SOLUTIONS MANUAL Thomas A. Cook MACHINE DESIGN AN INTEGRATED APPROACH THIRD EDITION Robert L. NortonExecutive Editor: Eric Svendsen Executive Managing Editor: Vince O'Brien ‘Managing Editor: David A. George Production Editor/Cover Designer: Scott Disanno co Manufacturing Buyer: Lisa McDowell PTINETN] © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Smemmemms Pearson Prentice Hall baile Tap Pearson Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. ‘The author and publisher of this book have used their best efforts in preparing this book. These efforts include the development, research, and testing of the theories and programs to determine their effectiveness. The author and publisher make no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to these programs or the documentation contained in this book. The author and publisher shall not be liable in any event for incidental or consequential damages in connection with, or arising ‘out of, the furnishing, performance, or use of these programs. Pearson Prentice Hall™ is a trademark of Pearson Education, Inc. =~ ‘This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching their courses and assessing student learning. Dissemination or sale of any part of this work (including on the World Wide Web) will destroy the integrity of the work and is not permitted. The work and materials from it should never be made available to students except by instructors using the accompanying text in their classes. All recipients of this work are expect- ed to abide by these restrictions and to honor the intended pedagogical purposes and the needs of other instructors who rely on these materials Printed in the United States of America 10987654321 ISBN O-13-148312-9 Pearson Education Ltd., London Pearson Education Australia Pty. Lid., Sydney Pearson Education Singapore, Pte. Ltd. Pearson Education North Asia Ltd., Hong Kong Pearson Education Canada, Inc., Toronto Pearson Educacién de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. Pearson Education—Japan, Tokyo Pearson Education Malaysia, Pte. Ltd. m Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New JerseyPrefuce Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Contents Solutions for Introduction to Design _ Solutions for Materials and Processes 19 Solutions for Load Detetmination 63 ‘Answers to multi-problem stems _ 155 Solutions for Suess, Strain and Deflection _157 ‘Answers to multi-problem stems 299 Solutions for Static Failure Theories 307 “Answers to multi-problem stems 418. Solutions for Fatigue Failure Theories a2. ‘Answers to multi-problem stems, 548. Solutions for Surface Failure 551 Solutions for Shafts, Keys, and Couplings _623 Answers to multi-problem stems 23 Solutions for Bearings and Lubrication 727 Answers to multi-problem stems. 797 Solutions for Spur Geals. _805 Solutions for Helical, Bevel, and Worm Gears__921 Solutions for Spring Design 1031 Solutions for Screws and Fasteners 1135 Answers to multi-problem stems_ 1219 Solutions for Clutches and Brakes 1221 Answers to multi-problem stems "1272Preface to the Solutions Manual “This manual contains 530 problem solutions in 14 chapters. Ninery-cight of the problem stems a refer to lables cootinng multiple sos of iapat data that provide upto 14 variants onthe same ( problem, When these variants are included, there are 1339 problems available fr assignment (aot including the projets in Chapters 3, 8,11, 13, and 14). Solutions forthe firs data row (ato the tmuli-problem stems ae included in the printed manual. Tables of answers to the remaining problems in the stare printed in an appendix a the end of each chapter in which there are multi problem stems. Mathcad solutions to all 1,339 problems are avaiable on the publisher's websit (password protected) a hnipJ/sw.prenhalLeom ‘To download these files, choose the Instructor's Support option to register as an instructor ‘and follow the instructions on the site. This computerized approach to problem solutions has significant advantages to the instructor, who can easily change any assigned problem's data and, {instantly solve it. Thus, an essentially infinite supply of problem sets is available, going far beyond those defined in the text ‘The solutions were done using Mathcad 11. The solutions that are inthe manual are printed directly from Mathcad-file hardcopy. To view and printout the problem solutions, you will need tohave Mathcad 11 of later running on your computer. These files ean be used to easily and quick create variants on assigned problems for quizzes and tests "Note that these files are different from the files tha reside on the CD-ROM that accompanies the textbook. This CD-ROM contains files that solve the examples and sample problems in the text, The Mathcad program isnot included on the CD-ROM and is not supplied on the publisher's website, ‘On cach chapter title page there is a topic/problem matrix that relates the problems to the topical sections in the text. Although problems may require knowledge from prior sections, there ist least something from the section in which they are listed that is required for solution. ‘The projects in Chapters 3,8, 11, 13, and 14 are suggested as multi-week or term-long assignments and do not lend themselves tothe presentation of solutions in a manual of this type since their open-ended nature allows fora wide variety of solutions. All ofthe solutions in the manual were done by the author of this manual and have been checked by him, However, its till possible that there are some errors in these solutions. The ‘author ofthis manual would appreciate any such problems being brought to his attention so that they ean be rectified. He can be reached atthe following address: Thomas A. Cook, PhD, PE. Professor of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Emeritus ‘Mercer University {665 Cypress Point Drive, Graford, Texas 76449-5419 voice: (940) 779-2113, fax: (940) 779-2501, email: tomcook@wt. netChapter l INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN TOPIC/PROBLEM MATRIX SECT ToPIc PROBLEMS, 14 Engineering Model 11, 12,13 1.9 Units 1-4, 1-6, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8MACHINE DESIGN - An 144 PROBLEM 1-1 Statement: itis often suid, Build « better mousetrap and the world will bea a path to your door.” Consider ~ this problem and write a goal statement and a set of atleast 12 task specifications that you would apply tots solution. Then suggest 3 possible concepts to achieve the goal. Make annotated, Frechand sketches ofthe concepts. ‘Solution: Goal Statement: Create a mouse-fre environment “Task Specifications: 1. Cost ess then $1.00 per use or application 2. Allow disposal without human contact with mouse. 3. Be safe for other animals such as house pets, Provide no threat to children or adults in normal use ‘Be a humene method forthe mouse ‘Be environmentally friendly Have shelf of at least 3 months ‘Leave no residue, (Create minimum audible noise in se. 10. Create no detectable odors within 1 day of se. 1. Be biodegradable. 12, Be simple to use with minimal writin instructions neoessary. Concepts and sketches are lft tothe student, There are an infinity of possibilities. Potot me 2 (© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc, Upper Sale River, NJ All rights reserved This materials protected under all copyright laws they cmently exist No potion of thi materia maybe repodaced in any frm ox By any means, ‘vith permission n writing from he publisher eee amanMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 124 PROBLEM 1-2 Statement: A bowling machine is desired to allow quadriplegic youths, who can only move 8 joystick, to ‘engage in the sport of bowling ata conventional bowling alley. Consider the factors involved, write a goal statement, nd develop a set of atleast 12 task specifications that constrain this problem. ‘Then suggest 3 possible concepts to achieve the goal. Make annotated, frechand sketches ofthe concepts ‘Solution: Goal Statement: Create a means 10 allow a quadriplegic 1o bowl ‘Task Specifications 1, Cost no more than $2 000, 2. Portable by no more than two able-bodied adults 3. Fit trough o standard doorway, 4, Provide no treet of injury to user in oral use. 5. Operate om a 110 V, 60 He, 20 amp circuit 6, Be visually uthreatening 7. Be emily positioned at bowing alley 8 Have ball-timing bility, controllable by user. 9. Automatically reload returned bells, 10. Require no more than 1 able-bodied adult for assistance in use. 11, Ball release requires no more than a mouth stick-switch closure. 12, Be simple to use with minimal writen instructions necessary ‘Concepts and sketches are eft tothe student. ‘There are an infinity of possibilities. Porcemes 3 © 2006 Pearion Edcation Is Upper Sale Rive. NJ. Alsip serve. This teri i protected deal opyiht ws they carey exit No potion of hs materi ay be eroded nan form by ny messMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 1-3-1 PROBLEM 1-3 ‘Statement: A quadriplogic needs an automated page turer to allow her to read books without assistance. ‘Consider the factors involved, write a goal statement, and develop a set of atleast 12 task specifications that constrain this problem. Then suggest 3 possible concepts to achieve the goal. Make annotated, freehand sketches of the concepts Solution: Goal Statement: Create a means to allow a quadriplegle to read standard books with minimum assistance. “Task Specifications |. Cost no more than $1 000. Useable in bed or from a seated position ‘Accept standard books from 8 $x 11 in to 4 x 6 in in planform and up to 1.5 in thick. ‘Book may be placed, and device setup, by able-bodied person. ‘Operate from a 110 V, 60 He, 15 amp circuit or by battery power. ‘Be visually uthreatening and safe to se. Require no more than 1 able-bodied adlt for assistance in use. Useable in absence of assistant once set up [Not damage books. 10, Timing controlled by user. 11. Page turning requires no more than a mouth sick-switch closure ~ 12. Be simple to use with minimal writen instructions necessary ‘Concepts and sketches are left to the student. There are an infinity of possibilities. Poroamed 4 © 2006 Pearon Education, Ine, Upper Sale River, NJ. All sgh reserved. This materi is protected unr all copyright laws as they cumently Gist No potion of hie material msybe repaid in sy frm or by any means, ‘tht permission in wring fom the pblsher |MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 144 PROBLEM 1-4 ‘Statement: Convert amass of 1 000 Ibm to (a) Ibe, (b) slugs, (6) blobs, (4) ke. _ lapesee® im Units: Blob: Given: Mass Solution: See Mathcad file POLO4 1. Todetermine the weight ofthe given mass, nuliply the mass value by the acceleration due to gravity, g Mg W= 10000 2. Convert mass units by assigning different units to the units place-holder when displaying the mass value. Slugs M=31.081 shug Blobs M=259blob Kilograms M=453,592kg PorOd med 5 ©2006 Pearson Eduction, ne, Upper Salo Rivet, NI. All ight eserves. This materia protected under all copyright nw as ‘hey cunt exist No portion of is material my be rproduce, sn form orby ny means, ‘without pissin is wring fon the publisherMACHINE DESIGN - An integrated Approach 154 PROBLEM 1-5 Statement: A 250-lbm mass is accelerated at 40 in/see2. Find the foree in lb noeded for this aoceleration, —m Given: Mass M:= 25016 Acceleration 0, Solution: See Mathcad file POLOS, 1. Todetermine the force required, multiply the mass value, in slugs, by the aceleration in feet per second squared, Convert mass to slugs: A = 7.770shug Convert acceleration to feet per second squared: a= 3.333fseo™” F=Ma F=2591bf Potas mea 6 {© 2006 Pearom Edscatio, le, Upper Sade River, NI. Al sighs esred. This materia is potted unde al copyright iw thy carn exis He prt of is rasta ay etopcend oy fore ory ay esas ‘that permission a wing om he pier eeeMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 164 PROBLEM 1-6 Statement: Express a 100-kg mass in units of slugs, blobs, and ibm. How much does this mass weigh? 2 Units: aires N= newion ™ Given: Mss 100k Assumptions: The mass is at sea-level and the gravitational acceleration is, = 32.174 £ we gastos org 2 Solution: See Mathcad fle PO106, 1. Convert mass units by assigning different units tothe units place-holder when displaying the mass value. ‘The mass, in slugs, is M=685slug ‘The mass, in blobs, is M= 0571 blob ‘The mass, in tom, is M= 220516 "Note: Mathead uses Ibf for pound-force, and Ib for pound-mass 2, ‘To determine the weight ofthe given mess, multiply the mass value bythe acceleration duc to gravity, & ‘The weight, in Iyis W=Mg — W= 2056 ‘The weight, in N, is '© 2006 Pearson Education, Ine, Upper Sadle Rive. NJ. Allright reserved. This mater s protected under all copyright lw 35 ‘hey curently cist No potion of hi materi maybe rerodacod in any orm ory ay mean ‘thot permis im writing fom the pbisherMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 474 PROBLEM 1-7 ‘Statement: Prepare an interactive computer program (using, for example, Excell, Mathcad, or TKSolver) from om ‘ih towel pops ech on pen A cn bcd ‘rungs ppm ode atthe nd wa pend come Be res boon thse Solution: So Amped A and Mate PIO 1 Rest ‘ 2 ve a= A= 20008 A= TIA2mn? on 4 Meet st as pe 60000 2 64 = 6660 18 mn ‘Moment about y-axis 0001n* Iy= 3.746 x 10° mami? Te Radneoteraionsbatvass = 7 be om Radasofeminsimayrass on [2 Pol rc inet bekth Je= 250001 2 Soltcink,t Dein hr zo 4 Meret stasis ‘Moment about y-axis 3976 in! 655 x 10° mnt fe Radinetpratontites = [ = PoI07 med 8 12006 Pearson Eduction, ne, Upper Sal River, NJ Allright reserve. This materials protected under ll copyright laws os ‘hey curently exist No porton ofthis material maybe eprodoced in any form or by any means, ‘without permission in writing fom the polisherMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach Radius of gyration about y-axis Polar moment of inertia 3. Hollow circle, lt: Deb | de bin ace a= (e-é) Moment shot eds Moment about yas Radin gyration soul -xi Radi f gration about i Polar momento inatia AL Solid semicirele, let R= 05D 2 jw 22 3 3 Moment about x-axis i= 0.10988 zt Moment sbout y-axis ae Poto7:med ° 17-2 y= 0.750in 9.05 mm 9szint 310 x 105 mat A= 6.2831" A= 4054 mn? Je= 3.92710! 635 « 10° mm ke 927i! 1.635 x 10° mt 791in y= 20.08mm y= 0.791 in y= 20.08mm Je= 7854in* Je= 3.269 10° mnt Re1Sin A= 334i 2 A= 2280 mn I= 0.536in* 1g= 2314 10° mis ent 275 10° mn '© 2006 Pesron Edocation, ne, Upper Saddle Rivet, NI. llrightsreserved. This material protecto under al copyright aw 8 {hey currently est No potion of hs material maybe reproduced in any form or by a meas, ‘thou pension in writng fom the publisherMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach Radius of gyration about x-axis Radius of gyration about y-axis Polar moment of inertia Distances to centroid ‘Moment about x-axis Radius of gyration about x-axis ‘Radius of gyration about y-axis Polar moment of inertia Po1o7 med '© 2006 Pearson Eaton, ne, Upper Saddle River, NJ, All rights eserved. This materia i peosected unde let by a= OAMAR b= 05756-R he Lin atl . TA 10 1-73 b= 0.397 in k= 10.073 mm m_~ y= 0.750% y= 19.05 mm n= 2544 z= 1.089 x 10° mnt = 0637 in a= 16.17 mm 0,863 in = 21.93mm A= 1.0000 A= 645 mm? Te=0.056in" 1g= 2312 10" mm = 0.222%! y= 9.250% 108 mmi* kg = 0.236In g= 5.987 mm y= 047Lin y= 11.974 mm J, = 0.278in" p= 1.156% 10° mnt I copyright aw ‘hey eumenly exist No portion ofthis material maybe reproduced in any fom oF by any means, ‘without permisio in wig fom he publisher. ————————MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 84 PROBLEM 1-8 ‘Statement: Prepare a interactive gomputer program (using, for example, Excell, Mathcad, or TKSolver) from ‘which the mass properties for the sods shown in Appendix B can be calculated. Arrange the ‘program to deal with both s and ST unit systems and convert the results between those systems. Units: Solution: See Appendix B and Mathcad file POLO8. 1. Rectangular prism, lo: a=2in bss din e=4in y= 0.2816f-in* Volume Veabe = 24006? = 3952900 Mass M=O01Tlob M=3.048%g “Moment about x-axis I= 0.019blob-in 1y= 2130.4? ‘Moment abont y-axis ly=0.0296l0b-in™ 123277 g-mn ‘Moment about z-axis I= 0.036 blob i 1 = 4097.0kg:m0* ke Aatetgrtcatnesie tx [ one Rabat pat si perm harean z tatnctgratontonzese ty FE been eect ovine mtn alse ‘Volume: PL V= 37.699 V=617778mm> vies watt e009 u Ma 513k a c ©2006 Pearson Education, ne, Uppoe Sadie Rives NI. Alright reserved, his materi protected under al copyriht laws they cumenly exist No portion of is mata may be reproduced, nan form by an means ‘witout pension in weting fom the publisherMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach ‘Moment about axis ‘Moment about y-axis ‘Moment sbout z-axis Radius of gyration about x-axis Radius of gyration about y-axis Radius of gyration about =-axis 3. Hollow eylinder, let: “Moment about x-axis ‘Moment about z-axis, Radius of gyration about x-axis Pov0emed 2 y= 0,059 blob in” — I= 6619.4 kg-mmi™ Iy= 0.051 blob-in Iy= 5791.91 2 fy= 5791. 9k ma fg = 0051 blob-in™ Ip= 5191.9 kg-mni? kg= Alin he 15.921 mm ky= 13230 y= 33.601 mm a= 13230 = 33.601 mm (© 2006 Pearson Education, Ine, Upper Sade River, NJ All rights reserved This materials protected under all copyright laws as they cumently cist No potion ofthis material maybe reproduced in any fom ox by any means, ‘vith permission in weriting fom he publisherMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach Radius of gyration about y-axis Radius of gyration about 2axis 4, Right circular cone, lt: ro Din A Volume ‘Moment about x-axis ‘Moment bout y-axis “Moment about z-axis, Radius of gyration gbout x-axis ‘Radius of gyration about y-axis Radius of gyration about z-axis 5. Sphore, le r= Bin Volume P0108 med y= 2.141 in y= 54378.0m Latin 0.28 bpm * 44m Vv = 343210 M=0015bi06 M= 266k: 018 blob? 1059.4 ke-mni? le Iy= 0.023 blob- i? 1638.5 kg mm (023 lob: in 1.240in y= 31.493 mm y= 1.2400 z= 31.495 mm 13.097 in? P= 1853333mm? M= 0082 blob 14364 kg 13 © 2006 Pearson Education, ne, Upper Sul Rive, NJ, All rights reserved, This matralisproteted under al copyright laws thay eure exist No potion of is material may be reqrodcd, in any form oy any means. ‘idhoutpemison in writing Rom the publisherMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach ‘Moment about x-axis ‘Moment about yraxis ‘Moment sbout z-axis ‘Radius of gyration about x-axis Radius of gyration about y-axis Radius of gyration about z-axis Pot08.ne de ky “ i x)=] E he] 1-84 I= 0.295 blob in” [y= 33362 Ag-mimi* ~ Jy = 0295 blob? 2 Jy = 33362 hg ma 1, = 0.295 blob-in? Jp = 33362kgn? go 1897in k= 48.193 mm y= 1897in y= 48.193 mm y= 189Tin y= 48.193 mm {© 2006 Pearson Eastin, Ic, Upper Sale Rives, NI Al sights reserved This materi is protected under al copeiht laws they cumently Gist No potion ofthis material maybe reproduce nny form oe BY an means, thot permission in witing om he publisher eerMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 104 PROBLEM 1-9 Statement: Convert the template in Problem 1-7 to ase of ser functions ne foreach shape in Append A, ach function sould retum the area and second moments of area for one seton shape Solution: See Appendix A and Mathcad file PO109. et Ahh ; Meret sta renin = BE ceed _— y= 2 Moment about axis uy» 22 ot =D Meet shout yon 2 ya y= = 3. Hollow circle: Area Moment about x-axis, Moment about y-axis 4, Solid semicgcle Area Moment about 5 Moment sbout y-axis 5, Right triangle: ‘Area oe Moment sbout sais 1b,h):= 36 3 Ps Moment sbout y-axis yeh) = A Po08med 6 '© 2006 Pesrson Education, ne, Upper Sale Rive, NJ. Alright reserved, This matrlis protected unde al copyright laws they cure exist No portion af is materi may be reprced, many form by an means tot permission in sting om the pubisMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach PROBLEM 1-10 140-4 Statement: Convert the template in Problem 1-8 to a set of usr fimetions, one for cach shape in Appendix B ~ Each function should return the volume and second moments of mass for one section shape. Solution: Soe Appendix B and Mathcad file PO110. 1 Rectangular prism: Volume Mass Moment about x-axis, “Moment about y-axis ‘Moment about x-axis ‘Moment about y-axis ‘Moment about z-axis, 3. Hollow cylinder: Volume Mass Moment about x-axis Moment about y-axis “Moment sbout z-axis Pottomed Vea,be) = abe a,b,0,)) = Leber # Hendon 2ktabcare? + 2) 2 sob p= Meso (2 +2) Habe.) Mobo) 2d) Webs PL Mrs) = MED ~ Hebd Metahe _ Met do? +2) ac Mesto? + 2) Hr i Vea.bsb= 2? - a) AM osbybyp) = Meebeber z feb, 1,)= Mestad (2 bl) = Maoh (52 38242) He t,)'= Masbbed (Pa aat sc) we {© 2006 Pearion Education, Ine, Upper Sade River, I. Al ights eserve. This materia is prosected unde ll copyright lwsas they curently Gist No potion ofthis material maybe eproced nay form on Dy any mest, ‘without permision n writing fom the publisher. SSSMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 1102 4. Right circular cone: ‘Volume “Moment about x-axis ‘Moment about y-axis, ‘Moment about z-axis ‘Volume ‘Moment about x-axis ‘Moment about y-axis ‘Moment about z-axis, Portomed ” {© 2006 Pearson Eduction, Ine, Upper Sale Rive, NJ. Allright reerved. This materials protected under all copytght aw 5 ‘hey curently exist No potion of hie materia bereaved in ay for or by any means, ‘tht permis n writing fom the pbishr8 © 2006 Pourson Eduction, ne, Upper Sale River NJ. Allrighis reserve This materi is protected under all copyright laws | ‘hey curently exist No portion of tls matral maybe eprodaed in any form orby any mens, ‘without permission n wing from he polisher. eeMATERIALS AND PROCESSES Chapter TOPIC/PROBLEM MATRIX SECT TOPIC PROBLEMS 2.1 Material Properties 2.2 Statistical Nature 227, 228,220, 230 2.4 Hardness 2:13, 2-14, 2-35, 2-36 25 Coatings 2-31, 2-32, 2-33, 2-34 2.6 General Properties 2:15, 2-16, 2-17, 2-24, 2-25 {© 2006 Pearson Education, ne, Upper Sale Rive} NI. Allright eserved, This matrali prtcted unde al eopyeight ws 1° they caren exist No pot of is mateial may be epredued, in any form orby any ears, widoutpemission in writing fom the pubiserMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 244 PROBLEM 2-1 Statement: Figure P2-1 shows stress-strain curves for three failed tensile-test specimens. All are plotted on ~ he same scale. {@) Characterize each material as brite or ductile. (b) Which is the stiffest? (©) Which has the highest ultimate strength? (@) Which has the largest modulus of resilience? (©) Which has the largest modulus of toughness? Solution: See Figure P2-1 and Mathcad file P0201. 1. The material in Figure P2-1(a) hes a moderte amount of strain beyond the yield point, P2-1(b) has very litle, and P2-1() has considerably more than either ofthe other two. Based on this observation, the material in Figure P2-1(a) is ily ductile that in P2-I(b)is brittle, and that in P2-1() is ductile 2. Thessilfest material isthe one withthe gresresr slope inthe elastic range. Determine this by dividing the rise by the run of the straight-line portion of each curve. The materia in Figure P2-1(c) has a slope of 5 stress units per strain unit, which isthe greatest ofthe three. Therefore, P2-1(¢) isthe stiffest. 3. Ultimate strength corresponds to the highest stress that is achieved by a material under test. ‘The materia in Figure P2-1(b) has a maximum stress of 10 unis, which is considerably more than either ofthe other two, ‘Therefore, P2-1(b) has the highest ultimate strength, 4. "The moduls of resilience is the area under the elastic portion ofthe stress-starin curve. From observation of the tree graphs, the stress and strain values at the yield points are: “one 210) gyro P21) oyei= 8 a Usngeqution 27, he model ech mall proximal ta .oyea Pite=125 r= hess rab=s rrte= beetje ritee2s 125 0 hh rye abn fete 5. enohiuotuagnen i ewer te srasctin crew we it cf te, By pet Neer ence times pets cena a Poot ed 2 {© 2006 Pearson Education, Ino, Upper Salle River, NJ All sights reserved: This sterile potected wader all copyright aw they ment exist No portion of thi material maybe reproduce an ay form ce by a means, ‘hut permisaton in tit for the publisherMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 224 PROBLEM 2-2 ‘Statement: Determine an approximate ratio between the yield strength and ultimate strength for each material shown in Figure P2-1 Solution: See Figure P2-1 and Mathcad file P0202. 1. Theyield strength is the vulue of stress at which he stress-strain curve begins tobe nonfinear. ‘The ultimate strenggh i the maxinzum valve of stress attained during the test. From the figure, we have the following values of yield strength and tensile srength: Figure P2-1(@) Sa=5 FigueP2-10) Sp=9 Syp= 10 Figure P2-1() Sei Sue 2. ‘Theratio of yield strength to ultimate strength for each material is: Sw FigueP21@)——ratiog x BE ratog = 083 Sou 5b Figure P210) ropa 2 ratiog = 050 w= a Figure P2-1(@) eed ratiog = 063 Bre tamed 2 1© 2006 Pearson Education, le, Upper Sale Rivet NJ Alrighis reserve, This materia i protected under al copyright laws ‘hey cute exist No portion of is material may be roused, in any form o bya cans, without ptston in wing fom te publisherMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 234 PROBLEM 2-3 ‘Statement: Which ofthe ste! alloys shown in Figure 2-19 would you choose to obtain ~ (2) Maximum strength (b) Maximum modulus of resilience (©) Maximum modulus of toughness (@) Maximum sitiness Units: Ii 10-pi MPa= Pa GPa=10-Pa MN = 18 nevion Given: “Young's modulus for soe) Ess 203GPa Solution: Soe Figure 2-19 and Mathcad file PO203. 1. Determine fiom the graph values for yield strength, ultimate strength and strain at fracture foreach materia Yi un si AISL1020: ——S$yo29:= 300MPa Sutjo20:=400MPa———gfyg30= 0.365 AISL1095: Sop i= S50MPa Sutjogs:= 1050MPa——gfygg5= 0.11 AISLAIA2: §—Syypqp'= N6OOMPa——Sutgyg7= 2430MPa—fyy4= 006 "Note: ‘The 0.2% offset method was used to define a yicld strength forthe AISI 1095 and the 4142 steels. 2, From the values of Sy above itis clear thatthe AISI 4142 has maximum strength 3. Using equation (2-7) and the data above, determine the modulus of resilience : ~ Sao Upon = 022 Mm Upso9s Ba sovm Upaisa Upanaa= 618 ‘Even though the dla is approximate, the AISI 4142 clearly has the largest modulus of restene. 4A. Using equation (2-8) andthe data shove, determine dhe modulus of toughness. deem Union 5 (Ss1020 + Set1020) F020 Un9= 28 Urio9s = 5 (Sr109s + Suts093)- S095 Urr095 = 88° wv. Uraea= (Suet Suna) tae Upya= 21 ~~ paz0s met 2 (© 2006 Pearson Edson, lnc, Upper Sade River, NJ Al sight reserved This materi is protected under all eopeht laws as ‘hey cently Gxss No petion ofthis mater maybe repedced In any frm ot by any means, thous permis in writing fom he pblsher.MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 232 ‘Since the data is approximate, there is no significant difference between the 1020 and 4142 steels. Because of the wide difference in shape aad character ofthe curves, one should also determine the area under the eurves by graphical means. When this is done, the area under the curve is about 62 square units for 1020 and 66 for 4142. Thus, they seem to have about equal toughness, which is about 50% greater than tht forthe 1095 stee. 5, Allee materials are ste! therefore, the stif nesses are the same. Poa med 2 '© 2006 Pearson Edocution, nc, Upper Saddle River, NJ. Alright reserved, This materia proteted unde al eopytight avs 8 they eaten exit. No portion o thio material may be epreduceds in any form or by any means ‘thot persion in wrtng fom the pblsber.MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 244 PROBLEM 2-4 ‘Statement: Which of he aluminum alloys shown in Figure 2-21 would you choose to obtain ~ (@) Maximum: (©) Maximam modus of resilience (6) Maximum modulus of toughness (@ Maximum stifiness Units: bai 10 psi MPar=18.Pa GPa=10-Pa MN= 16 newion Given: ‘Young's modulus for aluminum = 71.7GPa Solution: See Figure 2-21 and Mathcad file PO204, 1. Determine, from the graph, values for yield strength, ultimate strength and strain at fracture foreach material Alum x ut racture 1100: Si00=120MPa—Satyygg"= 30-MPa——_fj199* 0.170 DODETISI: —Syppaqi= 330-MPa——Sulggn4= 480-MPa——_ofagn4'= 0.195 7015-16: Syors'= 510MPa——Sutyons= S60MPa——_g75= 0.165 Note: The 0.2% offset method was used fo define a yield strength forall of the aluminum. 2. From the values of Sut above itis clear thatthe 7075-16 has maximum strength 3, Using equation (2-7) and the data above, determine the modulus of resilience. 2 > 1 Sauod Mm Cpu = 7 Upr100 = 0.10 Upoo2s Upanr4 = 0.76 see 1 Sos aa Uns = © Uarors = 1 2” E 7 [Bven though the data is approximate, the 707S-T6 clearly has the largest modulus of esience 4. Using equation 2-8) andthe data shove, determine the modus of toughness 1 Urnim:= 1S 100+ S10) Fi0 Eventhough the data is approximate, the 7075-16 has the largest modulus of toughness 5. All hree materials ar aluminum therefore, the stifiesses are the same. > Pao med 26 {© 2006 Pearson Edocation, Inc, Upper Sale River, NJ. All sighs reserved. This materi is protected under all copyright laws as they cumetly cist No potion of hie material maybe repodced in ey frm or By any means, ‘thous pesto n writing fom the polisher. Sn a1© 2006 Pearson Education, ne, Upper Sade River NI Alvights revervd. This materials potected under all copyright laws MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach PROBLEM 2-5 254 snt: Which of the thermoplastic polymers shown in Figure 2-22 would you choose to obtain (@) Maximum strength (©) Maximum modulus of resilience (©) Maximum modulus of toughness (@ Maximum stiffness Units: Bsi:= 1P-psi— MPa:= 0Pa GPa= 10-Pa MN= 18 newton Solution: Soe Figure 2-22 and Mathcad fle PO205. |. Determine, from the graph, values for yield strength, ultimate strength, strain at fracture, and modulus of clastcity foreach material Plastic _Yield Suength _|_Uimate Strength_ Fracture Strain_Miod of Elasticity Nylon 101: Sion = 6FMPA | Sutyyfon?= 80-MPa —Shiylon = 052 ——-ENyfon = L-GPa HDPE: Smmpe=15-MPa| Supper = 23-MPa ype = 30 Euppe'= 017-GPa PIFE: Spprmg:= 83-MPa| Supyrp=13MPa — prrg’=05S1 Eppa s= 08GPa 2. From the values of Sut above it is elo that the Nylon 101 has maximum strength, 3. Using equation (2-7) and the data above, determine the modulus of resilience. 2 1 Snir orm a Upeiyion = 8 2 aes ‘Ron ‘Even though the data is approximate the Nylon 101 clearly has the largest modulus of resilience. 4. Using equation (2-8) and the data above, determine the modulus of toughness. lis 5, MN-m Urnsien= 2 (Sri * Stn) Urpion= 37S 7 i su 57 MN ‘rupee = 5 (Super + Supe) dappe Umpes= 31> : a (Ssrnpe + Supra) deren Urpmre= 5 ‘Even though the data is approximate, the HIDPE has the largest modulus of toughness, 5. The Nylon 101 has the steepest slopein the (approximately) clastic range and is, therefore, the stiffest ofthe ‘throe materials zn me 5 ‘hey curently exist No portion ofthis mail maybe reproduce in any orm or by a es, ‘without pension in writing Fon the pblsherMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 26-4 PROBLEM 2-6 Statement: A metal has a strength of 60 kpsi (414 MPs) at its elastic limit and the strain at that point is 0.002 =~ ‘What isthe modulus of elasticity? What is the strain energy atthe clastic limit? Assume thatthe test speimen i 0,505-in dia and has a 2-in gage length. Can you define the type of metal based on the given data? Units: at = WW pst AN = 18 newion Given: Elastic Limit: Strain gp:= 0.002 Sel= 414MPa ‘Test specimen: Diameter dg:=0:50Sin Length Ig: 2.00in Solution: See Mathcad file P0206, |. The modulus of elasticity isthe slope ofthe stress-strain curve, which isa straight line, in the elastic region ‘Since ane end of this line isa the origin, the slope (modulus of elasticity) is Set fel B= 30.0108 pat E=2076Pa 2. The strain energy per unit volume at the clastic limits the area under the stress-strain curve up to the elastic. limit. Since the curve is a straight line up to this limit, the area is one-half the base times the height, oF a= Sere ty = oA vgn “The total train energy inthe specimen isthe strain energy per unit volume times the volume, ~ 2 ado Ugi= Vat =P by U gy = 24.04in bf 3, Based on the modulus of elasticity and using Table C-1, the material is steel 0208 med 26 1 2006 Pearson Eduction, Ine, Uppee Sade River, NJ Allrghs reserved. This maz is protctd under ll copyright laws as te curently exist No porton of his mail maybe ropreduco, in any form or by any ean, ‘eitho ermistion i wring rom the publisher Sr eeeMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 274 PROBLEM 2-7 Statement: A metal has srengh of 41.2 kpsi (286 MPa) atts elastic Limit an the strain that point is 0.004 ‘Whats the modus of elasity? What ithe stain energy atthe casi init?” Assume that the {est speimen is 0505-in da and has a 2-n gage length. Can you define the typeof metal based cn the given data? st=WW-psi—-MPa=10°Pa GPa=10-Pa_ N= 10"-nowlon Given: Elastic limit: Strength Sep 41.2ksi Strain s,p:= 0.004 Sqi= 284MPa ‘Test specimen: Diameter do:=0:50Sin Length Lg'= 2.00in Solution: See Mathcad file P0207, 1. The modulus of clastic isthe slope phe sres-rain curve, which straight ine, inthe elastic region Since one end of this ini atthe origi, te slope (modulus of easy) is en = 10310% ps B=1GPa ar 2. The strain energy per unit volume at the clastic limit isthe area under the stress-strain curve up tothe elastic limit. Since the curve isa straight ling up to this limit, the area is one-half the base times the eight, or vu L Sept vgs 224 Ua= 568 2 3 or E The total strain energy in the specmeh isthe stan energy per unit volume tines the volume, wedge Ug Vat, Ue = 33.01 milf 3. Based on the modulus of elasticity and using Table C-1, the material is aluminum. Poa med a '© 2006 Pearson Edocation, ne, Upper Sale River, NJ. Alright reserved, This materi protected under alley avs they carey exist No potion of this materi may be reproduced, nan form by any means, ‘witha persion in writing fom the pis.MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 284 PROBLEM 2-8 ‘Statement: A metal has a strength of 19.5 kpsi (134 MPa) at its clastic limit and the strain at that point is 0.006. a ‘Whats the models of elasticity? What isthe strain enery atthe elastic Kimi? Assume tha the text speimen 9 0.505-n dia and has. a2-in gage length. Can you define th ype of metal based on tho ven dat? ai 10. psi—-MPa:=10°.Pa GPa:=10-Pa_ kN = 10 newion Given: Elec Hii: Stength Syr= 195ksi Strain r= 0003 Sa=134MPa Test spoimen: Diameter dgc=0505in Length Lyi= 200im Solution: See Mahou file P0208 1. Thomocs of last isthe slope ofthe stress-strain curve, which isa stsight ine, inthe clastic region Since oe end of this ine atthe origin, the slope (modulus of elasticity) is St E= 6510 psi ei 2. The stain energy per unit volume th last limit isthe area under the stress-strain carve up tothe elastic Jimi ‘Since the curves straight ine up to this init, he area sonal the base tines the eight, or 225 hn 3 ‘The total strin energy inthe specimen the stain energy por uit volume tines the volume, nde Yam Uy Ugi= W.T2ilbf 3. Based on the modulus of asic and using Tobe C-1, tho material i magnesiam. =~ o20e med 28 1© 2006 Fearon Education Ine, Upper Sale River, NJ Alright served. This materia i prozetud under ll copyright ws as ‘hey eunely cist No portion ofthis material may be reproduced in ey form or By any means, ‘ith pemnision n writing fom the pubiker. OO CC CC CCC CCCCCCXX..rrmrmrrMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 204 PROBLEM 2:9 Statement: A meial has a strength of 100 kpsi 689 MPa) at its clastic limit and the strain at that point is 0.006, ‘What is the modulus of elasticity? What i the strain energy atthe clastic limit? Assume that the {est speimen is 0.505-in di and has @2-in gage length, Can you define the type of metal based on. the given data? Units: bsi:= 10 psi MPa:=10°.Pa GPa:=10-Pa_ AN = 10°-newion Given: Blastclimit: Strength Sqy= 100ksi Strain 61== 0.006 Sqi= 689MPa ‘Test specimen: Diameter Length Lp:= 2.00in Solution: See Mathcad file PO209, 1. The modulus of elasticity is the slope of the stress-strain curve, which isa straight tne, inthe elastic region. ‘Since one end ofthis line is atthe origin, the slope (modulus of elasticity) is Set et E= 16.710 psi E=118GPa 2. ‘The strain energy per unit volume atthe elastic limit isthe area under the stress-strain curve up tothe clastic limit. Since the curve is a straight line up to this limit, the area is one-half the base times the height, or solit —uge re ot 1 Vas SSer6a Ua= “The toa strain energy inthe specimen isthe strain energy per unit volume times the volume, 2 Ug= Va Pty Uet = 120.18 lbp 3. Based on the modulus of elasticity and using Table C-1, the material is titanium, zoo med ~ © 2005 Peason Education, le. Upper Saddle Rive, NJ. llrightsreserved, This mata is protected under al copriht aw ‘hey carey exis No potion of hie meri my be reproduced, n any form orby any means, ‘without permission in ersting from the pblshe.MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 240-4 PROBLEM 2-10 ‘Statement: A material asa yield strength of 10 ks (689 MPa) at on offset of 6% strain. Whats its oa ‘modules of resilienos? Uni isi 10.psi MPa=10Pa GPai=10-Pa M= 108 joule Given: Yield strength Sy:= 100ksi Sy = 689MPa Yield strain 5y:= 0.006 Solution: Soe Mathcad file P0210. |. The modulus of resilience (strain energy per unit volume) is given by Equation (2.7) and is approximately p= bs Un= 2068 Poztomed 30 {© 2006 Peason Edoction, Ine: Upper Sade River, NJ. All rights reserved. This materials protected under all copyright laws as they curently cist No portion of hin materi maybe ropredaced in ny form or By ay means, Bithout permission inwrtng rom the publisher eeMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 24-4 PROBLEM 2-14 Statement: A material has a yield strength of 60 ksi 414 MPa) at an offset of 0.2% strain. What is its modulus of resilience? Units: bai:=10psi MPa 10°-Pa ag= 18 joule Given: Yield strength Sy:= 60ksi Yield stain 6y:= 0.002 Solution: See Mathcad file PO211 1. The modulus of resilience (strain energy per unit volume) is given by Equation (2.7) and is approximately t= 55) vg oM uproar — ogeoanenre F om a (© 2006 Pearson Fain, Ine, Upper Sale River NI. Alright reserve, This materia is protected unde al copyright ws as thoy catealy exist No porto of this material may be reprduced in any form By any rsa, tithout ptission in writing om the publiserMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 2424 PROBLEM 2-12 ‘Statement: A stool has a yild strength of 60 kpsi (414 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength of 100 kpsi (689 ~ ‘MPs), and an elongation at fracture of 15%. What is its approximate modulus of toughness? ‘What isthe approximate modulus of resilience? Units: Ast == 10% psi MN:= 1 newton kp = 10g kv = 10) newon Given: Sy= 60kst Sa¢= 1004s! y= 015 Sy=414MPa Sy¢= 89MPa Solution: See Mathcad file PO212 m in ee a Up= 60: pozt2med 32 £6 2006 Pearson Fduaton, Inc Upper Sale River, NJ. llrightsreserved, This material s protected unde ll copyright las ws ‘hey eumenly Gist No portion ofthis material maybe epoca in ony form ce By an) means, iho perain in wri fom the pbk a eeeMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 2484 PROBLEM 2-13 Statement: The Brinell hardness of steel spesimen was mensured to be 250 HB. What is the material's approximate tensile strength? What is the hardness on the Vickers scale? The Rockwell scale? Units: si := 10 pst MPa=WPa Given: Brinell hardness of specimen ‘B= 250 Solution: See Mathcad fle PO213 1, Determine the approximate tensile strength of the material from equations (2.10), not Table 2-3. Sy 0.5-HBst Sq = 125 kat Sy = 862MPa 2. From Table 2-3 (osing liner interpolation) the hardness on the Vickers scale is _ HB 24 Hy =e 217 2A (292 ~ 253) + 253 HY = 263, 3, Prom Table 2-3 (using lincar interpolation) the hardness on the Rockwell C scale is arc = #34) agg 228) +228 HRC = 243 mal Pozis.med 3 {© 2006 Pearson Education, ne, Upper Sade River NI. Alright reserved, This material protected under al eopyeight laws 2s ‘they crest exist No portion ofthis material maybe repedaced in any frm ory any meas, ‘without psrnssion nesting fom he pbisher.MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 2144 PROBLEM 2-14 Statement: The Brinell hardness ofa steel specimen was measured to be 340 HB. What is the material's ~ approximate tensile strength? What is the hardness onthe Vickers sale? The Rockwell scale? Units: isi = 10 psi MPa= 10a Given: Brinell hardness of specimen HB:= 340 Solution: See Mathead fle P0214, 1. Determine the approximate tensile strengih ofthe material from equations (2.10), not Table 2-3 Syp = 05-HBskst Sq = 170kst Sq= T2MPa 2, From Table 2-3 (using liner interpolation) the hardness on the Vickers scale is HB-31 341-311 (360 ~ 328) +328 HV =359 3. From Table 2-3 (using linear interpolation) the hardness on the Rockwell C scale is unc BM 66-33.) +334 HRC = 365 MI—3tT Po2tames 34 © 2006 Pearson Edcatin, Ine, Upper Sade River, NJ All gh reserved. This mati s protected under all copyright laws they curently exist No potion of his material maybe reproduced in eny form ce by any means, ‘th permis n writing fom the plisher. 2MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 245-4 PROBLEM 2-15 Statement: What are the principal alloy elements of an AISI 4340 steel? How much carbon does it have? Is it hhardenable? By what techniques? Solution: See Mathcad fle P0215, 1. Determine the principal alloying elements from Table 2-5 for 43x steel, 1.82% Nickel 10:50 o¢ 0.80% Chromium (0.25% Molybdenum 2, From "Steel Numbering Systems" in Section 26, the carbon content is From the lat two digit, the carbon content is 0.40%. 3, Isithardenable? Yes, al of the alloying elements inerease the hardenabilily. By what techniques? Ttean be ‘through hardened by heating, quenching and tempering, and it can also be case hardened (See Section 2.4) Ports.med = ©2006 Pearson Education, In. Upper Sale River NJ. All ight reserved. This mater s protect under all copytight laws as they coment cist No porson ofthis meri maybe rprodice, i an fon or by any ans, ‘that peisson in writing fom the publisherMACHINE DESIGN - An integrated Approach 2464 PROBLEM 2-16 ‘Statement: What are the principal alloy elements of an AISI 1095 steel? How much carbon docs it have? Is it ~ ‘ardenable? By what techniques? Solution; See Mathoad ile PO2IG. 1. Determine he rncpal alloying elements fom Table 2-5 for 1c tes ‘Carbon only, no alloying elements 2. From ‘Stoo! Numbering Systems in Seton 26, th ewrbon conten i Frm he ast to digi, the carton contents 095%, 3. Isithardenable? Yes, asa high-carbon steel, it has sufficient carbon content for hardening. By what ‘cchmiques? It can be through hardened by heating, quenching and tempering, and it can also be case Ihardened (See Section 2.4). Port6.med 6 {© 2006 Pearson Edocation, Inc, Upper Sale River, NT Al sighs reserved. This materi is protected under all copyright laws they curently exist No potion of thi materi maybe repadiced in ny form or By any means, ‘tht permis nrg fom the publisher. rrMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 2471 PROBLEM 2-17 Statement: What ae the principal alloy elements of an AISI 6180 stecI? How much carbon docs it have? Is it hardenable? By what techniques? Solution: Soe Mathcad fle PO217, 1. Determine the principal alloying elements from Table 2-5 for Gx steel, 0.15% Vanadiom (0.60 to 0.95% Chromium 2, From "Steel Numbering Systems" in Section 26, the carbon content is ‘From the last two digits, the carbon content is 0.80%, 3, Isithardenable? Yes, al ofthe alloying clements increase the hardenabilty. By what techniques? tan be ‘through hardened by heating, quenching and tempering, and it can also be case hardened (See Section 2.4). P0217 med a ©2006 Peseon Edson In, Upper Sale Rives NJ._ Al ight reserved This materials protect under al opyight as a= they caren exit No potion of this meri may bo reproduced, nan Tom BY any means, ‘ithe persion nig fem the publisherMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 218-4 PROBLEM 2-48 00 Statement: Which ofthe stels in Problems 2-15, 2-16, and 2-17 is the stifest? ~ Solution: See Mathcad file PO218. 1. None, All steel alloys have the same Young's modulus, which determines stfiness. o2tamed 8 {© 2006 Pearson Education, ne, Upper Sade River, NJ Alright serve. This materia is proseetod under ll copyright laws as they eurealy exist No portion ofthis material maybe reproduced in any fom of By any means, ‘without permision in writing fom the publisher. ~~ SSSMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 2494 PROBLEM 2-19 Statement: Calculate the specfc strength and specific sis of the following materials and pick ove fer use in ansirerafl wing Spar. Units: Iai s= 10 pst Given: Material Code |_ Ultimate Strength _Young’s Modulus _ Weight Density ‘Steel t= 0 Sut y= 80-kxi E, 30-10" psi Yet = fa Aluminum a=] Sut 104-108. “psi Titanium i= 2 Sut, = S0-ksi 165:00% psi j= O.16- = Index f= 01.2 Solution: See Mathcad file P0219, 1. Specific strengths theultimate tensile strengih divided by the weight density and specific stiffs is the ‘modi of elasity divide by the weight density. The ext dos not pve a symbol 0 thee quantities. Su ‘Specific strength —-= Specific stiffness ard ‘Stood 2.887-105] 1.074-108| A 6105 704108 Titanium 36354105 1031108 2, Based on the results above, all three materials have the same specific sihess but the aluminum has the largest specific strengih. Aluminum for the aircraft wing spar is recommended, po2temed 0 © 2006 Pearson Edoction, Ie, Upper Sale River NJ. lights ose, This materia i protected unde al copyright laws as ‘hey eumenly exist No porn ofthis material maybe reproduced, in any fort or by any means ‘Without persion in writing fom he publisher.MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 2-204 PROBLEM 2-20 ‘Statement: Ifmaximum impact resistance were desired in par, which material properties would you look for? ~ Solution: See Mathcad file P0220. 1. Ductlty anda large modulus of toughness (se "Impact Resistance" in Section 21). az20.med 40 (© 2006 Pearson Education, Ine. Upper Sade Rivet, NJ All sghs reserved. This materi s protected under eopyriht laws they curently cist No portion ofthis material maybe reproduced in any form or By any means, ‘thot permission n writing fom the pbliskr.MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 2214 PROBLEM 2-2 ——— Statement: Referto the tbles of material data in Appendix C and determine the trength-to-weight ratios of the following material alloys based on their tensile yield strengths: heat-treated 2024 aluminum, SAE 1040 cold-rolled steel, Ti-75A tianium, type 302 cold-rolled stainless steel, i Pa Given: Material Yield Suength’ Specific Weight Mat, == "2024 Aluminium, HT™S), = 290-MPa 7, = O.10Lbf:in7 Units: MP n= 271x108 Nm Mat, “OO CR Steel" Shy == 490-MPa := O.28Nf:in > 79.= 7.60% 10° Nm " n Maty:="T-75A Titnjun™ —Spy= SI7-MPa y= OGG? y= 434% 108 No Maty'="Type302CR SS" Syy:= BB MPa—y4:= 0.288Fin > 74 7.60% 10° Nim b= 12.4 Solution: See Mathcad fle P0221 1, Caleulate the strength-to-weight ratio for each material as described in Section 2.1 % swe, = Mat, = 5 ‘ 2024 Aluminum, AT "1040 CR Steer" FTETSA Titania “ype 302 GR SS" a Port ed ia © 2006 Pearson Education, Ine, Upper Salle River NI. Al ight reserved, This material i protected unde all copeight laws they cuready exist No porn a his mute may be epeeduced, nan foem or by any means, ‘withoo perhsion a writ fen the publtber. 3 3 3 3MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach. 2224 PROBLEM 2-22 Statement: Refer th ables of material data in Appendix C and determine the strength-to-weight ratios of the following material alloy based on thei ulimate tensile strengths: heat-treated 2024 aluminum, SAE 1040 cold-rolled steel, unfilled acetal plastic, Ti-75A titanium, type 302 col-rlled stainless stock Units: MPaz= Pa Given: Mati ‘Tensile Suength Specific Weisht Mat, = 2024 Aluminum, 1T* Sut, n= 010 fin? = 2.71x 10'Nm Mat, = "040 CRS!" Say nix o28iDpin > 2 =7.60% 10 Nm Maty:="hesal, wiles” Sul, r92= 00SLf ne 43 = 1.38% 10'Nm 15A Tianiua* Sut, ra ONG L6f > 4 = 434% 10 NM? "Type302CR SS" Sulgi= 1310.8Pa y= O.28IBfn? 75 = 7.60% 104 Nem 1205 Solution: See Mathcad ile P0222. 1. Calculate the strength-o-weight ratio foreach material as desribed in Section 21. wR, - Mat, . mane] is ne, + roocRseet| Saat hesil wre] aa “Ti7ATianiun| |S “ype soz cRss] Fa Pomme 2 1© 2006 Pearson Education, ne, Upper Sale River, NJ Allrghs reserved. This mato spotted under ll copyright laws 5 they curently exist No potion of his material maybe reproduce, nan form oF By any Teas ‘wither permission i wring from the publisher eeMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 2284 PROBLEM 2-23 ‘Statement: Refer tothe tables of material data in Appendix C and calculate the specific stiffness of aluminum, titanium, gray cast iron, ductile iron, bronze, carbon tee and stainless stel. Rank them in increasing order of this property and discuss the engineerin significance of these data Units: GPa:=10-Pa Mga Wg Given: Material ‘Moshlus of Elasticity Density ‘Mat, = "Aluminum 17GPa pis 28Mem > Maty = “Titanium 1386Pa prs haga? Mats = "Gray cast iron” p3=72Mem"> Mary'="Ducileiron") = 1689GPa pa 69Mem"? Mat, = "Bronze" 103GPa ps 86 Men? Mat = "Carbon sea” 2068-GPa p= 78 Mg? Maty'="Suinkessee’ y= 1896GPa py = 78 Mgnt 1 1,2.7 Solution: See Mathcad fle P0223, 1. Caloulate the specific sifness for each material as described in Section 2.1 amine “Tenia "Gray castor “Ductile ron "Bronze "Carbon steeh "Siainlase stee?| 2. Rank them in inereasing order of specifi stiffness Mat, = "Bronze" Mats = "Geay eas iro? Mat = "Stainless stel* 43 © 2006 Pearson Edocation, Ine, Upper Sale River NJ. Allright reserve, his atria i protected unde al copyright laws they cure exist No portion of is muteial muy Be veproduced, in an fa o By an eas, ‘ithout person in writing fom the publisherMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 2232 ‘Mat, = “Duetile iron" Mat, = "Alumina Maty = "Titenvan* Carbon steel" 3, Bending and axial deflection re inversely proportional tothe modulus of elasticity. For the same shape and «dimensions, the material with the highest specific sifiness will give the smallest deflection. Or, put another way, {fora given deflection, usin the material with the highest specific sifiness will result in the least weight. Pozzs med 44 (© 2006 Pearson Edcation, Ine, Upper Sale River, NI Al sights reserved This materials protected under al copyright laws ‘hey cumently exist No petion ofthis materi may be repo in oy frm ce by any mens, hou persion n wit om the pbs OO eeeMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 2244 PROBLEM 2-24 Statement: Call your local steel and sluminum distributors (consult the Yellow Pages) and obtain curent costs ‘per pound for round stock off consistent size in low-carbon (SAE 1020) stcl, SAE 4340 stel, 5024-14 aluminum, and 6061-T6 aluminum. Calculate a sirengthdollar ratio and a stifiness/dollar ratio for each alloy. Which would be your first choice on a cost-fficiency basis foram axial-tension-loaded round rod (@) Ifmaximum strength were needed? () maximum stifiness were needed? Solution: Left tothe student as data will vary with ime and location. ozs ne 5 1© 2006 Pearson Edeaton Ine, Upper Sade River NI. Al ight reserved Thi mater x protect under al copyright avs as they caren exist No portion ofthis material mae repeodcod in an frm oF bY any meas, ‘witht persion a wring fe the publisher,MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 225-4 PROBLEM 2-25 Statement: Call your local plastic stock-shapes distributors (consult the Yellow Pages) and obtain current 7 ‘costs per pound for round rod or tubing of consistent size in plexiglass, acetal, nylon 6/6, and PVC. ‘Calculate a strength/dollar ratio and a stiffness/dollar ratio foreach alloy. Which would be your fist choice on a cost-eficiency bass for an axial-tension-loaded round rod or tube of particular diameters. (@) If mesimum strength were needed? (b) Ifmaximum stiffness were needed? Solution: Left othe student as data will vary with time and location az2s.med 46 © 2006 Peuson Eduction, ne, Uppoe Sale River, NJ. llrightsreserved. This materia prossetod under ll copyright ws as they curently exist No portion ofthis material maybe reproduced nen form or By any means, ‘witht precio neti ftom the polisher. SEMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 2261 PROBLEM 2-26 ‘Statement: A part has been designed and its dimensions cannot be changed. ‘To minimize its deflections ‘under the same loading in all dirotionsirrespesive f stress levels, which material woulod you ‘choose among the following: aluminum, tia, sce, or stainless stl? Solution: See Mathead fle PO226, 1. Choose the material with the highest modulus of elasticity bocause deflection is inversely proportional to ‘modulus of elasticity. Thus, choose steel unless there is a corrosive atmosphere, in which case, choose stainless steel, 0228 meat a © 2006 Pearson Education, le, Upper Sal River, NI- All ight eseved, This mater isprotected unde all copyright laws as ‘ey curently exist No portion ofthis material maybe repredaced in any frm oF by any ean, ‘eithou psrnsion neritng fom the pbleher.MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 227A PROBLEM 2-27 ‘Statement: Assuming that the mechanical properties data given in Appendix Table C-9 for some carbon stccls a represents mean values, what i the value of te tensile yield strength for 1050 steel quenched and ‘tempered at 400F if aelisbility of 99.9% is required? bi 10psi— MPa= Pa Given: Mean yield strength Sy:= 117s Solution: See Mathcad fle P0227 1. From Table 2-2 the reliability factor fr 99.9% is Re'= 0.753 Applying this tothe mean tensile strength gives S09 SyRe Syng=88.ibsi ——_Sypg.9= 607 MPa o227 me 48 {© 2006 Pearson Eduction, ne, Upper Saddle River, NJ. Allrights reserve. This materials protected under ll copyright laws as they crrenly exist No portion ofthis material maybe repro ney fem orb any means ‘witht permission in writing ftom the publisher. EeeMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 2284 PROBLEM 2.28 Statement: Assuming that the mechanical properties data given in Appendix Table C-9 for some carbon texts ‘eprescnls mean values, what is the value ofthe ulimale tensile strength for 4340 steel quenched and tempered at 800F iff reliability of 9.99% is required? Unit bsi=10-psi— MPa=16-Pa Given: ‘Mean uikimate tensile stenglh —Sy= 2134si— Syp= 1469MPa Solution: See Mathcad file PO228, 1. From Table 2-2 the relisbility factor for 99.99% is Re:= 0.702 Applying this to the mean ultimate tensile strength ives Suu99.99'= SurRe S99. 150kst Suug9.99 = 1031 MPa azze med o ©2006 Person Education, In, Upper Sle River NI Alright reserved This materials protect under ll copyright las a+ they caren exist No potion of this materi may be reproduced, nan fom by any means, ‘wither persion in writing fom the publisher.MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 2.204 PROBLEM 2-29 Statement: Assuming thatthe mechanical properties data given in Appendix Table C-9 for some carbon stels 7 ‘represents mean values, what i the valu of the ultimate tensile strength for 4130 stee! quenched and tempered at 400F if aeliability of 90% is required? Units: Bi 10 psi MPa Pa Given: Mean ultimate tensile strength Syi= 236ks/Syp= 1627MPa Solution: See Mathcad file P0229. 1. From Table 2-2 the reliability factor for 90% is Re:= 0.897 Applying this to the mean ultimate tensile strength ives Su9999'= SarRe —— Syago.99 = 212k Sugg 99 = 1460 MPa a 0229 med 50 1 2006 Pearson Education, nc, Upper Saddle River, NI. lights reserve, This matali prosected unde l copyright ws as ‘hey curently exist No potion ofthis rater maybe reproduce in any form or By any means, ‘rth permission nwt fom the plik. eensMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 2-304 PROBLEM 2-30 Statement: Assuming thatthe mechanical properties data given in Appendix Table C-9 fr some carbon steels represents mean values, what i the value of the tensile yield strength for 4140 stec! quenched and tempered at $00F ifa reliability of 9.999% is required? Unit Ist=10-psi— MPa=10-Pa Given: ‘Mean yield strength 651 1138MéPa Solution: See Mathcad file P0230, 1. From Table 2-2 the reliability factor for 99.99% is Re:= 0,659 Applying this to the mean tensile strength gives Syo9.9 = SyRe Syo9.9 = 109ksi Poza0.med 51 1© 2006 Pearson Edostion, ne, Upper Saddle River, NI. All igh eerved, This materi protected under copyright laws as they cartel exit No potion of this materia ay be reproduced ina Tom or BY an) means, ‘with pernion a writing fo the publMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 2314 PROBLEM 2-34 Statement: A steel part isto be plated to give it better corrosion resistance. Two materials are being ‘considered: cadmium and nickel. Considering only the problem of galvanic action, which would ‘you chose? Why? Solution: See Mathoad file P0231 From Table 2-4 we se that cadmium is closer to stel than nickel, Therefore, from the standpoint of reduced ‘galvanic action, cadmium isthe better choice. Also since cadmium is less noble than steel it will be the material that is consumed by the galvanic action. Tfnickel were used the steel would be consumed by galvanic ction. aZM mod 82 {© 2006 Pearson Education, ne, Upper Sade River, NJ Alright served, This materia i preted unde ll copyright ls as they eumeily Gist No portion ofthis material maybe teprooced in en form or by an means, without permission n writing fom he pbk. IMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 2324 PROBLEM 2-32 ‘Statement: A steal part with many Holes and sharp comers is to be plated with nickel. Two processes are being considered: electroplating and lectoless plating, Which process would you chose? Why? Solution: See Mathcad file PO232, |. Blectroless plating i the better choice since it wil give a uniform coating thickness in the sharp comers and in the holes, I also provides a relatively hard surface of about 43 HRC. pa2s2 med I (© 2006 Pearson Baucaton In, Upper Sale Rive, NJ. All sight reserved. This mater s protected under all copyright laws as they ume exist No potion o he material my be reproduce, in ny form by any mest, ‘thot prison io writing fom the pbsMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 2334 PROBLEM 2-33 a ‘Statement: Whats the common treatment used on aluminum to prevent oxidation? What other metals can a also be treated with this method? What options are available with this method?” Solution: See Mathcad file P0233. 1. Aluminum is commonly treated by anodizing, which creates a thin layer of aluminum oxide on the surface. Titanium, magnesium, and zine can aso be anodized. Common options include tinting to give various colors to the surface and the use of “hard anodizing” to create a thicker, harder surface ozssimed 54 {© 2006 Pearson Eduction, Ine, Upper Sal River NJ. Al rights reserve. This materials protected under all copyright laws as they curently Gist No portion of hin mati maybe ropodaced in any form oF by ay means, ‘eth! permission sn uriting fom the pier.MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 2344 PROBLEM 2-34. ‘Statement: Stoel is often plated with «loss nobel metal that acts as a sacrificial anode that will corrode instead ‘of the stl. What metal is commonly used for this purpose (when the finished product will not be exposed to saltwater), what is the coating process called, and what are the common processes ‘used to obtin the finished product? Solution: See Mathcad file P0234, 1. The most commonly used metal i zing. The process is called “galvanizing” and itis accomplished by lestoplating or hot dipping o2sdsned 55 {© 2006 Pearson Education Inc, Upper Sale Rivet, NI. Al sight reserved Ths mater s protected under ll copytight ws as they etme exist No potion of his meri maybe reproduced, any forms Or by an ics, ‘tht prison in ering from the publisherMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 235-4 PROBLEM 2.36 Statement: A low-carbon stel part isto be heat-treated fo increase its strength. If an ultimate tensile strength - ‘of approximately 550 MPa is required, what mean Brine hardness should the part have after ‘tealment? What isthe equivalent hardness on the Rockwell scale? Units: MPa 1-Pa Given: Approximats tensile strength Sy= SSOMPa Solution: See Mathcad file P0235. 1. Use equation (2.10), solving forthe Briel! hardness, HB. Sut Sw = 345HB HB = — ‘HB = 159 3.45-MPa 2, From Table 2-3, the equivalent hardness on the Rocwell scale is 83.9HRB, 0236.med 56 (© 2006 Pearson Education, Ine, Upper Sale River, NJ All sighs reserved This materi x protected under ll opyight hv a8 they crventy exist No portion ofthis atrial may be epraduced, many form by ay means, ‘without permission in weg om he publisher reeMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 2:96-1 PROBLEM 2-36 Statement: A low-carbon stel part has beon tested for hardness using the Brinell method and is found 10 have a hardness of 220 HIB. What are the approximate lower and upper limits of the ultimate tensile strength ofthis par in MPa? Units: Maa WOPa Given: Hardness B+ 220 Solution: See Mathcad file P0236, 1, Use equation (2.10), solving for ultimate tensile strength Minimum: Syn = (245-218 — 02:18) MPa Suumin = 715 MPa Masimum: Syma = (345-HB + 02-#18)MPa Suma = 808 MPa Pa22emed Gi © 2006 Pearson Edcation, ne, Upper Sale River NJ. Allsights ese. This mata is protected unde al copyright laws they cently exist No potion ofthis material may be reroduce. in any form or by any meat, ‘without persston a writing fom the pbsMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 2974 PROBLEM 2-37 ‘Statement: Figure 2-24 shows "guide lines” for minimum weight design when failure is the criterion, The a uid Tne, or index, for minimizing the weight of a beam in bending is ¢#/p, where oyis the yield strength of a material and p is its mass density. For a given cross-section shape the weight of a ‘eum yi gven loading wl be minimized wha his tnd smaxized The flowing mnatrals tre being cesidered fora beam application. 5052 aluminum, co roll CA 170 bey copes, Tard pls oped and {130 scl T@ 12008. The wc of which of tne hoe materials will ‘result in the least-weight beam? Units: MPa= iP Pa Given: 5052 Aluminum CA-170 beryllium copper Sy: 4130 set Syy= 703 Pa ‘Solution: ‘See Mathcad file P0237. 1. The values forte mass density are tken fom Appendix Table C-1 andthe vals ofc strength ome rm fiom Tables €-2, C4 and C9 fer laminin, bln copper, and ec, repeat 2 Calelt the index ave fr ech materi oe hh 0 en ned aah Asin Ja Indes 00) =a ~ Beryllium copper Ip:= Inde 4,74) nena Sia y= Inded Sy) ty 102 ‘The 5052 alumioum has th highest vale ofthe index and woul be the best choice to minimize weight 02a med 58 {© 2006 Pearson Education, Ine, Upper Sade River, NJ All sighs reserved. This materi is protected under al eopyriht ws they curently cist No potion of his material maybe reproduced in any form oe by any meas, iho permission in writmg om the pabiher reMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 2384 PROBLEM 2-38 ‘Statement: Figure 2-24 shows “guide lines’ for minimum weight design when failure isthe criterion. The ‘guide line, o¢ index, for minimizing the weight of « member in tension is ofp, where cys the yield ‘Strength of a material and p is its mass density. The weight of a member with given loading will be ‘minimized when this index is maximized, For the three materials given in Problem 2-37, which will result inthe least weight tension member? Mra=10Pa Mg= ke? Given: 5052 Aluminum Syai= 255MPa a= 28Mg CA-170 beryllium copper Syp:= 1172MPa pb:=83Mgm > 4130 steel Sy= 103M a py 18Mgm? Solution: See Maboat file P23 |The values forthe mass density are taken from Appendix Table C-1 and the values of yield strength come from from Tables C-2, C-4, and C-9 for alurninum, berylium copper, and steel, respectively. 2. Caleulate the index value for each materia 5) Mga Indep) aun Alumina a= Inde Sys?) I= 911 Beryllium copper b= Inded 5.04) hous Stel 1, Inde S23) 1.2501 ‘The berylium copper has the highest value ofthe index and would be the best choice (o minimize weight. Poza8 me 50 1 2006 Pearson Eaucation, Ine, Upper Sale River NI. Allright eservd, This mater is protecte under copyright laws 3s they cue exist No potion of his mst my be reradocea i ny orm Or by ay mans, ‘without pision n writing fom the plsMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 290-4 PROBLEM 2-39. ‘Statement: Figure 2-23 shows “guide lines" for minimum weight design when sifiess is the criterion. The ax pus in ocd, benaninng be wlio team eng Mp, whore se one cay fu mately rts esiy. Tora gen oss hp Be set fsb pen sic eb nee when thins men, items cy carson ts apa 308 smn od le CATI0 coper hel ln ge tnd 130 se OT 1200, The we ch of these tr cna gt ca? own: Pamir an? Given: $052 Aluminum fqi= 1.7GPa Pa’ =28Mgm > CA tapi ep Hy 17156P0 0am essGre p= T8Men Solution: SoeNithex! le PU29, 1 The vals tema density od a ken em Ape Table Cl 2 Calale hinder ae reach mati a Indep) = Mem ? apdPS Aluminum Ig=30 _ eon cope pe set hats ‘The 5052 aluminum has the highest value of the index and would be the best choice to minimize weight. Poze med 60 (© 2006 Pearson Edveation, ne. Uppee Sale River NJ. Allright reserved. This materi spotted under all copyright laws as they caret exist No portion ofthis material may be reproduced in any fora or by any moans, ‘without permission in writing from the publisher.MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 240-4 PROBLEM 2-40 ‘Statement: Figure 2-24 shows "guide lines” for minimum weight design when stiffness is the criterion. ‘The ‘guide line, or index, tor minimizing the weight of « mesnber in tension is fp, where fis the modulus ‘Of clastcty of a material and p is its mass density. The weight of a member wit given stiffness ‘willbe minimized when this index is maximized, For the three materials given in Problem 2-39, whic ‘vil result in the least weight tension member? Units: GPa:=10-Pa Mg:=hg® Given: 5052, Aluminum Eg= 1.4GPa a= 28 Meni CA-170 beryllium copper Fpi= 127.6GPa 6=83Men* 4130 steel Eg:= 206.8GPa p= 78Mgm > Solution: See Mathcad file P0240, 1. The Values forthe mass density and modulus are taken from Appendix Table C-1 2. Caloulate the index value foreach materia 3 E Mew ie) en ) p GPa ‘Aluminum, I= Indeo{Eas Pa) 1q= 256 Index{&p,06) Ip= 154 Index 5 p4) 15-265 Berylium copper Ib Stee! ly ‘The steel has the highest value of the index and would be the best choice to minimize we Poze 61 {© 2006 Pearson Edvcation, Ine, Unpse Sale Rive, NJ. Allights reserved, This materia i protected unde al eopytiht laws they cue exist No potion of hk meri may be rpeoduce, i any Tar o by any means ‘tht permission im wriing Rom the pict62 {© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc, Upper Sale Rives, NJ. All sghts reserved. This materi is protected under alcopyriht laws they cue exist No potion of tis marl maybe repre in ey frm or By any mean, ‘without pemision i wring from the publisher rrrChapter LOAD DETERMINATION TOPIC/PROBLEM MATRIX SECT TOPIC PROBLEMS 3.1 Loading Classes H 3.2 Free Body Diagrams 3-2, 3.43, 3.45 33° Load Analysis, 3-3, 3:4, 35, 3-7, 3-9, 345, 346, 3417, 9-16, 3:19, 3-21, 3-29, 3-30, 3-31, 3-44, 3-46 3.7 Vibration Loading 3-8, 9:47, 3-48, 349 3.8 Impact Loading 346, 3-14, 9-20, 3:22, 3.42 3.9 Beam Loading Static Loading 3-40, 342, 3-23, 3.24, 3-25, 3-26, 3.27, 9-28, 3-32, 3-34, 3-35, 3-96, 3-37, 3-38, 3-99, 3-40, 241 Dynamic Loading 341,843 Problem numbers in bold face are extended with similar problems in later chapters with the same dash number, 2g, Problem 4-4 i based on Problem 3-4, etc. 63 {© 2006 Pearson Eduction, they eure ‘Upper Sale River Nb Allighs eserved This material i protected under al copytiht laws st No portion ofthis matrl ay be reproduced in ny fra or by ay meas, ‘without persion in wring fom he plsher.MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 344 PROBLEM 3-1 ‘Statement: Which lad clas from Table 3-1 best suits these systems? os (@) Bicycle fame () Flag pole (© Boa oar (@) Diving board (©) Pipe wrench © Golf cb. Solution: See Mathcad fil P0301. 1, Determine whether the system bas stationary or moving elements, and whether the there are constant or ‘time-varying loads. (@) Bicycle frame Class 4 (Moving clement, time-varying loads) (©) Flag pole Class 2 (Stationary element, time-varying loads) (©Boatoar Class 2 (Low acceleration clement, time-varying loads) (© Diving board Class 2 (Stationary clement, time-varying loads) (© Pipe wrench Class 2 (Low acceleration elements, time-varying loads) (@Geitetu —__ Class 4 (Moving element, time-varying loads) Posot ne 64 (© 2006 Pearson Eduction, le, Upper Sade River, NJ Allright reserved. This materi is protected under alcoptght laws as ‘hey errenty exist No portion of this material may be reproduced, sry form or by any meas, ‘tht permisin in writing fom th pblisker.MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 32a PROBLEM 3-2a ‘Statement: Draw fiee-body diagrams forthe system of Problem 3-La (bieyee frame). Assumptions: 1. A two-dimensional model is adequate. 2. The lower front-fork bearing at C takes al of the thrust load from the front forks. 4. ‘There are no significant forces on the handle bars. Solution: See Mathcad file P0302, 1. Acgpical bicycle frame is shown in Figure 3-2a. There are five points onthe frame where extemal forces and ‘moments are present. ‘The rider's scat is mounted through a tube at A. This is a rigid counection, capable of transmitting two force components and a moment. The handle bars and frant-whee! forks are supported by the fame through two bearings, located at B and C, ‘These bearings are capable of transauting radial and axial Ioads. The pedal-arm assembly is supported by bearings at D. ‘These bearings are capable of transmitting racial loads. The rear wheel-sprockel assembly is supported by bearings mounted on an axle fixed othe frame at. IRE 3-2 Free Body Diagram for Problem 3-2 2. The loads at B and C can be determined by analyzing a FBD of the front wheel-front forks assembly. The loads ‘aD can be determined by analyzing a FBD of the pedal-arm and front sprocket (see Problem 3-3), and the loads at ‘can be determined by analyzing « FED of the rear whesl-sprocket assembly. 3. With the loads a 3, Fy and Me +, D, and F known, we can apply equations 3.36 to the FED of te frame and solve for Fag, ER: ~Fax~ Foren ) + Fepcos(a) ~ Feysin(a) - Fae + Fex® 0 ® ER; Fay ~Fapsiol a) + Fopsina) + Fepcos(a) ~ Fy + Fey = roy EM; [etter Rete) Cte Rate) =0 o + (Rat-Fay ~ Ray-Fas) + (Rex-Fey ~ ReyFex) Postzames 65 '© 2006 Pearson Eduction, ne, Upper Saddle River NI Allright reserved, This materi protected under al copyight nw a ‘hey caren Gist No pton ofthis mater maybe rerodced in any form Ory any meas, ‘rth persion n writing fom the poise.MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 3201 PROBLEM 3-2e ‘Statement: Draw fiee-body diagrams forthe sytem of Problem 3-Ie (pipe wrench). Assumptions: two-dimensional mode! is adequate, Solution: See Mathcad fle PO302e. 1. _Aypical pipe wrench with a pipe clamped in ts jaw is shown in Figure 3-2e(a). When a force jag s applied ‘on the wrench, the piping system provides an equal and opposite force and a resisting torque, Tpipe (®) FBD of pipe wrench only Free Body Diagrams for Problem 3-26 2. Thepipe reacts with the wrench atthe points of contact A and B. The forces here wil be directed along the ‘common normals and tangents The jaws are slighty tapered and, asa rel, the ation of Fon ends to deve the ‘wrench rer into the per, increasing te normal fores. ‘This, in turn, allows for increasing tangential forces. Itis ‘he tangential forces that prods the turing torque 3. Applying equations 3.36 tothe FED ofthe pipe wrench, ER; ~Fay+ Figrcos(a) ~ Feesinla) = 0 ay EE; Pay + Foysinda) + Foroos(a) — Fhand = 0 @ Zag — a(Fyecoola) + Fog sia) ~ (4+ 0) Fhand® 9 o 4, These equations ean be solved forthe vertical forces if we assume ais small so that sin(a) (© 2006 Pearion Edcation, Inc, Upper Sale River, NJ All sight reserved This mater s protected under al eopyright laws a ‘hey eumenly Gist No portion ofthis matrl may be epoced in any form or by ary means, ith permis in weriting fom the pblishe. |S aMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 384 PROBLEM 3-3 Statement: Drawa free-body diagram of the pedal-arm assembly from a bicycle with the pedal arms in the horizontal position and dimensions as shown in Figure P3-1. (Consider the two arms, pedals and pivot as one piece). Assuming arider-applied foree of 1500 N atthe pedal, determine the torque “applied to the chain sprocket and the maximum bending moment and torque inthe pedal arm. Units: N= newton AN = 10 newton Given: a= 170mm b= 60mm Frider = 1SKN ‘Assumptions: The pedal-arm assembly is suppried by bearings at A and at B Solution: See Figure 3-3 and Mathead fle P0303. |. The five-body diagram (FED) ofthe pedal-arm assembly (including the sprocket) is shown in Figure 33a. The rider-applid force is Fr ad the foree applied by the chain (not shown) is Fa The radial bearing reactions At Fg FF td Fe Thus, thor age five unkDOWNS Fn» Fey Fars Fo 04 Fig, In general, we can write ix ‘eculibrium equations fora thee-dimensional force system, but in this system there are no forces in the y-direction so five equations are available to solve forthe unknowns. (®) FBD of pedal and erm with section through the origi Dimensions and Free Body Diagram of the pedal-arm assembly for Problem 3-3 Psa me o ©2006 Pearson Education, nc, Upper Sale River NE. Allright reserved. This materi s protested under all copyright laws as ‘hey eure exist No potion of his material may be rpredocd, i any for or by ony means, ‘rth petnsston owing fom the pdisherMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 332 2. "The torque available to tur the sprocket is found by summing moments about the sprocket axis. From Figure 330s ~ Eta a dr” Fohain™ 0 pdr ~ Tart *0 Tapoctet™ @F eter Taprochet= 2558-0 where is th sprocket pitch radius. 3. Inordero determine the bending moment and wistingtrque inthe pedal rm, we wil cu the ara wit section plane hat goss hugh the origin and is paral! othe plane, removing everything beyond hat pane and replacing it with the internal fers and monensin he pedal arm athe section. ‘The resulting FED is shoe in Figure 33h The internal fore at section Ci be internal bending moment is, ad the tera wishing moment (ore) i We can write three equirum equations to solve for these free unknowns ‘Shear fore in pedal am a seton © Ep: Fe~ Friter® 9 Bending moment in peal art section © EM Free MeO Me a Fer My=255}im “Twisting moment in pedal rm a ction C Dei —— bFrder~Te 0 Te b-F der oss med es 1© 2006 Petron Edvcation, Ine, Upper Sale River, ND. Allrghs reserve, This materi protected under ll eopyright aw they cuventy exist No portion ofthis material ay be eprduced, in any fon or by any means, ‘iho permission in wig or he publisher, CCCMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach sat PROBLEM 3-4 Statement: The tile hitch rom Figure 1-1 has lads applied as shown in Figure P3-2. The tongue weight of 100 kg sets downward an the pl free of 4905 N acts horizontally Using the dimensions of the ‘ball bracket in Figure 1-5 (p. 15), draw afree-body diagram of the ball bracket and find the tensile ‘and shear loads applied to the two bolts that attach the bracket tothe channel in Figure 11 kv = 10. newion a= 40mm b= 3mm d= 20mm Miangue'= 100Kg Fpalt= 490SEN 1. The mats are just snug-tigt (ao pre-load), which isthe worst case. 2. All reactions wil be Concentrated loads rather than distributed loads or pressures Solution: See Figure 3-4 and Mathcad file PO304, 1 The weight on the tongue is Prngue™ Miongue® Wrongue= 0.9818 2. The MDD of te hich an rack any ish ia Figue34, The own enema fehl ton te ball sees et erential ts roctas algae Co. Th ole C review 3) wee tae sg bat eas camo be pol D whereby techn ic bet ed 3. Solving forthe reactions by summing the horizontal and vertical forors andthe moments ahoat D ER: (Fut Fors) + Fan=0 o ER; Fety~Wrongie™ 0 @ ° EM Fened~ Fyne +54) ~ Wongue Dimensions and Free Body ‘Diagram for Problem 3-4 P0304 met 69 © 2006 Peuso Eavestion, Inc, Upper Sale River NJ. Allright served. This mates protected under ll copyright ls as ‘hey crs exist No portion of hie mistrial maybe reodiced, nny form or by ny means, ‘thot perfision n writing fom te pubishrMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 342 4. Solving equation () for Fs, Fit (a+ 6+ b+ d) + Wronguee agg THETA D+ Vigne Fee = 30418 ® 5. Sulstimting into (1) and solving for Fy Fag Fae Fpalt Fag= 25 S0SkN © 6. Solving @) for Fay Fey = Waogue © 7. The loads applied to the two bolts that attach the bracket tothe channel are: ‘Axial force on two bolts Fey = 304KN Shear foree on two bolts Fegy = 0.98KN ‘We assume that each bolt would carry one half of these loads. Poso4 mee 70 {© 2006 Pearson Education, le, Upper Sail River, NJ. Allrighs reserve. This materia is protected under all copyright laws 25 {hey crest Gxt No portion of tis material may be eproced in amy form by any means, ‘without permission in wing from he publisher.MACHINE DESIGN - An integrated Approach 354 PROBLEM 3-5 Statement: For the tile hitch of Problem 3-4, determine the horizontal fore that will result on the ball from socelerating 2 2000-Kg trailer to 60 m/sec in 20 see. Units: kv = 10 newion Given: Massofiler Miaiter~ 20008 Final vey yet ‘Time to reach velocity | r= 20sec Assumptions: 1. Acceleration is constant. 2. The rolling resistance ofthe tires and the wheel bearings is negligible. Solution: —_Sce Mathcad fle PO305, 1. From elementary kinematics, the acceleration required is ant o 2.-Using Newton's secon lw to ind there required to accelerate the rr, Foch = Mater Frick = 600KN ® P0206.med n © 2006 Pearson Eateaton, Inc, Upper Sale River, NI. Al sighs reserved. This materials poeted unr all opyiht ews ws they cu ou No pruon of is mata taySovepndcr, nay on orby any aang ‘iho person ln wring fom the pblshrMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 36-1 PROBLEM 3-6 Statement: For the trailer hitch of Problem 3-4 determine the horizontal foroe that will result on the ball from an ~~ ‘impact between the ball and the tongue of the 2000-Kg trailer if the hitch deflects 2.8 mm ‘dynamically on impact. The tractor weighs 1000 kg. The velocity at impact is 0.3 sv/sec. kv = 10 newton Given: Mass of trailer Mrailer'= 2000kg Dynamic deflection d= 2.8mm Mass of tractor Miractor= 1000kg Impact velocity vps 03 ‘Assumptions: 1. The tractor isthe "struck member" because the hitch is on the trator and itis the hitch that deflects. 2. Equations (3.9) and (3.10) can be used to model the impact, Solution: See Mathcad file P0306. 1. The weight of the trailer (the "striking member") is Wpailer = Mersiter 8 Wailer = 19.613 KN 2. The correction factor, from equation (3-15), is 1 — ee =! : ta 3-Moraiter ~ ee ee Lear) ‘Mirai wit oa Fy = SS.1RN 4 A ae . {© 2006 Pearson Eduction, Ie, Upper Sale River, NJ All rights reserve. This teil is protected! under all copyright laws as they cerenty exist No portion ofthis material maybe reprodcod, nay form oy ay means, ‘Without penission ta wring fom he pubisher eesMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 374 PROBLEM 3-7 ‘Statement: ‘The piston ofan intemnal-combustion engine is connected to its connecting rod with a "wrist pin* FFind the force on the wrist pin ifthe 0.5-kg piston has an acceleration of 2 500 g. Units: AN = 10 newion Given: ‘Mass of piston Mpiston = 05k Acceleration of piston apston'= 25008 ‘Assumptions: ‘The force on the wrist pin due to the weight ofthe piston is very small compared with the acceleration force. Solution: See Mathcad file P0307. 1. Theacstrwioninm/sis apg = 2.452% 1h 2. Using Newton's Second Law expressed in equation (31a), the fare on the wrist pin is ‘wrisipin = Myton “piston Fegrintpin = 12.258 4N Paso med a 1 2006 Pearson Education, nc, Upper Sade River, N. Allright reserved. This materi s protected under all copyright laws 5 {hey euenly Gxise No potion of hie mori maybe reradaced, in an form or By any mes, ‘thous persian ning fom the pblisherMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach se4 PROBLEM 3-8 ‘Statement: Acam-fllower sytem similar otha showm in Figure 3-15 has a mass m = 1 kg. a spring constant {E> 1000 Nin and a damping coficient d= 19.41N-ahn. Find the undated and damped natura frequencies ofthis jstem. eps 2vradsec! Given: Mass M:= Lkg, Spring constant k= 1000N-w", Damping coefficient d= 19.4N-s-ni! Solution: See Figure 3-15 end Mathcad file P0308 1. Calulate the mdamped natural requeney using equation 3.4 z red » fE y= s 6% on 5.03¢ps aE Zo wee 2. Caleulate the undamped natural frequency sing equation 3.7. og= 30124 q=479¢ps esoe med ” {© 2006 Pearson Education, Ie, Upper Sale River, NJ Allright reserved. This mses protected under all copyvight laws a8 they eureuly exist Ne poron of is materia may be reproduced in ay frm oF by may Tea, Without permission writing fom the pblsker, CC eeeMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach ao PROBLEM 3-9 ‘Statement: A ViscGiip plicr-wrench is drawn to scale in Figure P3-3. Seal the drewing for dimensions. Find ‘the forces acting on each pin and member ofthe assembly for an assumed clamping force of P= +4000 N in the position shown. What force Fis required to keep it in the clamped position shown’? Units: N= newton av =10-N Given: (Clamping force P= 400kN Dimensions a= 500mm —¢= 280mm — a b= 350mm = f= 269mm — i= 395mm g!= 2.8mm d= 220mm — h= 212mm Assumptions: Links 3 and 4 are in a toggle position, ic, the pin that joins links 3 and 4 is in line with the pins that join | with 4 and 2 with 3 Solution: _Sce Figure 3-9 and Mathcad file P0309, 1. The FRDs of the assembly and each individual link are shown in Figure 3-9. The dimensions, as scaled from. Figure P3-3 in the text, are given above and are shown on the link FBDs, FIGURE 3-9 Free Body Diagrams for Problem 3.8 osoa med 6 '© 2006 Pearson Edveton, ne, Upper Sale River, NI. Allright reserved. This material is protected under al copyright aw as ‘hey curenly exist No petion of his mater maybe reproduce, nan form or By sn means, ‘wth pesto a wring fo the publisherMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 392 2. Locking first at Part 3, we see that ts a three-force body. Therefore, the lines of action ofthe three forces must {ntersoct ata point. Bu, since Parts 3 and 4 are in a toggle position, F and Fy, are colinear, which means that their x- and y-components must be equal and opposite, leading to the conclusion that F = 0. os 3. Now, looking at Pat 1, we se that (for = 0) itis also a teeforce body, a is Pat 2. Inf, the frees on Pat 1 ire identical to those on Part 2. Solving forthe unknown reaction on Parts I and 2, ER; Fapcos(180-deg ~ a) + Fop-cos(p ~ 180-dee) = 0 © DR: Farsi 80-deg ~ a) + Pops f ~ 180-deg) + P= cy ‘Solving equation (a) for Fy, Fypcos(80-deg- a) yo Seems 0) © 7 coal — 180-dea) Substiting equation (6) nto (>) F4pcos(80-deg ~ a) Fanta 0) Ae yang) P=0 Solving equation (8 or Fay P Fux coil 0 deg ~ a) sik 0.deg~ o clear wd ~ 10-deg) ~ Fgyooe(180-deg ~ a) SW Fy = ee coal ~ 180-deg) 155N Checking moment balance on Pat 1, —Fypsirkal)-c— Fay sinh f — rdeg)-d + P-a= OKN-m “The reali, within the aocuracy of the scaled dimensions, cro asi mst be. 4. These andy components ofthe pin forces on Part 1 are Fat = Fay-cos(180-deg ~ a) Fax Paty Fars 180-deg ~ a) Fly = L8230N Fang:= Fapcon( ~ 180-deg) Fay = A490 Paty = Fap-siel B ~ 180-deg) Fay = ~S8234N 5. Theforoeson the pins at the ends of Part 4 ae Fas Fa Fyg= SAN Fyq= 5108 ~ ‘Po200med 78 © 2006 Pearson Education, ne, Upper Sale River, NJ Allvights reserve. This material is protected under ll copyright ws as ‘hey cently ext No portion ofthis material may be eprodced in amy form ory any means, ‘without permission in writing fom he polisher. OO CC CC CCCMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 6, The forces onthe pins atthe ends of Part 3 are 7. The forces on the pins at the ends of Part 2 are Fin F2= Fas (Checking moment equilibrium on Part 2, Fiz (-e-cos(f ~ 90-deg) + gsi 6 — 90-deg)) +F3z(h-cosla) + Fira) ‘which is zero, ait must be. oa0@ med 7 1a Fag = SN B22 TSEN =-0kVm 303 © 2006 Pearson cation, In, Upper Sale River Ni. Allright eerved. This mater protect under all copyright ews x they cureily exist No potion oss maybe reprodared, nay fom by ony ean, ‘tht person ning fom the pbsMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 310-4 PROBLEM 3-10 Statement: An overhung diving board is shown in Figure P3-4a. Find the reaction forces and construct the ‘shear and moment diagrams fr this board with a 100 kg person standing a the free end. Determine ‘the maximum shear force, maximum moment and their locations. Units: N= newton Given: Beam length Distance to support Mase at free end Assumptions: ‘The weight of the beam is negligible ‘compared to the applied load and so can be ignored. ‘Soe Figure 3-10 and Mathead file PO310. FIGURE 3-1 Free Body Diagram for Problem 3-10 Solutior |, From inspection of Figure 3-10, write the load fmetion equation. 460) -R,se-0>' + Rese a>" Poe L>! 2. Integrate this equation from ~2otox to obtain shear, V(s) V65)= Rye - 020+ Rese -a>- Poe -L>* 3. Integrate this equation from -2to to obtain moment, A) Ms) = Rye 08 + Rye -a>- Poe >) 4. Determine the magnitude ofthe force, PP eg P= 9807 5, Solve forthe reactions by evaluating the shear nd moment equations ata point just to the right of = Z, where both are-zero. Ate Lt, Ve-Ry+Rp~P=0 — M=-RpL+ Rp(L-a)=0 Le Ry=P. Ry= 1821N Ro= P+ Ry Ry = 2802N 6. Define the range fore x= Orin,0.005-L..L 17. For & Mathcad solution, define a step function S. This fimction will havea value of zero when x is les than 2, and a value of one when itis greater than or equal toz. S(e,2) = fle 2 21,0) ‘8. Write the shear and moment equations in Mathcad form, using the function $'as a multiplying factor to get the effect of te singularity functions. Vex) = -Ry Sox, cin) + Ry Sea) ~ P-SCe,L) Mix) = ~Ry See O-inyx + Ry SMsya)(x — a) ~ PSD - D) Postomed 8 {© 2006 Person Eduction, le, Upper Sale River, NJ Allright reserved This materi ie protcted under al copyright laws ‘hey cerenty cet No portion ofthis maternal maybe reproduced, any form hy any ans, ‘thou permission i wring rom the publisher CeMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 310-2 9, Plot the shear and moment diagrams. Shear 1000 Diggram 1000 1500) 2000 FIGURE 3-108 ‘Shear and Moment Diagrams for Probipm 3-10 10, The maximum valve ofthe shear forbe ocuurs throughout the distance from =O to x= a ands Ry = 1821N 11, Find the maximum value ofthe bending moment by determining the value ofx where the shear is zero. Inspection ofthe sheer diagram shows that this occurs atx = a Mpax'= (aca) Myax = 1275Nm Postomed 9 © 2006 Pearson Education, Ine, Upper Sale River NJ. Allright reserve. This atria is protected under ll copyright laws they eumenly exist No porn ofthis material maybe reproduce, in any form or by an mes, ‘thu! pertlssion ia wetng foe the publherMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach att PROBLEM 3-14 ‘Statement: Determine the impact force and dynamic deflection that will result when the 100-kg person in ~ ‘Problem 3-10 jumps up 250 mm and lands back onthe board. Assume that the board weighs 29 kg and defleots 131 sum statically when the person stands on it. Find the reaction forces and ‘construct the shear and moment diagrams for this dynamic loading. Determine the maximum shear {force, maximum moment and their locations along the kengih af the board. Units: N:= newion N= 10nemion pat — Given: Beamlength Ry . Dass a Mass of person Tee Mass of board J ‘Static deflection bq= 131-mm Tora Height ofjump hv= 250mm HIGURES4A Free Body Diagram for Problem S-11 Assumptions: Equation (3.15) can be used to approximate a mass correction factor Solution: See Figure 3-11 and Mathead file PO311 1. The person isthe moving objet andthe boar isthe struk object. The mass ratio to be used in equation (3.15) forthe correction factor is pers board maseratio massratio = 3.448 2, From equation (3.15), the correction fictor is 1 = Smassratio n= 720912 le 3. The weight of the moving mass is Wpere’™ Mpere ® 4, The dynamic foree is found by solving equation (3.14) for F bah on 3.056kN 1 tml fi From this we see that the dynamic foros ratio is, —— pers ‘5, From inspection of Figure 3-11, write the load funetion equation 60) -Ryse- 04+ Ryse= a> Fyse- E> 6, Integrate this equation from -ooto x to obtain shear, () V6e)= Rise (9+ Ryse- a> Fse-L>* Posted 80 {© 2006 Pearson Eatin, Ine, Upper Sale Rives, NJ All sights reserved. This mei s protected ural copyright laws 8 they eunenly exist Ne potion of his material maybe reproduced in any Frm oF By any mea, ‘th persion in writin fom the pblsher. eeMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach att 7, Inlograte this equation from -2 tox to obtain moment, 4) Mos) = R,se-0>+ -@!. Fae-L>h 8, Solve forthe reactions by evaluating the shear and moment equations at a point justo the right of x= Z, where both are zero, Ve-Rp+R2-F20 | M: RpL+ Re(L~ a) 0 Ry = S676N Ro2 Fy + Ry Ry = 8733N 9. Define therangeforx x= 0-1n,0.005-L..L 10, For a Mathcad solution, define a step function S. This function will have value of zero when x is less than 4 and a valve of one when itis greater than or equal to z See,2) = le 21,0) 11, Writ the shear and moment equatiops in Mathead form, using the function Sas a multiplying factor to get the effect of the singularity fimetions. Vis) := -Rp Sex, 0.4m) + RySCeya) — FS, 1) Me) Ry Sx, 0-in)x + RoSte,a)-(e ~ a) ~ FySte,B)e- D) 12, Plot the shear and moment diagrams, Shear Diagram. ‘Moment Diagram 5 9 1000 | my Mma, cy em 2000 a 3000 “Wo 4000000" 100018002000 FIGURE 3-118. Shear and Moment Diagrams for Probiem 3-11, 13, The maximum value ofthe shear forge ocuurs throughout he distance from x= 0 to =a and is. Ry = 5676N 114, Find the maximum value ofthe bending moment by determining the value of where the shear is zero Inspection of te shear diagram shows that this oceurs atx =a. Monae = May} Mmax = 3973 Nim Poot ted at |© 2006 Pearton Education, Ine, Upper Sale River NJ. Allright sere. This materia i protected under ll copyright laws they eumenly exist No portion of his material may Be rproduced, i anf or by any mess, without eraesion n writing fom the publisherMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach aad PROBLEM 3-12 ‘Statement: An overhung diving board is shown in Figure P3-4b. Find the reaction fbroes and construct the _~ ‘shear and moment diagrams for this board with a 100 kg person standing a the fee end. Determine ‘the meximum shear force, maximum moment and their locations. Units: N:= newton — 2000, 1900 = — Given: Beam length L:= 1300mm | (Mass at free end M:= 100kg ep Assumptions: 1. The woight of the beam is negligible ‘compared tothe applied load and so can ‘be ignored. ‘Soe Figure 3-12 and Mathcad fle P0312. Free Body Diagram for Problem 3-12 1, From inspection of Figure 3-12, write the load function equation 65) = Ms 94 Rise a>! Poe E>! 2. Integrate this equation from <2 tox to obtain shear, és) Vig) =-Mjse - 04+ Ryse- a" Poe [> 3. Integrate this equation from -2o tox to obtain moment, Mx) M6) =-M- 020+ Rye a>!- Poe -L>t ~ 4. Determine the magnitude oftheforee,P = P= Meg P=9807N 5. Solve forthe reactions by evaluating the shear and moment equations ata point just to the right ofx = Z, where ‘ath are zero. Va-Ry-P=0 MamMy + RL Ryp=P Ry =981N My = RyL My = 1275mN 6, Define thermgefore —— e:= O-n,0005.1..1 7. For & Mathcad solution, define a step funtion S. This function will have a value of zero when x is less than ‘2, and a Value of one when itis greater than or equal to 2 S(e,2) = fle2 21,0) 8 Write the shear and moment equations in Mathcad form, using the function S as a multiplying factor to get the clfect ofthe singularity functions. Vx) 2= Ry-S(e,0-mm) ~ P-SCe,L) Mx) ~My S(x0-mn) + RyS(x,0-mm-( ~ O-mm) ~ Px, (= L) ~ Postamod a {© 2006 Pearson Edvetin, Ie, Upper Sale River, NJ Allright reserved. This mei is protected under all copyright laws 8 ‘hey crtenty cust No portion ofthis material may be reproduced nay form of by any means, ‘without permission i writing from the palisher. ScMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 312.2 9. Plot the shear and mnoment diagrams. Sto 1000 Diogram ea =e au \ | | 7000 1200 Moment. _ Diagram ~m0 ay OO 2 -s00|— 1200 [> | | a i i 1500 200/400 600. 800 10001200 ‘Shear and Moment Diagrams for Problem 3-12 10, ‘The maximum value of the shear foree ocuurs throughout the distance from=0 to x= Land is Ry = 981. 11, Find the maximum value of the bending moment by determining the value of where the shear is zero. Inspection ofthe shear diagram shows thet this ocours atx = 0 Max |S(0-mm)| Mpa = 1275 Nem past2med a {©2006 Pearson Education nc, Upper Sale River, NJ. Allright reserved. This mater s protected under all copytight laws as ‘hey eumenty existe No portion of hie material ty be reproduce, in any for o by any mean, ‘without peso in writing fom te publisherMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 3134 PROBLEM 3-13 ‘Statement: Determine the impact forve and dynamic deflection that will result when a 100-kg person jumps up = 25 cm snd lands back on the board. Assume the board weighs 19 kg and deflects 85 em statically ‘when the person stands on it. Find the reaction forces and construct the shear and moment diagrams for this dynamic loading, Determine the maximum shear foree, maximum moment, and ‘their locations along the length ofthe board Units: BN: 10°. newton N= newion Given: ‘Total board length 2000-1 ‘Supported length = 100mm ‘Mass of board board = 19-48 ‘Static board deflection —Syyqi= 85mm “Mass of person, -mperson'= W0Okg eight of jump = 250mm Assumptions: 1. The board can be modelled ass cantilever beam with maximum shear and moment at the ‘edge ofthe support Solution: See Figure 3-13 and Mathead fle P0313, Free Body Diagram for Problem 313 1. ‘The person impacts the board upon lending, Ths, the boards the srk objet and he person isthe striking objet To determine the fore exeried by the person we wl fre need wo know the pet correo facto from ution 2.15) a= 1 n= 094 ay a board 3:mperson 1+ 2. Wecan now use equation (3.14) to detennine the impact force, F, enn n+ Eat Fy = 3487 @ 3, Write an equation forthe load function in terms of equations 3.17 and integrate the resulting function twice ‘using equations 3,18 to obtain the shear and moment functions. Note use of the unit doublet function to represent! the moment al the wall. For the beam in Figure 3-13, 6) = -M,Se- 072+ Rise 04 Ese @ V6) =-Mjse-0>" + Rye O>4- Fixe D840, o M(s) ~ -Mjse-0>8 + Rx 021 - Fise- b+ CyxtC o ‘The reaction moment Mj atthe wall i in he 2 diection andthe fores and Fae in the y direction in equation (). All moments in equation (5) are inthe 2 direction. 4, Because the reactions have been included in the loading function, the shear and moment diagrams both close ‘zero a each end ofthe beam, making Cy = Cz=0. Postsmed 2s {© 2006 Pesrion Edocstion, Ine, Upper Sadie River, NJ Allright reserved. This materi s protected vader all epyvght laws 8 they corentycxst No portion of this material may be reproduced in any form by any means, ‘thou permis a writing fom the pbisher. PSS essencesMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 3192 5, The reaction force Rand the reaction moment can be calculated fom equation (4) and (5) respectively by substitu the boundary conditions x=, Y= 0,M=0. Note that we can subsite for 1 since ther difference is vanishingly smal Unsupported beam length, b=b-a 300 mim Vi) =-MjA-0>1+ R08. Fl -b* =0 © Ry = 3.487 kN M() =-Mj94,Ry! -Ft-b =0 M= My + Rel -FrU-D=0 @ My = Rp My = 4533N-m 6. To.generate the shear and moment fisjtions over the length ofthe beam, equations (4) and (5) must be evaluated for a range of values of x from 0 to, afer substituting the above values of Cy, Cp, Ry, and My in them, For ‘Mathcad solution, define step function. This function will have a value of zero when x is less than the dummy ‘Variable z, and a value of one when itis greater than or equsl fo 2. It will have the same effect as the singularity function. Range of x = 019 0005-.1 Unitstep incon | Steyz) = ste 2 21,0) Write the sear and moment equations in Mathoad form, using the fanetion a a mutipying factor to go the ‘effect of the singularity functions. Vea) = RySte, 04m) (a ~ 09° = FpStesDoee 0 oO 1 r ® Mx) = ~My St, 0-in) Ce — 0)° + Rp-Ste,0-4n)-Ge — 0)! ~ Fy See, D) Plot the shear and moment diagrams (se below). Shear Diagram MonnentDiggram 4 4 3 bee Ko oe a } Too} 1500 7. The grap show that the shear fore and the moment are both largest atx ~ 0. The function values of these points can be calculated from equations (4) and (5) respectively by substituting x ~ O and evaluating the singularity Postamed 8s {© 2006 Pearson Education, Ine, Upper Sale River NJ. All ght eserved. This mater isprotected vader copyright ews as they curently exist No potion of his material maybe reproduced, in any for o by any means, ‘rita pesaon ning fom the publisherMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 313-3 Von ™ VO)™ RD -0>9- FO - © Fnae'= Rt Vnas = 3498 Mug = MO) = -M<0-0>4+ RO -0>1- FO bI=-M, 40) Myas = |-Mi] Max = 4533 Nm > Postaimed 86 {© 2006 Pearson Eduction, ne, Upper Sole River, NI. Allright reserve. This materials protected under ll copyright ws as ‘hey cently Grist No portion ofthis material maybe ops in an form ot Dy a) means, ‘without permision in writing from the polisher. EeMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach att PROBLEM 3-14 00 Statement: Figure P3-5 shows ach’ toy called a pogo stick, The child stmds on the pads, applying half her weight on cach side, She jumps ofthe ground, holding the pds up aginst her fot, and ‘bounces slong with the spring cushioning th impact nd tring energy tobe each ebnd Find the natural frequen of te stem, the ate defetion of the spring wit he child sanding sil and the dynam fore and ection when the child lands afer jumping 2 ino the ground 2 | Units: blob = MEsee Given: Child's weight Woe of Spring constant k= 1o0npu Pogo stick weight Wp:= Sof Height of drop hmm Assumptions: 1. An approximate energy method will be acceptable. 2. The correction factor for energy dissipation will be applied Solution: See Figure 3-14 and Mathcad file P0314 1, Find the natural frequency ofthe (child/spring) system, We Mass of child (striker) a m= 0.155 blob m Maso ck ruck) p= 0013806 z Natal equeney FE ax assortt =e ‘= 4.037 Hz eae & ———— Free 66) Ogr ox Foban 4 2, Tht deft the sig wh id aig i we Sue datincting gn ME fu= 06m 3. Deemie he masa someon tr fom oti 6.15) Correction factor ” Z = 0973 tee om 4. Ung ston 6.1, detainee ani afr fr Eee ny=nany poses '© 2006 Pearson Edaton, ne, Upper Sade River, NI. All ihts reserved. This mater protested under all copyright ews 5 ‘hey eurenly exist No potion ofthis maar maybe reproduce, iy an or Or by ny mee, ‘thot person in wing fo the pblsherMACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach 3418-4 PROBLEM 3-15 ‘Statement: A pen ploter imparts a constant acceleration of 25 m/sec? to the pen assembly, which travels in a = ‘straight line across the paper. The moving pen assembly weighs 0.5 kg. The plotter weighs 5 kg. ‘What coefficient of fiction is noeded between the ple fect and the table top on which it sits to prevent the plotter from moving when the pen accelerates? Units: N= newton Given: ‘Acceleration of pen assy ‘Mass of pen ass'y Mass of ploter Solution: See Mathead fle PO31S. 1. The force imparted tothe pen assembly by the internal drive mechanism must be reacted at the table top by the plotter feet. The harizontal force atthe fet will be equal to the force on the pen assembly and must be less than ‘or equal tothe maximum friction force, which isthe product of the coefficient of friction and the norma force, ‘ich sth wept of th plot Horizontal driving Peper Fp = part Fon = 1.258 Weight of poner Wpo™ Mpls Minn cote of con menos eats « {© 2006 Pearson Education, ne, Upper Sade River, NJ Allrghs reserve. This materials protec under all copyright laws ‘hey crest cxist No portion ofthis material maybe epoduced nan fon oe Dy any means, ‘hithoot permission in writing from he pbisher a_i aaaamsammma‘MACHINE DESIGN ‘An Integrated Approach 316-4 6. ‘Statement: A track o guide bowling bells is designed with two round rods as shown in Figure P3-6, The rods ‘are not parallel to one abother but have a small angle between them. ‘The balls roll on the rods ‘unl they fall between them and drop onto another track. The angle between the rods is varied to ‘cause the ball to drop at diferent locations. Each rod's unsupported length is 30 in and the angle ‘between them is 3.2 deg. The balls are 4.5 in dia and weigh 2.5 Ib. The center distance between the Fin-dia rods is 42 in athe narrow end. Find the distanee from the narrow end at which the ball drops through and determine the worst-case shear and moment maximum forthe rods as the ball rolls distance from the narrow end thet is 98% of the distance to drop. Assume that the rods are simply supported at each ond and have zero deflection under the applied loading, (Note tha ‘assuming 2ero deflection is unrealistic. This assumption will be relaxed inthe next chapter after deflection has been discussed.) Units: bs = 10 pst Given: Unsupported rod length, L:= 30m Bowling ball weight Half-angle between rods a= L6deg —_Rextdiameter Bowling ball diameter | _D:=4Sin Half width of rod gap Solution: See Figure 3-16 and Mathoad file PO316. | Caloulae the distance between the bal and ro centers. Distance between centers p= 244 = 275in rn ba ry | | | | SECTION A-A way (9 Dizanoo betwen terol xsd (©) Partial FBD ofthe bowling ball Dimensions and Free Body Diagrams for Problem 3-16 ©2006 Fearon Education, ne, Upper Sale River NI. All ight served. his materi protected vader all copyright ews x ‘hey euneuly exist No portion ofthis mail maybe reproduce, in any for o by any means, ‘tht peiission in wrtng fom te publisherMACHINE DESIGN ‘An Integrated Approach 346-2 2. Letx be the distance along the roll axis, and w be the corresponding distance tothe pont of contact between the bal and rods, measured slong the rods. Then the distance fram the center plane ofthe bel othe center ofa rod ~ 1s shown in Figore 3-16(@)is, ; width(x) := e-cos(a) + x-sinka) o ‘And the distance from the narrow end tothe point at which the ball drops (assuming rigid rods) is drop = 2331 in 3. The angle made by « line trough the ball-rod centers and the horizontal plane (see Figure 3-16b) is eum wie 64) ao ‘ ) , hiss e0:= 40m) 00 40.241 deg When x=098jep isis Oggyg = (0.98 rp) 05596= 5571 deg 4. The loading on the ball is syrametric about its center plane along the x-axis. Figure 3-16(b) shows a FBD of one ‘half ofthe ball with the internal foress along the plane of symmetry due to the reaction a the other rod omitted. ‘With these forces mitted we may only sum ores in the vertical rection. © ER; Fai) + wFoos(0)- > =0 (C3) w re ® 2.(sin(0) + w-cos(@)) 5, The ball will op thcough the rods when 0 is zero, If there were no ction Frc present (1 = 0) then would ‘become very latge as 0 approached zero. The presence of the ction tema in the denominator of equation 3) limits F to finite values. However, with the assumption that the rods are rigid, there is no way for the rods to provide anormal force when 0 reaches 20. Thus, we will no to limit he range o 0 fortis analysis Let amd Opin = O96 -c0s( Gin) ~ e-cos(a) Then = won coe = 284mm mc oka ae max ~ bs) a vince = 2.7 costa) Fnax = 12.86 15f ® w * Fil Oni) 0 {© 2006 Psurson Eduction, ne, Upper Sade River, NJ Allright roterved. This masters protected under ll copyright laws as they cerenty erst No portion ofthis material may be reproduced. any Tora ot by ay means, ‘thou permission in wring rm the publisher,