor quality. So, if you're anxious (11)... {know} whether you're likely (12) (get) value for money, and ifthe lat film you sow was a real letdown, ry (13) (rood) what the critics say, first 7 Put the verbs in brackets into the -ing form or the correct form of the infinitive. You know that dreadful feeling: (0) sleeping (sleep) through the olarm clock and then (1) . {worry) that you'll be too late (2) (meet) your friend for coffee or (3) (get) 10 work on fime. Few people have reason (4) (sop) ond wonder how many others might also be 6) (hurry) 10 various destinations at that moment (6) .. {know} they will probably miss their appointments. Although you might not be ¢ particularly punctual person, you may stil be tempted (7) ask), why British social lives are so often ruled by the clock. Perhaps we would all benefit from (8) 2 (slow) down and °) (follow) the examples of southern Europeans, In Greece for example, punctuality Frequently obeys the laws of “rubber time”, (10) (allow) for flexibility ond the reassuring thought that nobody worries too much if you arrive a litle later than expected. 53‘3a Grammar: Infinitive -ing Form 54 ~ STRUCTURAL CONVERSION Driving fost is dangerous. Nis dangerous to drive fost She is foo young fo get married. She isn't old enough to get married. He couldn't help noticing that she was upset Itdidn‘t escape his attention that she wos upset. The prospect of a short holiday fills me with pleasure. ook forward to (having) a short holiday. 1s quite unnecessary to answer his letter “Answering bis lettor is quite unnecessary/pointess There's no point (in) answering his letter. Is no use answering his letter twas difficult for her to believe that she had won She had dificuly (in) believing that she had won, She could hardly believe that she had won. She found it difficult fo believe that she had won Would you be so kind as to pass the salad? Do/Would you mind passing the solad? Could you pass the salad, please? 8 IHfook me an hour to do my hair Doing my hair took (me) an hour: 1 spent an hour doing/on my hair: 9 Do you intend to go/going to her party, tomorrow? Will you be going to her party tomorrow? Are you thinking of going to her party tomorrow? 10 I's out of the question to expect me to apologise. 1 have no intention of apologising. Fancy even suggesting that | opologise! 1 don’t mean/intend to apologise. | most certainly won't apologise. 11 Mary objects fo lying. lying is something that Mary objects to/hates loahes 12 'm not inthe habit of waking up early 1'm not used to waking up early. 13. He made me open my suitcase J was made to open my suitcase 14 | can’t remember reading this novel. 1 have no recollection of reading this novel 15 I's a waste of time trying to make yourself understood 8 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning 1o the frst sentence, using the word given Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given 1 I refuse to pay the bill intention Vhave the bill 2. He is too irresponsible to run the depariment charge He is not .. of the department. 3. Sheila is worried about the proposed changes at work prospect The worry, 4 Would you please keep your mobile phone switched off during the fight. mind Would you the plane is airborne. 5 We waited on the bus for on hour before the engine .. while we waited on the bus. 6 Ion was not used to doing such strenuous training habit strenuously 7 You should always wear a seatbelt. unwise this «@ seatbel 8 | apologise but | completely forgot about ax appointment confess I must my mind 9 There's a possibility that you may be able to geta grant. eligible We are pleased - © gron, 10 At least make an attempt at the exercise. It migh not be as difficult os you think itis. ty IFyou it easier than you think11 Perhaps o highibre diet will do you good. benefit You - . hightibre diet. 12 He continued his speech, even though they all coppeared disinterested. on He on seve thot they all appeared disinterested. 13. Sonia's preference is for a ninetofive job. rather Sonia seve from nine to five. 14 Iwill probably have to get my car serviced soon. My car 15 tris believed that the two rival companies have agreed to the merger. through The two rival companies the merger. 16 Nadie said nothing because she was afraid of clfending them, feor Nodio remoined silent offence. 17 twos very nice of you to let us know about the change in verve oppreciate We s change. 18 He didn't have a clue what it would be like to live in the country. cemvisoge He ‘out of town, 19 Ifyou invest all your savings in this scheme you may lose them, risk You run — if you invest them in this scheme. 20 | don't really want to go to the reception feel Hl to the reception. 3a Grammar: Infinitive -ing Rorm, 21 | bet you wouldn't swim that far outl dore I don't that far out! 22 When he locked the door, the telephone rang, just He -»- the telephone ringing 23 Your sending her flowers in hospital was a thoughtful gesture. kind it in hospital! 24 | couldn't help noticing how friendly he's been towards you recently ot His . my notice 25 11am delighted to make your acquaintance. pleasure iris you. CONVERSATIONAL GRAMMAR 9 Choose the correct item, 1. “How much time do I have to make my choice?” “1 suggest you ....... @ quick decision.” A having mode C made B to moke D make 2. “I'm sure you miss the island, having lived there for so long.” "Yes, | offen imagine... it again.” A seeing having seen B to see D to be seeing 3. “So, what did the President have to say?” “He mentioned pension reform and went on that he would reduce unemployment figures.” A adding C to be adding B odd D toad 4. “Did you enjoy your picnic?” “Yes, we had a great time and on the way home we stopped ....... the sunset.” A 10 admire to hove admired B admiring D admire 5SNab English in Use S 10 Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space FOREVER ON THE PHONE ‘A hundred years ago, the principal means (0) of communication for individuals and for businesses was 0 letter and telegram, but nowadoys telephones are used constanily in private houses, offices ‘ond factories. Ths is certainly the (2) widespread and convenient way for people to communicate with one another. With the telephone, business deals can be arranged ‘and completed rapidly. In (3) . financial centres and stock exchanges, (4) constant use of the telephone system, can be assured (5) ceerssnssesee geting the very latest, uptothe-minute information about the (6) changing currency ‘and share values. This type of information is essential a) sso @eonomic stability worldwide. The telephone network also provides @ direct line into the homes of friends and relatives. For old and infirm people, and for those lonely people living on their (8) . , the telephone isa friend. At 9) soy families are offen scattered, not only throughout the country but also throughout the world (10) or. von @ few minutes’ conversation with a loved one, who may be thousands of miles away, is 0 source of great comfort (11) nnnnnnnn US Ofcourse, very often the telephone can be « nuisance. Some will say that it intrudes too (12) sone OM people's privacy by ringing at the (13) inconvenient times. On the (14) , though, the changes brought about by the introduction of the telephone have been (15) great benefit to everyone. The telephone has helped to bring people closer in a difficult world and has made life, for mony, much easier and much more enjoyable. PHRASAL VERBS 1 11 Look at Appendix 1 and fill in one of the prepositions below, then give a synonym for each phrasal verb, ‘up # off © on about # in # round * out * over * through 0 The rioting was brought about by a huge increase in the price of bread. 56 ‘and buy her o gift the business deal through Lets all chip... 2. He brought... sheer persistence. 3. His new song cought .. right owoy and entered the top ten the week after its release. 4. Don't forget to bring - the matter ofthe new park at the council meeting 5. CBN has just brought collection of songs from the sities 6 Tradition has been carried into ur time in many ways. 7 He wos brought by his grandmother 4s he had been orphaned at an early age. 8 We brought the unconscious woman with smelling salts 9 The cold weather has brought again. 10 That law was brought to protect tenants from being exploited by their landlords. 11 The young actress carried the performance without a hitch. 12 Corry with your work, please, There's no time to waste. 18. The soldier carried his orders, doing exactly what he had been told to do. 14 Negotiations between the Union and the management have been carrying for months without « result, 15 He will carry his plan despite all your objections. 16 She is always carrying when she loses something. 17. She was walking too quickly for me to catch with her. anew CD ofa his cough like © lunatic Who's the difference between charge to ond charge with?PHRASAL VERBS 2 3b English itkUse, 12 Match the phrasal verbs in bold with one of the definitions given. 0 ‘calla he travel agency fo collet our tickets sill believe she's quily. 3 His condition calls for immediate medical attention. 5 You'd beter call in a solicitor before writing your will 0 ote. 1 She was cleared of the charges of negligence but some people 2. Assoon as John reached Vienna he was called back to Paris. 4 The meeting was called off due to the chairman's illness 5 My cousin was called up at the age of 19 and died in Viemnam o 417. The union has called out its members to iry to get a better deal {8 The bull cleared off when he sow the teacher approaching 9 They cleared out the garage to make room for their new car 4 to cancel b to conseript € to ask fo retuen d to run away €@ to brighten up (of the weather) F to visit briefly g 10 get rid of unwanted things | hi to remove, tidy 1 to cause one to go on strike j_ to find innocent k to consult 1 t0 require CONOURONO0 zs 310 i's been raining all morning but it seems to be clearing up now. 11 you lared away ol hese books, we'd have room to ea TDIOMS/FIXED PHRASES 1 reveal one’s character hopeless sitvation or case preside over o meeting chair © meeting: toslour: have the chock (in): slightly unwell dare to do sth unreasonable/ ‘annoying get angry/upset not be discouraged with great success confide in sb very different gta bithot under the collar: ep one’s chin up (inf): wih thing colours: (21a problem off one’s chest: Aifent as chalk and cheese: call sb names: py one's cards right: insult sb ect cleverly What is meant by “don’t count your chickens before bey oe heiched”? 13 Fill in the blanks with one of the idioms/fixed phrases. © Trying to make them understand how teenagers think is @ lost cause. They are so conservative. 1. Paul was asked to as the director was away on business. 2 Laura passed her exam She came top of the class 3 He .. when he started throwing his weight around at work 4. don't know how he about my spelling when his is even worse. 5. You look... ‘Would you like me to call « doctor for you? to moon & John managed to despite his chronic illness. 7 you cond speak nicely to your father he might take you to the fair this thernoon 8 Bert and Tom are os different as It’s hard to believe that they are brothers! Those boys are very rude to me. They are always 10 Instead of us siting there feeling bad, why ott about it and sen 2 She when a colleague started criicising her work, uv 5?\os English in Use wasted/lost down in the dumps: not cheerful on the dole: receiving unemployment benetit/social security 90 to the dogs: foil/deteriorate a redletter day: © very important day let sleeping dogs lie: IDIOMS/FIXED PHRASES 2 «a wild goose chase: be caught red-handed: be caught while committing -crime/doing sth wrong crocodile tears: false tears hopeless pursuit {sth) easily done ovoid mentioning o subject €or taking action which could cause trouble 14 Fill in the blanks with one of the idioms/fixed 8 9 phrases Fred thought the test was a piece of cake; he has no doubt that he hos passed it have plenty of spare time but very litle money because | am Kale is feeling her boyfriend has left her. 12 June is for my sister. Ws the day she launched her own business Looking for Susan in New York is simply she could be anywhere, You can't fool me with your I know you're not realy upset Please don’t bring up that old argument with Joe when you see him. Just While some people claim the county is others think the new government will bbe able to improve mater. The litle boy the last piace of cake from the tin All the money I'd invested went when the stockmarket crashed. because toking PREPOSITIONS 15 Look at Appendix 5 and fill in the blanks with the ° 58 correct preposition. The children were late and had to make @ dash for the schoo! bus. 1. The woman exulted her son's success o writer 2. We'll have to economise wwe won't be able to pay the bill 3. I dream becoming a millionaire ond buying a big yacht. 4 The student was eligible to study at university 5. The employee showed total disregard the company rules and was dismissed. 6 The driver was distracted the commotion ‘ond didn't notice that the traffic lights had changed 7. John was so engrossed the film ha he forgot about the coke that was in the oven. 8 We were tolally entranced the prima ballerina’s dancing, 9 The dector told me | was deficient iron ‘and would have to take supplements. 10 Michael was delighted his promotions office manager. heating full grom 16 Look at Appendix 5 and fill in the blanks with the correct preposition. 0 We sold our house ata profit; we made £2,000. He put the cor gear and drove off 2. She's working as a waitress the time being, but her ambition is to become an actress. 3 I've met Elizobeth Taylor the flesh even shook her hand. 4. She's been hasn't ost much weight 5 We have a car been repaired. «a diet for weeks, but she oan until ours has 6 Strictly the record, his work is below standard, 7 The workers have been strike for thee weeks. 8 I realised something was ofthe ordinary when Ann didn't show up for work todo 9 We were shocked when she called him an idie his face. 10 He was ... pain after the operation W times he wishes he had never become © doctor 12 cll accounts, he isthe best basketbl ployer in the association.3b cng Ysa 17 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given. 1 10 " Have you ever thought of changing jobs? sind Hos . jobs? These two cars are notin the same class at all ‘comparison There He never stops criticising people. lit There . people l¥s not our habit to eat so early sed We so eatly, What do you think of his appearance? strike How That man has no pity whatsoever. devoid That mon pity. He's likely o be promoted cards Wis promoted Wie were elated by the birth of our firs! grandchild sm00n We was born, Employees foiling to abide by the rules will be dismissed on the spot. sock Employees fins to obide by the rules immediotely ur boss criticises our work all he time. : work. {dont mind whether you come in the morning or ‘he afternoon, erence i in the morning or the afternoon. 12 Women outnumber men by two to one in Greece. ‘twice There : in Greece, 13. Is quite likely he will resign soon ‘chance There's will resign soon, ‘As soon as she saw my flatmate, my mother decided she didn't like him dislike My mother 14 my flatmate. Could you have a quick look at my essay before | give it in? cast Could you 15 before | hond it in? My father has been healthier since he moved tothe country. improved My ssn 16 since he moved fo the county The public reacted angrily tothe minister's remarks drew The 7 “the publi The company has changed a lot since the new management took over undergone The company 18 1ce the new management took over. Frances is unlikely to be promoted. Prospect There's 19 .. promoted, The ministers actions do not conform ot all to his preelection promises. contrast The minister's actions 20 his pre-election promises. 59\o nglish in Use 60 | | FIXED PHRASES put a damper on: be in the dark about sth: don’t give up your day job (inf: in broad daylight: deal a blow to sb or sth: be on the defensive: by definition: (for) donkey’s years {inf}: on the dot: lend on ear: play it by ear: case off: ‘tthe cuting edge: con edge: to no effect (9: (not see eye to eye with sb: have an eye for: more to sth/sb than meets the eye: ruin sth or make it less enjoyable be unaware of sth continue to do'sth you know rather than trying sth new in fll view of the public/easily seen cause sb great diffculy or spoil their plans protect oneself because one feels insecure or threatened having @ quality simply because of what itis (for) a very long time punctual, exactly on time listen to sb in @ careful and sympathetic way oct in a sitvotion by responding fo events rather than according to plan reduce in degree, speed or intensity She was made to leave. + Letbecomes was/were allowed to in the passive. When the subject of lof and the object ofthe infinitive that follows let are the same, then let, when used in the passive voice, is followed by @ reflexive pronoun + bare passive infinitive dite foto gu wut. ~ f mus ullyed fo yu out Don’t let him tease you. -» Don't let yourself be teased. 4 The passive voice with verbs of reporting such as assume, believe, consider, feel, know, report, say, think, understand, etc is formed in two ways. a} I+ passive verb + that - clause b) subject + possive verb + to - infinitive. They beliove she is a spy. + Its believed that she iso spy. They believe she is a spy. > She is believed to be a spy. + Verbs which foke two objects such as allow, ask, give, lend, send, etc have two passive forms He showed me the way fo the door. -+ I was shown the way to the door. The way fo the door was shown fo me. + Possve voice can take by + agent or with + instrument (a person is involved), material, past participles (such os filed, packed etc) ‘twas cut with @ knife. (by someone) {eo cream is made with milk. The stadium was filled with thousands of spectators. Verbs followed by a certain preposition take the preposition immediately afer them when put into the passive voice She accused me of ving. -* I was accused of lying. ‘+ Frepositional verbs of movement when tuned into the passive voice change to other synonymous verbs which take no preposition. Columbus reached/arrived in America in 1492. —+ America was reached (NOT arrived in) by Columbus in 1492.The royal couple entered/went into the room arm in arm. ~The room was entered [NOT gone into) by the royal couple ‘am in arm. ‘+ Medals do not change in the passive voice. We change the active infinitive into passive infinitive. They can't repair the building. -> The building can't be repaired. 1 Turn the following sentences from active into passive, or vice versa. 1 Susan will have redecorated her flat by the end of | 5 Lucy is known to have applied for the manager's ‘he month position 2 Which car did the family eventually choose? & Don’t let them take advantage of you 3. The bus timetable is going to change during the 7 Will all the new students be made to learn a second summer period. language? 4 You must return all books to the library within a 8 He wasn't ollowed to leave the premises. week. A72 4a Grammar: Passive Voice 10 12 13 The government department should have sent all he necessary forms. The toddler dislikes being forced to eat breakfast. Peter believes he has left his wollet in his jacket pocket Don't let the gloomy weather depress you. | just don't like people staring at me. Turn the following from active into passive where necessary. When Hilary joined the production team, her manager introduced her to important contacts in the industry, and before long she was promoted to head of department The shops have lowered their prices for the soles. The difficuly is that the credit card company has cancelled my credit card, so | can't buy anything, Sally soys that Harvard University has offered her a place on their Bachelor of Arts course, but she's decided 1o reject it as Rodelif has admited her too lucy gave me a novel in which someone stole Monet's Water lilies from the National Gallery 10 The ATM withheld my card last night, so now fl probably get it back on Monday. I just hope ty machine doesn’t discharge my card over th weekend. ‘Mos people believe that the government should db more to protec the locol environment. | dont hk they are doing enough to encourage people recycle. From the manner in which the committee spoke d Madeline Adams, you would have thought they were going to promote her, but instead of thd they've just dismissed her. tt appears they hove diagnosed her symptoms os influenza, but they ore testing her for suspected pneumonia as well. ‘My car's battery went flat and they had to tow it oa mechanic | will have fo poy forthe tow ruck charge, but i they have to replace the battery I won't havea pay because the guarantee sill covers it ‘When they appointed Therese as head chef of the restaurant, they gave her permission to add ony new dishes, so she may replace their existing menu.CONVERSATIONAL GRAMMAR 4 3. Choose the correct item. 1 She was anxious for the post of the Personol 4 Assisiant to the Director in the recently afflicted Jacobs Sussard Company. A to calect B to have selecled © twhe calarted D fo be selecting “Why are the Newtons asking for loan repoyment modifications? “Because their house A wos damaged B domaged “How's the new town plonni "Oh, there's sill a lo. A having done B has been done - STRUCTURAL CONVERSION ~<. 1 this said that this poem was writen by Elvis This poom was written by Elytis, so itis said. Esti is said to have writen this posm. This poom is said fo have been writen by Ely They say (hat) this poem was writen by Ely They say that Eiyfs wrote this poem. Nothing more can be done about this matter. There's nothing more fo be done about this matter. With regard to this matter, there's nothing more to be done. Someone fited her new costume. Her new costume was fited ‘She was fited for her new costume. ‘She hod her new costume Fitted. They don't allow speeding in the city. Speeding isn't allowed in the city. Speeding is forbidden in the city. Id love you to take me out Id love to be taken out by you). Ho lets people laugh at him. Ho lots himself be loughed at 5 son im the flood.” Chad damaged D was being damaged project going?” C to be done D have done 10 i 12 4 13 5 14 ‘ 4a Grammar: Passive Qeice, “How did his speech go?” “With all the noise outside, he couldn't... himself heard.” A moke © he made B be making D hove made “Did you hear anything about last month's Barclays’ robbery?” “Yes eventually the robbers ....... given a tenyear sentence.” A. were not being C were not to be B were D were not have been Your contract says that you are to be present by 8 am every doy. You ore expected to be present by 8 am every day, i cccording to your contract. Her story didn’t deceive me. I wasn’t taken in by her story. He wore a hat so that no one would recognise him. Ho wore a hat fo ovoid being recognised. I ove people asking for my autograph. ove being asked for my autograph. ove it when I'm asked for my autograph. They couldh’t hear him. He couldn't make himself heard. They saw him enter the building. He was seen to enter/entering the building, Who made this dress? Who was this dress made by? 'No actor can be expected to remember all the names of the ploys he has acted in ‘No one can expect an actor fo remember all the plays he has acted in Complete the second sentence 50 that it has @ similar meaning to the frst sentence, using the word given, Do ‘ot change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given. 1 She allows her colleagues to take her attention from her work. distracted She by her colleagues. She locked the door so that nobody would disturb, her. avoid She . disturbed, 73\ce Grammar: Passive Voice 10 n 74 We can't do much for him now. litle There | believe parking is prohibited in this area. permit | don't think . evn .- in this area. No student can be expected to know every word in the book. students Nobody in the book The agreement states that you are to pay the installment once a month, according You to the agreement. | don't like it when people | don’t know very well cask me personal questions. ai! people | don't know very well His claim that he didin't know anything didn't deceive me token ' he didn’t know anything Using notes is forbidden in this examination allowed Notes in this examination, I'd hote them to forget about me. left Wd out Allegedly, this book was writen by two people. said This two people CONVERSATIONAL GRAMMAR 5 Choose the correct item. 1 "How was your dinner?” “A greot success! Our guests ate the op, two main courses and the dessert. There wa literally nothing : A to be left C have left B left D has been left 2 “ls there any news about the exPresident?” “Well, he’s reported the country last night” A 10 be leaving C to have left B thot he left D to leave 3. “What do you think of Uberto Eco’s novel The name of the rose?" “Well, it widely regarded as his best, but tell you the truth I’m not crazy about i.” ‘A has been C iis being B was Dis 4. “Did you enjoy your graduation ceremony?” “Oh yes; | didn’t like photographed all he time, though.” A being © to have been B having been D ittobe 5. “How was your first day in your new job?" “Extremely embarrassing! We were presee ourselves and talk about our previous wot experience.” A been asked to B asked C being asked D asked to Underline the correct item. © He hates being asked/asking to sign autographs. ‘The new wing of the museum will be open/opened tomorrow by the Minister of Culture 2 Its soid thot the new cinema complex will have been/to be completed by the summer, 3. He recalled having/having been severely bitien by insects the last time he was in the area. 4. The walls of our clossroom were filled with/by colourful pictures 5. This machinery has been wore/womn out by constant use. 6 This old house hasn‘t been lived/lived in for years, 7 The author is said that he spent/to have spent o fortune on his new villa.7 Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space. ENTERTAINING PEOPLE When the human capacity (0) for amazement, thrill, cond suspense approaches (1) limits, @ circus unleashes its clowns (2) freshen the otmosnhere uid reundiin slie syeciuiul s wunid fUL ne NNT Bet 8) tradition, there are several varieties ‘of clowns, (4) the elegantly-costumed whitefaced clown who appears rather severe and domineering, 0 the happy-golucky grotesque variety 6 exaggerated makeup and costumes ore more outrageous and less predictable, to the dejected, down-and-out “tramp” character, popularised (6) all by the American, Emmett Kelly. In 19th century circuses it was usual for downs to entertain audiences with songs and long monologues, in (7) they sometimes offered ‘words of wisdom (8) politics and ‘arrent events or quoted Shakespeare. More recently, ‘especially in Russion circuses, a (9) number of clowns have attempted to strike (19) in new directions, abandoning traditional costumes and make-up and developing (11) natural characters. The great Russian clown, Oleg Popov, (12) ‘appear in the ring wearing o minimum (13) make-up and only slightly unconventional wardrobe. He impersonated on incompetent buffoon (1.4) sans Was forever tying to mimic the acts of the legitimate performers. Frequently, he olmost succeeded — (15) on rnsennn enly afer sufficient bungling — to make his performanc comedy, PHRASAL VERBS 1 8 Look at Appendix 1 and fill in one of the prepositions or adverbs from the list below, then give a synonym for each phrasal verb, + obout * round * off * across * through * down to * fo * info * out * up * up with + by ® up to * forward * on * over * in * round to ® out in | They've come --. uF way of thinking ot last 10 u 12 13 14 15 16 7 18 19 Ab English in‘Use He come a collection of valuable ‘old coins in the atc. How did you come Picasso, you know. This diamond ring came my great-grandmother. Aer she was hit on her head by the cricket boll, it Inn har cavrmt minitae AMA this painting? Ws a me from How much did the supermarket bill come this week? Did the new play at the National Theatre come sone your expectations? Those tomato seeds | planted in the spring haven't come yet He came when his grandfather died The party went rather well. Everyone seemed fo have enjoyed themselves. The students are coming Maths this term: ltcame orrested for speeding, | don’t know what's come .... been acting very oddly lately several thousand pounds very wel in that Sve’s husband had been him; he's He came a rash ofter eating « kilo of strawberries. Her latest novel is coming in poperback soon. Long hair for men is coming ‘ogoin. More ‘ond more men are starting to wear their hair long, Alter the flood, hundreds of volunteers come : with offers of assistance. We don’t know yet how we'll solve the problem but I'm sure someone will come o solution soon ‘Most of the companies which managed to come the economic crisis ore now operating very successfully I'm not sure how the accident come but | suspect somebody was being careless is}7 Read the text below and think of the word which best fis each space. Use only one word in each ) space. ENTERTAINING PEOPLE When the human capacity (0) for amazement, tril, suspense approaches (1) _- limits, a circus shes its clowns (2) freshen the otmosphere recondition the spectator’s mind for the next act. .-. tradition, there are several varieties afdowns, (4) the elegantly-costumed i clown who appears rather severe and neering, to the happy-golucky grotesque variety, exaggerated makeup and es are more outrageous and less predictable, to dejected, down-andout "tramp" character, ried (6) all by the American, Kelly. In 19th century circuses it was usual for to entertain audiences with songs and long ues, in (7) they sometimes offered cof wisdom (8) politics and faurent events or quoted Shakespeare. More recently, ‘especially in Russian circuses, a (9) 7 : number of clowns have attempted to strike {10)........ in new directions, abandoning traditional castnes and make-up and developing (11) faire characters. The great Russian clown, Oleg Popov, (1) ‘appear in the ring wearing o risimur (13) make-up and only o Aighity unconventional wardrobe. He impersonated an incompetent buffoon (14) wos forever fying to mimic the acts of the legitimate performers. Frequently, he almost succeeded - (15) ‘oly aftr suficient bungling — to make his performance ‘a comedy. PHRASAL VERBS 1 8 Look at Appendix 1 and fill in one of the prepositions or adverbs from the list below, then give a synonym for each phrasal verb, * about * round * off # across * through * down to ® to ® into * out * up ® up with * by # up to * forward * on over # in * round to # out in 1 They've come ‘our way of thinking at last, 10 n 12 13, 4 15 7 18 19 Ab English in‘Use He come .. a collection of valuable old coins in the atic. How did you come Picasso, you know. This diamond ring came my great grandmother. Afier she was hit on her head by the cricket boll, it took her several minutes to come How much did the supermarket bill come this week? Did the new play at the National Theotre come seventeen YOUF @XPeCtations? Those tomato seeds | planted in the spring hoven't come yet He came when his grandfather died The party went rather well. Everyone seemed to have enjoyed themselves. The students are coming ‘Maths this term. tteame arrested for speeding | don’t know what's come been acting very oddly lately is painting? I's @ me from several thousand pounds very well in that Sue's husband had been him; he's He came «@ rash after eating o kilo of strawberries. Her latest novel is coming in paperback soon. Long hair for men is coming again, More cand more men are starting to wear their hair long Alter the flood, hundreds of volunteers came with offers of assistance. We don't know yet how we'll solve the problem but I'm sure someone will come ° solution soon. ‘Most of the companies which managed to come the economic crisis are now operating very successfull. I'm not sure how the accident came but | suspect somebody was being careless. 7\4b\ English in Use PHRASAL VERBS 2 dealin: Trade in sth deal with: tackle a problem, cope with do away with: abolish; get rid of do down: criticise be done for: be in serious trouble do out of: deprive of fasten (a coat etc) need/would like manage in spite of lack of sth imply, suggest 9 Fill in the correct phrasal verb © Can you do up my dress, please? 1 tm | Here comes my teacher and she'll see I should be in my Maths lesson 2 The law limiting the amount of foreign exchange you can take out of the country should have been years ago. 3. 'mreally thirsty. | could a cup of tea. 4 What were you when you said you might not see Mark for some time? 5 He ‘antique Furniture ond paintings. 6 The old man was his life savings by 0 confidence trickster. 7 Surely you can coffee for once? 8 How do you «re constantly unruly? 9 You shouldn't your classmates just because they didn’t pass their exam IDIOMS/FIXED PHRASES 1 10 Match the idioms/fixed phrases with the definitions. sugar in your «a class when they ‘© keep an eye on sth a hove a feeling that sb is | be green talking about one take it easy bb within the rules feel one’s ears burning € manage to look serious (keep) « straight faced be inexperienced 1 2 3 4 5 be worn out 6 7 8 9 © very quickly £6 one’s flesh and blood guard/protect sth ! 7 fair and square g insist 1 ina flash h be very tired put one’s foot down i family member Of 2 4 6 8 3 5 Fire Now make sentences using the above idioms IDIOMS/FIXED PHRASES 2 11 Look at Appendix 2 and explain the meaning the idioms/fixed phrases in bold. 1 There were so many gatecrashers at the party the! didn’t even recognise the people | had invited. 2. My teacher and | got off on the wrong foot in first lesson but now we are good friends. 3. Don’t toke her for granted; she won't be here ever 4_ Alter | broke up with my fiancé, | was comforted the fact that there are plenty more fish in the seo. 5. Most politicians have the gift of the gab. & “W's all Greek to me,” she said os the professor explaining the new maths problem. 7 In politics, here is always a litle give and take 8 | heard it through/on the grapevine that we going to get a rise next month 9 When he met Jennifer he instantly fell head heels in love with her. 10 He put his foot in it when he told Sally about surprise party they were planning for her. 11 I was asked to make a speech but | couldn't because | had a frog in my throat.Ab English in Use PHRASAL VERBS 2 Trade in sth tackle @ problem, cope with abolish; get rid of citicise be in serious trouble deprive of fasten (a coat etc) need/would like manage in spite of lack of sth imply, suggest 9 Fill in the correct phrasal verb 0 Can you do up my dress, please? 1 i'm | Here comes my teacher and she'll see | should be in my Maths lesson 2 The law limiting the amount of foreign exchange you can take out of the country should have been years ago. 3. 'mreally thirsty. ! could a cup of tea. 4 What were you when you said you might not see Mark for some time? 5 He antique furniture ond paintings. 6 The old man was his life savings by @ confidence trickster. 7 Surely you can coffee for once? sugar in your 8 How do you «@ class when they «are constantly unruly? 9 You shouldn't your classmates just because they didn’t pass their exam. IDIOMS/FIXED PHRASES 1 10 Match the idioms/fixed phrases with the definitions. @ have a feeling that sb is 1 be green talking about one 2 take it easy within the rules 3 feel one’s ears burning © manage to look serious 4 keep) a straight faced be inexperienced 5. be worn out 6 7 8 9 ‘0 keep an eye on sth © very quickly ‘one's flesh and blood f guard/protect sh fair and square Q insist ina flash h be very tired put one's foot down i. family member O22 4 6 8 Bre 5 7 9 Now make sentences using the above idioms ° il a 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IDIOMS/FIXED PHRASES 2 11 Look at Appendix 2 and explain the meaning ¢ the idioms/fixed phrases in bold. 1 There were so many gatecrashers at the party the didn’t even recognise the people | had invited. 2 My teacher and | got off on the wrong foot in te first lesson but now we are good friends. 3. Don't toke her for granted; she won't be here fx ever 4 After | broke up with my fiancé, | was comforted by the fact that there are plenty more fish in the seo, 5. Most politicians have the gift of the gab. 6 “W's all Greek to me,” she said as the professor wos explaining the new maths problem. 7 In politics, there is always a litle give and take 8 | heard it through/on the grapevine that we oe going fo get a rise next month, 9 When he met Jennifer he instantly fell head ow heels in love with her. He put his foot in it when he told Sally about he surprise party they were planning for her. 11. I was asked to make « speech but | couldn't spec because | had a frog in my throat. 10PREPOSITIONS 12 Look at Appendix 5 and fill in the blanks with the correct preposition. 0 My cousin has a flair for languages and can speok more than six 1 The factory awner is not in the habit of fraternising his workers. 2 Allthe animals inthe fores fled the fire. 3 F you have @ grievance the company, please lodge « formal written complaint 4 My caris guaranteed «tus for eight years 5. The teacher told me to stop fidgeting ‘ond to sit still and concentrate. 6 was furious my sister her always borrowing my clothes without my permission 7 His glee the news of his success was a joy to see. 8 You musin’t grieve cone trivial mistoke. 9 He has a fixation _.. becoming the best doctor in the world 10 She does nothing but fret overweight yet never tries to diet her being 11 His fidelity the firm has won him great respect 12 He's always gloating - his meteoric rise os an actor. 13 He's certainly good much else, maths, if not 13 Look at Appendix 5 and fill in the blanks with the correct preposition. 1 Her sales methods have been criticised as being odds with company policy. 2 found the ring in the street purely luck. 3 I didn't go to see him fear of catching his cold 4 Thathouse has been up sale for two years. 5 Come to the party, all means. 6 We regard this atrocity as an offence humanity, 7 rooninns ll, | spent £500 on holiday. 8 Margot prefers not to buy goods credit 9 He went lo the meeting _. disguise s0 08 no! to be recognised. 4b English M Usq 10 There were a lot of problems at the beginning of the school year, but the end everything wos all right. 11 He was so surprised by the news that he was «a loss for words. 12 Our teacher was ... @ bad mood today; he shouted .. everyone. 13. Try fo get the photograph focus ths time 14 They were the trail of the Yeti when the blizzard started 15 ‘answer to your question, the meeting will take place next Tuesday. 14 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words including the word given. 1. “That meal would have satisfied a king!" he exclaimed. fit “That I" he exclaimed 2. No motter what he does, people don't seem eager to work on the project generate He doesn't seem the project. 3 There are hardly ony people in the centre ofthe city in August virtually The centre ... eves in August 4. The wor has caused emigration to increase. resulied The war emigration 5. The board had a secret meeting in order to discuss changes in company policy. doors The board : ae company policy. 6 She will probably come before the end of next month likelihood In cof next month v7\ Ab English in Use ™S 78 Zz 10 u 12 13 4 15 16 Iris usual for young children to ask a lot of questions. opt Young questions. | won't stay overnight; I don’t want to put you fo any trouble. impose | won't stay overnight; ; ses seen YOU! ‘The manager is investigating your complaint looked Your manager. She offen exaggerates how much she earns She how much she earns. ‘Anne has decided to buy fewer clothes from now at Anne has decided to oS from now on. Mary always ignores her parenls’ advice. notice Mary her parents’ advice | was just about fo ring him when he called. point Iwas he called Her mother smiled with delight when Sarch gave her the flowers. lt Sarch’s when she gave her the flowers His sudden outburst was not consistent with his character. keeping His sudden his character Nothing would induce him to leave the house without locking the door. circumstances Under without locking the door. | 17 Since he retired, his main pastime has been gordening spent Since he retired gardening 18 Marie has the annoying habit of losing her keys. forever Marie keys 19. The board of directors will not meet again until the tend of the year. held ‘A meeting of the board of directors the end of the yeot 20 A new arrangement over working conditions hos been made between the management and the Union. struck The management : ‘over working conditions. FIXED PHRASES bbe/have at one’s fingertips: be/have easily available/ have free access to blow a fuse: become very angry/ lose ‘one's temper come to the fore: become important or popular put on a brave face/put a brave face on a sitvation: try to hide one’s disappointment without fail: do sth no matter what few ond far between: scarce/rare in person (talking) of length be successful judging by how sth ‘oppears blame sb for sth think suitable or right penniless : not know sth at all be nervous or frightened because sth might foil used fo doing sth without thinking by/from force of habit:15 Complete the sentences using one of the fixed phrases in an appropriate form 1 Dophne is feeling anxious and is about changing her job. 2 AsJone was the only one in the office everything at her for the brokan winclow 3 Why are you decusing me of breaking the window? thaven't what you are talking about. 4 The hunces uf winning the Loto are unfortunately 5 [have tea and cereal every day for breakfast 6 Living in the city centre means that you have al the necessary amenities, 7 The deadline for the project is June 1st 8 the economy seems to be improving but in reality there is the possibilty of a recession 16 Choose the correct item. 1 Alter buying on expensive new penthouse Marianna was flat A shattered C smashed B broke D torn 2 The new political party came to the... after the general election. A front C side B back D fore 3 On the eighth day of the strike the Minister ...... fit to make a statement A sow C looked B showed D appeared 4 Harry blew a... when his holiday was concelled. A switch C fuse B plug D socket 5 Despite her poor exam results, Alice put a foce on the situation A tough courageous B brave D bold 6 Iwas thrilled to meet Paul Mc Cartney in the when | sot next to him at the theatre. A meat flesh B blood D vein 4b eng Ke 17 Find the mistake and correct it. ° 1 2 3 10 n 12 13 14 15 16 7 18 9 21 2 23 There are many underprivileged -ehilds in the world. He refused that he had been there at the time of the accident. She did very good in the tes. Ha enjoys listening ta the warke of classic composers, Her eyes have the same colour as her mother's. You cun divide this box of sweets between the three of you. ‘Asa conclusion, I'd like to soy thank you for you help. The committee is consisting of twelve members, There were a continuous flow of traffic into the town centre. The cooker in this restaurant is renowned for his excellent cuisine. He purchased several items, which cost £200 all together. You may have to beor the price of any damage. All the possengers and crew were dead in the plane crash I want to catch plane BA4T3. The employee was dismissed for denying to work overtime. He wos rushed to hospital becouse he had it difficult to breathe. They took a quiet, candlelit dinner together. The tormented woman sees horrific nightmares every night. No one of the accident victims pulled through. As a team we must work well together and help each another. Her parents’ attitude had o bad offect on her. She did three mistakes in one sentence She was considering to give up her career. Her parents would not let her to stay out late. children 7915 Complete the sentences using one of the fixed phrases in an appropriate form. 1. Daphne is feeling anxious and is .. ‘bout changing her job. 2 As Jane was the only one in the office everything E _ at her for the broken window 3 Why are you accusing me of breaking the window? _ thaven't . : what you are talking about 4 The chunces of winning the Loto are unforunately 5 {have teo ond cereal every day for breakfast 16 living in the city centre means that you have all the necessary amenities . . 7 The deadline for the project is June Ist - 8 the economy seems to be improving but in reality there is the possibilty of a 16 choose the correct item “1 Alter buying an expensive new penthouse ‘Marianna was flat A shattered B broke 2 The new political party came to the general election. A front C side B back D fore 3 Onthe eighth day of the strike the Minister... fit __ to make a statement, © smashed D torn offer the A sow looked B showed D oppeared 4 Horry blow a ..... when his holiday was cancelled. A switch fuse B plg D socket Despite her poor exam results, Alice put o face on the situation A tough courageous B brave D bold Iwas thrilled to meet Paul Mc Cartney in the when I sat next fo him at the theatre. A meat C flesh B blood D vein 4b English Use 17 Find the mistake and correct it © There are many underprivileged “childs in the world 1 He refused that he had been there at the time of the accident. 2 She did very good in the test 3. He enioys listening ta tha werke of classic composers. 4. Her eyes have the same colour as her mother’s. 5. You uum divide this box of sweets between the three of you. 6 Asa conclusion, I'd like to say thank you for you help. 7 The committee is consisting of twelve members. 8 There were « continuous flow of traffic into the town centr. 9 The cooker in this restaurant is renowned for his excellent cuisine. 10 He purchased several items, which cost £200 all together. 11 You may have to bear the price of any damage. 12. All the passengers and crew were dead in the plane crash 13. I want to catch plane BAAI3 14. The employee was dismissed for denying to work overtime 15. He was rushed to hospital because he had it difficult to breathe. 16 They took a quiet, candlelit dinner together. 17 The tormented woman sees horrific nightmares every night. 18 No one of the accident victims pulled through 19 Asa team we must work well together and help each another. 20 Her parents’ attitude had a bod affect on her 21. She did three mistakes in one sentence. 22. She was considering to give up her career 23. Her parents would not let her to stoy out late. children 7980 4b, English in Use 24 Skiing is her best activity. 25 Everyone of my two sisters is a ‘teacher. 26 He stopped tying his shoelace on the way up the steps. 27 | have written three letters from. this morning, 18 Motch the items from column A with those from column B and then fill in the blanks with the correct idiom. ‘Column A ‘Column B : © 08 tough as 2 a dog : 1 os silent as b arake H 2 as right as © a sheet i 3 as sick as d_ old boots ‘ 4 95 strong as. @ a cucumber ' 5 asthinas F post : 6 as white as g the grave : 7 as cool as hi chalk and cheese | 8 os deat as i a horse 9 os different as i rain Oo 4 2 4 6 8 1 3 5 7 9 © You couldn't make her cry if you tried. She's ae ‘tough as old boots. You'll have to speak louder; he's 2. She turned when he told her the news about the accident. 3 Let him carry the trunk. He's 4 You may not feel well now, but you'll be in a few days 5 promise tobe seve OBOUt YOUr SeCret 6 Why is she dieting? She's ckeady 7 Alter eating twelve chocolate bars, he was 8 Although everyone else was shaking with nerves, Betsy was 9 John and his brother are not at all alike; they're 19 Read the following notes on a school excursion art complete the announcement below, using no mat than two words to fill each blank. The words ya need do not occur in the notes. The first one ha been done for you. 15.17 March Destination: Stotfordupon-Avon ~ Specid study excursion ~ Shakespeare historical plays two per room, (breakfast 8 dinner incl) £59.00 lunch, pocket money, museums Notify secretary by end of nex week if going. Guests may come if space allows. ‘Meet at school entrance 8 on 15/3 Limpton School wishes (0] to announce this yeot Special Study Excursion to Stratford-ypon-Avon, 0 number of Shakespear historical plays ore (2) seen Bb season. The excursion is (3) take (4) 15th - 17th Merck ‘and coach, room - double (5) 7 with (6) board ~ theatre tickets en « guided tour (7) of £59. Students will be (8) to pay for one meal per (9) 7 museum (10) fees and ony personal expenses. The secretory ml (1M) by the end of ret week if students (12) go. Guests may be (13) space is available, Departure willbe at 8 am, 15h Mar {rom the school entrance. (14) information (15) the secretary. in the ria ‘bicined fn| English in Use 24. Skiing is her best activity 25 Everyone of my two sisters is a teacher 26 He stopped tying his shoelace on the way up the steps. 27 I hove written three letters from this morning, 18 Match the items from column A with those from column B and then fill in the blanks with the correct idiom. 5 Column A Column Bo ! 0 as tough as a dog : 1 as silent as arake t 2 os tight os «a sheet ; 3 as sick as ld boots : {4 as strong as a cucumber i 1 5 asthin as a post : ! 6 as white as the grave 7 ! 7 ascool as cholk and cheese | 1 8 as deat as a horse i 19 as dite i : © You couldn't make her cry if you tried. She's a6 tough as old boots. 1 You'll have to speak louder; he's. 2 She turned when he told her the news about the accident 3. Let him carry the trunk. He's 4. You may not feel well now, but you'll be .. Seeons ina few doy 5 I promise to be about your secret 6 Why is she dieting? She's already .. 7. Alter eating twelve chocolate bors, he was 8 Although everyone else was shaking with nerves, Betsy was. 9. John and his brother are nota all alike; they're 80 19 Read the following notes on a school excursion complete the announcement below, using no m than two words to fill each blank. The words need do not occur in the notes. The first one been done for you. 15-17 March Destination: Stratford-upon-Avon - Specid study excursion - Shakespeare historical plays ‘Accommodation: two per room, (breakfast 4 dinner inc) Price: £59.00 Exras: lunch, pocket money, museums Advice: Notily secretary by end of nex week if going. Guests may come if space allows ‘Meet of school entrance 8 on 15/3 Limpton School wishes (0} to announce this Special Study Excursion to Stratford upor-Avon, a . number of Shakes historical plays are (2) season, The excursion is (3) 15th 17th Mar take (4) cand coach, room ~ double (5) with (6) board - theatre tickets «@ guided tour (7) in the pr of £59. Students will be (8). to pay for one meal per (9) museum (10) fees and ony persona expenses. The secretary m a). vw. by the end of week if students (12). elclltelatatatt go. Guests may be (13) space is avoilable. Departure will be ot 8 am, 15th from the school entrance. (14) mation (15) the secretary, obtained4b cngsh Ys, Q 20 Use the following notes fo prepare a short health guide for tourists travelling abroad. Write in complete sentences for each numbered set of notes, using connecting words and phrases as appropriate. You must use all the words in the same order as the notes. You may add words and change the form of words where necessary. The first point has been expanded for you in the example, 0 Inquire ~ travel agent's - vaccinations necessary ~ country vist Inquire at alyour travel agent's which vaccinations are necessary for the country you are visiting. 1 Utmost importance — take holiday insurance ~ duration holiday. 2. Not advise drink local tapwater/bottled woter easy available local supermarkets - or able take supply ~ strilising tablets 3 Welladvised ~ take antimosquito device or similar type ~ repel - insects. WORD USAGE 21 Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in he space in the same line. THE ART OF GIVING AND TAKING Gift exchange, which is also called (0) ceremonial exchange, is the transfer of CEREMONY goods or services that, although regarded as (1) by VOLUNTEER people involved, is part of the expected social (2) Gift BEHAVE exchange may be distinguished from other types of exchange in several respects: the first offering is made in a generous manner and there is no haggling between donor ond (3) ; the exchange is an expression of an existing social RECEIVE relationship or of the establishment of « new one that differs from (4) PERSON market relationships; and the profit in gift exchange may be in the sphere of social relationships and prestige rather than in moterial advantage. The giftexchange cycle entails (5) to give, toreceive, OBLIGE cond fo return, Sanctions may exist o induce people to give, (6) ‘APPROVE or loss of prestige resulting from a failure to do so. (7) toaccepta REFUSE gift moy be seen os rejection of social relotions ond may lead to enmity. The reciprocity of the cycle rests in the necessity to return the gift; the prestige associated with the appearance of (8) dictates thot the value of the return GENEROUS be (9) ‘equal to or greater than the value of the original gif. APPROXIMATE Alongside its obvious economic functions, gift exchange is a (10) SIGNIFY expression of social relations 814b English im\Use, 0 Use the following notes to prepare a short health guide for tourists travelling abroad. Write in complete sentences for each numbered set of notes, using connecting words and phrases as appropriate. You must 182 all the words in the same order as the notes. You may add words and change the form of words where necessary. The first point has been expanded for you in the example. 0 Inquire ~ travel agent's - vaccinations necessary ~ country visit. Inquire at a/your travel agent's which vaccinations are necessary for the country you are visiting. J Uimost importance — take holiday insurance ~ duration holiday. 2 Not advise drink local tap-water/botled water easy available local supermarkets ~ or able take supply — sStrilising tablets, insects. 9 Welladvised — take antimosquito device or similar type ~ repel WORD USAGE I Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some ofthe lines to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. THE ART OF GIVING AND TAKING Gift exchange, which is also called (0) ceremonial exchange, is the transfer of CEREMONY goods or services that, although regarded os (1) by VOLUNTEER people involved, is part of the expected social (2) Gift BEHAVE exchange may be distinguished from other types of exchange in several respects: the first offering is made in a generous manner and there is no haggling between donor cond (3) ; the exchange is an expression of an existing social RECEIVE relationship or of the establishment of a new one that differs from (4) PERSON market relationships; and the profit in gift exchange may be in the sphere of social plsteships ond prige cobs hon in mone cchning, The giftexchange cycle ental (5)... .. to give, to receive, OBUGE and to return. Sanctions may exist to induce people to give, (6) ‘APPROVE oF loss of prestige resulting from a failure to do $0. FM vn. to occepta REFUSE git may be seen as rejection of social relations ond may lead to enmiy. The reciprocity of the cycle rests in the necessity to return the gif; the prestige associated with the oppearance of (8) ......nrnnnnnnnnu dictates that the value of he return GENEROUS be (9) sonnnnnen €QUAL 10 OF greater than the value of the original gif. APPROXIMATE ‘Alongside its obvious economic functions, gi exchange isa (10) : SIGNIFY expression of social relations 8182 db English in Use 22 Choose the correct item. 0 I'm very sorry, but these are out of stock at “He ‘my rubber, miss!” shouted the boy the moment. A acquired C abducted ® goods C commodities B ripped off D swiped B wares D supplies My grandmother was a lovely person who : 1 Each of the house must pay his own tax. pleasure from helping others. A dweller C setier A gathered C deduced B resident D inhabitant B derived D collected 2. My father has decided to abeardto cover 7 You were really when you paid $1004 «@ small scar he has on his chin. those shoes. They're not even leather! A tear C breed A. swiped C pinched B bring up D grow B ripped off D pilfered 3. The farmer makes money by pedigree ‘Many forest ~ animals were killed in fe horses. fire A bringing up C breeding A. dwelling C inhabiting B nurturing D growing B residing D sting 4. For months | sat with my binoculars watching a bird This city has four million its young. A residents CC inhabitants A roar C bring up B dwellers D settlers B breed D grow COLLOCATIONS 23 Fill in the following collocational grid. soldiers | cards | geese | lions | monkeys | wolves | fish | ants | bees | cows] grapes | shee] «@ goggle of @ shoal of «@ pride of «swarm of «a colony of a herd of «lock of «a pack of «a troop of «2 school of ‘a bunch of82 \ English in Use 22 Choose the correct item. 0 I'm very sorry, but these are out of stock at the moment. @® goods C commodities B wares D supplies 1 Each of the house must pay his own tax. A dweller C seller B resident D inhabitant 2. My father has decided to 4 small scar he has on his chin A rear C breed B bring up D grow 3 The farmer makes money by horses. A bringing up B nurturing C breeding D growing «beard to cover, pedigree 4. For months | sat with my binoculars watching « bird its young, A voor B breed COLLOCATIONS 23 Fill in the following collocational grid. © bring up D grow “He my rubber, miss!" shouted the boy. A acquired C abducted B tipped off D swiped My grandmother was a lovely person who pleasure from helping others, A gothered C deduced B derived D collected You were really when you paid $100 those shoes. They're not even leather! A swiped C pinched B ripped off D pilfered ‘Many forest ~ animals were killed in fire A. dwelling B residing C inhabiting D setling This city has four million A residents B dwellers CC inhabitants D settlers soldiers | cards | geese | lions monkeys wolves | fish | ants | bees ‘grapes [sh cows a goggle off «shoal of a pride of 1a swarm of «@ colony of a herd of a flock of «a pack of «2 troop of «2 school of ‘a bunch of4b English Use UA Think of one word which can be used appropriately in all three sentences. 0 One doesn’t need to be an expert to appreciate the beauty of classical musi ‘+ He seems confident that houses in this oreo will appreciate in value in the nex! few years «Ill ways appreciate your help and support. 1 © So what ‘of action do you propose to follow? + Throughout the of history, we $26 that people do not learn from their mistakes * The river followed a meandering cond finally lowed into the sea. 2. © The conservatory door had a gloss ints contre +A will discuss the depletion of the ozone layer. * lights were flashing urgently on the oeroplane’s MK Ol e Sylvia was ov! in the meadow, wild lowers. Floyd is so quarrelsome; he is always fights with his schoolmates . the winning entry from so many impressive paintings in the competition was no mean tosk 4+ China is likely to be a great military inthe future. + As soon os it come into of experts on the environment the government set about reforming the Notional Health Service. Because fossil fuel supplies are fast running out, alternative sources of will have to be found. 5+ The of the law requires an incisive mind, os well as legal training ‘+ Ruby's constant resulted in her receiving the Young Pianist of the Year oward. # thwos his to wear a hat whenever he went out in the sun In the days before electricity, my grandmother had @ wood-burning kitchen to do the cooking You'll find « wide household goods in our autumn sale. The mountain extends over three of clothes and countries. 7 10 n 12 [ osssnsssessnses the parcel | sent you because | didn’t want it to get lost Gloria for a course to learn pottery at the college yesterday. The fact that he had been insulted suddenly on his face when he flushed with anger Joe's temper makes everybody avoid him. The curry made me reach for the iced water. The .. news is that the Prime Minister intends to resign. Despite being in her fifties, Jocelyn has hardly a ‘on her face. The patient of people waiting in the ‘queue at the bank shuffled slowly forward. A tree hod fellen across the railwoy in the slorm, moking train cancellations inevitable. Although the two women look remarkably alike, there is no family. between them, A ‘on my beauliful gold chain broke cand | lost it. There is no between the minister ond the spy ring, despite the rumours which ore circulating in the government. L wish she would turn down the on the TV as the noise is disturbing me cone deals wiih European history up to 1500 AD. Dough should be left o rise until its. doubles. When learning fo drive, you are taught to check your mirror before setting off. The bird's wos clearly broken so. ‘we took it to a vet. The east of the stately home wos builtin the 15th century. 83Nees Use PREPARING FOR PART 5 MEANING AND USAGE I 25 Choose the correct answer to each question. Dreams of similar or identical content experienced by wo or more people are sometimes reporied behveen therapists and clients. The English Society for Psychical Research in the 19th century collected dozens of accounts of shared dreams. However, the interest in the subject waned as scientists suggested that these reports proved ile more than “the power of biased imagination when pplied to coincidence” ffect children until had two of my own. Many pars of scary stories which the adult mind understands as The guidelines for writing scary books for children are fairly clearcut, but | was never aware of how books a “inoffensive” can seem frightening to a child She walked into the room wearing o bright red ‘evening gown. On her head there was what looked like a slaughtered albatross, or was it o hat? werywhere and the floor was covered in wrappers. His fridge had been broken for two weeks ~ | looked inside and a piece of chicken said hello to me. His flat was in a terrible stote. There wos 2) Nobody could have predicted the disaster. Nobody could have done anything to prevent it, even if they had predicted it. The once glorious city lay in ruins: the tall, proud buildings had become rubble, the mojestic statues outside the city hall lay shattered on the dusty ground, and the once busy highways were torn apart 2 though they were made of poper. 84 © Why does the writer put the phrase "the power cf. coincidence” in quotation morks? A He is using it to imply something else. ®He is reporting someone else's exact words. C He is implying that he disagrees with the statement. 1 Why does the writer put the word “inoffensive” quotation marks? ‘A He is suggesing hat we may be wrong in desctig certain pats of children’s stories as “inoflensive. B He is reporting someone else's exact words C He is implying that adults mean something ese when they use the term “inoffensive", 2 What does the writer mean by the phrase "One head... or was it a hat?” ‘A The woman's appearance confused him. B He is being ironic about the woman's appearona. CC He is admiring the womans hat. 3. Explain the use of the phrase “a piece of chicken sol hello to me.” A The writer is implying that the man kept living thing. in his fridge B The writer is implying that there was a toy chiclet inside the man’s fridge. C The writer is humorously describing the spol food in the man's fridge by implying that it ha come to life. 4. Explain the use of the phrases “proud building cand “majestic statues”. ‘A The writer is trying to convey the extent of fe disaster by telling us the fate ofthe things that a city was once proud of B The writer is implying that there is some pride ld in the city, despite the disaster. C The writer is criticising the inhabitants ofthe cy 4 being arrogant.Nees in Use PREPARING FOR PART 5 MEANING AND USAGE I 25 Choose the correct answer to each question. Dreams of similar or identical content experienced by two or more people are sometimes reporied betveen therapists and clients. The English Society for Psychical Research in the 19th century collected dozens of accounts of shared dreams. However, the interest in the subject waned as scientists suggested that these reports proved litle more than “the power of biased imagination when harder ond slicker than Teflon, The new substance, calle NEC [sianding for “Nearictionless Carbon’), is thought be the sickest carbon-based material in the word. ar) Researchers hove cooked up a coating that’ =) d si Your article about continuing to drive pas! one’s iddle age [January 22, Driving On Through Time] vos an insult to thousands of people over 65 who are ail diving their cars efficiently and safely. On what idence does Harry Mills base his claim thot “eyesight is bound to deteriorate after 65°? He assumes things beore examining any facts, and that has to be the (Hfniion of putting the cart before the horse. @Qpriaie flonespotiers, fight simulator fans ond other aviation fecks can now practise their hobby on the World Wide We. Visit hip://Awww.ciiners.net for a 260,000 — ice collection of aircraft taking off, landing, flying and ing, or try hiip://webevents.broadcast.com/simuflite lit to the conversations thot take place between air ic control and the pilots of departing or arriving fights qa 10 Ab English Use, Explain the use of the phrase “the best processing in the world cannot protect us from ourselves” ‘A The writer urges us to prepare food in a hygienic manner regardless of how it hos been processed B The writer is sceptical about toxicology tess. C The writer fears that incidences of food poisoning will rise. What is the meaning of the phrase “throw a wobbly"? A Suddenly become frustrated, angry and lose your temper. B Suddenly become ill. C Suddenly become tired. Why does the writer use the phrase “keeping pace with the times"? ‘A He is implying that Liverpool FC took very litle time to set up their own TV station B He is implying that Liverpool FC are following a trend. C He is implying that other teams will do the same. ‘What does the phrase “cooked up” mean as it is used by the writer? A discovered B developed C invented Explain the phrase “put the cart before the horse”” A Assume that all people over a certoin age have poor eyesight, as does the writer ofthe arfcle to which this letter refers B Do things in the wrong order, as in making on ‘ossumption before examining any evidence. C Deliberately insult somebody in order to provoke them, as in the orticle the writer is referring to. Explain the phrase “aviation freaks’ ‘A People who are afraid of flying. B People who like studying and collecting information about aircraft and fying, C People who are interested in strangelooking sircraf. 85Ac, Practice Test Four Paper 3 Use of English Time: 1 hour 30 minutet om Read the fext below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space. ISLAND UFE Life (0) ona small island may (1) very inviting to the tourists who spend a few weeks there in the summer, but the realities of living on (2) is virlually a rock surrounded by ‘water are quite different from what the casual visitor imagines. (3) in summer the island villages are full of people, life and activity, (4) the tourist season is over many of the shop owners shut (5) their businesses and return to the mainland to spend the winter in town. (6) to say, those who remain on the island, ” by choice or necessity, face many hardships. One of the worst of these is isolation, with (8) ‘mony attendant problems. When the weather is bad, which is often the (9) in winter, the island is entirely cut off; this means not only thet people (19) have goods delivered but also that a medical emergency can be fatal (1) someone confined to an island. At (12) telephone communication is cut off, which means that (13) ‘word from the outside world can get (14) Isolation and loneliness are basic reasons why so many people have left the islands for a better and more secure life in the mainland cities, in (15) of the fact thot this involves leaving “home"” amp Read the text below. Use the word given in copitols at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fis i the space in the same line. A BUILDING OF CLASS The Crystal Palace was o glassandéiron exhibition hal in Hyde Park, London, that housed the Great Exhibition of 1851. The structure was taken down and (0) rebuite 1852-1854) ot Sydenham Hill, where it survived until 1936. In 1849 BUILD Prince Albert, husband of Queen Victoria and president of the Royal Society of As, invited (16) «+ from all over the world fo participate in EXHIBIT on (17) Plans were developed, and the necessary EXPOSE funds speedily raised, so the (18) exhibition MEMORY ‘opened in the Crystal Palace on May 1, 1851. The Crystal Palace was o (9) construction of an intricate network of slender iron REMARK rods sustaining walls of clear glass. With more than 13 km of display tables, the number of (20) ‘was about 14,000, nearly half of whom PARTICIPATE were non British. The (21) of millions of visitors generated ATTEND 2 (22) profit and a closing ceremony was held on October 15. SIZE The Crystal Palace established on (23) seven Standard ARCHITECT for later international fairs and exhibitions, which likewise were housed in glass buildings resembling conservatories. On the night of November 30, 1936, it wos Virtually destroyed by fire; the towers that remained (24) DAMAGE were finally demolished in 1941 because they were deemed a dangerous (25) for incoming German bombers. LAND 86aD Think of one word only which can be used ppropriately in all three sentences. 0 * One doesn’t need to be an expert to appreciate the beauty of classical music + He seems confident that houses in this area will appreciate in valve in the next few years. + Ill always appreciate your help and support. % * Documents of a highly nature are jealously guarded in the government archives. + From 0 young age, lan had been 10 other people's feelings, + The planetarium’s telescope is so that only trained specialss ore permited t0 use i Eric swam only one ‘of the pool before cramp and fatigue brought his exercise to ‘an end. * The director is renowned for making firms that exceed three hours in © She bought a of lilac velvet with o view to making the dress herself 28 © Asa trainee, he has to survive on a modest salary, though he «litle extra on commission. + The boss him do overtime every day. ‘A Japanese company the electronic components found in this product 3 © The company was of tus, integrity and reliability + It was @ good idea to have Information Technology into the syllabus. + By working hard Bill. up his savings cand managed to buy car 0 * Inicate stone carvings decorate the steps ot the of the monument. «The tourists used the village as o the surrounding countryside, * Oil is used as a to which fragrances care added for the purpose of massage. 31 © The troops at the had to endure lack of food and comforts for many months. con the principles fo tour * When the baby lay on his he started to cry. * Michelle maintained o brave os her woy of dealing with personal tragedy. ‘Ac Practice Tes! amp Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given. ° 32 33 36 37 38 39 Nobody spoke when the teacher asked who the culprit was, remained Everyone remained silent when the teacher asked who the culprit was. Some people accept that life is full of problems resigned Some peorle {ull of problems. He makes too many mistakes to be considered for promotion frequent His be considered for promotion. He will not be put off taking that trip fo China. deter Nothing trip to China. Neil is unreliable and offen breaks his promises. goes Neil is unreliable and promises, Virtue is of litle value in corrupt government. ‘counts Virtue government. Could you tell me where the lobby is? direct Could . lobby? Margaret is soid to be a very good cook reputation Margaret very good cook. Reality shows on TV are extremely popular at the moment, favour Reality shows on TV . ot the moment.‘dc ,Practice Test Four amp For questions 40-44 read the following texts. For questions 40 - 43 answer with a word or short phrase. You do not need fo write complete sentences. For question 44, write a summary according fo the instructions giver It is staggering to think that Heathrow Airport, which is now almost a self- contained city with a population of 60,000 workers, started life as @ small grass airfield. It was initially privately owned by the Fairey company and used mostly for test Flying. London's commercial Flights took off from nearby Heston and Hanworth Park airfields, World War Il changed the course of Heathrow’s history. In 1944 it was requisitioned by the Air Ministry to be developed as 2 major transport base for line 8 — the Royal Air Force. It was never to be. Before the work was completed the war ‘ended, and thus surfaced the prospect of a huge expansion in civil aviation. London needed 2 large airport with modern equipment and the partly-buil site at Heathrow was ideal. One runway was ready for use, and when the Ministry of Civil Aviation took it over in 1946 a tented terminal was quickly put in place and They said (that the plane would be late. © QUESTION * WHCLAUSE or IF-CLAUSE “Why are you late?” she asked. ° She asked why | was late “Are you feeling well?” he asked me. + He asked me if! was feeling well + COMMAND/REQUEST © TOINFINITIVE “Don't touch i!” he said. + He told me not fo touch it Turn on the light, please, he said. > The most common reporting verbs are soy, tell and ask He osked me fo tur on the light © Wo use say with or without to + personal object in direct speech but without fo + personal object in reported speech *1 don't know what to do,” he said to Mary. He said (that) he didn’t know what to do, * We use fell in direct and reported speech with a personal objec. “I don’t know where the café is”, she told me. She told Mary to wait outside the Principal's office. Notes ‘We can use say + infinitive. The teacher said to study harder * We cannot use soy about. We can use tell sb/speak/tak about instead. He told us/spoke talked about his experiences traveling in Canada, * We use ask in reported questions and commands. He said to me, “Please don’t move!” He asked me not to move. He said, “Do you like strawberries?” He asked me if! liked strawberries There ore some commen expressions with say, tll and ask. These are soy sey good morning ete, say a few words, say no more, say one’s prayers, say sth, soy s0, say for cerlain, ele tell tell the truth, tell a lie, tll sb the time, tell sb one’s name, tell sb’ fortune, tell a story, tell @ secret, tell sb so, tall sb the way, tell one from another, tell the difference, etc cok ‘sk a favour, ask the time, ask @ question, ask the price, ete 4 Father used to Us a story befor we went to bed, Fill in the blanks with say, tell, speak or ask in the right form. “don't think he will be on time,” he said Mark likes ‘about his schooldays. She the price of the hairdryer that was in the sale. He goodbye to his mother and left for school 5 Sharon me to help her wit her homework. 6 “can't her secret,” she tome 7 think he will come but | can’t for certin+ Verb tenses change as follows: Direct Speech Simple Present “1ean' stand that boy,” she said. Present Continvous “tm having o nice time,” she said. . Present Perfect Simple “Tre booked my summer holiday,” he said. > resent Perfect Continuous ‘The been waiting for you all morning,” he said.» Simple Post “Ihiled my driving test,” he soid. > Simple Future “1M dy my room tomorrow,” she said. . Fuvre Continuous “tll be working in Paris next year,” he said. > 5a Grammar: Reported \ CHANGING FROM DIRECT INTO REPORTED SPEECH Reported Speech Simple Past She said (that) she couldn't stand that boy Past Continuous She said (that) she was having a nice time Past Perfect Simple He said (that) he had booked his summer holiday. Post Perfect Continuous He said (that) he had been waiting for me all morning Post Perfect He said (that) he had failed his driving est Conditional She said (that) she would tidy her room the next day. Conditional Continuous He said thot) he would be working in Paris the following year. Note: Post Perfect Simple and Continuous do not change their forms in Reported Speech. * The following words also change: Diet Speech tisthese here ome ing He said to me, "Come and look at this bird.” . ‘She soid to me, “Stand here and wait for me.” + Reported Speech that/those/the there 90 take He told me to go and look at that bird. ‘She told me to stand there and wait for her. * Pronouns and possessive adjectives change according to the meaning of the sentence. Direct Speech He said, “Iean't do it mysell” > + Time expressions change as follows: Direct Speech tight row thot ‘edoy yesterday tomorrow tomorrow morning best ight be day before yesterday the day attr tomorrow bis week/month/yeor los week/month/year/Monday ete text week/month/year/Monday ete wo doys/years ete, ago ‘He loft last week,” she said. > Reported Speech He said (that) he couldn't do it himsel. Reported Speech that night then, at that time, at once/immediately that day the doy before, the previous day doy after, the following day, the next day the morning after, the following morning/the next morning the night before, the previous night two days before in two days time/in two days that week/month/ year the previous week/month/year/Mondoy ete the following week/month/year/Monday ete two days/years etc, before She said (hat) he had left the previous week/the week before, a1\s Sy 92 ja Grammar: Reported Speech THERE IS NO CHANGE IN THE VERB TENSES IN REPORTED SPEECH WHEN © the sentence expresses a general PMy mother said, “It gets dark earlier VP My mother said (that) it gets dark ed truth or permanent stales and in the winter.” earlier in the winter conditions. ‘© the introductory verb is in the She says/will say/has said, “I can She says/will say/has said thot) she Present, Future or Present Perfect cook well” can cook well fonse. ‘+ the verb of the sentence is in the Unreal Past le.g. 2nd type conditionals, wishes, ifs time, would rather, suppose, os if) ‘the following verbs ore used: had better, could, would, used to, needn't have, should, might cond ought to. ‘+ there is Past Simple or Past Continuous in a Clause of Time ‘the sentence expresses sth which is bolieved to be tru. In this cose the verb tense can either change cr remain unchanged. However, dinner.” go home.” this evening.” got cramp.” country.” (rue) He said, “I would rather go out for She said, “I's time we went home.” Her boyhiend soid, * | really ought fo She said, “I'd better consult the doctor She said, “When I was swimming, I He said, “Ethiopia is a third-world He said, “Ethiopia iso highly Ho said (that) he would rather go ost for dinner. She said (that) it was time they went home. Her boyhiend said (hat) he realy ‘ought t0 go home. She said (that) she'd better consult he doctor that evening. She said (that) when she was swimming, she got cramp. He said (that) Ethiopia is/was o thd world country. He said (that) Ethiopia was a highyy the sentence expresses sth which developed country.” false) developed country. is not tru, then the verb changes. ‘+ itis uptodote reporting. Anne said, “I've got a headache.” Anne said (tha) she’s got « headache 0 “Don't walk on the white carpet!” said the mother to her son. The mother told her on not to walk on the white carpet. 1. “Egypt has a very long recorded history, "she soid. 2 "Do you think Terence will join us for dinner tonight?” Joanne asked me 3. Peter said, “The waiter hos made a mistake withthe bill” 4. "Stop picking on your younger sister, will you?" he said to his daughter Rewrite the following sentences in reported speech. 5 9 “Would it be possible to extend my club membership?” Adrienne asked the manager. “I have no intention of lending Nick my car," soil Diane. "What did the car dealer tell you?” Isabelle asked me. "When | entered the house, there were footprins con the floor,” she said to me. "I'd rather not leave before Leo arrives,” Anna sod5a Grammar: Reported Sp MODAL VERBS IN REPORTED SPEECH ch Modal verbs generally remain unchanged in reported speech. Some of them, however, change os follows: must + When must expresses obligation, it changes into had to (when the sentence in direct speech refers to the present) or would have to (when the sentence in direct speech refers to the Future) + When must expresses advice, ty ological assumption, it does not change or it changes into should. + must usually remains unchanged or it is exprassed by wasn't fo/weren't to/coulda't or « negative infinitive. «an changes into: 4 ‘could when the sentence in divect speech refers to the present. ‘+ would be able to when the direct sentence refers to the future. thal changes into: «© affered when it expresses wilingness to do sth «+ should when it asks for advice. + would when itis used to ask for information tweda't changes into: * did't need to/did'’t have to when the sentence indirect speech refers tothe present or remains the same. + wouldn't have to when the sentence in direct speech refers tothe future. say change: 4 might when it expresses probability + might/could when it expresses permission or concession. Direct Speech He soid, “You must try harder.” ‘Me said, “1 must get my hair cut He said, “You must iy that new restaurant." (advice) He said, “You must always lock the door before you leave.” (duty) Ho said, “You must be tired.” (logical ‘ssumption) He said to me, “You musin’t enter that Direct Speech He soid, “Lean help you.” He said, “I can finish it tomorrow.” Direct Speech He said, “Shall | open the door?” He said, He said, “What shall | do?” “When shall we arrive?” Direct Speech ‘She said, “You needn't worry.” She said, “You needn't give me a lift tomorrow.” Direct Speech He said “It may snow tonight.” He said “You may go.” Reported Speech He said (that) I had ¥0 try harder. 1 soid hay) he would have 10 got his hair cut He said (that) | must/should try that new restaurant He said (that) | must/should always lock the door before | leave/left He said (that) | must be tired. He told me (that) I mustn't/ wasn't to/ couldn't enter that room. or He told ‘me not fo enter that room. Reported Speech He said (that) he could help me. He said (that) he would be able to Finish ithe following day. Reported Speech He offered to open the door. He wondered what he should do. He asked when they would arrive. Reported Speech She said | didn’t need to/didn’t have to/needn't worry. She said | wouldn't have to give her aif the following day. Reported Speech He said it might snow that night He said | might/could go. 935a ,Grammar: Reported Speech 3 > Rewrite the following sentences in reported speech. 1 The waitress said, “Sholl| put the lefover pizza in 6 My lawyer said, “You needn't give me your frd «© doggy bag for you?” conswer now.” 2 My boss soid, “You needn't attend the meeting 7 Peler said, “I may not finish my project in fime. tomorrow.” : 8 The chairperson said, “We must meet again a 3. The supervisor said, "You musin't overlook such o Saturday afternoon.” serious mistake again.” : 9 The assistant chef said, “What shall | do with he 4 Margaret said to the aithostess, “When shall we be extra pastry dough?” landing?” 10 He said, "You must be very hungry.” 5. Martin soid, “I can give you o definite onswer next Friday.” EXCLAMATIONS - “YES” AND “NO” SHORT ANSWER - QUESTION TAGS A. Exclamations ore introduced in reported speech by exclaim, say or give an exclamation, with an exclamation surprise/horror/disqust/delight, thank, wish, call, ete. They usvally become statements when reported and te ‘exclamation mark becomes a full stop. Direct Speech Reported Speech She said, “Happy Birthday!” + She wished me (a) happy birthday. "Yukl” she said when she saw the mouldy coke. -* She gave an exclamation of disgust when she sow the mouldy cake He said, “You idiot!” > He called me an idiot B. “Yes” and “No” short answers are expressed in reported speech by subject + appropriate usilary/introducory vb. Direct Speech Reported Speech “will you come with me? he said. > He asked me if | would go with him and | said I would "Yes", | sad. “Can | have 0 pay rise?” he soid. Ho asked (the boss) if he could have a pay rise and/but “No, the boss replied. “+ the boss refused/said he couldn't C. Question Togs Question tags are omitted in reported speech. However, we can use the verb reminded os a suitable introductory verb in order to retain their effect Speech Reported Speech “This ian’ the firs time she has made this mistake, He reminded me that it wasn’t the firs time (hat) she hod Is it?” he said. > made that mistake. 944 Turn the following sentences into reported speech. 1 “Will you lend me your car?” he said. “No,” his father said. 2 “What o wonderful present!” Frances soid 3 “Well done! That was a wonderful performance,” she said to them. 4. She said, “Be careful wth thot knifel I's very sharp!” 5 "Good luck with the test,” he said INTRODUCTORY VERBS 5a Grammar: Reported Sp&ech, 6 “That's revolting!” he said when he tasted the soup, 7 “The curry we ate at the restaurant made us il, didn’t i12” Joe said. “ht certainly did;” Elizabeth replied. 8 "You liar!” she said to him. 9 "Will you remind me to phone Jim later?" he soid "Yes," | said. "Yes, Ill toke the job.” 'He agreed to take the job. oe demand “J must be informed of your decision He demanded to be informed of my now.” decision immediately. hor + infinitive “Shall | help you?” He offered to help me. promise “Twill write fo you next week.” He promised fo write 1o me the nexi/ hse following week. treaten “No, I won't ell you the answer.” He refused to tell me the answer. “Slow down or I'l get out ofthe cor.” He threatened io get out of the car if 1 didn't slow down, hive “You should see a doctor.” He advised me to see a doctor. dow “You can leave early.” He allowed me to leave eorly. ok “Please, don't shout at me.” He asked me not io shout ot him. beg “Please , please, don't punish me.” He begged me not to punish him. command “Turn around slowly!” ‘He commanded her totum cround slow secourage "Go on, buy yourself a new cor!” He encouraged me to buy 0 new cor. fetid “You musin’t talk during the test.” He forbade us to talk during the fest bt “Tura loft at the trafic lights.” He insructed me fo turn le a the trafic + sb + infinitive lights. ine “td like you to come to my wedding.” He invited me [to go) to his wedding wer “Stop talking ot once!” He ordered me to stop talking, pent “You may enter the palace.” Ho permited me to enter the polace. pind “Don't forget to pos! the leer.” He reminded me to pos! the lters. me “Think obout it very seriously.” He urged me to think obout it very seriously, vem “Don't believe a word.” He warned me not o believe a word. wi “'d very much like you to come.” He very much wanted me fo go. 954 Turn the following sentences into reported speech. 1 “Will you lend me your car?” he said. “No,” his father said. 2 "What o wonderful present!” Frances sai 3 "Well done! That was a wonderful performance,” she said to them, 4. She soid, “Be coreful with that knife! I's very sharp!” 5 “Good luck with the test,” he said. INTRODUCTORY VERBS ence “I must be informed of your decision “Shall | help you?” “Twill write to you next week.” + infinitive “No, I won’ tll you the answer.” “Slow down or I'l get out ofthe car.” “You should see a doctor. “You con leave early.” “Please, don't shout at me.” “Please , please, don't punish me.” “Turn around slowly!” "Go on, buy yourself a new cor!” “You musin’t talk during the test.” “Tura left at the trafic lights.” + sb + infinitive “td like you to come to my wedding.” “Stop talking ot once!” “You may ener the palace.” “Don't forget to pos the leters.” “Think obout it very seriously.” “Don't believe a word.” “1d very much like you to come.” 6 “That's revoling!” he said when he tasted the soup, 8 "You liar!” she said to him. 9 "Will you remind me to phone Jim later?" he so "Yes," | said. "Yes, Ill take the job.” 'He agreed to take the job. He demanded to be informed of my decision immediately. He offered to help me. He promised fo write fo me the nex!/ following week He refused to tell me the answer. He threatened to get out ofthe cor if 1 didn’t slow down, He advised me to see a doctor. He allowed me to leave eorly He asked me not to shout ot him. He begged me not io punish him ‘He commanded her totum cround slow He encouraged me to buy a new cor. He forbade us to tlk during the tes. He insiructed me fo turn le a the trafic light. He invited me (to go) to his wedding. He ordered me to stop talking. He permitted me to enter the polace. He reminded me to pos! he ler. He unged me to think about it very seriously He warned me not 1 believe a word. He very much wanted me fo go. 5a Grammar: Reported Spéech, 7 “The curry we ate at the restaurant made us il, didn’t i?” Joe said. “It certainly did;” Elizabeth replied. 95\ 5a, Grammar: Reported Speech 96 ‘accuse sb of codmit ) ‘opologise for deny insist on + gerund suggest ‘complain to sb about + gerund/noun gree claim complain deny exclaim explain inform sb + thotclause promise suggest explain to sb + why/how + clause wonder where/what/why/ how + clause (when the subject ofthe introductory verb isnot the same os the subject in the indirect question) ‘wonder where/what/why/ how + infiniive (when the subject of the infinitive is the same as the subject of the verb) “You lied to me." “Yes, Vm the culprit.” “t'm sorry | missed the meeting.” “1 didn’t lose the tickets.” “You must let me help you.” “Lets go to the pork!” “You're alwoys late to work!” "Yes, its @ foolish idea.” “I've never seen her before.” “You never listen to me,” “No, | didn't 300 the accident.” “What a horrible colour!” “Cheating in exams is 0 very serious matter.” “The cheque for the cari inthe pos.” “tl be very careful.” “You ought to try harder." “That's how I recognised the film star." He asked himself, “Why is she unhappy?” He asked himself, “Where shall! buy her present from?” Ho accused me of lying/having led to him, He admited () being the culprit He apologised for having missed te resting. He denied losing having lst thetic He insisted on me/my leting him heb me. He suggested going to the pork. He complained fo me about my lateness/being late to work He agreed that it was « foolish idea He claimed that he had never soen hher/never to have seen her before. ‘He complained tht | never listed thi ‘He denied that he had seen the occidet ‘He exclaimed tht it wos 0 horrible clea He explained that cheating in exons ‘was a very serious matter. He informed me that the cheque for the car was in the post. He promised thot he would be very carl He suggested that | should try hord He explained to me how he had recognised the film star, He wondered why she was unhappy. He wondered where to buy her present from. 5 Rewrite the following sentences in reported speech, using an appropriate introductory verb. 1 "Would you like to come to a show with me tonight?" he soid 2 "Shall we buy some new furniture for the study?” she said. 3. "He's always moaning about his motherinlaw,” she said. 4 "Vil give you the money back tomorrow,” she sod 5. She asked herself, "When shall | see him again?” 6 “Give us the money or we'll reveal your secre,” he blackmailers said to her.5a Grammar: Reported Speech 7 "Don't forget you have a doctor's eppoiniment at Ham," | said to him. 10 “It was John who wrote this graffiti on the wall,” soid his brother. 11. “Why don't we postpone the meeting for tomorrow?” the boss soid, 8 "Pleose, please, give me one more chance,” the boy said to me 9 “You will attend your aunt's wedding,” my father 12 “We know you were lying in your testimony,” the soid policeman said. MIXED TYPES OF REPORTED SPEECH Jererydoy conversation, we use @ mixture of statements, commands and questions. When changing them into reported ), we can connect them with the following linkers: and, as, adding that, and he added that, because, bu, since, te/she went on to say, and he/she continued, explaining that, etc or the introductory verb in present participle language features such as of, well etc, which are used in direct speech, are omitted in reported speech. -don’t you buy @ Mini?” he said. re very economical fo run.” > Tun the following into reported speech “Tkrow that John’s an adventurous businessman,” Poul scid. “I'd never have expected him to get mixed up wih such a notorious firm, though.” ‘When | first came here,” Susan said, ” | had a “hard time with the language, but now that I've been ler for Five years, find Icon communicate without cy difficulty.” Speech Reported Speech its very cold,” he said. “Shall | close the He remarked that it was very cold and offered to close we * the window. (Oh is omited.) can't come,” she said. “He has a meeting.” -* _She said that he couldn't go as/because/since he had o meeting. He suggested that | should buy a Mini, explaining that they are/were very economical fo run. 3 She went on to say, “I usually only teach beginner's classes but since we're understaffed at the moment, have to take an advanced class too.” 4. "Thope," he said, “thot you'll consider taking over the shop when | retire as you've developed an excellent eye for antiques. And that's quite o compliment, | assure you, coming from me.” 977 "Don't forget you have @ doctor's appointment at Hom," | said to him. 8 “Please, please, give me one more chance,” the boy said to me. 9 "You will atend your aunt's wedding,” my father sci 5a Grammar: Reported we 10 “twas John who wrote this graffi on the wall,” seid his brother “Why don't we postpone the meeting for tomorrow?” the boss said. “We know you were lying in your testimony,” the policeman said. 12 MIXED TYPES OF REPORTED SPEECH Ineveryday conversation, we use o mixture of statements, commands and questions. When changing them into reported speech, we can connect them with the following linkers: and, as, adding that, and he added that, because, but, tnd he/she went on to say, and he/she continued, explaining that, etc or the introductory verb in present participle fom. Language features such as oh, wall etc, which or Diet Speoch “0h, very cold,” he said, “Shall | close the window?” . “He cant come,” she said. “He has a meeting.” > ‘Why don't you buy @ Mini?” he said. ‘Theyre very economical fo run.” + 6. Turn the following into reported speech 1 “Throw that John’s an adventurous businessman,” Foul soid. “I'd never have expected him to get rized up with such a notorious firm, though.” 1"When | first come here,” Susan said, "| had a hard time with the language, but now that 've been here for five years, find I can communicate without ary dificuly.” used in direct speech, are omitted in reported speech. Reported Speech He remarked that it was very cold ond offered to close the window. (Oh is omitted) ‘She said that he couldn't go as/because/since he had a meeting. He suggested that I should buy a Mini, explaining that they are/were very economical fo run. 3. She went on to say, “I usualy only teach beginners classes but since we're understaffed at he moment, have to take an advanced class too.” 4 "Lhope," he said, “that you'll consider taking over the shop when I retire as you've developed an excellent eye for antiques. And that’s quite o ‘compliment, | assure you, coming from me.” 97\ 50 Grammar: Reported Speech 98 5. “Who are you going to leave the house to?” | asked my uncle. “Perhaps,” | went on, “you should leave it to Sarah as she seems to be the most attached to it.” 6 "Don't imagine that just because I've criticised you, | don't think you're a good musician," he soid to me. “With enough proctice, | have no dovb! thet you will be able fo work as a professional.” 7 “Ishe going to accept the job offer,” she asked, “or will he just continue to stagnate here until i's time for him to retire?" 8 “I've heard her say that she may give up her job ‘and open a restaurant,” he said. “She's certainly a good enough cook to do it.” 9 “Ineedn't have bothered to buy o spare lyre,” she soid, “os | didn’t have to change the old one after all.” 10. “I couldn't believe my ears when | heard they'd split up," she said to me. "Could you phone Jane to see if ifs really true?” 11. “Ob, it looks as if we'll have to cancel the meetig if Julia is going to be away,” he said. “Do you kor when she'll be back?” 12 “What do you think about going to © nev restouront tonight?” he said to his wife, "I've jet read about one that’s meant to be very good.” 13 "By the way, if anyone rings while I’m out,” she tl her secretary, “please take a message and tell hia that | won't be here until tomorrow afternoon.” 14 “I might be able to come,” he said to Soh, “although | won't be able to let you know us tomorrow.” 15. “Shall | pass on the news tothe staf,” | osked hin, “or would you prefer | didn’t until you've had 8 chance to confirm it with the boss?” 16 “Alright, | made a terrible mistoke but | really didst do it on purpose,” she said7 Rewrite the following dialogue in reported speech MeJones: Mr Smith, would you come into my office, please? ‘Me Smith: Certainly, sir. Ne Jones: Look, we have @ problem with the office Christmas party. Mrs White was organising it, but ahe thus Leen tuken ill Me Smith: Would you like me to arrange it instead? Jones: Tho! would be wonderfull And you'll definitly get a git basket for yourclf and your wife for your extra work 8 Rewrite the following passage in direct speech. The posiman asked Mr Wood to sign for the parcel ‘oplaining thot it had been sent by Recorded Delivery Mr Wood exclaimed that it was the gardening book he tod been woiting for, and wondered whether the gosinan was interested in gardening, The postman said tothe was very keen on itand that he had o very large aiden thot wos difficult to look afer. He osked if Mr Wood could give him any advice on the subject, ond Mi Wood offered to lend him the book. The postman cxceped his offer gladly and thanked him. CONVERSATIONAL GRAMMAR 9 Choose the correct item, 1 "What lie did Liz tell you this time?” “She claimed before she was two.” A tht she could write © about writing B to writing D that she write 2 "What wos Bob yelling about?” “He warned ..... touch that wire.” A me to not C that I don't B that | not D me not to 3. “So, how is Anne getting fo the airport?” “She soid thot her brother her o lif.” A would have given C- should give B would give D could be given 4. “Did they Find out who had taken the money?” “Yes. Robert finally admitted itll.” A to spend C to have spent B have spending D to having spent 5. "Why do you look so upset?” “Mum refused coffer my flat while I'm away." A. my looking © to looking B to look D_ me to look 6 “What did the dietician say to Angela?” “He advised ........ down on fats otherwise she would develop heart problems in later life.” A tocut CC her to cut B that she cuts D her cut 7 "What did Ivan suggest?” “He suggested ‘on an excursion tomorrow.” A going © we to go B ustogo D to going 8 The firefighter ordered the building at once. A to everyone evacuating C to be evacuated B everyone to evacuate. evacuating 9 “What's the matter with Terry and Paula?” “They soid that if the business continued to do so badly they A would have to sell the house.” had to B must D should 10 “How did Gina react when she arrived at her surprise birthday party?” “She exclaimed «@ wonderful surprise.” A tobe C being B thot it was D to being 997 Rewrite the following dialogue in reported speech ‘MrJones: Mr Smith, would you come into my office, please? Me Smith: Certainly, sir. NeJones: Look, we have a problem with the office ‘Christmas party. Mrs White was organising it, but she hus Leen tuken ill. ‘Mr Smith: Would you like me to arrange it instead? MrJones; That would be wonderfull And you'll definitely get a gift basket for yourself and your wife for your extra work. 8 Rewrite the following passage in direct speech. The posiman asked Mr Wood to sign for the parcel, fploining thot it had been sent by Recorded Delivery. NeWood exclaimed that it was the gardening book he ted been waiting for, and wondered whether the fosiman was interested in gardening. The postman said itathe wos very keen on it and that he had a very large {goden that was dificult to look after. He asked if Mr ‘Wood could give him any advice on the subject, and Mr Wood offered to lend him the book. The postman excepted his offer gladly and thanked him. 5a Grammar: Reported Speech 9 Choose the correct item. 1 "What lie did Liz tell you this time?” “She claimed before she was two." A that she could write © about writing B to writing D that she w 2. "What was Bob yelling about?” “He warned touch that wire.” A me to not C that I don't B that I not D me not to 3. "So, how is Anne getting fo the airport?” “She said that her brother ...... hero lift.” ‘A would have given should give B would give D could be given 4. "Did they find out who had taken the money?” "Yes. Robert finally admitted inal” A to spend C to have spent B have spending D to having spent 5. “Why do you look so upset?” “Mum refused ..... afer my flo while I'm away.” A. my looking C to looking B to look D me to look 6 “What did the dietician say to Angela?” "He advised down on fats otherwise she would develop heart problems in later life.” A to cut her to cut B that she cuts D her cut 7 "What did Ivan suggest?” “He suggested ‘on an excursion tomorrow.” A going C we to go B us to go D to going 8 The firefighter ordered .... he building at once A to everyone evacuating C to be evacuated B everyone to evacuate D evacuating 9 "Whats the matter with Terry and Paula?” “They soid that if the business continued to do so badly they ...... sell the house.” A would have to C had to B must D should 10 “How did Gina react when she arrived at her surprise birthday party?” “She exclaimed «@ wonderful surprise.” A tobe C being B that it was D to being 99(5a Grammar: Reported Speech 10 Rewrite the following dialogue in reported speech. Sally: 'm sorry to bother you, Jackie, but I've run out of sugar. Do you think | could borrow some? Jackie: Yes, of course. Brown or white? Sally: I'd rather have white. Do take some money for it, pleose. Jackie: Don't be silly! | won't accept any money. Sally: Well, alright, if you insist. What about me buying you some more tomorrow? 11 Rewrite the following passage in direct speech. The doctor told/asked Mr Green to sit down and tell him what was wrong. Mr Green replied that he had a pain in his knee, which hurt when he walked and he complained it was keeping him awake ot night. The doctor asked him to roll up his trousers ond explained that he needed to examine his knee. Mr Green enquired ‘whether it was anything serious, and the doctor assured him thot he had just strained a muscle and advised Mr Green to rest his leg adding it would be better in a few days. The doctor warned him not to walk on it otherwise he could do some permanent damage to it 100 12 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning 10 the first sentence, using te word given. Do not change the word given. Yeu must use between three and eight word, including the word given. 1. “Idon’t approve of people who tell lies,” he said. disap He . . . . . tell lies. 2. She refused to go to bed until she had seen her favourite soap opero. insisted She : she went to bed 3. "Should | ask for help o do it myself?” Jeff wondered. himself Jeff sens seen do it himsed 4 “No, | didn't laugh at him,” Donny soi. laughed Danny ain 5 "That's the way the radiator should be installed” the shopkeeper said to us. how The . —— install the radiate. 6 “Let's go to the planetarium next Saturday,” he soi going He Soturdoy. 7 "The food is awful here,” George said. ‘about George there 8 “Honestly | will wash up for you this evening,” Max told his mother. do Max — evening 9 “Vd really like it f you could come sailing with us” Terry said to me. me Terry pee with them, 10 “Shall !help you with your research?” Jenny said 0 Jenny : ‘esearch5b English in se, 13 Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space. ‘A SPORTING GOAL FOR WOMEN. Football is treditionally, © man’s sport, (0) but now the women ore muscling in on their oct, oF $0 it 0) So many top male footballers have been transferred (2) astronomical sums of money that the gome has become more a high-powered business than o sport. This Is 8 the women come in, more motivated, more interested in the game (4) than in promotina themselves and enerally better behaved both (5) wn.nsrnsnssnurm aNd Off the pitch 6 _@ strong contrast to (7) male counterparls’ greed and eynicism. Indeed, according 10 FIFA, the world football governing body, the future of football belongs to women, ond the erganisation hos (8) ......nnuu. OU 0 actively promote women's football. Perhaps, in (9) .e.nnrsse-m OF the fact that women ore half the world’s population, this is how it should be. In the USA, many members of national women’s football teams are (10) .. known than male footballers, and some professional female players in (VI) nn. North America and Europe have attracted lucrative sponsorship deals. Generally, two problems beset women’s football: the need to be (12)... more seriously and for more funding to be made available. (13)... these have been achieved (14) with the blessing of FIFA, we should see footballers who are accessible, co- operative, decent and sporting in (15) suns Of the spoiled mercenary star boys of sport. IRASAL VERBS 1 14 look at Appendix I and fill inthe blanks with one of the prepositions or adverbs from the box below, then give a synonym for each phrasal verb. out of # off # into * for * back # on * up * down on # in # out * at # up on 0 The government have decided to cutback expenditure 12. During the power workers’ strike the elecricity was on health services cut ‘ot regular intervals 1 He was cheated his fullholiday 13 He was forced to drop college enfilement due to a change in company policy. when his father died 2 I uly feel you in your terrible misfortune. 14 The unforeseen expense on the new house ote 3 The interviewer kept cutting when the my savings but it was worth it Minister was trying to answer the question on 15 He was told to cut sugor and fats environmental policy. or he would suffer serious health problems. 4 Sales of records and cassettes have dropped 16 This composition would be better if you cut considerably this year. the second paragraph. 5 She's trying to get on with her schoolmates but she 17 They've fitted their kitchen with new doesn't really fit ‘cupboards. 4 Their house was cut from the village by 18 She drew the lecture to nearly three the flooding river. hours although it was only supposed to last an hour. 7 Winter is coming. I's getting darker and the days 19 I'm afraid their business is on the verge of folding are really starting to draw due to a lack of orders. 8 He hod to drow his sovings to poy his 20. We'll have to organise 0 union meeting if we want rent after he was made redundant to head «strike. 9 wish you wouldn't fly ...n. me like that 21 Could you check the children and every ime | make a mistake. see what they're up to? 10 The limousine drew in front of the 22 We had to wait to check .nnnnsnnes atthe hotel theatre and the actress got out 0 the receptionist was not at his desk 1 Yes, I've already heard the news. Simon dropped 23 Al quests should check by 12 o'clock to tell me this morning, or they will be charged for an extra day. 101Ngee in Use 15 Match the phrasal verbs in bold with the definitions given. The soldiers fell back when the enemy appeared on the horizon, @ to fall in love with sb ° 1. During the war many men joined up in order to defend their country. b to decline 2 She fell back on her own ingenuity when all else failed € toagree 3. John fell for Susan at first sight. They got married @ month later d to fail to hoppen 4. The roof of the house fell in during the earthquake. © to retreat : 5. To avoid an argument, she fell in with her husband's plans. F to quarrel : 6 When Tom saw the food he fell on it and ate it greedily. g to collapse : | 7. Attendance has fallen off severely during the Christmas period. hi to attack : 8 They always fall out with each other over the household accounts. i to join the army | | 9 Their holiday plan fell through when the children became il j to turn to sth for help | Oe 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ° IDIOMS/FIXED PHRASES 1 16 Look at Appendix 2 and explain the following idioms/tixed phrases in bold. 1. Linda must be lacking in grey matter if she can’t keeping things under his hat. understand this. 12 He has so much time on his hands now that hes 2 She has lived here so long that she knows the town retired that he’s taken up several new hobbies. like the bock of her hand. 13. As the politician hadn't had the chance to prepare 3. Would you hold your horses and stop complaining? a speech, he had to deliver one off the cuft Ul be ready as soon as I can! 14 She had her heart in her mouth all the time te 4 Allthe praise he's got from his teachers has gone to firemen were trying to rescue her child from te his head; now he thinks he's the best student in the building school. 15 A torch comes in handy when you go on « camping 5. \'d appreciate it if you could lend me a hand with trip. these bogs; | can't carry them all by myself. 16 Tolking this matter over again is just logging « deod 6 Kristina had her hands full after giving birth to horse; we can't have anything new to discuss. triplets. 17 Someone is going to have to do something sbow 7 When he foiled the exam for the third time, he lost the violence at football matches before the sition heart and decided not lo try agein. completely gets out of hand. 8 Mary is hand in glove with her supervisor, and.asa 18 You have to drive a car a number of times before result knows everything that's going on in the office. you get the hang of it. 9 When they heard the sound of police sirens, the 19 You should be careful about criticising her as she burglars took to their heels and managed to escape. cohways takes it to heart 10 | heard the news straight from the horse's mouth; 20 She was a bit of a dark horse; nobody knew she John himself told me he was planning to change was a published poet. jobs. 21 Everyone says Maria struck gold when she marred 11 daren't tell him my plans; | know he's incapable of her millionaire husband. 102IDIOMS/FIXED PHRASES 2 aaa bra the ice: ease the tension when one first meets people te tip ofthe iceberg: small evident part of a much larger concealed situation let ease: embarrassed, uncomfortable tr ina and outa, the detuils of an activity to have a lot of plans/ possibilities in progress ot the same time be in for the high jump: be about to be punished have a job: find sth difficult to do si in one’s own juice: suffer the consequences of ‘one’s own actions toep up withthe Joneses: compete with others in status/material goods balore one can say Jock Robinson: extremely quickly 17 Fill in the blanks with one of the idioms/fixed phrases above. 0 George has so many irone in the fire that if he decides not to accept the sales job he has the pick of at least seven other positions. 1 fs your own fault you got the sack; now you 2 When someone threatened to report him to the police, Peter was out of the house 3 Having worked for the firm for years, she knew all the . sn of company policy. 4 The children who broke the window will when their father finds out. 5 When she introduced her two friends, she tried to bby mentioning the interests they had in common. 6 Our neighbours do their best by buying the latest model car cand most expensive furniture. 7 She moking the pastry as she had never done it before and had no recipe to follow. 8 He was ct the party as he didn’t now anyone who was there PREPOSITIONS 18 Look at Appendix 5 and fill in the blanks with the correct preposition 0 You chould net veo aerosol because thoy’ro harmful to the environment 1. Surgeons operated .... _ her last night; her condition is soid to be satisfactory. 2 The teacher was deaf Nick's explanation cof why he hadn't done his homework 3. It was so cold in the tent that the children had to huddle up to keep warm. 4_ She haggled the shopkeeper over the price of the souvenir 5. We sill haven't heard company about our claim 6 Commuters found themselves faced 4 lengthy public transport strike. 7 Wwe received an invitation the annual nurses’ conference in Glasgow. 8 Mr Smith is becoming increasingly impatient this class as they never poy the insurance ottention 9 I'm indebted my husband for his support in my new business venture 10 The computer in the reception is inferior ... the one in my office 11 He says he's feeling o bit .. colour todoy. 12 regord to your request, 'm afraid there's nothing | ean do about it 13. She wasn't ollowed in the cinema becouse she was ns OG. 14. The castaways were stranded can island for nearly a week 15 He is a solicitor profession. 16 This coat was, so it was very cheap. 17 Heis ‘arrears with his loon repayments 18 I willlend you the money condition that you pay it back within the month 19 Strawberries are only cond June. 20 He is an expert name only; he actually knows very litle about the subject. © sale when | bought it season in May 103IDIOMS/FIXED PHRASES 2 ease the tension when one first meets people small evident part of a much larger concealed situation | embarrassed, uncomfortable the detuils of an activity | to have a lot of plans/ possibilities in progress at the same time bee about to be punished find sth difficult to do suffer the consequences of ‘one's own actions in for the high jump: a jb: ‘Hew in one’s own juice: p up with the Joneses: compete with others in status/material goods ‘one can say i extremely quickly 17 Fill in the blanks with one of the idioms/fixed phroses above. 0 George has so many irons in the fire that if he decides not to accept the sales job he has the pick of atleast seven other positions. 11 Is your own fault you got the sack; now you 2 When someone threatened to report him to the police, Peter was out of the house 3 Having worked for the firm for years, she knew all the ns Of company policy. 4 The children who broke the window will. when their father finds out. “5 When sho introduced her two friends, she tried to bby mentioning the interests they had in common. 6 Our neighbours do their best by buying the latest model car cand most expensive furniture. 7 She making the pasiry as she had never done it before and had no recipe to follow. 8 He was at the party os he didn’t know anyone who was there, 5b English iR\Use PREPOSITIONS 18 Look at Appendix 5 and fill in the blanks with the correct preposition. 0 You should not veo aerosols bocauee thoy’ro harmful to the environment 1 Surgeons operated... _ her last night; her condition is soid to be satisfactory. 2 The teacher was deaf --- Nick's explanation cof why he hadn't done his homework 3 It was so cold in the fent that the children had to huddle up to keep warm. 4. She haggled the shopkeeper over the price of the souvenir 5. We sill haven't heard company about our claim. 6 Commuters found themselves faced 4 lengthy public transport strike. 7 ve received an invitation annual nurses’ conference in Glasgow. 8 Mr Smith is becoming increasingly impatient this class as they never pay the insurance the attention 9 I'm indebted my husband for his support in my new business venture. 10 The computer in the reception is inferior .. the one in my office. 11 He says he's feeling o bit . colour todoy. 12 regard to your request, I'm afraid there's nothing | can do about it. 13. She wasn't ollowed in the cinema because she wos sn OG. 14 The castaways were sanded on island for nearly @ week 15 He is a solicitor profession 16 This coat was 50 it was very cheap, 17 He is ‘arrears with his loan repayments, © sale when | bought it 18 I willlend you the money condition that you pay it back within the month 19 Strawberries are only season in May ‘and June. 20 He is an expert name only; he actually knows very litle about the subject. 103104 5b, English in Use 19 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word gh Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given. 10 Everyone was in a deep sleep when the fire started sound Everyone broke out She doesn't know whether she should marry him. minds She hie She sved the newspaper as the article they'd ‘written about her had damaged her reputation. injurious ‘She sued the newspaper as her reputation. Seeing the damage to his car, Jerry became furious. beside Jey he saw the damage to his ca. He was dismissed for neglecting his work led His dismissal, She looks exactly like her mother. They could be taken for twins! exact She's her mother. His illness was serious but he managed fo recover from it of In os sense ,,he managed to get over i. They promised me they would come. word They . come The occasional cream cake won't do you any harm now A won't do you any harm. He resented the way she spoke to him ‘exception He she spoke to him 11 There is a bus to the station every half hour Soturdays. intervals There is o bus to the station .. ‘on Saturday We found her manner rather off puting, by | We 12 her manner No mater how much he was criticised, his confidena ‘was not affected amount No 13 his confidence, 14. Jane goes abroad a lot in the course of her job involves Jane's abroad, How wil the changes affect the company? implications What 5 the company They have no idea why Lena resigned. mystery Its 16 Lena resigned They should have given us more time to finish work, insufficient We 7 to finish the work The concert was cancelled because of the strike, The strike 18 concelet Uhappened to see James as he walked past he da ‘caught \ 19 he walked past the doo He made an attempt to solve the equation but | couldn't do it. go He 20 but he couldn't doi\ 104 ea in Use 19 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given 10 Everyone was in a deep sleep when the fire started. sound Everyone _ broke out. She doesn't know whether she should marry him, minds She him, She sued the newspaper as the article they'd written about her had damaged her reputation. injurious She sued the newspaper as her reputation. Seeing the damage to his car, Jerry became furious beside dey. he saw the damage to his car. He wos dismissed for neglecting his work led His dismissal. She looks exactly like her mother. They could be taken for twins! exact She's her mother. His illness wos serious but he managed to recover from it “he managed to ge! over i They promised me they would come come. al cream cake won't do you any harm. won't do you any harm. He resented the way she spoke to him. exception He veces . she spoke fo him 11 There is a bus to the station every half hour on Saturdays. intervals There is 0 bus to the station .. on Saturday We found her manner rather off puting, by We 12 her manner, 13 No matter how much he was criticised, his confidence was not affected ‘amount No .... his confidence Jane goes abroad « lot in the course of her job involves Jane's 14 abroad 15 How will the changes affect the company? implications What the company! They have no idea why Lena resigned. mystery Ws 16 Lena resigned They should have given us more fime to finish th work insufficient We to finish the work The concert was cancelled because of the stike The strike 18 cancellee 19 | happened to see James as he walked pos the do caught 1 he walked past the doo He made on attempt to solve the equation but couldn't do it. oo He 20 but he couldn't doiFIXED PHRASES [gain ground: make progress/become more popular bet sb at their own game {inf}: to defeat/do better than sb in an activi considered their strength gi the game away: reveal a secret or one’s feelings row down the gauntlet: challenge sb he ily: spoil sth beautiful by odditions lke © glove: fit perfectly nove the goalposts: change the rules or demands of a sitvation havea lot going for you: have o lot of advantages in your fovour 1s good as: practically, very nearly 1p for grabs (inf): ‘available to those who ore interested ig one's own grave: cause one’s own failure fd to halt: slowly sop/come to an cone/get to grips with: consider seriously and start to take action tt of the ground: begin or start functioning tone o grief: sth is unsuccessful rake 0 go of sth: have some success kx good: permanently ick fo one's guns: keep to your opinion 20 Complete the sentences using one of the fixed phrases in an appropriate form. 1 Fora new invention « lot of ime and money is needed. 2 ifyou are computer literate, you in the workplace nowadays. When inflation reached double figures the government had to the problem. 4 The new Pension Act . eliminates some of the basic rights of pensioners 5 You'll a ifyou tell Peter about his surprise birthday party 4 The potient was told that he : : with his unhealthy diet 5b ae 7 The lawyer knew that to win his case he had the prosecuting counsel 8 All Sue's efforts to keep the business going ‘ond she was forced to declare herself bankrupt 9 She had been unhappy in her marriage for some time but decided - for the cake of her children, 21 Choose the correct item. 1 For busy people in today’s society, lifestyle management is gaining A points ground B speed D terrain 2. We at Buyrite throw down the ...... 10 competitors to match us for price, quality and service. A mniten C sword B gauntlet D hat 3. Every time the government meets their demands, the union leaders move the A lampposts B_ goalposts C bus stops D roadblocks 4. The designer refuses to gid the clean, simple lines for his creations. A lily C rose B flower D daisy 5 During pioneer doys @ lot of land in the United States was up for A gain B promotion . preferring © taking D grabs 6 With fuel in short supply, machinery in the factory slowly ground fo a(n} A halt pause B stop D end 7 This lovely new dress fits like o A treat C gown B_ gauntlet D glove 8 The teacher was adamant and stuck to his about the date of the final exam. A weapons C thumb B guns D neck 9 David decided that smoking was ruining his health cond so gave it up for A all B always © good D once 105\ 5b English in Use 22 This is a part of a speech given by an election candidate, followed by the newspaper report printed the next day. Complete the report, using no more than wo words fo fill each blank. The words you need do not appear in the speech. The first one has been done for you. A" ...And s0, ladies and gentlemen, | would like you to know that if | om elected, | will do everything in my power to ensure that the voters of this consttvency will be fully and fairy represented in all phases of the governmental process. While your beliefs have been misrepresented, if not completely neglected, in the past, | shall consider it my duty to make your voices heard in the corridors of Whitehall as they have never been heard before, clearly stating the dissatisfaction which you have every right to feel. Furthermore, | shall consider my duty unfulfilled until | have done everyihing in my power to remove every cause of your dissatistaction and resentment. 1 thank you, ladies and gentlemen, and | look forward to what | hope will be many fruitful meetings where together we can resolve the problems of this great county.” WORD USAGE 23 Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that ft 106 in the space in the same line. B Mr Whyte concluded his speech (0) addressing hi listeners and (1) then that he would do all he could to assist them sth (2) : He refered 0). mmisrepresentations ond neglect the voters’ beliefs and (4) to bring to the Government's (5) their dissatisfaction which, he said, was quite (6) He (7) to say that he would not be @) until he had done everyting 0) to (10) te situation, After thanking the (11) te expressed (12) that in future he would able fo (13) with his consfitvents in meetings which would (14) -worthwhi results HEALING FLOWERS. Flowering plants were (0) primarily cultivated for their fragrance, as well as their (1) . ond beauty. In the last two decades this situation hhas changed in that currently plants and their flowers are being subjected to the rigours of intensive scientific research in an attempt to (2) their secrets. Although itis o (3) recent undertaking, (4) have already scoured some of the most obscure regions of the globe in search ofthe ulimate curing, healing and rejuvenating 6) specimens. Ancient tribal traditions and healing recipes have also been researched as @ means of identifying the potential 6 properties of flowers and plants. Flora has been researched for centuries in order to (7) «@ continuous supply of he ingredients that have been proven to be (8) in providing remedies offering (9) The latest technologies are employed in parallel to this ancient knowledge to identify chemical profiles and (10) ‘Modern plant breeding makes it possible for new and improved plonts to be added to the lst of previously discovered specimens. In this marriage of science and nature, a new market of products is now available to whet consumer appetite PRIMARY USE VEIL RELATIVE RESEARCH BOTANY. CURE ‘SURE EFFECT REUEVE ‘CHARACTERCOLLOCATIONS 2 Fill in lost, stray. 0 lost money | 5 cat 1 dog 6 on child 2 propery | 7 hope 3 ‘opportunity | 8 youth 4 bullet 9 lock of hair 25 Fill in produce, generate. = . cars| 4 .. ine factory warmth/power 2 5 offspring discussion 6 bod 3 new feelings jobs a a play 26 Fill in the collocational grid. Take [counterfeit forged] mock [false money ir ceom painting pers document \s passport iewelery W Think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences. 0 + One doesn't need to be an expert to appreciate the beauty of classical music. ‘+ He seems confident that houses in this orea will appreciate in value in the next few years +l obways appreciate your help and support 1 + The clock’s has luminous hands and ‘numbers, which shine in the dark + Matilda made a the foultasting medicine. * Slowly, the climber inched his way up the jagged ofthe cli as she swallowed 5b ca ‘Angela keeps her by constantly dieting ond exercising ‘When | saw the | gasped with astonishment A key in producing ony new legislation is the Prime Minister. The charismatic specker his cudience with enthusiasm Joke's boss laziness and lack of initiative. The potter the huge vases ‘The government has been to withdraw the controversial education bil | could see that the door to my office had been ‘ond my papers were missing, The leading actors performance was not natural ct all and came over as melodramatic and ... 0n the cheque him for his Martin felt o of satisfaction ot having been of help in the charity drive. Her brisk walk in the crisp autumn countryside had given Zoe's face « healthy pink The cool fire gave off « sof ‘which created a romantic akmosphere in the room. And with o of two goals to nil, Barmworth are very likely to win the cup. Police are following up a new in ‘an effort to solve the baffiing case. Rick Shears is the mole exciting, actionpacked adventure. The ‘and delicate movements of a ballerina are a wonder fo watch in this Hozel's {green jumper matched her eyes. Aber a supper, they retired to bed The date of the church garden fete has been to July 30th. During the writer's eorly childhood, her family to the country The soprano’s rendering ofthe aria the audience to tears. With his pinstripe suit, dork tie ond bowler hat, (Mr Prescot was clearly a man who was port ofthe All food and drinks bought here must be consumed inside this The of a working party to look into immigration was the first item on the government's agenda 10?Neen in Use | 2 John Keats’ mother died of tuberculosis in 1810 108 PREPARING FOR PART 5 BACK REFERENCE I 28 Look at the following extracts and, in the spaces provided, write what each word or phrase in bold refan to. Two items have been done for you. © The Jones family clways shopped at the local U. Sove supermarket. As valued customers, (1) they were offered @ year's supply of breakfast cereal. Then they phoned all of their friends to tell them about (2) it. 1. The Jones family 2. Being offered a year's supply of cereal. 1. Statistics indicate that, within the last year, there have been more businesses established than in the post five years. In fact, in (1) this period, more than five thousand small businesses have opened (2) their doors to customers in the metropolitan area alone. IF (3) this frend continues, economists say that the country’s international debt will be poid off in less than ten years, ene and moved fo Rome to avoid the severe English climate. He long suspected that he had (1) the illness himself dreaded Despite (2) this, he succumbed to (3) the disease in 1821 3. Jack met Elle in the autumn while working for her brother, (1) who owned a small carpentry shop. It was (2) ot this ime that he realised he wanted to spend the rest of his life with her. (3) This gave him the courage Yo ask for her hand in marriage. ene “A. The assembly line wos first used by Henry Ford ini cor factory. He felt hat (1) his mode of production wad be beneficial to both workers and consumers. He wal correct in the sense that reduced labour costs were pass long os savings to (2) the later, but unfortunctely (it clso meant that (4) the former were robbed of any sen of personal job fulfilment 1 2 3 4 ‘5 Every year, hundreds of toddlers are polsoned swallowing pharmaceutical drugs. In spite of (1) hi, parents stil fail 1o take precautions and put (2) ew potentially harmful substances in safe places. I ody {G) they would toke a few moments to store medicine in locked cupboards or up on high shelves, (4 ad casualties could be avoided 1 2 3 4 There are two major legal prerequisites for termination of employment; compensation and fairs (of dismissal. (1) The first dictates that termination doe not occur until an employee hos been paid in fll h ‘amount of legal compensation (see section 26 below e how (2) this amount is calculated). (3) The second ploce two preconditions: that the employer has given employee two written warnings that his or ht employment will be terminated unless he or she confor to cleorly stated conditions; and that, after (4) het ‘warnings, the employer notifies the employee about # termination of employment 30 days prior to (5) waona5b\ English in Use PREPARING FOR PART 5S BACK REFERENCE I 28 Look at the following extracts and, in the spaces provided, write what each word or phrase in bold. fo. Two items have been done for you. © The Jones family always shopped at the local U Save supermarket. As valued customers, (1) they were offered a year's supply of breakfast cereal. Then they phoned all oftheir friends to tll them about (2) i. 1. The Jones family 2 Being offered a year's supply of cereal. 1 Statistics indicate that, within the last year, there have been more businesses established than in the past five years. In fact, in (1) this period, more than five thousand small businesses have opened (2) their doors to customers in the metropolitan area alone. If (3) this frond continues, economists say that the country’s international debt will be paid off in les than ten years. 2 John Keats’ mother died of tuberculosis in 1810. He long suspected that he had (1) the illness himself and moved to Rome fo avoid he severe English late Despite (2) this, he succumbed to (3) the dreaded disease in 1821 1 2 3. Jack met Ellie in the autumn while working for her brother, (1] who owned a small carpentry shop. ft was (2) ot this ime that he realised he wanted to spend the rest of his life with her. (3) This gave him the courage {0 ask for her hand in marriage. ene 108 ‘4. The assembly ine was first used by Henry Ford in car factory. He felt that (1) this mode of production be beneficial to both workers and consumers. He correct in the sense that reduced labour costs were along as savings to (2) the latter, but unfortunately (9 also meant that (4) the former were robbed of any cof personal job fuliment. 1 2 3 4 5. Every year, hundreds of toddlers are poisoned swallowing pharmaceutical drugs. In spite of (I) parents still fail to take precautions and put (2) potentially harmful substances in safe places. if {G) they would take a few moments to store medicing in locked cupboards or up on high shelves, (4) aah casualties could be avoided 1 2 7 3 1 4 i There are two major legal prerequisites for fh termination of employment; compensation and faim ‘of dismissal. (1) The first dictates that termination dor not occur until an employee has been paid in fll h ‘amount of legal compensation (see section 26 below k how (2) this amount is calculated). (3) The second plot two preconditions: that the employer has given employee two written warnings that his or ht employment wil be terminated unless he or she confor to clearly stated conditions; and that, offer (4) het ‘warnings, the employer notifies the employee about t termination of employment 30 days prior to (5) it wRona7 Drawing on the memoirs of the survivors of the Tonic, Wilson tells the tale of (1) this shortlived man- made wonder. Along with Wilson’s deep knowledge of he sructure of (2) the ship, (3) these accounts provide new kind of insight into the disaster. Henry Vill was @ more popular monarch than is feher (I) who had had the reputation for being ss. (2) This was not strictly tue as (3) he had had 'eimplement harsh measures to guarantee the stability fhe throne. 1 2 : 3 ~ 9 Anton Diabelli, an Austrian, is known to have been Ihe composer of the waltz on which Beethoven wrote hs 33 variations for he piano. Diabell had originally itended 0 become a priest, and entered a Bavarian monastery (2) for this purpose. He lt for Vienna 1803, when (3) it was secularised. (4) There, he found ployment as @ piano and guitar teacher. 4 flo From the moment a patient is diagnosed as’ sdfering from diabetes, he must follow a diet which will be designed to help him reach and maintain a suitable hedy weight. In some cases, sufferers of (1) this disease nay require 0 daily dose of insulin. (2) This is because one forms of diabetes prevent the body from cing enough of (3) this hormone. 2 3 fi by 1919, there were nearly 9 million cars ngiteed in the United States. (1) That year clone, Henry Ford’s Motor Company sold close to a million tew cars. To the American people, the benefits of owning a car were obvious; no mater where or how P}you lived, (3) it provided freedom to explore the id beyond your local community 5b ca 12. Shorp Claw Software, (1) one of the major players in multimedia software development, is seeking @ highly qualified and experienced machine code programmer. The successful candidate will have at least 3 years of experience in multimedia programming, and (2) he must be London-based. Experience in sales or marketing is preferred. (3) The post comes with an atiractive remuneration package, bonuses and company car. refuses to disguise or belitle the situation in which they find (3) themselves. Jig faces up to the sod fact thal after the crisis, their relationship will never be the some cand that the two of them will have to go. (4) their separate ways. In one particular scene, (5) the writer 13. In mony ways, Hemingway views his heroine Jig 4s superior to (1) her boykriend. Unlike (2) him, she , suggests that Jig's boyftiend is both weak and naive wnona 14 Shakespearean Tragedies I is available 10 semester 5 or semester 7 students who are majoring in English Literature or Theatre Studies. The course will examine all aspects of Shakespeare's writing, with particular focus on the dramatic devices (1) it uilises. How (2) these plays were understood in Shokespeare’s ‘own day is also an important part of (3) this course, as is what we know about the way Elizabethan actors interpreted and portrayed (A) his characters. The course consists of 12 seminars the attendance of (5) which is compulsory] ond 24 lectures. A detailed course outline is available at the departmental secretary's office. A list of set books and suggested background reading may also be found (6) there. eaRons 109we Practice Test Five 10 Paper 3 Use of English Time: 1 hour 30 minutes a Read the text below and think of the word which best fis each space. Use only one word in each space ‘STARTING A CONVERSATION Iti (0) often said that the British talk about the weather more than any (I) people the world; some extremists claim that they talk about (2) else. But info, 8) in countries with for less changeable climates than Britain’, the weather is an endl, (4) not varied, source of conversational fodder. This seems (5) natural whet you consider that the weather is one of the few things we all have in (6) It affects on senses, ond (7) veesnnnnnnenninne OUF moods, so directly and, at times, so intensely that it is natural we 8) on . _ talk cbout it. After several days (9) sometimes weeks of da, gloomy weather, a bright day tends to bring (10) the best in everyone; people recogrita the relief in others’ expressions which they feel in themselves, and find (11) hard to ret ‘commenting on a change (12) is having such an evident (13) ‘on everyone. “Nice day, isn’t if?" is much more than simply @ comment on the state of the weather; it isa ‘comment on the human state (14) ,,an acknowledgement thatthe tencbily of our place in the universe relies on the existence of « community (15) --». human feeling aD Read the fext below. Use the word given in capitals ot the end of some of the lines to form a word that fis in the space in the same line. AROUND THE GLOBE National Geographic Magazine is a (0) monthly magazine of geography, MONTH ‘orchaeology, anthropology, and (16) , providing the EXPLORE ‘armchair traveller with literary and (17) sven accounts end unexcelled FACT phologrophs and maps to comprehend those (18) = The PURSUE magazine wos founded in 1888 ond is sill published by @ non-profit corporation, the National Geographic Society. The original (19) INTEND of the society was for the (20) svsssnnn 1 be oriented toward PERIOD the United Stotes, but the nature of its articles soon made it a magazine with a (21) view. Under the editorship of Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor, GLOBE it oftained @ circulation of 1,000,000 by 1926. National Geographic was one of the first magazines to (22) colour photographs of PRODUCE undersea life, views from the stratosphere, and animals in their natural habitat. The magazine became world famous for its (23) illustrated BEAUTY articles of the various geographic regions of the world. Its features include (24) information on the environmental, social, and cultural ‘SUBSTANCE aspects of the areas covered and their peoples. Proceeds from the magazine help support its (25) expeditions, SCIENCEmp Think of one word only which can be used sppropriately in all three sentences. 0 * One doesn't need to be an expert to appreciate the beauty of classical music. + He seems confident that huvoey i thio uicu will appreciate in valve in the next few years. + Il olways appreciate your help and support % * Police has revealed that the spy escaped to a country from which he cannot be extradited * Are these cave paintings proof that an alien ‘once visited our plane? + Martha is a brilliant student but doesn’t show much in her everyday life. When the publishers rejected her first novel, Celeste felt such o disappointment that she burst into tears. * As you know, Gory is @ sportsman who loves football, basketball and cricket ++ He ground the knife blade to give ita edge. 8 + Press any to start the computer * Scientists think they have found the to some hereditary diseases. + thwos on awful performance, withthe soloist singing in the wrong The yyors now. + The woman was suffering from excruciating pains on her way to hospital + Sometimes women are used as cheap by some unscrupulous employers. {0 + The discussions to find o peaceful solution to the Uprising took place against 0 of continuing violence. + You shouldn't be ashamed of your working-class ve Party has been in power for ten * The fabric she chose has got pink roses on a pale: blue Be An to begin the game. + 1 don’t eat sweets very offen but | enjoy the bor of chocolate. 5 I'm sure | left my glasses number of players is needed + Thats here, but they're gone. 5c Practice Mey ap ‘Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first, using the word given. Do not change the word given, Use between three and eight words, including the word given. v 32 33 37 38 Nobody spoke when the teacher asked who the culprit was. remained Everyone remained silent when the teacher aoked who the culprit was. The lecturer is an expert on modern art wide The - ont. He behaved in on incomprehensible way at the party beyond His comprehension. | consider him my worst enemy. look ' . oo : enemy. May is bound fo pass her exam. foregone ih her exam. Len tried to do the exercise, but without success. matter No do the exercise Only Paul succeeded in acquiring high grades. foiled Everyone high grades. The director decided that the cost of relocation was t00 high ‘conclusion The director : was too high The company tried unsuccessfully to secure a bank loan. ‘avail The compony’s : ‘a bank loan. it\ 5c Practice Test Five ep For questions 40- 4d read the following texts. For questions 40-43, answer with a word or short phrase, Ya do not need to write complete sentences. For question 44, write a summary according to the instructions given. Scottish writer Iain Banks was born in Dunfermline, Scotland, on February 16th, 1954. He has written over 30 novels, the subject matter of which varies from crime detective stories to traditional science fiction and cyber-culture narratives. His novels Focus on the story rather than the setting, but Scottish places and people do Feature widely. Justice and morality, along with an on-going exploration of how people understand their place in the world, are some of his prevalent themes. In The Bridge (1986), Banks presents us with a brillant novel of self-discovery, as the central character struggles to rebuild his memory after an accident, but does not Tike the lying, cunning person he discovers he was. In Canal Dreams (1990), the female protagonist confronts Fears from her past, and finds herself morally obliged to defeat them and take charge of her life in a dramatic manner, saving line 13 —— the lives of others as she does so. Nor is the element of the fantastic absent from Banks’ work. In The Player of Games (1988), the central character is the champion in a world where there is no disease or disaster, only endless games. When he accepts a challenge from a distant, Foreign empire, he discovers what “the Game” is all about. | Modern critics rank lain Banks as one of the greatest living writers in the world, his books having been read by over 10 million people in 12 different languages. The University of Stirling awarded him an honorary doctorate in 1997. 40. What do we learn about the subject matter of lain Banks’ novels? 41 What does the phrase “as she does so” refer to in line 137 u2Se Practice Test y In lain Banks’ latest novel, Complicity, Cameron Colley is a Scottish newspaper reporter, with 2 casual attitude toward life and a deep commitment to his profession, his motto being “let's cover the story”. As the story begins, Colley gets a series of disturbing phone calls from an anonymous informant who can never stay on the phone long enough to tell him very much, but hints at world- wide conspiracies and other mysterious ploys. Interleaved with the sections that acquaint us with Colley are extracts that describe premeditated assaults from the point of view of an unnamed perpetrator, These attacks turn out to be punishments that very cleverly fit “crimes” which have in the past been committed by the victims, I'm reluctant to reveal too much of this Fine plot, but | can say that it thickens as it becomes clear that Colley's informant knows a lot about the situation. He is wrongly arrested for the crimes, but begins to realise that the real culprit is someone very close to him. Colley tries to discover his identity by delving deep into his own past, and thus begins to question his own morality and values. The mood of the story is hip. clever, cynical but bright, and both Banks and his | character are very funny throughout; Fans of both Hunter Thompson and Martin | Amis are especially encouraged to try this one. 8 Why isthe writer “reluctant to reveal much of this fine plot"? 1B Whot can we infer about novels by Hunter Thompson ond Martin Amis? 4 In.a paragraph of between 50 and 70 words, summarise the examples of loin Banks’ writing about morality found in the two passages 3u4 UNIT 6a Grammar: Adjectives - Adverbs ADJECTIVES Adjectives describe people, places, things, ideas, ete. They have only one form in all genders, singular and plural ord can be placed before nouns of alter verbs such as appear, keep, make, feel, sound, smell, look, tase, et. She is @ prety girl It smells horrible. They are hardworking students. Keep quiet, please! ‘Most common adjectives (large, long, heavy, late, etc) do not have © particular ending. However, there ore cern common endings for adjectives which ore formed from nouns ond verbs. These ore: fashionable -ous courageous “ist racist dlossical esque picturesque less careless petulant careful - lke businesslike ongular ‘Canadion -l friendly imaginary possible soy introductory fortunate historic = ous famous wooden historical =some quarrelsome ent dependent hilarious y lucky ean Shakespearean reddish The most common prefixes used with adjectives are: a. ‘amoral im- impossible pre- premature ab- abnormal in intolerant pro- pro-American ‘anti - ‘antiaircraft ire irregular sub- subtropical dis - dishonest mal - malnourished ‘super - ‘superhuman oxo - ‘extracurricular ron - rronstop une vuniue hyper - hypersensitive over - overgrown under - undermanned i ilegel post- postmodern 1 Write the adjectives made from the following words. day aaily rust | energy victory . accident | sun base respon | hesitate fear a affection — = | circle use life glory beauty - fool humour 2. Use the word given in capitals to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. 1 | was told that the information | was looking for wos classified and tothe public. ACCESS 2 His business methods have gained him a bad name. SCRUPLE 3 Jone’s behaviour towards her superiors led to her dismissal from the job. RESPECT 4 The manager was so with his work that he failed to notice me standing there. OCCUPY 5. The child was emaciated and ‘after being abandoned by its parents. NOURISH 6 “Her hand writing is .; how does she expect me to read it?” LEGIBLE 7 Special schools are recommended for children. ADJUST 8 The city of Athens is known to be noisy, cond polluted. POPULATE 9 The European Union is trying to solaries in all countries. ‘STANDARC 10 The idea of moving to the countryside was cvs 6 him as he was used fo living in the city, APPEAL6a Grammar: Adjectives - Advarbs, Notes on Adjectives © Compound adjectives are formed with: present participles long-standing debt, longplaying record ost participles selhemployed carpenter, candle restaurant cardinal numbers + nouns cone-yearold gir, threeday course, « £30 pair of shoes profixes ond suffixes nonstop show, waterproof watch wel, badly, il, poorly + porticiples wellpaid clerk, ilMiting shit, poorlypoid assistant * Some adiectives ending -ly look ike adverbs (riendly, motherly, lonely, lovey). These adjectives form their adverbs, by odéing the word way/manner/fashion She behaved in a very friendly way/manner/fashion + Some adjectives such os poor, late ond old hove different meanings, according to where they ore placed in the sentence. ‘My grandlother is very ol. fin years) Tony isan old friend of mine. (I've known im for @ long time) © Certain adjectives can be used with the to represent a group as a whole: the rich, the dead, the young, the unemployed, the homeless, the blind, etc Present and past participles can be used as adjectives. Present participles describe the quality of a noun. ‘annoying behaviour (What kind of behaviour? annoying) Past participles describe how the subject feels. amoyed teacher (How does the teacher fee!? annoyed) Nouns describing materials, substances, purpose, and use can be used as adjectives, but they do not have ‘comparative or superlative forms and cannot be modified by very. oie och ° ane ess ba 2 gn tebe fot weed be ase all A fap sta woollen coat {not *woo! coat) However, there are adjectives derived from the above nouns. These adjectives have a metaphorical meaning. siky hair (hair like silk, golden hair, silvery moon, stony look etc ‘There are certain adverbs such as above, upstairs, downstairs, inside, etc which can be used os adjectives. ‘an pstairs room the downstairs bathroom the above rule the inside page etc litle, old and young are often used in fixed adjective noun combinations, so they ore always placed next to the oun they modify. This young man spends too much money. That litle giel seems fo be lost. * Adjectives which describe absolute qualities such as lat, right, single, correct, equal, absent, etc do not have ‘comparative or superlative forms. 3. Make compound adjectives to describe the following: 1 Aboy who has straight hair 2 Awoman with green eyes. 3A dog which barks constantly 4 Acar that moves fast. 5 A parent who has « broad mind. § Arable with three legs. 7 Ateacher with good qualifications. 4 A-sudent who speaks French. 9 Aworkshop which lasts four hours. W Aroom with poor lighting, u516 \6ai,Grammar: Adjectives - Adverbs 4 Fill in the appropriate present or past participle. 1 That's a most (iritate) noise, isn't it? 2 Thankfully, the results of the survey were thoroughly (encourage). 3 The news came as a shock to everyone. The community was [devastate 4 twas (exhilarate) to be back in San Francisco after such «i long time. 5. Hamilton’s novel was (inspire) by 0 real person 6 Ihwos very true love and devotion {move} to see such ‘ORDER OF ADJECTIVES 5 Underline the correct item. 1. Father drove us to the station in stone/stony silence 2 It would be a good idea to pack one or two pain of thick woollen/wool socks. 3 The lake looked magnificent in the silvery/siwe moonlight, 4 Jenny got a beautiful gold/golden brooch for be birthday. 5 Monica visited her aunt in her summer/sumnay house in Majorca 6 The actress wos wearing a stunning long silky/sit dress. ‘A general guide to the ordering of adjectives is given below. However, this cannot always be strictly followed since when there is more than one adjective in a sentence, itis rather dificult to say in exactly what order they should be placed, as this depends on the speaker's feeling or intention ‘number: opinion | size7] age | shape | colour] verb/ J origin] material | noon ‘weight temperature | participle | nationality form Jali/both/ [three [nice | small round | brown _| carved wooden | tablet hattfiest Jone Tage | old | rectongulor Chinese rine Notes * When two or more adjectives ofthe same category are used, the more general adjective comes before the more specific one. kind, gentle man * Commos are only used to separate adjectives which ore equally importont they ore never used to separate the final adjective from the noun it modifies. a long, distinguished corer 6 Put the adjectives into the correct order. 1. The screenplay was written by ofa) (eccentric, French, brilliant) writer. 2 The flower girl wore a (satin, pretty, white) dress at the wedding ceremony. 3 I'm going to the (spring, Asian, annual) festival on Sunday. @ rare, colourful bird 4. The fruit tart is made with (red, fresh, deliciou) strawberries. 5. The company has produced @ new sports car wit (leather, maroon, sof} seats. 6 Corals ore (microscopic, orangey-pink, ropied sea animals6a Grammar: Adjectives - Adv&rbs, ADVERBS ‘Adbrs usually describe a verb, but they con also modify adjectives, nouns, sentences or other adverbs. That is, adverbs tell us how (adverbs of manner), when (adverbs of time], where [adverbs of place), how often (odverbs of frequency], to what extent (adverbs of degree} something happens or is. ‘She entered the room slowly. how? adverb of manner) She left yesterday. (when? adverb of time} Te people next door are very unfiendly. (where? adverb of place) Ste usually goes shopping on Fridays. (how offen? adverb of frequency) He was absolutely right in what he said. (to what extent? adverb of degree) + Adverbs of manner are usually formed by adding - ly to the adjective. clever - cleverly ‘bad - badly careful - carehully + There are also adverbial phrases. They are usually formed with a preposition + noun: atthe cinema, in a mess, inthe restaurant etc but again and again, now and then, here and there + Speling of - fy adverbs quick = quickly basic - basically beoutfel = beautifully sl = shyly but extreme - extremely cpl © capably busy busily * Adjectives/Adverbs with the same form best cold easy* fine inside low Fight® ——thick® wide cheop* daily extra frst® last monthly slow thin* wrong” deort dear foi free lote post straight —tight* yearly direct far further long quick" sure™ weekly ote early fost hord loud* well high hourly He is a fast driver. + He drives fost. That was a cheap blouse. + I bought that blouse cheap. (colloquial) ‘She was the fist quest to arrive. + — She arrived first The adverbs having on asterisk (*) can also be found with the - ly form. In this case, they are usually placed before verbs, participles or adjectives. Otherwise they are less formal. Speak clear! (less formal) Speak clearly, please, 7 Complete the sentences with a suitable adjective or adverb from the list above. 0 They charged me extra, because my 6 She held to the rope. luggage was overweight 7 Go down the road and you'll THOS 0 eon worker, and he works see the bank on the side as well 8 He stopped when he saw the 2. You must draw the lines very Cat in the road. 2 Idlike you to slice the meat very 9 He pays rent : , but we pay on a 4 answered two of the questions bosis. 5 They stayed the office to discuss 10 I wish you wouldn't talk so $0ME soon information ue\ eo, ceonner Adjectives - Adverbs SS ne Adverbs with two forms and different meanings direct = by the shortest route right = correclly, exoctly lost = ofter oll others/most recently directly = immediately righty = wisely lastly = finally hard = in a hard way deep = going « long way down ote = after the usual time hardly = scarcely deeply = greotly lately = recently high = to o high level free = without charge or cost pretty = fic highly = very much freely « wilingly pretily = in a pretly way hort = suddenly wide = fully shortly = not long, soon Widely = very much “WORD ORDER OF ADVERBS OF MANNER, PLACE AND TIME ‘When there is more than one time adverb, the one expressing a shorter time period precedes the one which expresses « longer period, + [abject verb ( objeq] ‘manner place Time shorter period [longer period He ote his breokiast quickly in the kitchen [a1 7:00 yesterday. © [abject verb of movement (+ objec place manner Time He left home hurriedly at 7:30 * [Tite [when iis note main foo ofthe message) | subject + verb [roBjec| | place ‘manner Every weekend he goes to the office | by ca Adverbs of frequency are usually placed after the auxiliary verb or before the main verb, but in short answers they precede the auxiliary verb, I have never seen such a huge lion. “She is late for work again”. “Yes, she always is”. He sometimes goes to the cafeteria after work for o coffee. ‘Adverbs of degree usually go before the words they modify ‘She types quite fast. He gave me only £1 Certain adverbs such as probably, evidently, obviously, actually, certainly, presumably, undoubtedly, etc can be placed at the beginning of a sentence or in the same position as adverbs of frequency. ‘Obviously, she suffers a lot 1! certainly be on time,8 Underline the correct word. 0 The direct/directly road to the new airport saves & lot of travelling time 1 Residents may visit the museum free/freely, but tourists will have to pay. 2. She worked very hard/hardly to get that promotion. 2 Tho arrow Fell short/shertly of tho target. 4 We walked deep/deeply into the forest, following the tracks of the deer. 5 Police described the situation as “high/highly dangerous", and warned the public not to copproach the ares. 6 You've hard/hardly eaten anything! Do have some more! 7 The winner of the dance competition will short/shortly be announced. 8 I was deep/deeply touched by everyone's concern ater my accident. 9 The teacher was right/rightly upset when the students refused to do their homework 10 The sword passed right/righily through the knight's 11 Afr the flood, the water levels remained very high/highly for several days. 12 We went direct/directly to the manager os soon as we realised what had happened. 9 Put the adverbs in the right place in the following sentences 0 She is on time for work. (never) She is never on time for work 1 They go out for dinner. (seldom) 2 Peter is bragging about how rich he is. (always) 3 He won on expensive car, (unexpectedly/ cmazingly/yesterday) 4-1 get the feeling of “déja vu", that something hos hoppened before. (sometimes) 6a Grammar: Adjectives - AdJerbs 5. A speech was delivered and the film was shown (first/later) 6 There's been talk of people getting laid off. (lately, too much) 7 If you use the buses, it’s a good idea to buy a bus pass. (frequently) 8 People ask me whether | prefer lving here to living brood. (often) 10 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words including the word given. 1 Iris impossible to keep up with Sharon as she shows great diligence. diligent Sharon keep up with her 2 She was surprised when he suddenly asked her to marry him. took His surprise 3. He decided to have on early night because he was exhausted g He because he was exhausted. 4. His boss had a very high opinion of him. highly He was his boss. 5. The boxer dealt a hard blow to the punchbag while training hit The boxer while raining uoWe Grammar: Adjectives - Adverbs 120 Regular Comparisons Positive onesyllable adjectives small sod ‘tworsyllable adjectives hoppy more than two syllables adjectives intelligent Note eed Pe smaller (han) the smallest (f/in) sodder (han) the saddest (of/n} nicer (hon) the nicest (of/in) happier (than) the happiest (of/in) more inteligent (han) the most ineligen of Twosylleble adjectives ending in- er, ly or-y usually form their comporative and superlative by adding - er ore to the positive form, whereas those ending in -re or -ful take more ond mos. clever - cleverer cleverest, careful ‘more careful - most careful Positive Cr ed onesyllable adverbs fost foster (han) ‘the fastest (of/in) ‘wosyllable adverbs early earl (han) the eorlist (of/in) compound adverbs quickly more quickly (han) the most quickly (of Note ‘Compound adverbs are adverbs which are formed by adding -ly o the adjective form: careful - carefully Irregular Comparisons Posi ew Bd bad/bodly worse worst good/well better best Title less least many/much more most for ferther (of distance only) forthest further furthest old older oldest elder (never used with than) Types of Comparisons and Similarities * as ..08 - not a8/s0/such ...08 He is as stubborn as a mule. 1s not such hard work as | thought. + the + comparative ...the + comparative The older he gets, the more forgetful he becomes. * comparative + and + comparative The lecture was becoming more and more boring. + such + ..8 + noun/pronoun/clause I've never seen such a nice baby as theirs. * the same... + as (pronoun + clause She has the same blouse as the one you gave me. + less + positive degree + than Pom is less helpful than Joho, + the least... + positive degree + of/in She was the least interested of all. eldest (of members of a family, only implying seniority of age) comparative + than + clause He is more tired than he looks prefer + gerund + fo + gerund = like doing (general 1 prefer dancing to singing. prefer + to infinitive + rather than + bare infinite (general) I prefer to walk to school rather than take the bite. ‘would prefer + to - infinitive + rather than + bare tive (specific) | would prefer to swim rather than sunbathe. ‘would rather/sooner + bare infinitive + than + bare infinitive = would like to I'd rather/sooner be a doctor than {be} « teacher. clause + os if + clause She looks as if she’s in pain\e Grammar: Adjectives - Adverbs 120 Regular Comparisons onesyllable adjectives sod nice ‘wo-syllable adjectives hoppy more than two syllables adjectives intelligent Note Twosyllable adjectives ending in - er, -ly or-y usualy form their comparative and superlative by adding -er or to the positive form, whereas those ending in -re or -ful take more and mos. clever cleverer cleverest, careful onesyllable adverbs fost twosyllable adverbs ecorly compound adverbs, quickly Note Compound adverbs are adverbs which are formed by adding -ly to the oj Irregular Comparisons bad/badly worse worst good/well better best litle less least many/much more most for farther (of distance only) forthest further furthest old older oldest elder (never used with than) Types of Comparisons and Similarities © 5 ..08 - not as/s0/such ...08 He is as stubborn as a mule. 1s not such hard work as | thought. + the + comparalive ...the + comparative The older he gets, the more forgetful he becomes. + comparative + and + comparative The lecture was becoming more and more boring. + such +... + noun/pronoun/clause I've never seen such a nice baby as theirs. * the same... + as (projnoun + clause She has the same blouse as the one you gave me. + less + positive degree + than Pom is less helpful than John, + the least... + positive degree + of/in ‘She was the interested of all. ‘smaller (than) the smallest (of/in) sadder (han) the saddest (on) nicer (hon) the nicest (of/in) hoppier (han) ‘he hoppiest (on) ‘more intelligent (thon) the mos intelligent (0 ‘more coreful ‘most careful faster (than) the fastest (olin) earlier (than) the eorliest(oF/in) more quickly (than) the most quickly (of/i five form: careful - carefully eldest (of members of o family only implying seniority of oge] comparative + than + clause He is more tired than he looks. peer + gerund + o + gerund = like doing (g 1 prefer dancing to singing. prefer + to- infinitive + rather than + bare inf (general) Tprefer to walk o school rather than toke the bi ‘would prefer + 10 - infinitive + rather than + bare infinitive (specific) I would prefer fo swim rather than sunbathe. would rather/sooner + bare infinitive + thon + bare infinitive = woud like to i I'd rather/sooner be a doctor than (be) a teacher, clause + as if + clause i She looks as if she’s in pain.+ lause + whereas/while/but + clause (comparison by contros) ‘She can hide her feelings whereas/while/but he is like an open book. * ery + positive degree (+ noun} This i @ very dificult task As is used + foc what sb or sth really is (jobs or roles). She works as an aichostess. (She is an airhostess) «+ belore clauses/phrases {do as you say. “+ in certain expressions: as usual, a8 ... 05, as much, such as, He came late as usual. * offer accept, describe, be known, class, refer to, use, regard. She is regarded as an authority on Physics 11 Complete the second sentence, so that it has similar ‘meaning to the frst sentence using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given. 1 Wilshire is older than mast other counties in England. one Wiltshire : -.». England. 2 More students pass their exoms at the new language school than the others in the area. ‘ate The new language school the other schools in the area, 3 Comparative literature is an intriguing subject, whereas linguistics is less so foscinating Comparative literature sv than linguisties 12 Fill in the blanks with as or like. 1 Pam behaved ‘an idiot at the party usual 2 Jason is not octive he used to be; he doesn't play much sport he did ‘when he was at high schoo! 3 My cherry coke wasn't such a disaster Id thought it would be, but it didn't taste anything my mother’. 4 This is for the tour goes. It looks if the bus has run out of fuel 6a Grammar: Adjectives - oakeos © much/far/even/rather + comparative (+ noun) This is a(n much/far/even/rather more dificult task © any/no/a lot/a litle/a bit + comparative This task is not any/no/a lot/a litle/a bit more dificult by far + the + superlative (+noun) This is by for the most difficult task Uke is used ‘© for what sb or sth is not really but looks or is like. (siiles) She works like a slave. (She's not a slave) ‘+ with nouns/pronouns/- ing. 1 was like travelling in a spaceship, ‘+ after sound, smell, look, feel + noun, It feels like velvet. + after negative expressions There is no place like home. 5 If Jone were her sister, she wouldn't have behaved rashly she had. 6 Ken’s ambition to work «@ fashion designer ‘was soon shattered; his creations lacked originality and looked lost year’s designs. CONVERSATIONAL GRAMMAR 13 Choose the correct item, 1. "So, what do you think of his new novel?” “fs definitely than his previous one.” ‘A most controversial B_ more controversial 2 This caris........ ofthe two models in the showroom A the more modern C_ more modern B the most modern Done of the most modern C far controversial much controversial 3. She was chosen as one of dressed women in the world. A abetter C most best B the better D the best 4 “There's o great film on at 11 tonight!” “| wish i started ...... because I'm too tired to stay up and watch it.” A more early C the eorliest B_ more earlier D earlier 5 John is... the five children C the oldest of D the oldest than A oldest than B the older of 216a Grammar: Adjectives - Adverbs STRUCTURAL CONVERSION ~-. 1. ve never tasted such o delicious dish Is the most delicious dish I've ever tasted. 2 Ifyou buy a big house, you'll pay a lot of money. The bigger the house you buy, the more money you'll pay. 3. She is more helpful than her sister. Hor sister isn’t os helpful as she is/her. 4. Can't you find an easier exercise than this? Is this the easiest exercise you can find? 5. That dress is like Jone’s. That dress is similar to Jane's 6 That skirt is the same as this one. That skirt and this one are alike. 7 The German car is much better than this one. This car can’t compare to the German one. There is no comporison between this car and the German 8 Can you describe your cousin to me? Can you tell me what your cousin looks ike? 9 He is the fostest runner of all. No other runner is as fast as he is/him. 10 Tony has the same number of pens as Chris, Chris has as many pens as Tony. 11 ADYD player is much more expensive than 0 TV ‘A DVD ployer is far/a lot more expensive than a TV set A TV set is much/far less expensive than o DVD ple 12. Anew car is twice as expensive as a secondhand on ‘A new car is twice the price of a secondhand one. A secondhand car is half the price of/half os expensive as a new one. 13 She gave an ironic smile. She smiled ironically. 14. Sheila has o friendly smile. Sheila smiles in hiendly way. 15 Vd prefer to go home now. ¥d sooner go home now. 122 4. He gave him a fatherly talk 1 I prefer teaching to working in an office. sooner Vd in an office 2. The new mixer is much better than the old one comparison There: snes the new one 3 IF you work late tonight, you'll be tired tomorrow, loter The you'll be tomorrow. talked He way. 5 Couldn't the newspaper have printed o better headline? could Was that print? 6 | would never expect Mary to behave rudely not Wis rude, 14 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word givet Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given. 7 Can you describe the picture to me, please? looks Con — , please! 8 He is an exceptionally good driver in hazordo. conditions. well He .. conditions 9 I've never heard such a ludicrous claim ridiculous Ws heard 10 ifs great to go home after a long day. like There’s after a long doy 11. She's got os much money as | have ‘amount She's got eee hove 12. John and his father look very similar. image John is fothe122 6a, Grammar: Adjectives - Adverbs STRUCTURAL CONVERSION ~-. 1 I've never tasted such a delicious dish Is the mast delicious dish I've ever tasted. 2. Ifyou buy a big house, you'll pay a lot of money. The bigger the house you buy, the more money you'll poy. 3. She is more helpful than her sister. Her sister isn't a helpful as she is/her. 4. Can't you find an easier exercise than this? Is this the easiest exercise you can find? 5 > That dress is like Jane's. That dress is similar to Jane's 6 That skirt is the some as this one. That skirt and this one are alike. 7 The German car is much better than this one. This car can‘t compare fo the German one. There is no comparison between this cor and the German 8 Can you describe your cousin to me? Can you tell me what your cousin looks like? 1 I prefer teaching to working in an office sooner Wd . ee in on office 2. The new mixer is much better than the old one. ‘comparison There the new one. 3. If you work late tonight, you'll be tired tomorrow. later The you'll be tomorrow. 4. He gave him a fatherly talk tolked He woy. 5 Couldn't the newspoper have printed a better headline? could Wos that print? 6 | would never expect Mary to behave rudely. not Ws rude. 14 Complete the second sentence so that it has @ similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word gi Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given. 9 He is the fastest runner of al No other runner is as fast as he is/him. Tony has the same number of pens os Chris. Chris has as many pens as Tony. 11 ADVD player is much more expensive than o TV. ‘A DVD player is far/a lot more expensive than a WV set ATV set is much/far less expensive than a DVD, ‘Arnew car is twice as expensive as 0 second-hand. ‘A new car is twice the price of a second-hand one A secondhand car is half the price of/half as ‘expensive as 0 new one. She gave an ironic smile. ‘She smiled ironically. Sheila has a friendly smile. ‘Sheila smiles in a friendly way. 1'd prefer to go home now. 1rd sooner go home now. 10 12 13 14 15 7 Can you describe the picture to me, please? looks Can . . , please! 8 He is an exceptionally good driver in hazard conditions well He conditions. 9 I've never heard such a ludicrous claim. ridiculous Ws, . . heard, I's great to go home after a long day. like There's 10 : : ‘after © long doy. She's got as much money as | have. ‘amount She's got u a os have, John and his father look very similar. image John is 12 father6b English inse 15 Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space. ‘CHEKHOV Anton Chekhov was o Russian playwright and short story writer (0} born in Taganrog in 1860. In 1879, he became a medical student in Moscow, later qualifying (1) «a doctor. With @ needy family to support, Chekhov (2) to writing, contributing short humorous stories and sketches 8) popular newspapers. His major work (4) to come fowards the tend of his short life ~ Chekhov died of tuberculosis in 1904 — his reputation esting chiefly (5) : four plays, The Seagull, Uncle Vanya, The Three Sisters and The Cherry Orchard, written in 1896, 1899, 1901 and 1904 (6) All four works, while gloomy ‘ond pessimistic 7) tone, blend a poetic atmosphere (8) sympathetic treatment of characters (9) , unable to break (19) of the vicious circle that they find (11) ese ‘re trapped in unfulflling lives which they feel (12) powerless and dispirited to change. They (13) be regarded as symbolic (14) : the torpor and stagnation of late nineteenth century Czorist Russia. (15) seventeen $008 18 product of Chekhov's scientific training and experience os a provincial doctor. They remain masterpieces of Russian literature. PHRASAL VERBS 1 16 look at Appendix I and fill in one of the prepositions or adverbs below, then give a synonym for each phrasal verb, at # off * down * round * * through * round to * out of # over * about * on with 0 Whot ore you getting at? | can't understand what 11 you'te trying to say. 1 Lonly get watching TV when 12 the children are in bed. 2 Instead of being given a ticke, the driver got 13 © warning, 3. She's having trouble getting with 14 her sprained ankle. 8 4 Do you get with your colleagues? 5 If you don't get those invitations 16 today, they'll never arrive on time. 6 How are you getting ....... at school? 17 7 He has a talent for geting the mos! complicated ideas 18 8 Te been rying 10 get for ages but the line is always engoged. ”v 9 This awful weother is rally geting me .... 10 My father is clways geting ..... esses MO ‘bout my clothes. p to * by * ahead * across # off with * along * on * away with IF you aren't well organised, you'll never get | don’t know how he gets cheating on his tests Stop talking and get your work, will you? She has barely enough money left to get | wish | could get going to this wedding but | have no choice News of their “secret” wedding got fost She says she won't help us, but we'll soon get her | don't know if shell ever get... her hhusbond’s death. ‘What are the children geting in the garden? 123\e nglish in Use ‘PHRASAL VERBS 2.) 17 Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition o adverb. give away: reveal sive in: 1) deliver © The chemicals give off toxic fumes, so be extremely 2) yield careful when using them 1 The teacher reluctantly gave . tote give off: send out/emit students’ request to change the date of the exam, give out: 1) announce 2. The athlete has decided to give comateur 2} come to an end. 3 competion o = a Profesional oe Ye man was forced to give himse ® aa 1) stop the police. 2) acknit defect 4 She unintentionally gave... the secret of sive oneself up: surrender the surprise party. hype up: emggeraie the valua of sth 5 Haven't you given nus YOUr application frm ye? 6 Eventually their sovings gave cond they were forced to apply to the state for assistance. 7 I can't guess the answer. | give 1 8 On the news last night it was giveR wos Nah the Prime Ministor had resigned 9 They have hyped this cor to such on extent that it should be the biggest seller of the yeor IDIOMS/FIXED PHRASES 1)——,_ 18 Fill in the blanks with one of the idioms/fixed phrases keep oneself to oneself: live quietly, privately fine kettle of fish: confused state of affairs 1 She oll the time they were announcing the winners of the contes, — eee ae hoping that her brother would get « prize. bring fo one's knees: dstroy/humble 2 fe ey Recreate toad bade in the know: well-informed keep one’s fingers crossed: hope that sth will turn out 3° Starting with only a few thousand pounds, Tom well if ‘on the stock market and pull sb’s leg: ere within o year was a millionaire. make eam a/on's ving: earn money Se ee sleep like « log: bbe sound asleep 5 She 15 a freelance journalist. 6 The tap is dripping, the both’s overflowing, te plumber’s on holiday; what o this ist 7 Dovid I'm not sure ifheld hear a bomb drop. 8 IF you want io know about the new film you should ‘ask someone who is tkeo crite. 124DIOMS/FIXED PHRASES 2 the lion's share: the biggest part/portion make a new start honest/sincere send sb a letter do anything necessary to get sth you want give new/further information treat sth as unimportant avoid or ignore reality/responsibilty reach a critical point fun over a new leat: on the love: hop sb a line: {goo any lengths: shed light upon: mnoke light of bury one's head in the sand: ‘come to a head: 19 Fill in the blanks with one of the idioms/fixed phrases 1 I wouldn't have any doubis about trusting him; I'm sute he's completely 2 You shouldn't other people's problems, even if you don’t consider them to be very serious. 3. Alhough she had several people to help her, Susan sill did of the work. 4 John has a tendency to whenever he's faced with problems insead of facing up to them. 5 Ashe wanted fo go to university, David decided and andy harder. 6 Ther research has some aspects of the reproduction of cancer cel but there is still much to be discovered 7 The differences between management and the workers when the Union called a strike 8 you have time, while you're on holiday. I'd love to hear from you 9 That man would to get his own way. bb wa PREPOSITIONS 20 look at Appendix 5 and fill in one of the prepositions below. © I'm sure there's a jinx on this dress. Whenever | wear it | have a terrible time. 1 Terry MeWoddle has been named new chairman of the football club. 2 Several flights were delayed and so the departure lounge was jam-packed angry travellers. 3. The harassed mother juggled four bags of shopping, a pushchair ond a dog in the middle of the busy high street Many vegetron crgve that there is no justification ‘eating meat inthis day and age. 5. I've been asked to key this information the computer immediately 6 The businessman insisted that he had no knowledge the missing currency. When | was abroad | longed « traditional English Sunday lunch 8 My husband's always lazing while I'm always busy 9 The donkey climbed the steep track laden ... bags of oranges. Sorah is jealous she is much more popular. She is looking .. job, but hasn't found anything yet. No one is kinder he is, | think we should limit this discussion the facts. ‘My uncle lectures at the university. You musin’t judge people they dress. Their new baby is being named his father. The man kept his child... throughout the journey. He's not very clever academically but he's good DALY. the 10 her sister because u fora new 12 children than 13 4 the History of Art 15 the way 16 7 his side 18 125126 \6b English in Use 21 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning fo the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given 10 You could let someone else use your old clothes recycle Why old clothes? Severe weather conditions have had a serious effect on traffic. offected Traffic : conditions. ‘She decided to start her own business because she ‘wanted to be independent with She decided to start. - independent The loss of the account was not our fauh. blame We the account She scid she was worried about the problem of pollution ‘concern She pollution Toms presence ol parties adds to everyone's enjoyment. soul Tom the party. Linda did not agree with me about the closure. share lindo the closure. The governments retraining programme proved to be unsuccessful due to lack of funds. met The government's stn due to lack of funds. The lease on my fot is valid until the end of the year. renewal The lease on my flat the end of the year. | always get your boys mixed up. between I your boys. 11. She wants success more than anything else. ‘outweighs Her aonything else. 12 There are fewer males than females in our county. Females . in our country. 13 Mark didn’t get home until just before dawn yesterday. hours Mark didn’t get yesterdy, V4. Sheena can be badtempered in the mornings tendency Sheena - in the mornings 15. The latest developments have made them decide postpone their visit. view They have decided the latest developments 16 He hated the way the media scrutinised his private life. ‘came He hated from the media 17 The current champion has been beaten inthis years tournament, suffered The current in this year’s tournament 18 The civil service has completely changed under the present government. undergone The civil service under the present government 19° Charles has potential but he hasn't exploited i yet. use Charles : yet 20 Some services may be running late due to bod weather. subject Some services : due to bad weather.FIXED PHRASES mee (eb) halfway: come fo an agreement/ compromise ‘ame under the hammer: sth is sold at auction letyour hair down: relax and enjoy yourselF to moke/lose money hand over fist: ‘ocquire/lose o lot of money very quickly ‘ve sb a free hand: —_ollow sb to do os they wish (know sth) offhand: {know sth) without asking or looking it up have to hand it to sb: admire sb and think they deserve praise keep out of harm's way: keep out of danger fy off the handle: lose your temper very suddenly o sh ot the drop ‘fa hat: be willing/happy to do sth; do sth quickly tot make head (ror ‘nil of sth: not to understand sth at all inoke headway: make progress toke heart from sth: feel encouraged by or ‘optimistic about sth make o hash of sth (nf: do sth very badly 'p one’s heart's content: (do) os much or as offen as fone wants stike/hit home: {of situation) be accepted as real even though itis painful/ achieve the intended effect her hours: outside regular business hours 22 Complete the sentences using one of the fixed phrases in an appropriate form. 1 Sally couldn't the insiruction for operating the lawnmower. 2 Alice her final exam and failed her degree. 3 lets if we can’t agree on this. 4 When soldiers are on leave they forget about the cimy’s rigid discipline and 6b English iNUse, 5 You Lorry for tirelessly working with the disabled. 6 All medication must be if you have young children, 7 To withdraw cash from your bank account you can use an ATM card. 8 Some recently found paintings atributed to Picasso next week. 23 Choose the correct item. 1 twas only when he had been unemployed for six months that Neil’s situation hit A bose © home B down D back 2 Investors have taken from the improving ‘economic situation, A heort © consolation B courage D meaning 3 con't tell you the population of Progue, but there's an encyclopedia in the cupboard A in hand C othond B offhand D on hand 4. The government is making litle in its ight 10 beat inflation A headway C improvement B advance D forward 5. Once at the skating rink, Ivan wos allowed fo skate to his hears A happiness contentment B content D delight 6 The art teacher gave the children a free in their creative compositions. A offer C hand B git D kick 7 Alier_ making several bad business deals the company was losing money hand over A finger C thumb B wrist D fist 8 Maggie is so moody ond unpredictable. She's opt to fly off the without any real cause, A handle catch B strap D belt 127\e English in Use “NS 2 3 4 5 6 7 Society shouldn't punish these people too hardly. 8 9 10 n 12 24 Find the mistake and correct it. 0 The cake has two pounds of dried frets init 1 He returned at home shortly before midnight. He made his fortune dealing in antique furnitures. She doesn’t mix with other people very good. He won't be back for another one and a half week Inthe other hand, many employees support his decision Hardly had he began fo speck when someone interrupted him. 11 work much long at the computer, | get a headache. ‘Which judge will listen to the case? Here Jane comes at last! Lost night we went to a new club. Its name i He is renowned for writing historic novels 25 Match column A with column B and then fill in the blanks with the correct idiom/fixed phrase. ‘Column A Column B Answers 0 cs clear as @ lead Oe } 11 a8 fresh os b life 1 : 2 as hord os © omule 2 3 asheavyas — d. arock 3 | os large as © abel 4 5 as stubborn as f a beetroot 5 | 6 as steady as g nails 6 7 as thick as ha daisy = thieves, 8 128 8 as red as 0 She has a lovely voice; I's as clear as a bell. 1 | never expected to actually meet such a great ‘actress, but when I arrived at the party, there she 2. Although she had been up cll night, after @ short nap she looked 3 He's nice enough as o neighbour, but os 0 businessman he's... 4 Those boys ore You hardly ever see them apart 5 When she realised her embarrassing mistake, she turned 6 I don’t think | can move this sofa. It’s 7 You'll never convince John to do it if he doesn’t want fo. He’s 8 Compared with her shifless, unreliable husbond she's Roxy”, fruit 26 Match column A with column B and then fill in he Column A “Column B 1 as safe as © aglove 2 eat like B aiton of bricks 3 fit like © a house on fire 4 have a memory like d_ houses 5 go/come down —@ wildfire (on sb} like 6 get on like f asieve 6 7 spread like g cleat 7 8 shake like h ahorse 8 blanks with the correct idiom/tixed phrase. I'm afraid I've forgotten your name again. | She was so nervous that her hands Although James ond Julie are very differen types e people, they IF your mother finds out you haven’) been doing your homework, she'll I thought the suit would be too small for me, but? 1s no wonder he's fat, he Don't worry about losing money; this investments Thanks to thorough press coverage, the scandd Everyone knew about it the next day.6b cng Use 27 In most lines of the following text there is a spelling or punctuation error. Reod the numbered lines 1-16 and then write the correct form in the spaces provided for your answers. Some lines are correct. Indicate these lines witha fick (7). The first one has been done for you. AN ANNUAL HAZARD. 0 With Europe facing the most serious ‘flu epedemic in years epidemic 1 the World health Organisation is warning the public, especially 2 the sick and elderly, to have an inoculation now. 3 Health experts warn that this winters’ outbreak could be as 4 severe as the one in 1989 which killed 25,000 people in 5 Britian alone. 6 WHO has stressed the importance of vaccination; and several 7 countries are already taking precautions to ensure that those in 8 hightisk categories, such as diabetics and those with heart or 9 lung complaints, are vaccinated. 10. Necrly all previous strains of ‘flu are known to have origenated in 1 China and the Far East, and wheras in the past infection spread 12 slowly across the world, in these days of mass air travel rapide 18 global infection is a great threat? V4 Sweden has reported cases of parcinfluenza, effecting mainly 15 children, and danish doctors have recorded 1,500 cases of ‘fu 16 in the past week. WORD USAGE 28 Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the some line CAPRI One of the most (0) frequently visited areas in Italy is the island of Capri in the FREQUENT southern part of the country. 0 in prehistoric times, the island later become a Greek HABITAT colony and then a resort of emperors in the early years of the Roman Empire, During the 10th century the (2) - , fearing pirate raids, moved POPULATE from seaside (3) 4o the present towns, Capri {eas} and SETTLE ‘Anacapri (wes), high above the shore. It changed hands between the French and the British several times during the Napoleonic Wars, before being returned to the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1813. Stone (4) has been ART found in one of the caves with which the rocky shores of Capri abound: the most 6) of these is the Blue Grotto, rediscovered in 1826 and NOTE 6 nly by boat. Sunlight entering through the water that ‘ACCESS fills most of the entcance gives it an (7) blue light, hence its ORDINARY name. Since the second half of the 19th century, Capri has (8) .....-..- GRADE, become one of the most popular resorts in southern Haly, famous for its magnificent 8) cand the mild climate in which vegetation flourishes despite the SCENE {10) : ‘amount of water. ‘SUFFICE. 129130 (6b English in Use 29 Choose the correct item. o My neighbour has threatened to .. dispute about property boundaries cover our A toke legal aid C try me ® ttoke legal action D bring me to trial He managed to the flow of blood by tightly bandaging the wound. A restrain C check B curb D inhibit Me Wright is being for fraud of the Old Bailey courthouse, this afternoon. A taken to court C summoned B tried D charged The heavy rain lashed down throughout the night without letting up. A continually perpetually B continuously D eternally We intend this to be aln) into the next decade. A constant B incessant project, taking us C steady D ongoing ‘As long as you have the most... ingredients for the recipe, you can make do without the other things. A citical C essential B crucial D vitol Alo) proportion of the population did not vote in the last elections A essential C grove B significant D fundamental When a former secret agent ried to publish his memoirs, the government had certain parts of the book A forbidden B prohibited Benjamin Britten, the composer, is probably most for his opera “Peter Grimes”. A famous C remarkable B conspicuous D distinguished scientists from around the world met in London to discuss a revolutionary new drug A Eminent C Prestigious B Elevated D Noteworthy C disallowed D censored COLLOCATIONS 30 a) Fill in postponed, delayed. 0 The plane has been delayed in Munich 1. The meeting was due tote absence of the chairman. 2 The picnic was because of bad weather. 3 Iwas in the traffic 4 We our journey. b) Fill in extend, expand. 1 ahand | 5 «a busines 2 a deodiine | 6 «@ deadline 3 «@ product | +7 © piece range of furniture 4 8 ‘one’s «@ rood services 31 Collocate the expressions with words from the given list, « repress ® abide by * hold relish © contol * cling to * secure * stick to * bar 0 0 decline an offer 6 to 1 to someone's release someone's hand 7 10 the 2 the question rules 8 to o 3 0 an idea crowd 4 to % 10 one's feelings can old habit 5 to someone from a club 32 Think of one word only which can be used oppropriately in all three sentences. 0 * One doesn’t need to be an expert to appreciate the beauly of classical music. + He seems confident that houses in this orea wil appreciate in valve in the nex! few years * Ill olways appreciate your help and suppor. 1 © Because of her red hair and ‘complexion, she avoided sunbathing. * Though unable to give on exact figure, he gove usa idea of how much the trip would cost ‘+ He was informed thot the merchant was an ashe but businessman,During the battle, the entire area to the French, While journeying through topical regions, he ill afer drinking contaminated water + As the manager had predicted, production by 10% due to staff reductions. oh ssn down the numberplate of the speeding vehicle. «They that Mc, Ponsonby hed chosen not to wear a dinner jacket for the formal banquet. ‘The speaker in closing that a solution to the problem ofthe thinning ozone layer wos sill no nearer to being found © The traffic extended for three kilometres. * Martha was in a terrible cond didn't know what to do. + Try some of my blackberry 2 it's delicious! + The song Auld Long Syne is an old in most parts of the UK. * The two year-old, ridden by Richard Guest, is the in next week's Cheltenham Gold Cup. ‘The Earl of Essex hod notoriety as the of Queen Elizabeth. * A farmer himself, Tom holds that solitude and fresh cir are two of the best of country living, * Graceful and statuesque, her beauty was accentuated by her well-defined facial + Ornthologist Ted Mannings noted that there had been some excellent on wildlife in the news recently * The peacock strutted around proudly, ... of is tall @ beautiful sight the + 'magreat of country and western music * Switch on the if you ore cooking in the kitchen. ‘In his haste to locate the exit, he accidentally the torch direclly into my eyes * After Five opplications of soap and cil, the newly polished saddle in the sun, + In secondary school, she athletically but was academically poor. 10 nN 12 13 14 15 6b English Use, Transfixed by the gargantuan lizard, he gazed in terror at the television screen “Aware tha! his life depended on it, the young ‘man dived from the elif into the woter below. black tights were all the rage when my mother was young, The mojestc... in the distance was rnone other than Mount Everest. Stephen is in the fifth going to do A Levels next year. The government will have to enact some cof wages policy if it wants to cond he is beat inflation Going to gymnastics classes gives you good muscle Don’t you dare speak to me in that 1 ve been trying to ring you all doy, but I just get the engaged I's vital that your attention remain .. ‘on your goals She got in the cor, ‘and drew away from the kerb. Feeling increasingly nervous about his role as best man, he the rose to the lapel of his jacket. They were married secretly in a ceremony to avoid the glare of publicity. Even if you are not helpful, you can at least be in your replies. her safety belt Humphrey had been a servant for mony years So many things our attention these days that we are unable fo see to them all Henry does not to be an uthoritly on tropical fish, but he knows a lot bout them. Every year landmines innocent people's lives. ‘As stones cascaded past his head, he held to the rope to avoid faling He's just lazy, and Lam ..... running cout of time and patience with him. You would be best advised to leave for the airport os 2s possible many 1316b English in Use PREPARING FOR PART 5 WORKING WITH “ECHOED IDEAS” II 33 Read the passages and answer the following questions. One question has been answered for you. Mediumsized businesses ore spending more ond more money on in-house computer technicians, said report by the National Technology Board published in last Friday’s Evening Times. ‘According to Timothy Archibald, spokesman for the National Technology Board, "this is happening not conly because of the (0) increasing demand for round- the-clock operating computers, but also because the practice of calling in « computer technician whenever there is o problem with them hos become very costly in the last three years.” The report states that a londonbased freelance computer technician will charge anything from £150 to £300 an hour for ‘maintenance work. An in-house technician’s salary averages around £28,000 per year, so itis the more economical option for businesses that rely on computers extensively. (1) The more sophisticated computers get, the higher the risk of losing precious work through bad maintenance, and business managers seem to be aware of this”, said Archibald. Remember the eighties? The first PCs were structured in such an ingeniously simple way thot serious technical problems were rare, and treating your machine well was all you had to do to make sue it continued to work properly. How things have changed! (0) Your computer is on all the time now, working away into the small hours when you've long gone to get some welldeserved rest. It has become about a hundred times more powerful, @ thousand times more complicated and equally more prone to malfunctioning if you dont care for it properly. Maintenance hos become on exper's job. Starting from £185 a month, you can benefit fom the services of Conway Electronics’ computer maintenance experts, who will visit you weekly ta make certain that your equipment is functioning (ond will continue to function) properly. No more lost work because of crashes, no more delays caused by poor software setups, no more coslly repairs due to damaged parts. Call Conway Electronics now on 0800 - 180-180 to arrange @ free consultation Conway Electronics Because your business matters! (0) Which sentence in the second passage echoes the idea that there is an “increasing demand for rounditheclock operating computers” expressed in the fist passage? “Your computer is on all the time now, working away into the small hours." (1) Which sentence in the second passage echoes the idea that “the more sophisticated computers get, the higher the risk of losing precious work through bad maintenance” expressed in the first passage? 132long ago, virtually nothing was known about diabetes and (2) this terible illness went undiagnosed and uneated; os o result, the mojority of its vietims were lft fo their own fate and (3) died long before their fine. Now, in these days of medical enlightenment, a combination of heathy diet and phormaceutical drugs allow the diabetic a chance of a long, normal life. Until recenly, the prevailing belief had been that the diabetes sufferer should be put on a highprotein, low. carbohydrate diet. Times have changed and now most experts advocate « hightibre, highcarbohydrate die. 6b English Use, Many members of the Tudor family suffered mysterious, premature deaths. Of Henry's six siblings, only three grew to adulthood and nobody could identify the strange, debilitaling disease, which steadily ate away at their health. A recently posed theory seems to offer a plausible explanation. The symptoms of their disease, which Henry also disployed, indicate that they were suffering from severe uncontrolled diabetes. 2) Which sentence in the second passage echoes the idea that diabetes “went undiagnosed and untreated” expressed in the fist passage? (8) Which sentence in the second passage echoes the idea that diabetes sufferers “died long before their time” expressed in the first passage? EAST-END WAREHOUSE DESTROYED IN FIRE LEITH - Fire fighters were called to the scene of a large blaze at the Menzies Transport warehouse in Broomridge Road late last night. Due to the lateness of the hour, (4) only a skeleton staff was working in the building. A security guord and a warehouse worker were rushed to Edinburgh Royal Infirmary suffering from smoke inhalation. John Collins, spokesman for te fre department, said that “the fire was most likely caused by faulty wiring”. Menzies Transport are being charged with negligence as the structure did not meet wih government safety standards and (5) the fire clarm was not in proper working order. POLICE WITNESS STATEMENT Incident 107/3/8/200- Attending Officer, DC Arthur Holey, 446-2211 | hod just completed my midnight rounds and returned to the guard house when | thought | smelled smoke. | knew that there were only a few people on that shift in the warehouse that night. | went to the main entrance of the building and checked to see if the metal door was hot. It was, so | immediately phoned the fire brigade. Next, | desperately tried to sound the alarm, | had been telling my superiors for months that the glass on it was broken and that it needed fixing. All | can say is, that i's amazing nobody was killed. Signed: Peter Merson, Security Guard WW Which sentence in the second passage echoes the idea that “only a skeleton staf was working in the building” expressed in the first passoge? (5) Which sentence in the second passage echoes the idea that “the fire alarm was not in proper working order” expressed in the firs! passage?1c Practice Test Six Paper 3 Use of English Time: 1 hour 30 minutes amp 134 Read the text below and think of the word which fits each space. Use only one word in each space. BEWARE OF VITAMINS! Vitamins are good for our health, aren't they? Perhaps not. New research suggests that (0) ......rather, than ward off disease, high doses of certain vitamins may (1) ‘more harm than good ard could even put you in an early grave. A variety of recent studies suggest that (2) from improving health, these vitamins, (3)... seve taken in very high doses, may actually increase the risks & cancer and a range (4) sonnee debilitating diseases, « discovery that has sent the medical wal into « spin. Scientists ore unsure (5) Yo why vitamins, so essential to health, can be toxicia high doses. The mos likely explanation is that the body is only equipped to deal with the levels found naturly inthe environment. Ifthe intake is too far (6) the normal range, then the body's intend chemistry can be shunted out of alignment. (7) this means is that the commercially sold vitamins and (8) provided by nature are not always compatible. The commercial forms may interfere with the body's internal chemistry (9) ‘crowding out’ the (10) natural and beneficial forms of the nutrients. The vitamins obtained (11) food are ako ollied (12) .. «a host of other substances which may moderate (13) cougmert their activity in the body. The latest advice (14) swan 10 €0t a balanced diet to ensure you get al the nutrients you need, and if you must take supplements make (1) .... vw you take the lowes recommended dose and follow the instructions on the bot. om Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines fo form a word that fis in the space in the some line. A TASTE FOR SUCCESS Founded in 1892, the Coca-Cola Company is today engaged (0) primarily in the manufacture PRIME ‘and sale of the forous carbonated beverage that is a (16) institution in the CULTURE United Stotes and a symbol around the world of American tastes. The drink was (17) in 1886 by on Atlanta phormacist, John S. Pemberton; ORIGIN his bookkeeper, Frank Robinson, chose the name for the drink and penned it in the flowing script that became the Coca-Cola trademark. Pemberton originally touted his drink as @ tonic for most common (18) He sold his syrup to local soda fountains, and, with AL advertising, the drink became (19) successful. By 1891 another EXPECT Alonta pharmacist, Asa Griggs Candler had secured complete (20) OWN of the business for @ total cash outlay of $2,300 and the exchange of some proprietary rights. In 1899 the Coca-Cola Company signed its first (21) ..... with on independent AGREE bottling company, which was cllowed to buy the syrup and produce, botle, and distribute the drink. Such licensing deals formed the bosis of a unique distribution system that now (22) most of the American soft-drink industry. The postWorld War CHARACTER Il years sow (23) in the packaging of CocaCola and also in the DIVERSE development or (24) of new products. Today, Coca-Cola stonds as ACQUIRE cone of the most (25) of US businesses. PROSPER=p Think of one word only which can be used eppropriately in all three sentences. 0 * One doesn’t need to be on expert to appreciate the beauty of classical music + He seems confident that houses in this orea will appreciate in valve in the next few years Hl always appreciate your help and suppor. The sentry remoined ot his throughout the night. * Your cheque must sil be in the - «Tony stubbed his toe against a wooden yesterday and it sill hurts. 1 © In “A Christmas Carol”, Scrooge starts by being BR with his money. + itis to criticise people unfairly. + The score of o pass candidate is 60%. 28 © Mr Portman was in his writing « report ©The Press ene will give you further details, * The Prime Minister has been in for five years. 8+ Ona day, there is o spectacular view across the valley. * Mike earns a thousand pounds a week *htis to everyone that the government will have fo call elections soon 1 © Jonice decided to wear the dress with the red cond white There were dark clouds in the sky and of rain were beginning to fall * Eating too much chocolate can give you 4+ Jess made a sonnsnne 10 be more ‘organised in future. «There is litle hope of an early to the miners’ strike. * The U.N. has passed a to establish irrigation schemes in developing countries. 6c Practice TY Six om Complete the second sentence so thot it has @ similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given ° 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Nobody spoke when the teacher asked who the culprit was. remained Everyone remained silent when the teacher asked who the culprit was. She said she disapproved of eating meat her She so met. Mr Jones was shocked to hear that his son had foiled his exam. came ht hear that his son had failed his exam. I never thought of borrowing money from him. ‘occurred Ir from him. Rhonda's not very keen on foreign food. care Rhonda foreign food Ray's good work record enabled him to get promotion strength Ray ese good work record Travellers may bring as much luggoge as they require ‘amount There travellers may bring, The government has tried to make the incident seem less serious. played The government of the incident. We couldn't understand the film at al sense We could the film 135Practice Test Six om For questions 40 - 44 read the following texts. For questions 40 - 43, answer with @ word or short phrase. Yo do not need fo write complete sentences. For question 4d, write a summary according to the instructions giver ‘As puzzling as it may seem, landfill sites may provide a solution to global warming, Researchers state that burying wood and paper lacks large amounts of carbon under the earth. This process, unlike other methods of garbage disposal, prevents carbon from seeping into the atmosphere resulting in the acceleration of global warming. Some countries have proposed to have landfills Count as “carbon sinks” under the 1997 Kyoto Protcccl to curb greenhouse gas emissions. This might have the effect of inciting countries to bury their carbon waste in order to burn more fossil fuels; an Ironic twist to landfills’ newly Found environmental potential Researchers in the US Forest Products Laboratory have concluded that most of | the carbon Found in paper and wood products doesn't rot. An estimated 70% of carban from paper, and 97% from wood. is permanently sealed underground.) Requests by some countries to enlist landfills have been taken to the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which triggered an inquiry into the complex interchanges of carbon between air and land. However, environmentalists are still concerned about the ecological impact of landfills Research continues, 40. Why does the writer say that burying used wood and paper could be “an ironic twist to the landfills’ newly found potential”? ‘41 When poper and wood are buried, what happens to most of the carbon they contain? 1366c Practice Ted Six | must admit | was taken aback by the landfills article in the June edition of your | publication. | am rather sceptical about the newly acquired wisdom on the environmental benefits of landfills as “carbon sealers" which would miraculously decelerate global warming. As an active member of 2 global environmental group, | have campaigned over the years for the restriction of gas emissions and have carefully looked into various governmental policies. It is well known that | countries are desperately locking For ways to circumvent respecting carbon emission rate limits, which were imposed by the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. I can just line 9 —— envisage industry using this as an excuse to continue burning Fossil Fuels, with devastating consequences. This is bound to have negative effects on recycling. Paper production might increase under the excuse of its harm-free disposal, and recycling paper might be abandoned at an industrial level. The long struggle to establish recycling as part of everyday life is threatened with failure, as any excuse to retreat From recycling, which has always carried the stigma of being non-profitable, would be attractive to manufacturers. line 15 | I strongly urge 2 thorough investigation of long-term effects of this research, or || we might find ourselves inside a vicious carbon cycle. { | Harold Brown, | Kent 12 What does the word “this” refer to in line 9? 48 Explain the phrase “has ahvays carried the stigma of being non-profitable" (line 15}. 44 Inc paragraph of between 50 and 70 words, summarise the arguments for and agains landiil sites as they are presented in the two passages. 137\ QT %a Grammar: Conditionals 138 A Sa, Type 0 Conditional "If + present simple present simple scientific facts 1F metal gets hot, it expands. general truths IF you stand in the rain, you get wer. laws of nature Type | Conditional f+ present tense future rel sivation (kely to happen (or should + bare infinitive: imperative (instruction, advice) _in the present or future) mote doubtful or polite) cought fo (advice) had better (advice) + infinitive should, must may, con it rains, we'll stay at home. If you should see him, give him my messoge Type 2 Conditional If + post tense would odvice or imaginary could + situation in the present or should | infinitive future (unreal or unlikely to right happen) IF wore you, 1 would tell her the truth. (odvice) ‘Fhe were here, ‘he could help me. imaginary sitvation) Type 3 Conditional If + past perfect would imaginary situation could fcbity/ | in the post permission [+ have + pap. (regres, unufilled plans, should (advice) wishes impossible o full, right (possibly) criticism) IF he had worked harder, he would have been promoted. (unfulfilled plon) Notes © Future tense (will/would) with a future meaning is never used in ifclauses. However, will/would con be used lo express polite requests or insistence. JF you will wait for a moment, Ill wrap it for you. (request) JF you will go on chatting, I'l send you out of the classroom. (insistence) ‘+ The ifclause can either precede or follow the main clause. When the ifclause precedes the main clause, we puta comma afer it. When the main clause comes first, no comma is used to separate the two clauses. Ihe is sill Paris, he may visit us. (He may visit us if he is sil in Paris.) © unless (=if not) is used in first conditional sentences. Unless he gets o promotion, he'll resign. + When referring to imaginary or unreal sitvations, syppose can be followed either by Simple Post or Post Perfect for present or past sitvations respectively. Suppose, however, can be followed by Simple Present to express 0 situation which may happen in the future, or fo introduce suggestions Suppose she had married the film star, do you think she’d be hoppy? ‘Suppose she is on holiday, how shall we contact her?7a Grammar: Conditidhals, “In reported speech, the verb tenses of first conditional sentences change in the usual way, whereas those of second tnd third conditional do not follow the usual chonges with the verb tenses remaining unchanged “IE Lam back early, we'll go out for dinner,” he said. He said that if he were/was back early, we would go out for dinner. “IE were you, | wouldn't say that,” he said. He said thot if he were me, he wouldn't say that. “fhe hod been il he wouldn't have come to work, “she said. She soid that if he had been il, he wouldn't have come/gone fo work Cher expressions used in place of ifare the following: on condition that, even if, even though, when, provided thai), providing (thai), as long as, suppose, supposing, since, as, unless (if not, but for + gerund/noun, in case + Present (for the present) or Past (for the past) the Mayor comes, we'll hold a meeting. (He may come or he may not.) When the Mayor comes, we'll hold a meeting. (He will definitely come.] Even if the Mayor doesn’t come, we'l hold a meeting. (Whether he comes or not doesn’t affect the result. Provided (that) Providing (hat) | the Mayor comes, we'll hold a meeting; (We'll ony hold o meeting it he comes) As long as Unless the Mayor comes, we won't hold a meeting. (We'll only hold a meeting if he comes.) Suppose the Mayor comes, we'll hold a meeting (Itis unlikely that he will come, but if he does, we'll Cl Since | fReMoyer can’ come, we won't hold a meeting. te fact that he can’t come means that we As can't hold a meeting.) Incase the Mayor comes, we'll prepare for @ meeting. (ts unlikely that he will come, but we'd better be ready for the eventos i's not impossible hat he will) INVERSION IN IF-CLAUSES When there is should, were or had in the ifclause, the subject and the auxiliary verb can be inverted and ifis omited. Ihe should ring, tell him to come at 7.00. Should he ring, tell him to come at 7.00. were you, | wouldn't say that. Were I you, | wouldn't say that. had known earlier, | wouldn't have done such a thing. Head I known earlier, ! wouldn't have done such a thing. : MIXED CONDITIONALS A nixed conditional sentence makes use of one type of ifclause and a different type of main clouse teclause Main Clause Type 1 If she is honest, she would have fold the truth Type 3 Type 2 If she knew the truth, she would have told me Type 3 Type 3 If she had accepted his proposal, she would be married now. Type 2 Type 2 If he missed the train, he will be lote. Type 1 139\ 140 7a Grammar: Conditionals ~ 1 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. Vif cc (Be) you, | .. (not/lsten) to his lies. 2 ithe (no1/eat) that sandwich, he would not have suffered from food poisoning, 3 Father Christmas won't bring you ony presents unless you (be) « good girl 4 As long as you (do) your best, ro one will criticise you 5. He put the answerphone on in case anyone (want) to leave him o message. Supposing we .. {be/stop) by the police, what (we/say)? 7 Ifyou (tell me you were cold, | (pu) the fire on 8 What (we do) if John hadn't helped us? 9 IF she were rich, sho (a0t/have) to work. 10 Go and see a doctor in case you {have} a serious illness. 11. You won't understand this unless you (poy) attention. 12. Whet {you/give) me if | {keep) your secret? 18 Even FRE oon {beg) me I would not help him. 14 I this case (G0) to trial, it will cause @ national outcry. 15 Supposing no one (invent) the silicon chip, {things/be) different now? 2 White the correct conditional for the following sentences. 1 He hasn't got a free weekend. He would have visited us, then, 2 He has made a lot of friends. He isn’t lonely now. 10 u 12 You are soaked. Why didn’t you bring an umbrela with you? He can't be in trouble. He would have called by now He hos lost his security pass. He won't be allowed to enter the building ' They can't have caught the ferry. Otherwise hey would be here by now He must eat meat, He asked for a steak. She isn't reliable. She would never have let you dows They didn’t ban hunting, The tiger is endangered ‘Aren't you sure? Why did you agree to it then? My father loves Shirley Bassey. He bought oll her records. He is @ pessimist. He always looks on the black side.y STRUCTURAL CONVERSION ~<- 11 ifyou don’t drive carefully, you'll have an accident. 1 Unless you drive carefully, you'll have an accident. You won't have an accident provided that you drive carefully. Aslong as you crive carefully, you won't have an accident Drive carefully or else you'll have an accident. 2 You had better take his advice. Fl were you, I'd take his advice. Were | you, I'd take his advice. You should take his advice. Should she come, tell her 10 wait for me. If she should come, tell her to wait for me. ‘As he couldn't afford a holiday, he stayed at home. He couldn't afford a holiday, so he stayed at home. If he had been able to afford a holiday, he wouldn't have stayed at home He stayed at home because he couldn’ afford a holiday. Since he doesn’t have any qualifications, he can't find 2 job. Fhe had qualifications, he could find a job. ‘As he doesn’t have any qualifications, he can't find a job. Fit hadn't been for my mother's generosity, | wouldn't hove my car now. But for my mother’s generosity | wouldn't have my car Suppose he phoned you, what would you tell him? Fhe phoned you, what would you tell him? What would you tell him if he phoned you? 10 n 12 13 15 16 7 18 7a Grammar: cena Yee Ifyou help me, ll help you. 1 help you provided tthai] you help me. Suppose he marries her? Whot if he marries her? Suppose the teacher caught you cheating in the test? What would you do ifthe teacher caught you cheating in the test? {the had been on time, we wouldn't have missed the bus. | Had he been on time, we wouldn't have missed the | bus t-you won the lottery, what would you do? Should you win the lottery, what would you do? IF you wore to win the lottery, what would you do? It she were rich, she would buy a villa Were she rich, she would buy a vill. {Thad been you, { wouldn't have accepted his offer. | J had been in your shoes, | wouldn't have accepted his offer. {had been in your position, | wouldn't have accepted’ his offer. fm not rch, s0 | can‘ afford @ long holidey abroad. 1 were rich, | could afford a long holiday abroad. 1 didn’t go out because | had a lot of work to do. JF hadn't had o lot of work to do, | would have gone out ‘She must be out since she didn’t answer the phone. she were io, she would have answered the phone. She must have lived in France becouse she has o perfect French accent IF she hadn't lived in France, she wouldn't have a! perfect French accent 4 3 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using the word given. Do not change the word given. You mus! use between three and eigh! words, including the word given. 1 If Lwere him, | would not be late forthe interview. beter He : sonnet interview. 2. You won't be punished provided you admit it was your mistake long You won't be to your mistake. 4 Since he is an only child, his parents have spoiled him, not if his porents wouldn't have spoiled him 4 IF Thad been you, | would have punished him. shoes i have punished him. IF you revise all your notes, you'll pass the exam provided You'll pass all your notes. IF it wasn’t for the good pay, I wouldn't stay in this job. but wouldn't — pay. 141\ve Grammar: Conditionals 142 7 If you don't get to work on time, you'll be given the sack. punctual Unless the sock 8 As you've got a high temperature, you'd better go to the doctor's. wore 1 “about your high temperature 9 As! couldn't answer any ofthe questions I walked ut of the Maths exam, % U couldn't ‘out of the Maths exam. 10. But for his help, | wouldn't be in my current job. got IF ithadn't -. my current job 11 If Mary were feeling well, she would have come to Tom's party, since Mary must to Tom's party. 12 If someone gave you a free cirline ticket, where ‘would you travel to? 0 IF you . where would you travel to? CONVERSATIONAL GRAMMAR 4. Choose the correct item. 1 "Should J eat thot?” “TFL esse YOU, Fwouldn'.” ‘A would have been C were B would be D had been 2 "Thank Ged we came octoss that policeman!” "Oh, yes! What done if you hadn't?” ‘A would you have Chad you B were you tohave will you have 3. "So, are you going to buy it or nol?” AIFF ns $0 expensive, | would.” A were C hadn't been B weren't D isn't 10 12 13 14 15 “Why do you have to get « taxi to work?” “Well, if | didn’t live so for away, | to." A wouldn't have C wouldn't have had B hadn't had D didn’t have --»: Pay attention in class, you won't pass the fe A Ifyou didn’t C Ifyou don’t B Unless you don’t Unless you wouldn't “Why don’t we ask Martin to chair the meeting?” “Well, suppose to ask him, do you think be would accept?” A were we C we had been B we were D had we been ithe ‘as honest as you believe, he wouldnt hove done that. C would have been D have been A were B would be “What would you do in my place?” “Were treated like that, I'd complain to the manager.” A lio be C Thave been B Ito had been D tolbe What would you do if you rich? A hove been © would be B were D would have been What would you buy, provided the money? A had you © have you B you had D you would have you go on talking, he'll osk you to leave. A Unless ‘ When Bit D Suppose “Why are you screaming?” “iF you burn yourself, it... you know!" A would hove hurt © have hurt B hurts D hur | been informed, I'd hove attended the meeting A Should C Hod B Were D Would you were ill, we wouldn't have come.” "Don’t be silly! | always enjoy your company.” ‘A Were we to know Should we have known B Hod we known D._ Had we to know Suppose they cat home, what shall we do? A aren't CC hadn't been B weren't D won't be7b English in‘Use, 5 Read the tex! below and think of the word which best fis each space. Use only one word in each space. WHAT'S OUT THERE? In 1969, Neil Armstrong was the frst man (0) to land on the moon. If earthlings can take port in intergalactic travel, then why can't life forms from other planets do the same? Is Earth the only inhabited planet in the universe? How can we be so sure of (I) extraterrestrial life? On 24th June, 1947, Kenneth Arnold reported seeing nine silvery objects moving rapidly through the sky near ‘Mount Rainer, Washington. Obviously he hod no proof (2). than his testimony, but this sparked a an epidemic of apparent spatings oF "unidentified fying objects". In June and July ofthe some year, (d) cof 850 sightings of spaceships were reported Utology had (6) . root and was spreading prolifically, The latest Gallup poll conveyed that ‘wenly percent of the British and sixty percent of the American populations believed in the existence of UFOs In (6) ,@ French group claimed that we only hear (7) cone in every 38,400 alien visits to Earth. Clearly, these figures do not prove the existence of life (8) in the cosmos, but they do prove that belief in humanoids is international and widespread In alleged encounters with alien life, one (9) of five leaves some trace behind, such as burnt ground, footprints, powdery residues or metallic fragments. One group of ufologists studied thousands of cases and (10) to the conclusion that there were four main (11). of ‘exroterestrial existence; small humanoids, experimental animals, humonlike entities and robots. However, Hilary Evans ofthe British UFO Research Association admits (12) the inadequacies ofall findings and testimonies. Some UFO witnesses li, ether deliberately or unconsciously. So, with litle (13) than the word of an apparent eye witness to consider, evidence for the existence of alien life forms is for (14) conclusive Who knows, pethaps somewhere in this cosmos, another species (15) existence of the Earthling. PHRASAL VERBS 1 6 Look at Appendix 1 and fill in one of the prepositions or adverbs below, then give a synonym for each phrasal verb, the existence or the non-existence of «deliberating on the * with © up ® through * round * down ¢ off * into ® for * down with ® on * in for * on with 0 lets go through to make sure i's all clear. 7 The Prime Minister promised to go the matter of lowering inflation the plan once more 1 Does the shed go the house or 8 Those shoes ore going nex! to should | pay extra? nothing. I've never seen such a good sale. 2. She had to cancel her holiday when she went 9 I don't think there's enough fruit to go the fl Could you get some more? 3 She's gone call her savings 10 His proposals didn’t go very since she lost her job. well at al; in fact they were oll rejected, 4 Idon't know what's going next 11 He paused to answer the phone, and then he went door but they're being very noisy. what he was doing. 5 I'm planning to. go the poetry 12 New blocks of flats are going competition this year. 6 Suddenly the fire alarm went everywhere, destroying he character ofthe township. 143\ 144 I 7b English in Use PHRASAL VERBS 2 1) delay (tr) 2} prevent development | 3) withhold holdin: control (oneself/feelings) | hold off: I) keep at adistance | 2) delay | held on wait hold out 1) lost | 2) resist | hold out for: wait to get sth desired | hold out on: keep a secret from sb | hold over postpone | hold up: 1) delay | 2) rob Fill in the correct preposition|s) or adverb, 1 Can't you hold uni I've finished the rehearsal? He is a talented actor but his lack of ambition holds him a Although they tried, they couldn't hold... their laughter. Hold from my room. They offered to buy her a BMW but she’s holding «@ Porsche. Some Japanese soldiers refused to believe the war was over and held in the jungle for years. Due to the chairman’ illness, the meeting was held fill the next woek troins and buses those reporters ‘a minute while | get something Strike action held all day yesterday. 9 He says he knows nothing about the missing documents but I'm sure he's holding me. 10 Our water supplies held for three ‘weeks when we were marooned in the desert. Moke sentences using o} hold back, b) hold off and < hold up meaning “delay”. IDIOMS/FIXED PHRASES 1) feel down in the mouth: feel discouraged/ depressed get a move on hurry up work a miracle: make sth almost impossible happen i | slip one’s forget about sth put words info one’s mouth: pretend that sb hod said sth that they hada’t actually said make hay while the sun shines: toke advantage of fevourable | circumstances | ‘ery over spilt milk: grieve over sth that | can't be put right | give the green light to sth/sb: give permission to | proceed with sth ‘ross one’s mind: occur to one/have a | sudden idea! = 8 Fill in the blanks with one of the idioms/fixed phrases, She's always crying over spilt milk when she should be getting on with her life 1. The surgeon seemed to have when he succeeded in separating the Siamese twins. oe when he said | was willing to help. | simply haven't got the time to. 3 He when he heard he'd failed all his exams 4 I know you told me about the meeting, but it completely 5. The Mayor the builder to construct o new shopping centre on the outskirts of town, 6 Would you ’ We've only half an hour before the bus leaves. 7 Itnever that she might be offended by what | sai B life is short, soIDIOMS/FIXED PHRASES 2) aright owl: person who enjoys staying up lole ina nuishel: briefly, in 0 few words have an early night: go to bed early be second fo ni be the best hit the nail on the head: say exacily the righ thing lose one’s nerve: lose courage null and void: invalid/not legally binding ‘very nook and cranny: everywhere make a name for oneself: become famous/ respected for sth geton one’s nerves: iritate/annoy sb 9 Fill in the blanks with one of the idioms/fixed phrases. 1 You when you called him the slowest worker on earth, Ive never seen anyone do so litle 2 Poul is such 5 | don't think he ever goes to bed before 3 oF 4 in the morning, 3. My cousin Rebecca has 5 a neurosurgeon She's considered the best in London. 4 think tonight as dog kept me awake last night. 5 She cleaned of the house before she was satisfied that it was spoless. 6 He was planning to ask his boss for @ rise, but when it came to the point he : ‘and didn’t do it 7 That pianist is... - inhis interpretation of Mozart's music. 8 I haven't reolly taken to him; actually , think he’s unbearable. 9 Endless telephone calls in the evening 10 The contract was declared when it was found that one of the parties hod been forced to sign. 7b English Use, 10 Look at Appendix 5 and fill in the blanks with the correct preposition 1 I muddled the jigsaw pieces and the children did the puzzle again. 2. I waved at a complete stranger in the street whom | mistook my cousin, 3. Nobody likes Rick because he’s so mean money. 4 asked the assistant which mak€ ..n.scssen hifi he recommended. 5 All the evidence militated a conclusion in our favour. 6 Iwas born in Britain but was naturalised lly. 7 I've been asked to notify the personnel depariment my new address, 8 The doctor is not noted his toct when it comes to dealing with patients. 9 The swimming pool attendant wos negligent his duties and the litle girl olmost drowned 11 Look at Appendix 5 and fill in the blanks with the correct preposition. 1. They spent the summer osc sne ocrise travelling round the world. 2 We are - favour of abolishing experiments on live animals. 3. When they got home, their house was fire. A cocssunenn her boss's request, she has worked overtime nearly every day this month 5. They estimated the candidates’ popularity. means of opinion polls 6 {2 guess, I'd say he weighs about 70 kilos 7. Very short skirts worn with thick woollen tights are vogue at the moment. 8 She was brought up « farm so she is used to living in the countryside. 9 Paul has been leave from work for the past month. 10 second thoughts, | don't think | want to go to the concert 145146 7 English in Use 12 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given. 10 Some riends nominated him as o spokesmen. forward Some friends spokesman, They may hove escaped through the back door. getaway They back door You've been looking miserable all day. moon You've . all doy. She is @ person who always lets you down. on You her Why did you behave so rudely? point What so rudely? He suffers from headaches and insomnia. prone He : insomnia There are more than six hospitals in this city excess There ore in this city A rejection of their offer would have been unwise. accepted Not .. unwise. Mike has a more complex personality than you may think. depths Mike oe - than you may think To look at him, you would think he was poor. ivdging You would think him. 11 The salesman promised me the cooker would be delivered today. cossurance The salesman be delivered todoy. 12 How did he explain his lateness? explanation What his latenes? 13. Before the new manager took over, sales were hal what they are now. doubled Soles took over 14 For further information, contact the accommodation officer obtained Further the accommodation office. 15 We can't possibly imagine how we're going lo afford a new car. remotest We we're going 10 offord a new cor 16 IF Thelp you now, don’t assume I'll help you nest e. ‘count IFT help you now, ‘ex time 17 She's angry that she is constantly overlooked for promotion, resents She promotion, 18 People often mistake me for my elder sister. confuse People often sis, 19. The brochure doesn't say anything abou! its porking facilities. makes The brochure its parking facilites.rom/since fime immemorial: for a long time/throughout history ake the iittive: be the fist person to act dd insult 10 injury: make things even worse moke inroads into: offect sth negatively or destructively pall intents and purposes: practically/in effect in he interests of: in order to achieve 0 certain aim in the interim: in the meantime oko issue with sb: disagree and start arguing have/get itchy feet: have a strong desire to travel be in jeopardy: be in danger in iy: quickly fg one’s memory: rmoke one remember sth ump for joy: extremely pleased or hoppy mere judgement on sb/th: postpone giving an opinion before more is known do sb/sth justice: reproduce sb/sth ceccurately and show how good they ore rough justice: unfair or unjust treatment be) on an even keel: working or progressing steadily, to regularise sth on a krife-edge: silvtion where nobody knows what will happen next/extremely exciting oock sb dead: impress sb greatly ie oneself in knots: get confused a in the knowledge: confidently (because a prior condition has been mel) 13 Complete the sentences using one of the fixed phrases in an appropriate form. 1 Solaries are poid ot the end of the month but .. « small advance may be arranged. 2 Lalwoys ‘when speaking in public. Jo wos shown pictures of the place where she was found. 3 Inon effor 7b English Use, 4° After an operation you don't fully recover for a while so you shouldn't expect to feel : = for a few weeks. 5. Cinema-goers and critics alike by the special effects in Spielberg's “Jurassic Park” 6 Students are requested, hygiene, not to bring food into the lecture hall 7. Being out of work for so long has the money he was keeping for a rainy day. 8 The delighted children when they heard they were going camping 9 | don’t think Julio's wedding photos | think she looked much more attractive on her wedding day. 10 Alan his daughter over her coming home from the party in the early hours of the morning 14 Choose the correct item, 1 Greg has, to all intents and , finished his degree course, with the exception of his final dissertation. A reasons C ims B purposes D proposals 2 reserve ...... on Ben Shipley’s latest novel until I've read it A. condemnation © criticism B thought D judgement 3. Always having hod backpacking round India. Feet, Delia is off again, A itchy C sore B scratchy D light 4 tt wos iustice for Ted to receive @ porking fine when he was ot the doctor's A poetic C small B only D rough 5. He slammed my hand in the car door and, to add Insult «...-. didn't stop to apologise. ‘A damage © injury B harm D infamy 6 We were all ono the Hitchcock film A razor B knife -edge until the very end of C cliff D chair 14?148 English in Use 7 Those stones have been here since lime 10. Not wearing 0 seatbelt in the car can put your lie A immemorable immemorial in B immortal D innumerable A jail C hazord 8 Enjoy your “Sunway” cruise, safe in the that B jeopardy D tisk everything has been token care of. 11 The manager was not at work so his secretary tock A knowledge C awareness the... herself and confirmed the deol. B recognition D fact A initiotive C isk B issue D biscuit 9 This shoe repairer is so quick thot he can sole and heel your shoes in aff)...» ‘A moment C jiffy B hurry D instant 15 Find the mistake and correct it 0 The cyclist claims that « car is not important for him, to 1. On Ist July we went to London on train 2. Please have your passports ready in arrival at the airport. 3. She was wearing an expensive suit made from silk. 4. He works forty hours in week. 5. Some people consider instant coffee to be inferior than filter coffee 6 Police is seeking further information about the incident. 7 He intends to run as President « second time. 8 She has very interested ideas on psychic phenomena. 9 He told us all about the journey he did in great detail 10. He is ardent in his admiration of all kind of sport. 11. She remarried her late husband ten years afer their divorce. 12 They've lately purchased a new hifi system. 13 His latest film become a great success soon offer his death. 14 She left from the cinema in a confused state of mind 15. Can | lend your car this evening? 16 A person who says lies habitually must at least, have @ good memory. 17 I've been leaving in Britain for two years. 16 in most lines of the following text there is a grammatically incorrect item. Read the numbered lines 1-16 ‘and then write the correct form of the word in the spaces provided for your answers. Some lines are correct. Indicate these lines with a tick (VJ. The first one has been done for you TRANSYLVANIAN TRIP Dracula lives! A small travel agent in Budapest is offering "a agency Tronsylvanian adventure for bloodthirsty travellers’. At £200 tourists can enjoy a fourdays excursion to Transylvania on the tril ofthe 15th century tyrant, nicknamed Vlad the Impaler, which ‘ochieved notoriety for his custom of sicking people onto spikes, {© punishment which he inflicted ot thousands of prisoners and loyal subjects like. Visitors keen on get the feel of the “terror of the living dead” can lunch in the house were the Count lived and stroll through cemeteries with a guide who is an inexhaustible source of ~woNeureno10 n 2 3 “ 5 16 17 Match the phrases, then explain the proverbs. is informations concerning the myth of vampirism. 7b English MUse, “We're putting all the emphasis in atmosphere,” explains the Your organiser, but by doing such, the agency is wandering off the real trail of Vlad the Impaler. The castle of Poienari does not, for example, feature on the programme, to be naturally impressive that Bram, which is @ caricature of a vampire’s castle but one where Viad never put foot. ‘Column A ‘Columin'B ‘A drowning man before you leap. e A leopard cand shame the devil When the cats away The proof of the pudding Tell the truth People who lve in glass houses look Nothing ventured, ‘One man’s meat flock together. the mice will play. i nothing gained. is another man’s poison never changes its spots will clutch at a straw. shoulda’ throw stones. ~weNeuURen-o 18 Use the following notes to write an article about criminal trial procedure in Britain. Write complete sentences for each numbered set of notes, using connecting words and phrases as appropriate. You must use all the words in the same order as the notes. You may add words and change the form of words where necessary. The fist point has been expanded for you in the example Under the British judicial system - if - @ person charge - serious offence - he/she have stand trial Under the Britioh Judicial eyatem, if a person Is charged with a serious offence he or che has to stand trial a Mean - he/she - have - appear - court-« judge and ivry. During tial ~ the accused - also - know - the defendant - have right - be represent - a lawyer/another lawyer be also present - oct for the crown - iy - secure - @ conviction. Start trial - the accused - stand - dock - plead guily - not quity 4 Ifthe accused - plead - “not guily”- trial proceed /witnesses - be called - evidence/oll evidence be hear - jury relre- reach verdict/least 10-jury- must be - some opinion Jury - find - accused - not guilty, he/she acquit/ ‘other hand, the accused - find -guily,itbe up - udge “sentence. Depend « serious - offence - sentence - may - fine, suspend - sentence - prison term 149\ SS 150 7b English in Use WORD USAGE 19 Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that in the space in the same line. A dilemma tale is « (0) traditional African form of short story whose ending is either open to conjecture or is (I) .. comment or speculate upon the correct solution to a (2) posed in the tale. (3) 4) question of where to lay the blame when several parties seem equally gully. An example hos o tortoise as the (5) in strength and authority to Hippopotamus and Elephant. When his (6) reach their ears, however, they saub him by saying he is only @ small (7) being. So Tortoise challenges both the powerful animals to a tug of wor and through a trick pits them against each other, thus winning from each the (8) he is their match. The audience must decide exactly how (9) ‘AFRICAN TALES TRADITION ‘ambiguous, thus allowing the audience to. MORAL problem TIME issues raised involve conflicts of TYPE , the necessity to choose a just response to « difficult situation, and the LOYAL character. Tortoise wishes to be thought of as an equol CENTRE BOAST SIGNIFY consent that GRUDGE the three of UKE INSTRUCT them are. As the example shows, dilemmo tales function both os (10) tnd enterlinment, and they help to establish social norms for the audience. 20 Choose from the sets of synonyms the word which is most appropriate in each case. 0 Sue spent weeks in hospital after being seriously jin a car crash. A twined © injured B impaired D damaged 1 When she lost her temper, she ...... the vase her ‘exhusband had brought her. A. snopped C broke off B clipped D smashed 2 Floods have completely ...... the farmer's crops A injured C harmed B damaged D ined 3-1... the noticeboard quickly, looking for second- hhond cars for sale. A scanned B peered ot C scrutinised D inspected ‘The forensic exper ...... the evidence looking for particles of skin. A scanned © glimpsed at D peered at me about my hooked B scrutinised 5 My brother is always A harassing B_ pestering getting on ot D teasing 6 The border guords have been accused of refugees A pestering © horessing B getting on at D teasing 7. My young nieces kept... me to buy them sweets. A teasing © getting on at B pestering D harassing 81 @ plate when | was washing up, but it can sill be used, A chipped C snapped B smashed D shattered 9 The windscreen the car hit @ lamppost. A smashed B shattered COLLOCATIONS 21 Fill in hire, borrow, rent. into @ thousand pieces when C snapped D cracked ee se £50 | 5 a 2 flat} pencil 3 vs . 6. . a cor | aboot 4 oholl | 7 © lowyer7b English iNUs@, 22 Complete the expressions with words from the given list. * work # shiver # contaminate * evaluate * aller # glimpse * devastate * peer * bluff # cope with 1 your way out of a difficult situation 6 cat the small print 2 «@ cow out of @ moving train T vessennnsesnne SB by giving bad news 3 fo earn a living 8 : the damage ot £1,000 4 «@ problem F csenneesnee With COld 5 : arriver 10 a dress 23 Fill in the collocational grid. = [secretary medication system cure speech insect repellent] ent ae = = = _| bicacious elective 24 Think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences. 0 * One doesn’t need to be an expert to appreciate the beauty of classical music. + He seems confident that houses in this area will appreciate in valve in the next few years. * Ill olways appreciate your help and support. 1 # You should use « high of oil to protect your car engine. * Mickey re-sat the maths exam to improve his For ci | service positions the depends on both qualifications and length of service. 2 *We are olways pleased to be of to our customers * Mother brought out the lovely willow pattern tea A short ove WAS held to celebrote the renewal of their marriage vows. 3 *A von suddenly . . out in front of Roy's car, forcing him to brake. #The movie WAS one ¢n location and includes some amazing African scenery. +The Spice Girls .. to fame within « very short time. 4. © Peggy took off her hat to reveal o .. of red curls. The of the explosion shattered windows in many surrounding buildings. *ihcome os a Simon was leading @ double life 5 * Pete is on night ct the moment, bul take a message for him. The recent increase in inflation has triggered a in government plans. ‘She put a cloak over her thin cotton a the night wos chilly 6 8A new of talks took place about reducing the harmful effects of CFCs on the ‘ozone layer. + How about a of golf before tea? e There was a... vue of thunderous ‘opplause os the star came onto the stage. 7 * Beryl was in a bad mood and spoke to him in © tone. * Watch that bread knife; ithas a very edge * These lemon sweets are too for my taste. 8 * Everyone knows that one good deserves another. * They suddenly came to a sharp in the road. + When Tim jumped out from the shadows like tha, he gave her @ nasty oe. 9 #The refugees are finding it difficult to _ to their new surroundings. «The management has revised company policy to - the demands of its workers. * The hotel is not large enough to the star and his entourage. 151