INSTRUCTOR'SMANUAL

Englishfor Science
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I
INSTRUCTOR'SMANUAL

English
For
Science

FRANZIMMERMAN

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Hall Regents,
Prentice Cliffs,NewJersey
Englewood 07632
 =
O 1989 by PRf,NTICE-EALL, INC.
ADivision of Si or & schlstcr
E glewoodCliffs, N.J.07632

Englishfor Science
by Frnr Zinnncrltnrn
OriginalAnrcricanEditjor Publishcdby Prcnlicc-Hall,Inc.,
EnglcwoodCIilfs, Ncw Jcrscy,U.S.A.
CopyrighlO 1989by PrcnticeHall, Inc.
All righlsrcscrvcd.
'Ihis
edilionis authorizcdforsalc only in Bulgaria

ISBN0-13-0r4572-6

This editionis publishcdin Bulgariaby

The OpenSocietyFund-Sofia,1992
Solia1463,POB114,1 Bulgaria Sq.,
\DK ollice Bldg..l lrh Fl.

ISBN 954-520-009-X
 TABLE OI CONTENTS

Chaptcr1 ofMatter
Classifying:Tle Conrposition
A'bwsr N(J . 7
lxclure . . . 9
Chaptcr2 Comparing:TheElements
AruwcrKey . 11
Lccture . . . 13
Chapter3 CauseandEfiect Colo.,Light, andSoud
AnswcrKey . t4
kcturc . 16
Chaplcr4 MotionandOnvity
Hypothcsizing:
ANwcr Key . 1',7
Lecturc . . 18
chaptcr5 Defining:Enetgy
ArswcrKey, ..........20
L e c t u r e, . , ....... .23
Chapter6 Exemplifying:Hcnt
ANwerKcy. .,. .......24
L e c t u r e. , . .. .... ...26
Chflptcr'7 GivingEvidel|cerS oking,Dfugs,ard Alcohol
tuEwcrKcy, .,.......27
Leclurc . ...., ...30
Chl|plcrI Expcrine tingrElcctricityandMngnetisnr

Lc(ture , . 32
Cbapier9 Calculaling:LiquidsandCascs

Lecture . . 35
chaplcr l0 Reporting:Thc Origin of Life
37
L(clure 3t)

chapterl1 Dcscribing:TbeUnivcrsc
A n s w cKr c y . .. ... .41
Lcctlre... .... . .43
chapter12 Predicting:TheWeather
AnswerKey. ..,.......45
L e c t u f e. . . .,., . ..4'7

I
 CHAPTER1
ANSWERKEY
l d e n t i r y i n g G e n c r a l a n d S P c c l f l cI d c l ' s
I L o n D c rl e a d .n r c ( u r v . s i l ! c r : n o n f c r r o u s
"ubslance.
2. !!q; !.!b.v
: cnnrnnsds:isids. bars!.$!5 rncrrll]sgidcs
.1. deer ma mal
: cj o - n :
; p n o n ; r c . , : ; n r n o n da.r n o n h o u s
b. Rocksi Isncous,t)rclinr'rph'c. s!!!!!!!!!l!!L
7. Colfee. te.. oaint: colluids
8. e!4, v99g'!4; 1!9.b
e. Sa]ts:irrorea,ria
comDounds
ro.--n""r"1"-"-id",a*try!!s!rql!!a!!,4p:tllbi!-irjg
Tra.slorrlng Inlbrmarion

\ sold ,,// \. silimr

()pPer aI u n i n i u gcrnraiuor
**a

CoD:platlng (Answars
S.ntanccs wlll vary)
l. catcgorics 5. groupcd,classilicalions
2. dividcd,clsscs 6. clnssilicd
'T c tego(izcd
3. typ€
4. classcd 8. kind
ChonSlng ActlvcVolcoto Passivc Yolco
1. Sulfuris cxtmctcd froN volcaricrock.
2. TheelcctricbatlcrywasiDvcntedby Luigi Galva i l?86.
3. Thc ANcricanspice shutlleprogramwrs lerrporarilysusperdedaltcr the
accidcnt ir 1986.
4. Tbe Para a canalwascompleted in 1914
5. Many pcople were killcd by thc 1986 oanhquakcin Mcxico Cily.
6. Nitrogencanbe erlmclcdlmln the air by liqucfication.
?. Bnctcriais destfoyedby thc whitecorp!sclcsin thc blood
8 Thc crateNon lhemoonwcrcProbnblycauscdby meleors
9. Sirrple,one"celledplanlsandanimalsarcsonrctimcs classifiedtogetbcr'
1O Artificial inlelligcncclluy be dcfiredasthe capacityofa conrPutcrto initate
buIIlarreasoning.
Usingthe Passlve Volce
1. ale expelled 5. is manufactured
2. wcrecalculated 6. is called,areneeded
3. wasdiscovercd 7. is controlled
4. wasproduced 8. wasproposed
vocabularyIn Context(readlngskllls)
1. a 1.b
2.a 8.a
3.^ 9.4
4.b 1 0 .b
5.a 11.b
6.a 1 2 .a
Undcrstrndlng thc Rcadlng(Answers wlllvrry)
1. Atonlsareevensnlallcrthrn molccules.
2. TIreconceptoflhe alom originatediDancicntGrcece.
3. In ancicntGreece,mnry fioplc bclicvcdin Aristollo'sthcorythatnmlteris
con'poscdof lburclcmcrts.
4. Duringthc Mjddlc Agcs,lhcatomiclhcorywascollsidcrcdtoo abstl"ctandwas
rejectcd,
5. Joln Daltonlhougbllhatalo s wcrcsolid.
6. Thc sizeof thc nucl€usinsidcan nlo|lris cornpnrnblc
10thcsizc ofan ant on a
footballficld,
7. Alomsconsisl mai y ol spaccwitb a dcnscly packcdnuolcus.
8. Nculronshavcno clcclricchnrgc.
9. E"1chlo is rculnlbccllusc thcnumtlcrofitsprotonscqualsthc nun$crofils

10. Nicls Bohr proposcdu modclof thc ator wilh thc clcclrolrsrcvolvingarouDd

11. Elcclmnsarc kcpl in tlcir pathsby theforc€otattraclio belwcenthc protons

andtlre electros.
12. Theaton cnu rbcrofan ole[rcntis lhe nun$cr of electrons.
13. A.lllbcalomsol rn clcrn(nlarc lhc\arnc.
14. Thcatorns ofeachclenentarcuniquc.
15. Thc hydrcgenalom js tirc mostconmlonalonl jn theunjversc.
VocabullryIn Contcxt(Ustrdlng
sklllt
l a 6.b 1 0 .b
2.a 7.b 1 1 .a
3.a 8.a l2.a
4.b 9.b 1 3 .a
Usingfour Notesto ChssifY
1.M 7.M
2.C 8.E
9,C
1.8 10. E
5.C 1 1 -C
6.M t2. E

LECTURE:
The Che|llistry of M:rtte r

Wc rcnd endicr h this chaplerlhat nrnllcr nHy lt chssilicd accordnrg1o its Plysic'l
slateas solid,liquid, or grs. Bu( ltere is aDolhcrwayto chssify mattct Scicrrlislsclassily
ruallero th0 basisol chcrricr I coml)osilnm s clcr cnls,(on\Durrdi, nnd rlrixturcs.
ElcNc'rls are thc lxrsic sutrslanccslh (rrr ot lf, dcconTlNcd or brckor down into
sim crsrlxtaflccs by oIdinflryclrc' j.nl nrc l|!. WIut rre lhcst balic suh\trrr.cs?
S o n r co f l l c c r l j c r G r e c kf h i b s o p h c ^ , ; n c l u d i t r g A r i l l o l l c , b c l i e v c du ' . 1 t h c l a u r
h r s i c c l c m c n Ltsh r l a l l t h i n g s . r cr ) r i d co l r r c c a l , f i r c ,a i r , r n d w a l c r .B u t l l ' c s cr t r c t c ' r l
Crceks wcrc philosophc$, trol scicnlisls, rtrd rs suth lhcy sF(ul.lcd bul did nol
cxpcriNcnl. Durirg the Middlc Agcs, thc alclcn)ists sccrclly cxl)crir[.Dlcd wilh nrctrrls
F i l l l I I y i n t h c 1 8 l hc c n t u r y t, h c c r r l y c h c n r i s l d s i s p r o v c dt h c l h c o r yo i t l r c l ( ) r | rc l c o r . n l s
whc tlrcy dclcnrriucd tltrl walcr wns .onrNscd ol ltydnrgcn atrd oxygcn, I'rd air
$nposcd ot nilrcgc and oxygcr All(r tlat, rrn,ry i)lhc. srlNlarrccswcrc dclcnrrirrcdto
h clctnerls, rnd tlicy wcrc cllcgorizcd ns nrclrls lnd nonnthls Mclxls nrcludccoPlrcr,
s i l v c r , g o l di,r c l l , l ] n dl c l d . N o n n r i r l s i t r c l u d c s o l i d s , s u c h : r src)an . n d s u l l i r r , d g r s c s '
s u ( hd o x y g c q h y d r o g c D ,i l r o g c q a n dh c l i u t r r -
T h c l i s to l c l c n c n l sg r c wr t n ds c i c t r l i s l so o k c dl i ) r . p l t l c m i n o r d c .t o u n d c r s l r n tdl r i r
bcbavior. ir 1869, tlc Russi.D .lrcnrisl Dnrilri Me dclccv olgtni^d rll lhc kuowtr
ctcnrc is, accordhgto llcirwcights !nd Propcrtics,inlo. lrblc ()llcd lhc pcrtudichblc ol
tlrc clcnrcnts.To d.lc,92 Mturil clcnrcnrshrvc brcrr iderrlilic,d.Scvcnl othcN, snfh Ils
plubniu'r, luvc bccr p.oduccdadilici.lly. Mtny ol llrcsc arc cxl|el]lcly nru' ON of lhe
i n l c r c s t n l g f a c or sl s . i c n c ei s t h L a l n r o s l r l l m r l t e r _ i o c l u d i n g t h c s c a s , P c o p l c , p l a u i s , t h c
eanh - is crcaledfron).bout 20 couuno clcntcnrs.
I{ost conuou sul.slanccsarc nol cletrlerrls,bul corrlDu ds ofclcDcnls. AconrPouftl
is i subslincc th.t is ndc up ol h'r'o or tuorc clcntnts lLat cinnol be scPafllcd by
m e c h a n i cl D t a n s . F o r c x a m p l ew, a l c r c n n o n l yl t s c p i n l c di r r t oh y c l r c E r r a nodx v g c t r y
rpmcess known as elcctrolysis.Srll, sugar al.!hol. beuzctre,and snlfuric acid irc othcr
exanrflcs of corDpounds.Fnch compoundh.s Dole lhar onc lype ofalorr within each
molcculc, dnd a comFmd lus ch mctcristicslhrt are dislirr!:lliom lhe chrr.clcristics of
ib consiitucnLs.For exanrflc, whcn lwo atotns ol hydlogcn conrbinc wilh o e aton oi
oxygeq an entircly ncwsubstanccis lanned - HrO, oI wrlc.l Srlt is fl fonrp(rrd ofsodirnr
wlich is rn.dive rntal, and chlorine,which is x poisouc,us gts Ycl srll bns nonc ol lhe
characterisri$olcilherofthesetwo elements, lirnuralcly:Conpoundshavca constant or
iNariableco posiljo[ Forexample, anysample ofwatercontains thesanepmportio of
hydrogcn andoxygen.Thisis callcdthelawofdefinitiorconrposition.
Subctflnccs which are not homogen€ous, or unifom in comf,osilion, are called
mixtur€s.Air is csscntiillya ninure of nitrogen andoxygcr Soil, ccrDcnt, wood, mcks,
aM foodproductsarccategorized as nixlures.Theconstituentsof i nixture nlayexistin
differentproponios. For €xample, a cakenny bc prepared wilh diffcrctrlproporLions of
flour,butier,eggr,al|dsugar.Also,cachingrcdicnlin a n{xturerctainsils identjly.lf ther€
issugari4thecak€,tte cakewi ll last€swect.

10
 CHAPTER2
ANSWERKEY
I
r UndentrMing Conpartsons
1. chrornium 5. zinc
2. plalirum 6. sodium
i' r. coPPcr
4. gold
Using r Talrle
1. b 5.a
2.b 6.a
'7.
a
8.b
CreafingSentences (Answerswill vary)
1. Thc s0rhcc tcmperalurc of Mcrcuryis lowertlrrn tlat of Verus.
2. Th€ lite spanof I(angaroois IesstbanthatoI cat,
3, A cgghnsalnostlb€same flmountofcaloricrasanapple.
4. Tbc diimetcrot thc carlhis aboutfour timc.sthc dia|nct€rof the moo$.
5. Elcphanlshavefl long€rgcst{tionpcriodthnngiraffcs.
6. ThcP (jilicOccanhasrnorcthnn twiceasInuchwateraslhe AtlaDlicoccnr.
Crerting Cornparisons(Answerswill vary)
1. Tclcscopcs andNicroscopcs arc instrumenl-s thatareuscdto secobjcclsnot
visiblc lo thc nakcdcyc.Tclcscopcs arctsed for dista ce a d nicroscopes
for tlirgs too snralllo scc.
2. Subn)ri cs anddolplh$ botbfu ction undcrwntcr. Sulmrrrincsnrcshipsand
mustbc conirollcdby [urmn beings;dolphi$ ar€livirg thi'rgs.
3. Conrputc6a d cnldrlfllolsarcbolhclccrrc' c dcviccsllnt pn'ccrsinfonnrlion.Conrputcrs
cn lx proganxrrcd; calc.uhto$carnot.Olculilos fxdbnll arilhn)clicaipnrtsscs.
Cornputcsan nrrc c(rnrpicx a'd prccessall kindsof nfonMtion.
4. Dcscns nd j$nglcsdrcbolh lbundiu hot cli nlcs.Dcsensarearid rcgionswitl
fcw livirg thitrgs.Ju glcs rrc wcl, iropicalrcgio s ihatrre densewith
plants, nniNals, birds,nndinsccl-s.
5. Flolocopicrsandx-ray 'nachincsbolh reproducci ugcs, Photocopiers
rcproducc lhcsurfacc ofsomcthing;x-ys pcnetrale6 solidsrbstanceand
rcproducethe illside.

I Like and As
1 Iikc 5. like
2. as
r 3. as,as
4. like

11

1
I
vocabulary in Context(readingskillr)
1. b 6.b ll. a
'7. 12. a
2.n b
3.a 8.b 13. b 18. a
9.a 14. a 19. a
5.b 10. b 20. b
Skimntirg
1. c 2. t)
Undelltanding th€ Reading(Anlwers will vary)
1. Oxygcn,nitrogen,andhydrogcnbavcsjn lar prop€.ii€sandall ibree6re
essentiallo litc.
2. Thc substance thatcauseswoodto rot is thesameastb€onethalcltuscsapples
lo tu r urown,
3. Tlrcdccayirgof foodis an cxflmplcof slow oxidatio .
4. It is tlossiblefor tte fir€ to starlspoDl:rncously.
5. Hurnr bcingscanmt liv€ morctbanfive ninutcswilhoutoxygen.
6. Nilrogcnco verlsto a frcc slllteby a processcfllled fixrlion.
"itrogcn
7. ln conlrastto oxygcn,nitrogcnis comparalivclyinactivc.
8. It the air wcrc purcoxygcn,smokingwouldbc inlpcrsiblc.
9. Nilroge is usedin explosivcsbccauscit is unstable.
10. Hydrogcnis lhc rostabu dn t clcn)crtin tbc u verse.
11. Thcsur is alNoslpurchydrogcn.
12. Hydrogcn is ihcnrostrbund rl clencntinourbodicsbccruscourbodies are

13. Ir col|trastto hydrogcn,hcliuuris Donl]aruuible,

14. Thccssc(inli grcdicDt in fcrtilizcrs
is nilrogcr.
VocabularyiD Cortext (listennrgskilk)
1. a 6.a 10. b
'7, b 1 1 .a
2.a
3. a 8.b 12. b
4.b 9.b 1 3 .b
5.b
Urderst.ndiDg the Lecture
1.7 6.7 10. F
7. T 1 1 .F
3. F 8.7 1 2 .T
4.F 9,7 1 3 .F
5.F

12
 LECTURE:
The PreciousMet:rls

wlly arcsone netals so ntuchn$revalu.blctbaqthc olhc^? Gold, silvcr' and coppcr

are mclrls that have been vdhrcd lbr lbousandsof yeals for lhcif beantiiul luster, tltcir
scrrcity, and lhcir usetulncssDuring thc Middle Ages, rlchc dsts scrrchcdlbr a way 1o
changebasc Nclals, ljt(c lcad, into gold Thcy lhought lhal if lhey could lird tl'e riglrl
lbrl|ula, lhcy could, for cxrnple, add a ccrhin anrountol tnercury1o lcrd and plod ce
js
gold. Even llc grc.1Sir lsaacNcMon bel;cvcdil could be doncl Why gold so vahrblc?
Gold is lhe nost tlnllcable ofall lhc 'nctals llca bchanNcrcd irto shcctssotlin tMl
250 of lbeln would equalthc thicknessofa shcctofpaper' Il is rlso lbe rlosl duclile rlr't'1'
Onc granrofgold can bc druwn into 6 wirc 1.8 rrilcs ir l.nglhl
Gold is thc lcastchcnricilly ttctiveofalllhc mclalsand docsnol combincwith orfgcn
lo lbrm rus(. Thjs abil;ly to rcsjst corosn,r r)ukes il v$y dunble. i c il rllay 13sLlor
cer(lrics. Pure gold is too sofi lo bc uscd ir jcwclry so it 's usurlly alloycd witl) othel
nrctals.Thc proportioDol gold jrr ar alloy is rrrcrrsurcd in krnls. Purc gdd is 24 krnts A
14 karats gold riflg is rn rUoy of about 58% gold ind srrlrll Pcrccnlngcsot colfcr rnd

S i l v c ri s s i r n i l i r1 ( lg o l d i n m r n y w r y s . L i k c g o l d ,i t i s v c r y n l l q b l c . n d d u ( l i l er r d
s o i t j s r l s o u s c dl b r j c w c l r y .S i l v c rd i l l c N l i o n rg o l di n r l u r i r i s o r o r cr c a d i v ci r d t r n i s l c d
w h c nc x p o s t d1 0l l c l n r c c so l s u l t u r i n l h c t r i r .( S i l v c rs u l l i d c t, rb h c k d c P o s ; 1l o, r n r so n i l s
surn'cc.) Purc silvcr js 1oo sotl a'rd so i1 is usunlly rlloycd wilh copjtr t' urcrcrsc rts
h r d n c s s a n d d u r l b i l i l y . S l c r l i n g s i l v c r i s 9 2 . 5 p c r . c o l s i l vdc7r r. 5 l r r c c l . o P P c r .S i l v c r
i s u s c d f o r c o i n s a n d l b r f h o l o g ! p l i c I i l t t r b o . x u s c c c ' t l i n c o r t r p ( r t r r d s o l s i l sv c r , s u c h
silvcr brouridc,rcllcd ligln. Silvcr is lhc l)csl co,rdu(1orolelc(lrj(ilv known.
C o p p c rw a s o n c o l - t l r l i r s t r r c l . l s I o b c l v i d c l y u s c d . ' l h e l r o l ) L r l i c so l c o l ) | c r
rcscurblcrlosc of silvcr ard gold. CoPl[r is uscd li)r dcttrnr wiring bcciLrscit is very
n r l l c a b l c ,L x t r c r r c l yd u c l i l c r. t r c x c c l l c nfLo n d t ( l o r ,t r n dl c s sc x P c n s i vlcl r i s i l v e r . O n c o f
tllc pr;nciple uscsdl coptcr is to Prdduccrlloys. Prtrcco|Pcr is inrdcqLralcli)r lools d
nrchinc Pl.ls bccauscil is loo soli. Whcn rlloycd with tiu, howcvcr, il Irodrrccs b'o'rzc
whjch is bnrdel than eitlrcr coPPcrd tini wlrcn rlloycd wilh Tinc ir lroduccs Lrnss;I'rrd
whcn alloycd wnh skel, it incrcrscslle 'csisl.ncc r)i slccl lo codosi.u. Gfpcr. likc gold
ind silvcr, is i bcaulilul and ftccid$ rrclal II I lns becn uscd Ibr rges lo Prcducc.oxrs'
jcwelry flnd o nn'ents.

1l
 CHAPTER3
A N S W E RK E Y
I d c n t l f y l n g C a u s ea n d E f f e c t
1. copper is heatedto 1083'C, it nrelts
2. Chansesoccur in plnns. thcy atsc'ru cncrgy-.1iq1p9g1
J . l h e r o t a t j o n orl c o n r l r a \ s n e e J l e . t b c c a
! rnnha A e t i c l l e U
4.ffi.=ffi-
s. @ffirfi;;"*'.a
6.R u b b i t r sa c o r n hw i t h a c l o t h .a n e s a l i v cc h c t r i c c h a r s c
/.t i s l n r o v r n ! c b a r q c dI ' i r l j c l e s .l b e j o n i / a t i o o l - a l o l l s
8.T h c o c c r n s t i d e s , l h ce . " i r r i i . f f i
q.T b e n r o r ei r o n i s c r n o r e dl o n r o i s la i r . l [ e [ ) o r c i r r u . L s
-
1 0 . C o l o r .l h c r c f l e c t i a no f l i o l r t .
u"o"ffioi, o**t*,
1.b
2.b
3.n 6.b
RecoSDlzlDg
Subordln{tlon
1. No oncwaskillcd,bccrusc
2. Wbcn. iron b.coorcs rust fcsislitrl
:. @tll,lrlrc-iutt notttcm'unosc
4. Thc srs prcssurei crcflscd,bccnusc
5. whcn, thc carth's gncriclic-iilliiiiv hrvc rccn rcvcrsco
6, Air thc raleofa chcpriclllrcrclionincfclrscs
7. Neonsivcs off liEhl,whcn
8, U, it condcnsesdireciiil;a solid
UslngSubordlnrtlon(Answers wlll vrry)
1. Whcn mercuryis hcatcdto -38.9oC,il rclts.
2. No sounJcanbc hcarLl ita bcll i. \rruckin r vr(.uu'r).
3. Chloropbylldisinlcgrates, causirgleavcsto luflrrcd,ye ow,i ndordnge.
4. An echois herrrdwhc a soundwave reltccrsolTa nrountain.
5. Ionsar€fonncdasan ac;dis dissolved in walcr.
6. I a lcnsis too tbin o. an eyeballis toosborr,a pc6on lrcconEstrrsightcd.
RecognlzlnS CtruseandEftcctIn a Prragrnph
1. Dissolvingthe pcllclsin wntercruscdtheurtobrcakup.
2. Stjrrj g thepcllctssp€ededup thc reacrior.
3. Tbebrcaking oftle ctemicalbordsotsodiumhydroxidc cause{tbe releascof
energy.
4. Thc ris€ofthe tcnpcnlurc of tle walcr wasbroughiabourby lhe reteascof
energy.
5. TheybrokeintosodiuInard hydrcxide iors.
6. It speededthe rcactior.

l4
 7. A rcl, aseofenergyrcsullcd.
8. lt rai\cd thewatertempcraturc.

1.c 6.j
2.b
3.e 8.a
+E 9.d

Vocabularyln context (rcadlngskllls)

8,a
2., a 9.a
10. b
4.b 1 1 .b
12. b
6.b
7. a 14. 3
MnklngInfaronces
1, S 6. I 1 1 ,I
2. 1 7.N 12. N
3.N 8.S 13. S
4, 1 9.S 14. S
5.N 10, N 15. I
V o c n b u h r y I n C o n t c x t0 l ! t c n l n g ! k l l l s )
1.b 7.b
8.a
3.a 9.b
4,b . 10, b
'
5.b 1 1 ,a
6,a t2a
the L€cture
Ubderstandlng
1.7 7. T
2.F 8,F

4,7 10. F
1 1 .T
6.F 12. F
 LECTURE:
T h e M u s i co [ S o u n d

why docs a guitar sounddillcrcnt frcm a clarinct?Ard why do both soundditfc.ent

lrc r trunrpct or a piano evcDwhcr tlre nole is souDdedo all lour hslrunrerls? The
snswercan L€ tbund in a'r explannlionothoiv soundis produced.
Sound is prcduccd by vibmtions ir tbe air and i1 rmvels h waves.Whcn a hanuner
st.ikesa ftil, tbcy both begir to vibmte. Tlle vibr.rions pushthe rotcculcsin the air and
produ.! wavcs.Tlresesoundwavcs rove evcry directionin hcaasinglylargercirctc\.
wller lhe wnvcs rcacfithe ear, thc crr drunrvibmlesand Dervessenda ncss.gc lo tlle brain
t b a t w ch q . r s s o u n d .
The sp€eddt wbich sound l.dvcls is detenninedby tfie nEdium llrough wlicb ir
p.rsscs.Sourd lnvcls vcry fasl in a solid subsli oc, slowcr ir a liquid, rnd rhc stowestin
tbe air. SouDdtmvels i'r thc air al 330 rctc6 per sccond,n{rch slowcr ttl.ln lhc spccd of
light. Tlrat is wly wc scc Ijghrring bcforc we hearlhnndcr.Ttcre h no soundin a vacuunr
b(cruse lbcrc arc o iir ltlolcculcslo vibmte. Ncxt riDrcyou're in a vrcrLrol don,r bolhcr
to turn on lhc odiol Tlerc is no soundwithont trn,vcmcnr.
Sound is chrftrclcrizedl)y ils pitc[ volrnrc, intersily, a d qurljty. pjlc.h rljnN ro
w h c t h c r l l e s o u d i s h i g l o r i o w P i l ( h i s d e l c n i n c db y r h ct r c q u c n c y o l as o u n dw n v e( o r
how l;rst lhc wave vibftrlcs).Fd cxamplc,. violinjsr troduccs a higb pircb by shodcnjng
t h cv k l i r s k i g a n dc a u s i t l g j l l o v i b f t . l cn p i d l y . A c h r i n c r i sdt o c sl h c s a n r b y s l o r t c n i n g
l h . o l u r u r o l a i r . A I o n gs t r i n g o rc d u D r o f i r v i b f l r c s s l o w t y i,r d u c i g a I o w s o u n d .
'ftc
volurc ofa i s d c t e n n i n c ldr y r h c . n , f t i t u d co, r s i z co i l h o s o u d w a v c \ .T t c .
" n , n d
grmlcr lhr rnDliludc,llrc loudcr thc sound.For ex.ruplc,whc ttrc h{ad ot a Iargc drunr ;s
struc& it prcducesl rgc soundwavcswhich crcarca toudsoulld.
Tl)c inlcrsily ol thc sorud rcllN (' rhc arircunlot cncrgy thc soundwavc is carryi g.
I r l c i l s ; l yi s r c l . l c dt o a o r p l i t u d cr ih cg r c i l c rl I c ; n r c s i l y ,t h c t o u d c ri r s c c r s .
T h c q u r l i l y o l - l l r c s o u nrdc l c l st o d i l t c i c c e s i n t h c t y l ) c o l s o u r s u c l s t h c v n r i . r i o N
i tl'c son ds ot nrLrsicl instrunrcnts.Tlrcsc .rc dctcrorjrEd lry rhe nrjxlurcs of tlc
vibnlions. Diffcrcnl n]strumcrlstrcduct differc coorbiI|J|ijorrs ot vibmrions.Thc rcsulr
i s t l a t c a c hi D s h u o r ct h r s i l s o w r t o ( q u r l i r y . T l c s t r i n g o n a v i o l i n p r u d u c c s a d i i i c r c n r
n r i x l r r co l v i b f t l i o n st h t t h c c o l u n n r o l a i r o n ! ( i r i n c l l v h i c h , i n t u r n , p , o d u c c s d j f l c r e r t
vibrrtiorN lbrn thc hcad.f a dnuD.
Tod.y, (.rrrpuleN arc lrci g uscd, mr o ly ro rccognirc and siNUl.rc luDran voiccs,
but cvcn lo "pliy" mLrsic.To synrhcsizca hurrrn voic1:, )c corrpulcr vjbraresa sp.rkcr
c o n cl o l r y t o s i m u l r i ol h c i c o u s t i c , r l w l l vpca l t c n Np r c d u c r db y t b c b u n r a nv o i c c . T op h y
a pinicularpieceon l r u s i c , l l ec o m l r u t eirs p r o g r i n n c d f o r t l c p r e c i s cp j l c ha d d u a l i o
ofeacl notc. Thcrc have cvcn bccn afte rpts lo have a compu!cr 'compose' nrlodjes by
pmgmrmi g it 10nDdonrrysclccl nolestlal Iollow rulesofhrnDony and lnelody. So tnr,
Mozr rt and Bcc{hovcndon't h,vc lo worry.

t6
 CHAPTER4
A N S W E RK E Y
ldcntlfyng HypothcsesIn S€ntences
1.b 5.b
2.h 6.b
' 7 .a
. 3.a
4.a
IdcntlfylngHypothesesIn Paragmphs
Time,like spaceandmolion,is rclativc;thereis no rcalor absolutetime.
Identlfylng P.obablllty
1. se€mit s. appeaN
2. couldbe 6. asfarasweknow
3. arethought.,.to b€ 7. tbereis a theory
4. suggests 8. may
UslngModek of Prob!blllty(Ansrers$lll vtrry)
1, The "gtecnhouse effcct"may be wanningour carlh.
2, The pandasin Chjnamay bc bccomingcxlinct.
3, fie ocean'stidesmay be slowinglherotationofthe eartt.
4, Ouf,srrsnfly bc violcntlycxploding galaxies.
5. Thc contincnlsmaybc ddfting or movingonlbe surfrccoftbe earlh.
6. Tbe radioactivefallout frcm nlclear testexplosions .y be bannfullo the r!
mosphere.
7. The popuhlionofthc wodd m{y bc incrcasingata dangcrcusrate,
8. Compul€rs may b€ revolutionizingindustryaroundthe world.

1. transparent 5. transmitled
2, tmnslafe 6. lransfefted
3. transfusion 7. trd$splanb
4. transistor 8. transfonn€d
Vocabul!ryIn Contcxt(readlngrkllls)
l.b 6.b 1 1 .a 1 6 .b
2,^ 7,b l2.a 1 7 .a
3.a 8.b 1 3 .r 1 8 ,b
4.b 9.b 1 4 .^ 1 9 .b
5.b 1 0 .a 1 5 .a

17
Understa$ding
the ReadinS
6.F
2.F 9.7
10. T
4.7 1 1 .T
5.7
6.F 1 3 .T
7. F
Vocabularyln Context(listenlnS
skllls)
1. a 7. a
2.^ 8.a
3.^ 9. a
10. a
ll. a
6.a
Understandlng
thc Lccturo
1. F 6.7
2.7 7. T
8.F
4,F 9T
5.7 10.T

LBCTUREI
Obeyingthe Lrw of Cravity

Brlicr in the chapte.,we readaboutN€Mor's studicsof horizontrlInot'on.But

Nevnonwasalso;ntcrcstcd in vcrticrI rotion.HcwaslookinsforanexDlanariotr lbrwht
holdslhc moonin ils o'bir.He rcponcdrfixtoned^y,whilcsir;ng in hisgarde'r,[e noricrJ
an applefall fromthetrc€.Hc bcganto speculate abourhowthc forceofgiivity exlcnds10
tle topoftre€sandevento thc 1o[uof nrountaiN.Ifit extends tlltt far,pefhatdit exle b
all thewayto themoon.
Nc\*'lonhndalrcadyeslablisledlhat an objectt€nds1onmvein a striighl line if ro
outsjdeforceaclson it. The moondoesnot nrovcin a strdightline, howevc5rnc nloon
rcvolvesaroundtheeanh.NeMonm ocludedthatthegmvitational fbrccol thccadl Irclds
the moonin its orbitaroundlhe€arth.Thissaft gnvihtionalpull holdsibe sunandUc
planetsin thcirplaces.
NcMon detennined tlat weightis thcgmvitatiomlforceorpull aclingon anotjecLIf
youlr.tvcl!o thc mooq themassofyour bodywill b€ precjsely the samcbtt yourweiglt

18
uill be Icss,dre io thepropon;onally
srnalle.size
ofthc moon.Similarly,
il you hnvclled
to differentplanets,your weightwould vary with rhe massof eacbplaneth our solar

NeMonwasablcto calculate therelarivcwciglrtsofthe sun,theearth,andthcplanets

ry comparingtheirrelativegirvilrtjonalstrcnglh- Thegreaierl.henassoftwo bodies,the
gieaicris the forceofaltnction ber^,centhcn].Thus,tle lbrceof altmclionbcrweenrhe
eanhanda 200-pound pe$onis glealerthanti€ forceofattmctionbdwcenrheeadhard a
100-pound pcnon.
Gravilalional forcedepnds noronly or the nDsses ofthc lwo bodies,but alsoon rhe
distancebclwccnlben. Thus,astronauls cxpcd€nc€ weighuessness on ihewaytothemoon
b€causc lhry arcnotcioseenoughl,obc affected ry tnegmvitalion.lpull of tle earthorrhc

Newloncxlcndcdhislaw evcnfunhcLHe said thateveryobjc.t itr rheunjveneexeds

a g.avitatioal pull on cvcryotherobjecl.This 'neaflstlal you drc cxcrlirg a forceon a
peNonsittnrgnexl (o you, you. deskis cxcnirg a forceon your pctrc;I,erc.lf you arc
wondcringwlry we don'l fccllhisforce,it is bccrusegmvilyjs only a strongforcewbena
hugLbody,suchastheeanh,is involv€d.
Ncwtonrlso explairedlhc tidcsof lhe occ n. For lhousands ofyeflIs,ir wis noliced
tlnt tlerc w s a conalaliorbclweenlhc oc.an'stidesa d thc phiscsof tbemoon,but no
onewasalrlolo cxplrinit He reasocd{haljustastbecl|rlhpullsonflrenrcon,tbcmoon
pullson |]lcci rlh.Thcgmvitational
pr]lotlhc |lloonbasIiulccffcrron ourlandnr0sscs but
ilp lls on lhe occinswhicharcfrcc1omovc.Thrs,thelaw ofgmvily rpptiescverywbcrc
in llc univetsc.The conccplol u ivcnill gmvitywas lhc grcalestmrlribulion of Isaac
Ncwlor,thcnr r rnaryconsidrr1o bc oncol lhc grcrtesrlbinkclsofallti e.

19
 CHAPTER5
A N S W E RK E Y
AnalJzlng Dctinitions

2. !!!:!9!lgl, orEanisns
3. device,!bq!t!r4!!lq!!!!_!!9rgl!ralu!!!E lum ro anotter
4. p a d o f t h e b n i n . t h a i r s t h e( c D l c ro f l ; ? s o n i n s -
5. subslance.thar docilroiia nJuail;;l i-Arricir
6. ctoua.r4@tg=!Egrq!4
7, studv.of the cnviionmenF
8. (clc{tiil bod\,lhatorbits
anotlercejcslial
bodr
CorrectlnSDeflnltions
1. Circular dcfinilior.
Bett€r:A scienlificth€oryis a proposed explanrlionofwhy somethingoccurs.
2. l,acksa chsrification.
Belter:An rppleis a lruil lhatis round,rcd,andaboutthcsizcota fisr.
3. Tellshowyoufeelaboutilbutrotwhrr ir is.
Bctlcr: Calculusis a systcm of c?lculariondevelopcdtry lx,rh Newron and
lxibniz.
4. Defirjtion i$ moredilTjcultthantenn bcingdctined.
Bcltcr:An caris anorganof hcaring.
5. Ncgrljvcdcfi' tior, th t is, it tcllswhatilis nor,docsn'ltcllwharit is.
Beltcr:A unicomis a ficliotlrlhon'c wilhonchon in thcocntcrofilsfor€head.
6. L:rcksbolhchssificalion nndchrrictcrisrics.
Bctlcr:A lor adois a rypeotsror with high,circulnrwjrds.
7 Lacksdisljnguishingchamctcrisrics.
Betler:R.diuN is a nctallicclcn)cnt thalis highlyn'diorcrivc.
8. Dcscribcs a comprss butdoesn'rdclic il.
Bclter: A coDrpass is an iDstrurrcntthnr dctennincsdircctionby ufans of a
mtatirg lrgnclizednecdlc.
9. Givcsexarrplcsbut doesnot define.
Bctlcr An amphibian is a crealurc thatcantivceilheron tdndor in thesea.
1O Circl'lardetinilion.
Bcttcr:A supemova is a starlhalsuddenly exptodcs,beconingmuchbrigl erand
rbengraduflllyfading.

1. Protolls
arcpositively
chirgedparriclcs
rhatarecont incdinthenucteusofthe

2. A blackholeis anareain spiccthn!hasgnvitatjonalputlso

powerlilthat
nothing,not evenlight,canescape.
3. Marinebiologislsarescientists
whostudylhc animals
andptantstlat jive in rhe

4 Theslratosphcre
is th€ IXrnionoflhe almosphere
rhrl is overs€vennites high.

20
 5. Insuli is a hormoneproducedby lbe pa crcaslbal is uscdin thc trcatncntof
diabetes.
6. Bact€riaaresimplefonnsolplanl Iife thatareihe mostabundartfom of life
on earth.
7. Oxidationis a chemicalreactionthatirvolvestheIossofone o. norc clcctrons
ry anatomorton.
8. Nitrogenis a colorless,odorlessgasthat makes'rp 80 pcrccnlofihe air.
FormuhtiDgDetinltions
1. An a loebois a orc'celledanimalthatconstanllychargesils shnpe.
2. An antibioticis a dr gthatcurcsb6clcrialdiscascs.
3. A lung is an organofbreatting.
|' 4. Acousti€sis tle scienceofsound.
5. Photosyntlesis is theproccssby which ptanlsmanufacturcfood.
6. A calalystis n suktancethatspeedsup, but is motchangedt y a cheNical
reaclion.
7. Acaloric;sa un;tfo ncasuring bcat.
8. A cyclotronis an apparrtusthatborrbardsthc nuclciof atonN.
CrentlngDeflnltlons(Ansverswlll vAry but shouldhrve o classlflcatlon plus
g
dlstlngulshln charoctcrlstlcs.)
1, A canrcmis a devicefor takingphotographs.
2. Abridgcis astruclurc tba(dllows prssrgcovcra rivcr,ro d,orlhclike.
3, Ar x"my is a photograph lakcnrhrcugha solidsrbstanceusirg electromagnetic
mdiation.
4. A bultcrflyis an inscctwilh l rgeand {icqucnllycolodul wings.
5. Gcologyis tbestudyof thcphysical historyot lhc cartb.
6. A dinllroM is a prcciousstonclhat is rradcofal$rostpurcoryshllizcdcnrbon.
7, An echois tbe rcpetitiorofa soundcauscdby tbc rclleclionof soundwaves,
8. Avirus is asub ricroscopic agcntlbalcauscs discasc.
9. Catltincisa drugfoundincoflce,lc!,an.lcol drink,th lactsasasLinultrnt.
10. An aqunriumis a glasstankwhercaqunticplantsandanimalsnregrown.
Prcflxes
'7.
1.d 4.b c
2.e 5.i 8.h
'
3.f 6.9 9.a

2l
Vocabularyin L-ontext
1.a 6.b
2.b
3. a 8.a
9.a
10. a
U n d e r s t . n d i n St h e R e a d l n g( A n s v a r s * i l l y m y )
1. Energy can be tmnslomcd front one type to anolhcr or transfcrrcdfromorc

2. Kin€ticenergyis the cnc{gyofmotior.

3. Lik€ matt€r,energycrnnotbe createdor destroycd.
4. Potentialenergyis th€ energyofposition.
5. Einstejnsaidtfiatthc conseNationofnmfier andlhc conseraatiorofen€rgyarc
related.
6. Einslcjn'stheoryaboutlle conscrvationof atterandenargywasproved.
7. Thc dcvclopnlentof atomic energydcmo stnlesthfltmaltercanbc colvcned
rllio ercrgy.
8. Whentrnatomis split,itgivesoffneutrons.
9. An atomicexplosion occunasa rcsultofthc ripid cbaiflreaction
ol splitting

10. Fusionhkcs plnceon thesunwhcn lwo hydrogenatomsarc conrbiflcd.

11, Extrclllehcrt is roquiredforfusion to takc plrce,
12. Fusionproducedon thc carlhrcsultsi[ a bydrogcnbo$rh
vocnbulrryIn Context(llstcnlng
sklll!)
l.a
2.b '7,
b
8.a
4,a 9.a

Understandlng
the Lccturc
6.a
2.b
3.b 8.b
9. tr
10. b

22
 LECTURE:
The End of the Universe

Wc havc llrerdy readlhal e erg/ ftnnol be creaiedor destroyed.Thi,slaw of srN€Nation

ot cncrs/ is also rcftned to as lle fiIst jnw .rf $ermdyMnics. However we slrculd never
assu re thal we bave an imexhanstible snpply of energ/. we conshrtly nced nrorc cncrg/
tx,causewleneve. we ure en€rg/, we degnde tbat eners/ into sonle less useful fonr-
Encrgy contirually runs downhill fonr a highcr 10a lowcr godc. This is ollcd 1bc
seco d law otthennodyDanrics.Althoush energyis alwaysconselv€d,il rsually wjnds rp
rs hcal cncrgy. For cxdmplc, if you rub your handstogclhcr,thcy will gct w!rN. Your
mnsclccncgy hrs (hlng.d {o hcnl cnclgy.
Hcal en(gy is a lower foml ofenergy. Considerwbrl hI|ppenswben you drop a rock.
Inyour hr d, thc rock hnsa polenlialcncrgy which changcsinto kincLicc'rcrgy n! it Ii:11s.
Wrcn it lils lle ground,it! kinetic cncrgy chingcs 1(}bcnl cnc{t/. Heat cncrgy is a lowcr
li,on of rncrgy b{"cluseit (''|nnotrcadily bc tmrsfonncd inlo uscful work. Whcn lhc rcck
w,rs in lhc rir, jt had Fnctrtrl cncrgy lo do work, suchas drjvirg a stick nrto tbe ground.
Allcr thc rock hils thc groLrd, it is no longcr .rl]flblc of doing ry work. Encrgy wrs
Prcsc^td in thc prcc(ss,ln( siflcc hcal cnc.gy is n lowcr fon otclcrgy thar lxltcntirl or
kirctjc cncrgy,orcrgy is runrnrg downhill.
Orc sign of thc dcgnrdingofcDcrs/ is tlrt hcatahlays llows tio.r r winD.r objcct1()a
(oolcr o'rc; il u.rvcrdoc,jthc rcvcnc.Ilyos pul an icc.Lrk in. hol drink, tcal llows lreN thc
hot liquid Lowrror rrclt llrc cubc.Hcl t cncfs/ ncvcrLlowslnnD'r(old olrjccllo hotonc,
r)llknrg ll)c (old objc(t (oldcrrnd lhc lrol objc(t lotlcf. Hcatcrcrg/ is r low gnrdcof cncrty
r d ll)c l(nvcrlhc lcnrpcmlL'rcolllr objcct,llr lowcrlhc gmdcolcncrg il.rorlaiG.
] l l c d o w n g n d ; n go l c t r c r g y; s o m n ; l c s ' c d j n o t h c rw r y . N a l u n l p ( ) c c s s c sl c d 1 o
p r ( { ' c c dl o w a ! dr s h l c o l g n t c r d i s o c r . N o l h i n g g d s l h n r d i s o r d c r t oo r d c r .W h c n y o u
oN . trolllc oi pcrlirrc, thc lrclccul.s ol rlc |{rlunrc nrshoul irlo tlrc rir in disordcrly
l i r s l r i o . T h c y l l c v c r g o b l c lkoi t I c b o l t l e r n d r c l u r n t o . D o r d c r l y s t n l c l S i r n i h r l y , i l y o u
shooksonD srll rnd pcppcrlogLlhcr, I hry would bccourcrrixcd.'Ihcrc is no wry you corld
r)rix,slir, or shrkc lhc urixlurc lrJcxtmcl lhc Mlt lrorn lhe pcpperrnd rcslotu:lwo ordcrly
p i l c so l d i s l i n c st u b s t l n c c sT.I l c d i s o r d cor f l b e u i v e $ e c o l r t i j l u r l l yi i . r c a s e s .
If tlis mrdiljon cxistscvcrywhcrc,t])e'ralunl outcoDr will te lhat cvcrylhitrg nr lhc
u n i v c N cw i l l d r g c n c n l c i ! r l od i s o r d c ri ,l l e e r g y w i l l b c d e p l c t c dr,n d r l l I i l c w i l l ( o n r L o
a ! rc t l d .T l r i sn t r u r g d . w ' r o l e n e r g y i s a l f r c d l o r s " c n l m p y " o r l h c ' h c N r d c r t l " o f t h c
u ivcrsc. Howevcr, you d.n'i nced lo worry dMlt il, unlcssyou phr lo bc amul]d i a

23
 CHAPTER6
ANSWERKEY
A n t r l y z l n SE x e m p l t l l c a l i o n
l. gqr!g!_r@!!! !l! e!t!_rg!tpg',nd'.orsanic cornpounLls conrain(lfton in
combinntionwith tvdrosenandoxvsen,
2. Some bi s travel enodnous distanceswilboul rcsli The ruddvlumstoneflics
nonstoptiom AIaska10Hawaiiev€rvvear.
3. Parnsitesar€ livinE thinsslhat f€cdoffotbef livinslhinss. Themistl€toeplant
liveso[f spple,maplc,or pnplartrccs.causins thernro die fi;-
-
4 Scvcnl theories have bcen proposedto explflin thc nature oflisht. Chistinn
Huysens susscstedlbat light travels in wav€s. Atbert Einstcin ororxr]6iiF

o s i s i s l h e c o e x i s t e n cocf l i v i n s t r t b c i r m r l ' i a l b e n e f i t .P l a f l tl i c e
or aphidsIi\ e withnntsin a svinbiolicrchtionshio.
Atouric rcscnrchha"IeJto
1qlqcscnrch hasIiJlolhilii
thidiiclopr
ctoiiiiiG d-iura y nrentlred
nrc d-ilrattv nrenred etenrenls.
etenrenrs
Ei'rrlciniuor,leflr)iunr,
calitornium. a ,l hcrkcliuDr
areatt,nan'trrdc

R o c o g n l z l n SE x r I n p l c s
l. a,c
2.b
3. a,c

5. s,b
UslnSMod.ls of Ncftsslty
1 ruslonlybc ad rinistcrcd
2. m$stbe prcp rcd
' 3.
|nuslbc produced
4 ust alwaysbe lurncdoff
5. nu$t not bc inhaled
6. ntustbc ltniliz€d
7. mustncvcrbcsllowcd
8. must evcrbc relcased
FornulrtlnS Sent.nces wlth N.ccsslty
1. Thc elcctricilyshouldbe sh!t olf.
2 Th€ biooddonolsshouldbe testedtbranenria.
3. The radialionmonitoringdevicesshouldbe calibnrcdrcgutarly.
4. A tirc extirguisher
shouldbc availablcin ihc labonlory.
s. Thecxplosivedevicesshouldb€ propcrlyinsulrred.
6. Therechnicia6shouldbe pmtcclcdfrom excessive radi.rion.
7. Tte r€edl€sshouldtc sterilizedbclbrcthe injections.
8. Thepaticnlsshouldbe imnuflizcdagairstlhe flu.

24
 Sufflxes
1. shoten 5. widcn 9. tighten slrengthen
2. b0aden 6. weaken 10. loosen 14. lengthcn
3. dcepen 7. soften 11. brightcn 15. sharpen
4. darker 12. frightcn straighten

1. lo identifY 5. to exemplify
2. to solidify 6. to hunid;fy
t 3. to liquefy 7. to elcctrify
I 4. to purify 8. 10clarify
tI f. idcntification 5. excmplific{tion
2. solidification 6. humiditication
3. Iiq!c{lcation ?. electrification
4. purification 8. clarilic.tion
Vocabulrry In Conlext
1.b
2.a 1. t
3.6 8.b
9,b

DrawlngConcluslont
6.b
2,6
3.b 8.a
4.a 9.a
5,a 10. a
In Context(llstenlnS
Voc&bulnry skllls)
l.b 9.a
I 6,4 10. b
I 3.a
4.b
1. b
8.a
1 1 ,b
12. b
{ U n d e r s l a n d l n St h e L e c t u r e

I 1.7
2.F
5.F
6.7
9.7
10. T
11. T.
4.F 8.F r2. F
 LECTURE:
The Changing State of trIatter

W e r c a J - c a r lri .i n l h ; sr l l a p h . ra t \ ] u th ^ w t f n r l , e r i t u r c i i . . t . . L n c r . O r , \
uirbr In.l
r l r l { n a n l( l l c c l . ! l h f l r ^ t h i t i l r " , h r I c et h . s . ! h , l . , r c I F I t . , l i . r
"h.ola t^li,t iJtu
g a s .r r . r , , , 'l l L . r r r . . n n q e
u r ' r r n t i n i n r r b ! g e o i t r t r ) . i , .. t , r , . . w c t d r o rt . r " r c r , a r r
'* cturcr to Inn
n\'. or bL-,.JsJ ,trit it th.jj rrJ (brng.. lu qcilr or \al ur. u:th rt,c
a.ldition or subtractionof heal,alnrostaI substa €s citr lr convcrred
LonioDc ptrysjel

Mcltirg is the coDve.riotrof a solid lo a fiqu;d. I we ticar a b]ock

ot i(c, whcn tte
tellllxnturc ot lhe nr reachcs0.C, the Noteculcsoi icc nad lo nove so
l.astrhalibc;ord;r
b r e a l s d o w n . n d r h c y t u n b l e a l t o v e r c r c b o r t l . r . G m d u a l t y ,t h , ,
i." l*gi,,";;;,;i;
Subshnces@nven Irem onc strrc to anottrc.at fixcrt tenrpceturus.
F". ;];
n ' c l t l n t 1 0 6 3 ' C a r d i r o n a r1 5 3 5 . C . F r o r c n o x y g c n w in r c l i a l
2 1 9 ' C . ";,,,,,pi",
ll..r(vrFrotrh,rrctlingpru.,..sr.lr.c,?irg.Fr..,,nqi:t.surirltr.rt,.,,I,cr,,t.rrcot
..
,r,qurdsntlr(rrnrtytuclnngcilluis^tiJ.Tlrctr.,?irCl{ir,r.tr
{t"ii .1 r\tirr\..r!,.,,
i l s n r l t i g t r i n l F o r e x . n r p t c ,t i q u i d
s o t d l s o | d i t y r r 1 0 3 6 . C ,i . n d r s 3 ; , C ,
o x f g c nr 1 - 2 1 9 ' C ";;
, i 1 : , i ai r h c . , rJ, , u I i . i ( r t t ) . r t w i t ! i t . r t r t. 1 , , r \ r n I . , . , T r . r
L : . , ( . .,1.
r.a ,-r.N X i_nt,., r U
t r o I r x t r . t I r Jl i , i U r i . . i r r \ . r t i ! . r : , , . , J , r . , t , ^ r . r r r . ,ur .i . r r r q r r r i 1 r , , r r s . .
r: trr..rr,_t_
r r ' ( . r r ' l c c u t rt \J . ! 1 r r ri nr . n a . i n d t v i . , l . r r r , .r t , . , .t . , r 1 . t , * ,r t r i r , , I r 1 , r r . , , r , . , t , f u l t , . r
r l l o r ' ( u r c \t.h ' y t r y t u f . { . , t r ci l t n l h , . i i r r t r J i . u t , t , t .r ,n . t , ,
r . , J .f v r r , t . r . , t \r. t t r f
l r . l . r , h J i . , t { ^ f i n r , , r t , c . , i r i n L t r h c $ r r f r S r . , J ur1" ,, t, ,, . r , . . r , . , , , , , . t , , , , . i , , , ,
i,.,,.
\ c c r . ' { , \ . r ' t t ' o t U I : $ l r n $ . , h . r M . h . t r h , i t i n . , i. r t , , t
tit,||,t.(.,,rf\,ri",,.r,\,rtL,ul
b o i l i r g . L i q r i d s t h d c v a p n l c c r s i l y , l l l r l i s 1 1t ( N r , " p " r r r , " " " ,
. - . , ; r , " ( ] , , "r , " i , , l
\ , . l , r i l A l , . ' h , l , i ' r J , F - r , . ri nr r1 v , , t , r i rt(j . l . r i J y. ., , uj . . r . . J { , . t . "i ,t ". J \
,,, t.,.:it;;;i,i-i i;
r x r y , r , \ r f f r r r$ h r r I c t ru | l ( , , \ r n . d .
-nr.
r c v c s c o f d { b m l j o n i s c . n d o n s : r r i o lr,t r c( ! n v ( n i o n o t . a v r D o r
* i n t ( ,I t n r u i d .
Durins
o,rdcns.rion,
rrr'notcotcror.,,rrs co,,ci,,.,r,.,
, , : l l l l l ;' ]l , r . , 1* :i - r , r , n . , r i ,1r ," , , i , r . , . u r., .,,..,,,";,r, a,q,.',,r:ri,i,,i,i ,,,,i,,.
r . , , j , ,i ,, . , " . . ;l ;r ; . , i ; , ,
L \ r i l r c s o t 1 4 d L r s j o n j r r cr h cs t u , rr t L rI t b . l
roon,,ro,,,,,rc
co,dould(,,,", l';li1
",;,,;;il;;;il:,T;:[:il;iJ:,],lii'#;ll:.ll
, , , , r u n,..,{r, J , , , - . , i , n r r . . , , , . | , . , I | , , , . ' , 1 , ;
:u:l :n: I 'nnr n r r :. "c 1
. u,l,, "J ,qi F
I \ g, "J rr J
. fn
r 'L
| $i . r. , rvn, nr ,. J. ir , . . r t i , t . r . J i t
i , i . , . d t , J { r r . . i . r , r .M\ r n !
i ' d u s f i r I f r o c r c s e sr c q u i r ur h cl i q u e i j c n l i o n o t , i r r n do l t r c r g r s c s .
whcnrLfnrcufcraponrroni..xicrtyr,tritr,.rt,ui,r;.ot
,,,, .rh r.r..t.h.f
. ' t l r / . D n I r c r | c t : .A I r $ l r n l f n i r h i . n c ,u r " q h . I t i t I i J
i . i r r c t o" J ( , ! r . , i r rr . 5 , j r . . ^ i
I l c I r o l | r u l e s , , t r l c l i q u i Jf v a p . i , r c , r n , Jl r c F r s c, n , o r t r f r j r
r . i J r l b c , , , r . l . r ir r . \ r t h c
( , | ' r e r u , r c . n r l l | r Irr ^ t c c u h f , i
5 i J c r L c , ^ I | : l i n c r . ioJ . \ \ i r h r L c , u r t , f , L . t i , r . ! J l u J
c o d c n s ca t t h cs a n r s p e e da, r d L h ea D r u n t o t . l i q u i d l l d r n r o u r [o f v a l ! r
i lhcc.nlxincr

26
 CHAPTER7
A N S W E RK E Y
IdentiryingEridencc

I'
:. ! q!g!!!Ile,r'r,me i' r;R;r"n ;; m
"to.e,l

3. Thcci rthis rcund.ApeFonrnveti d i r e c ( l ve 4 s tl r o n l t h e e q u r t o r

witl
eventurlly Rturnrollirrt

H:+y-!!+++!s!$r!',,r.!!!qr:!rlr_ed{s!
arc molccules 10transtnit
ir.
!!s!r!!
:
Lrreas\4eknowr.:_:i:r
-...--r:::r: rl cinl|orcxiston venus.
s. Tb,
r_!lqf!_ff!14!Iilf!qrf_l
R i\ o o
6. Morrhine is rddiclive,Hos lj!nls wbo ire eivcr ro
allrgjpqlnslq"ci,'n a nhmncc ol r
e a t ho l i e n o Lc u n w h c l l J r u * q n r r r al cr. Ccdri'r
qnrhinitionsof nlcotal.r s crn be lirl l.
A
##:ii3d!|-!!-!1slL!1q]s"r,'ft,,llr*j-'",' ",,,,
D r r r 1 l n g C o n c l u s t o n sf r o m E v t d 0 n c e
l. b 5.ll
2, 1 6.fl
3. b '7.
a

Ivnluatlng Evldcnce
1. c,d 4- ,b,d
2.c 5. a,c
3.a 6, n,b,c
I d c n t i f y l n g D e d u c t i v cu d InductlvcRersoDlng'
1. I 5.D
2.r 6. I
3. I 1. D
4.D 8.D
UsirS RctrsonlnS
Therc is no altempl here to teach lbnrrl logi(. Tbr ohjed of lbr
cxcrcisc,s onty ro
incrcaseawarencssof fttse reasonjng.

Conclusions
fromiDductive
reasonjrglnayorlnaynotberrue.

27
 l . l : a l s e . d c d u c r i obnc c a u s cf i r " r
f r c r n i s ei s f a t s c .A l l b i r d sJ o n o t f l y . ( A I t b i r d s
D x v er e a t b e t 5 . J
2. Falscinducrive reasoning.Althoughtle chamctcristicscoexisr in Ejnstein,
thcle is no cviderce oftheir relationstip.
J . E v e n i f i l l n r e l a l \ $ e r c s o j i J t n n r r u c ,n r e ^ u r y i s , I i q u i Jr n e r a t )i.r t t o e s
nor
r o o w r a a t. s o t r d sa r e m c t a l _
4 . C o n c l u s i o nd ^ e sn o rf o o q f r o r nr h e p r c r i s e .p r e U r ; cd o e sn o rs D e c i t v
rhar
a n r j l r d l as r e c l a s i l l e d l c c o r J i n gt o I h e w l y r h e y$ a I k .
-
) . r a t s c r n r u i t ' \ e r e a s o n i n gF. x a r n p t ei s n o r r e p R \ e n l r r i v eo r ( y p i c a t .
6. Tbe fi6r prenis€ is not a inctusivc. Tbat is, jt does not say ahlll
all elcn€nrs
a r ec r t l e r g a s e so r l i q u i d s .
? . F a k c i n t i u c r i v !r c a s o ' r i n 8E. \ a n r p t ci s n u rr l p i L . l t o r
npre5enlili!e.
" :iiliiill* "'"*
Beins andq orkins
a scnius harJl IEnornruiuart)
9. Co clusiondoesnotfo owfmm prcn)jse.
Thetackofproofrhatit is hannfutis
notcvidenccrhatit is salc.
1O Evcnjfallni alsbavclaits,ildoesnotfollowthrt€vcrylhingthrrbasatiilis
an aninui.
Voc$bulnrylJulldlnS
cxcitcs- stirnulitcs c x c i t a b i l i l y- i r r i t b i l i t y
c n d u r a r c c- l o l c m l r c c
lircd - lirtigucd n o l c n o u g h- i n s u 1 I i c i c r t
pcrsladc - conv;ncc
harmlul- detrimcntal

r. con'rcctio 6. gnvilation 10. atlrrctio 14. speculalion

2. corductio'r 7. lubrication 11. nhsorprion 15. extcnsion
3. rndialjon 8. catcut:rtion 12. correlrrio,r 16. dcmonstrarion
4. insulaiion 9. ctiminalion 13. excrlion 17. tbrnutation

5. accclefttor 8. spcculalor
2. radiator 6, dc rcNtrator 9. Iubricator
3. insulator 7. correlator 10. calcutato.

28
Vocabularytn Context(readlngskllls)
1.b 8.b 15'a
2.a 9.b' 16 b
3.a 1 0 b 7 1 .a
4.a 11.b 18 b
5,a 12.a 19 b
6.a 13 b
1.a l4,a

sklnlmlng
1,a
narcotics,martuam,barbitumtes
2. cocrine,anphetamines,
Understandlngthe Raadlng
1.F 7. F
8.7
3.F 9.F
4.F 10. T
5.7 1 1 ,F
12, T
VocalularyIn Contaxt(llstanlng
tkllls)
l.a 6,b
2.b
3,b 8.b
4,b 9.b
10. a
thc Lec!ure
UDderstandlng
1. F i. r
8.F
9.F
4.7 10. T
5.7 1 1 .F
6,7 12. T
 LECTURE:
The physiologicalEftects of Alcohol

So far, irrhis cbnptcr, }ave disclssedihc hnntut effects ofsmoking ard dnjgs.
Almhol is another substarce",e thrtatfecrs our ninds and our bodicr.
Unlil recentyeais, litlle was knowr about tbc c|feds of atcohot.Reccnrrcsearc[
has
- h o w nl h , i ls o m c| e o p h i r e r r o F t r k c t )I n b e o ! . e a J J i r t . J l [ . , r o t h e a .h u t
i r , , n u tt r o $ r l
s n t . | l l c c l su e p . n Jo b o $ j r , u (h i r { t r ) n s ur J J n J o \ c r s I n I p f r i o J c l r i
r c .t i t h c r t j \ .
o u n c c so f w i n c , l w e l v c o u c e so f b € e r ,o r o n ea n do n e , h a t f o u n ; cosf 8 0
troofryidtswill
pu| 1wo1[irds otia ounc€ofp!!c atcoholirlo rhc blturrsrrean.once an ounce
js akorbed iDlo tle bloodstrcsm, ir arcotor
ir takesaborr an bour for thc body ro l)um il. Dd ki;
coflcc or1ak g a sbowcrdoesnot spcedup rbe pnxrss.
I t i s a n i t c r e s l j n ga n d p o t c n t j a t l yd a n g e r o utsi r c rt h a rs n r a l ta n l o u n r o sfalcohot.nn
nukc so' e pmtle lccl goorl wfiile trrger anrou rs nrrke lhcm fect dcfrcsscd. .nis
obrcrvatio h.stcctr spporlcd by evidence.Alcohot laken ir sma qLr ntiijcs can
bri g
tlr,,..ur-\l, hcl,fig., ,J tr.c "orr p(,df i t",*r ur i rtiJcnrr rrrj .^{ irt
I,oi.f. tre
L h n 5 clri c \ I r h c J r , i t h i t r y t , c u t , t c t t ti l t r , r r , l r | l t ] , r { d . , . J r t , . tJ i | | | , . . , . I .|| ,
n " 1
Thc lruth is th.t sludics I vc sho,vn thrr srnrll doscsof l..ohot pu rp up thc ho,rlt
mtc
whilc fiigh do.rcscrtr dcprcssor skrw down lhc he d nrtc aru ti aa ro ar]l];iri.,n.
,+trtrorgtr
s n l a l l q u r u l i l i c sr n a y n o r t r h . o l i r t , a t o h o l t r k c t r ; n I r € c q u n l i t i c sc , r u . o ss c r i ( ; s
, h . r n g c \ i r l I ,I ' n J ) \ c h f r r h t N . . , l t r r i l | g r r . r r t v f v , . r v t , . , r l . , t l t h . \ , r t ) .
A L o h ' l h . ' L r I r . r l l c J ( t t c , . , ,rll . n ( r v , , u . , \ y . t J I r . t I I ^ , J f i r . r . t r t. r, u , . . . i r r r r ] l {
l L n c f i ( i r l i n r c l i c v n r gl c $ ; o , r A l t t r s n r c l i r r r c , j u d g r r r c n t acr o d o r t i n a r i o n a ni n : rprircd,
s l ' o w nb y l l l c t r ( l l h r l r l ( , l o l j s a u r c l o ri r r u o r cl h i n l ) l I o r . r t i h l r u r o r n o h i l ( :
rc:id.rd
i x N " t h A l r , r i , r . A I ' 1 , | | , ' li I r t , r r A r t r r ' , i t i r ) , , l t t I n r r u r . 1 . j t Lt , . l r r l j d r t I t r \ . . 1 r r i .
, , t u ! . . r t rr l t r u , t . . r \ t { , \ h . r , t J r J \ r . r , n . . , , , . rt d , r t " , , r , l . ,
1,,: 1
n t c n n r yo l i n t o x ; c x t c ldt o t l c .
C l r r o n i (r b o h o l i s n rr t l c c t sr h er l [ . ( t c s i ! l h c l x ) d y .R r s o . r . hs h , w s r a rr l c , r N s c l l s
, ' l h . n \ ) u . ( ^ . r i n r l h r 1 d r n J . t , . , $: i r D . . ,. tJ . g f r 1 1 . r l i . 1 i , r, J t n f t r . . r t ,. - . ! , , , ! . r i u r ( l
rnlrrg{d furdiq!tuJ(rll,.
A l c o l b l l t c l s s c x u r l i L ya r r c p m d u d n ) r A . t l l o u g h n r c f l t c x r r n ) ut s c a j n c ( . s c
s c x 1 l i ld c s r r c , . l c o h . lu $ r l l y d e c r c a s ersh c : r b i t i l yt o p c r l o n n .C h r o n , ! t & ) h o l i s n
fa
r',tr. ..prd,rtnrtJu\1irtr.,r,Jtf.,JtoL,fUtrty.'I.}r.i..lqrll\,.,r\..Jh)rt,..J..tr,..t,.,.,f
r h r L \ c x h ' r n n c . l c \ l u \ ' c & r n ci, t h ( l j \ c r .
C h r o n i ci l c o h o l i s mL r s a ( l e t n n r c n hcl l t c c t o l h c t i v c r .H c r \ , yd r i n k i n gf r u s c si . a lr o
r c c u r r l i l l c i n t h c l i v c r . p , s s a g eo t b l o o db r c o r c s i l n p o i r c dl,h e c d p . r c i r y ; lL I r ct i v c r
to
processfood decredscs, ard rhegencnt hc,rlrhofrr,c indivjdrr l dcteri(n[s.
Onc of tle wo6t effccts ot at.olrol js on lhc branr. Hcavy drinkitlg cxn lcad lo
c o n l u . j n l : r | c v e u n . o n $i o u sc s c .P n g r l r n w ' o r j , n i j ( . r J \ i L . J n d rr n J n r , t i r j , ,
e . t r . i i l l y i I I h c . . r' l ) I r n u r L st . . a u s , n f r h r b r n . r r r ( r r , 1 u . r r L c u n b u , I b . , t , y . A t c ^ t , r i
!,ffcl: eachr$on d iiferenrly,a d cvery uscrsho!1dbc awarcofirs porcntialcti.ccts.
ary
shod tenn b!netits nuy be ouLwejghedby tory rcnn ncgrtive cllccrs.

30
 CHAPTER8
ANSWERKEY

1. Make 4. Move
2. Tle 5. Place
3. INert 6. Check
rranglngItemschronologlcnlly
t. 3,7,4,2
2.5,3,r,4,2
3. t,4,3,2
4. t,3,4,2

6.4,2,1,3
tlslng ln)perntlve Verbs (Ansvfts trill vary)
1. Obtai a bflttery,somei|)sul:rted
wirc, a llil, ard sotre pap€rclips.
Z Conn€ctone€ d otthe wire to a batterynode.
3, Coil lhcwircarounda nail.
4, Comcct tte olhcrendoftbc wirc to lhc othcrbrttcry node.
5. Uscthc nsiltopickup paperclips.
(Explanationr Elcchic currcnlspioducemagncticficlds.IIyoll disconncctthe [nil
frontthe baltery,it will no longerbenlagnetized.)
ChooslngVorb Forms
1.a 6,a
2.b
8.d
9,b
5.a 10. a
WordRoots
7. f
5.b 8.
3, c 6.j 9. c
Vocabulory (rcrdinsskills)
In Contcxr
1.b
2.b 7.
3.a 8.
9. b
U n d e r s t a n d l n gt h e R . a d l n g
1-T 7. F
8.F
3.7 9.7
10. F
5.F 1 1 .T
6.7 '\2.
F
vocabulnryin Context(lhtenlngsk ls)
l.a
6.a
3.a
4.b
llnderstnndlnS
the Lecture
8. WN
2.G 9.G
3.E 10. SNandWN
4.E 11.G
5. SN t2. E
6,E 13. E

LECTUREI
The Four Forces of Ntaure

IsaacNcMonidentificd gravilyaso c olihc b sic forcesof nrturc.SirceUre&otbor

forces h{ve bccn discovercd.Physicisrsbclieve rhcrc are four tbrccs in ndlurc:a
gnvitationalforcc,an electrouugnetic
tbrcc,a strongtruclc"1rforce,6rd a weaknuctcar

Gravilationis thc forceby wtich all bodicsareatrracrcd to eacbothcr.Il kcernDtancls

in lbeirorbirsandr akesapplcsfaltfrcnrtrc!'.Itisacruallyrhc*eakesotrhcfourforccs,
butits effccrsarestronglyfelI because cclcstiaI bodiesarc somass;ve.
Theelectromagnetic forceisconsid€rsd by nnny scienr islsto bcrle mosiimporrantof
all. The electnnragnetic tbrccis thepowcrtutatrn('lionof urJrkeete.lri(.iltch;raesanJ
rctuhion ot like chirgcs.Tbe nuclcusof an al.)nrbasa posirileetenric cbarseanJ
clcflronsorbilinglbe nucleus havea negalivccbxree.Sinctopposite cba€csaltmci rhese
eleclricforcescausethc ruclersandrh€electmNio bc artncred10cachother.Tlis is tle
undcdyingforceof chenisty because ir h rcsponsiblcfor bindingrhcpanictesofar alom
logclher,boldingatons togetherto fonll nolccules,and kecpingmole$les l,ogcrher ro
Ionn liquids and solids. In nonnl lile, we are nol aware of the clcdnml ft'rce bccause
whcn positiveand negativccbi rgcss!c cqurl,lhcy canceleacnotherout and no lbrcc is lclt
atall.
The ele.lrcnragrclic iorcc causcsfriclion. For example,as you wrlL thc rlorrs and
nolcculcs on the floo. aDdotr your fccl arc prcsscdout of shapeand the elect.ic forcc of
one ads on lhe olhcr. All conlact lbrces arc basjcallyelectricrll.For cx.nrplc, when you
push or pull an object with your hand,thc clcclrical lbrce acts lo move ille object, and
prcvidcsthe resistinceto trcvcnt your handfrc goinglhloughtlle objecl!
Thc clcclricll force is eve in aclion wb€n you fut a bond nid o your firger. Tle
sticlry sidc oflhc bdnd-aidlas a chemicaltbat looscnlsthc clcclrcm so lhey jump over to
your finger. Yon. thrgcrb(@mcs ncgllivcly cirargedard tle band-aidbcconrs IDsitivcly
cbargedso thc rtlntclion ofopposilesboldslhem togetlrcr.
Tbe electricaI forcc is sinnhr to lhc gravihliorrl lbrce, actnrgacrosscmply spa(, o.
nlhcr an clcctrcm.gnclic [c]d. Howevcr gnvitxtioll orly allncLs. Elcctrically (hrrgcd
sulshrccs ciLbcrallmct or reF.l. Filr.|lly,lhe clcctricaltbrce is al work in all (hc Prcrcss€s
o f t h cb o d y .
Thc lctrill|nrnrgtwa lbrccs a.c lhc ruclcrr lo.ccs lhrt rct o ly wilbin tLe atom.
Scicl(isls divide lhcur irto 1wo crtcSorics,tlc sl(,ng nuclur lbKc rr lbe wc k ruclcar
'nre
lbrcc. s l r o r g t o r c ci s t h c o t ] ct h t i c t s o l h c r c l c L r so f l h c a l o u r t o l o l d l o g c l l r c . l h c
proto,rs.Sincc tlc protor|! rrc tx)silivcly clrls.d. thcy rclLl crcl otltof and a lcry stro g
lbrcc is nccdcd to hold lhcrr (ogcllcr. TIrc wcak lhl(c is thc orc rcsponsiblcfo. ccnanr
typcsol ndbaolivity.
Forr lorg 1iruc,il wls thougll lh.l r11cvcntsir tlrlrrc (ruld bc cxtlaiocd lry lhcsc{bur
Itrccs. Rccc lly, howcvcr, scicrt;sts l[vc dis.overcdp()blcnrs with ilris lhcory. For onc
r h i n g l l c g ' r v i l x l i o t l a lp u l l d c c p i r r n A u s l n r l i ^ In r i c w r s l i ) u r d 1 ( )l E s l x ' r g c r l l r n n
g n v ; l y o n l h c s u . l a c co l l l r c n n h .A l s , ) ,s o t l r c c x I { r i n r c r rhsv o r u v c r l c dd i l l c r c n c c is' r t l c
n ' t c c c n . i t r o l , j c c l si i r l l l . w i r d l h c c r n l r . T o c x f | l r i r )t l c s c d i l l c i c n c s , p l y s i c i s t sl u r v e
proposcd lhat thcrc rMy I{ a tillh li,(c opn'ling ir lhc t|nivcsc. Trris iorcc, ollcd
hyporchrrgc, is thoLrghtto hc wc!kcr lhnn gnrvity ,rd counltn(1s thc lolcc ol gnvily at
short dista ccs. So hr, rbrc cxprineDhfior is ncccssrrybchrc lhc hypothcsisol a ljllh
lbrcc bl-conl().\ acceplcdtlcory.

l3
 CHAPTER9
ANSWERKEY
UnderstandingMaurematicatTerms

3. v=l.w.h

5. k=;( . v)"

7.'c=;cF-32)
I||d€tlnlte Artlcles
1. pe cillin, a drug, diseases
2. aqunsar.agnlaxy
3. zinc,a moderately activemetal
4. hcat,encrgy
5. ligllt, an cxha fluorescent ligbt
6. iron,glasses, glass
7, alpharays,betarays.gammarays /
8. a colorless,odorless, fllrdtastcless
gas
Dellnlte Article!
1. A biochemistry professor,
an experimcnt, guineapigs,Tte expcriment,lte
professor, lh€ animals
2. Th€HumbcrBridge,rhc tongeslsuspension bridge,tbewortd
J, a conret,thecomet
4. Erkcrt, Maucbly,the first all elechoniccomputcr
5. Thc cffect,living rhings,thc amount,tt€ rare
NunlberPre{ix€s
l.d 6.k
2.e t 7.j
3.a 8.f
4.c 9.h
10. i

34
 Vocabulary in Cont€xt (readingskills)
1. a 7.
Z.^ b
3.n 9.
10. b
5.a 11.
6.b
Drowing Conclusions
1.b 6. b
7.
3.b 8. b
4.b 9.
5.b 10.
Vocabolaryin Context(listenIng skllls)
1.a 7.
2.b 8 b
3. a 9.
4,a 10.
5,a ll.
6.a 12. b
Understandin g tho Lecture
1.7 .8, T
'l
2. 9. T
1 0 ,F
'l
4. 1 1 ,T
12. F
F
7. F

LECTURE:
The Remrrkable Behavior ofGases

Onc of tle reasonsscjentishsiudy gasesis that the behaviorof gas€scan be

undentoodin quartilalivctcnns.Th€behaviorof gascsis subjectto threerelntedfactonl
tempenture,pressurc,al|dvolunc. A chingein oneof theselacioirs- suchasa dropin
-
ternpenturecanbringaborta changein theotherfaclo$.Morcovcr,th€bchaviorof any
onegasis thc sane for all gascsor mixturcsofgas€s.Thcrcforc,basicrulesor scjentific
laws havc bccn €stablished to help predictthe effectsof e vironmentalclangeson
pressurc,
ternperature, and volume. The first of theselaws was discoveredby the British

35

t
 scrcnlistRobcrl Boyle in 1662.Boylc found th.t ifte squcczeda rlblrcr balt, rhe vc,lulllc
otair ir]sidcit decreascd. The n)orche squcczcd,the lcssthe volunrcoftlc co hedair.I
hct, ifhe dorblcd the prcs{re, tbc votunledccrcisedio prccjsetyhaltofnhal ir was.I|re
quadruplcdihc pressurc,lhevolunredecrcrscdto one quaderofwhrr jt wast Accordirgly,
lle establislrcdthat thc volumc of i gas is nrvelsetyproportionalro the prcssureapptic; io
r1,provjded1hctcnrpemlurcrcn)iiN constanr.
Boyle h|d demoNrrrlcd rbat trcssur! and volunrc are nrveBcty relarcd.Howcvcr,
lcnrpcmturealso rffecls thc volurnc of a g;rs.In the l:rte 1700s,ii Frrnce, JacqucsChrlcs
notcd {halas a gasgcL!coolcr, irs volunrc conkacls.In tacl, wilh eachdcgreeji gcls coolcr
its volunc gcts s rllc.so thaLifyou coolcd it lo ,273. Cclsius,itwould.strir*jo norling
and djsappear!LuckyJicqncs Charlcsdid nor hrve tc,worry abc,utprcvnrg his hypolhcs;
_
be(auscro one conld get lcnrperaturcsdown lbrr lowt
'Ihe
silrihr bdravior of grscs lcd tbc ltrlirn chcmirr Arn.dco Avogrdro 1t) rhc
..
d h ( o v c . y o f n o l h c r a m n z i n gf a c t .I r l l e y c r . t 8 , A v o g r d r o f i g u r c do ; t l h N le q u l l
v o j i ' n r c so f a l l g r s c sa t l h c s r n r cl c n r p c rr u r cr n d p r c s s u r c o h j n r l e s r n r c n u o r b c ;o f
p r r l i c l c sH . r a s s n rc d t h c p . r t i d c sw c r c t o n Bb u t t n l c . l h c y w c r c d c t e r r n i n tcodb c g n r p s
o l l o n r so, r n l c c u l c s A . v o $ d r o ' s , , m o t c c u t af iry l ) o l h c s c s .s" i t j s k n o w l o d r y ,j s ; c ; f
rJ., r,."t irrtnrr'r t,.i,r{t,t,\ nl (hLrr,.r,\. j,nJ n, rt,li...,rjuu{
t,t.rj.,l ., ;.t.. jn rttr
r \ r l o i r t rr ' r, ' l t h c. t t , ' r n i cr h . ^ r y .
Willr 1lr dcvcloporcntol rhis hytollcsis, rhc volutrrcoi I g.rswis u dcatood lo bc
rcl.lcr to Ihc nnvcnlcrl ol-lhc rrr'lcctrlcs.Thrr is, thc volurr0 ot a grs incrcascsl).crusc a1
. . i U l n r n , , r t t r . , l u r f . .r i , l ' a u l . . . I r , ' v ' t l r \ t . r . n . , t u I r g I r . , r c \ 1 , . r . . t , r L . , ! f r r , , u I J .
Corvcricly,.t l(^vcr tonpcrirurcs, r)r.,lcculcsstow dow , rcquiri g tcssspa.c, rnd grscs
(mlncl- h th. 186{)s,Brilisl
ftrysicirr Lord Kctvin suggcncdrlDl jln gis wcrc .cdu;d ro
- 2 7 3 " C c l s i u s ,i L w o u l d n o l s h r n r kr o J d i s a p l ) l r r ,a s J a c q u c s
Chrlcs lrd srggcslcd.
l n s t e d , r h cc n c r g yo l l l c t n o l c . u t c sw o u l db ( r . d u c c dk Jz c m .T r i s r c n ) p c n r u r c
473.t6
a , l \ i u \ r , , 1 4I , n ' i . . ' . r r . ( , , r , r J , . r , . J r t r . t , , w r \ r t r ,rL. ., r, n t ,,t,,r r u , .r ' . . j i . . , t " , . r , , t , t , r .
i l \ r r , r ' ' , 1 h f . ' t I t i . k n , , q , , , . t . , r . r . , t \ , . ft l, , . r , , , , , z , r , , K r t r r nt r , r r 1 , r r r r r r i . r , r . r u . r
c x r r ) m l . lw ] so u l d l h c l p i r rt h i sk i , r do | c n r t ) c f t l n i c .T d g i v . y o u r n . r o t h , , w . o t di l i s ,
o n t h c K c l v n rs c a l c ,1 5 0 " ' s m l d c r l t r a r t l c n a t r r x l l c n r p c a l u r c a t ay s p o t o r ) c r r r h .
P [ y si c i n st o d i y c o r ; ' c t o s l u d y r t r c r c n r a rbkl c l ) c h v i o r o l g r s e s p , r n i . u l n r t y r tt o w
tdnpcn'turcs. With ihc use ol rodcrn lcclniqucs thcy [^vc bccn abk r; !rIrjn
rcnrtctul"rcs is low is o e millio lh ot a dc{rcc bovc arxoldc zcro (o.0finXX.K)l
Absoluic zeb, howcvcr,rc rirs ulla aimblc.

i6
 CHAPTER1O
ANSWERKEY
Idebtlfyin I 1 enses
1. 4 a. sinPlepast b. aclivc
2. a a. pltsent Perfect b. aclive
3. 5 a. PastPcrlcct b. Passive
I Uslnstbe SimplePastTense
l. wrotc 5 wasfonned
2, werefound 6. reprodrccd
3. appear€d ?. werediscovcrcd
4. lived 8. rolatcd
Uslngthc PrescntPertectTcnsc
1. b:'sbcconrc
2, havcbcenrude
3. lave becr discovcr€d
4. hasstill not beenlbund
5. hnsrccentlybe€ndiscovcrcd
6. basjust gone
7. havckrown
8. hflstrccnsccn
9. hnvcdcstroyed
Chooslng thc CorroctPrstTense
bclicvcd wilscovcrcd
gcn€rated d€caycd
washcld wercr116c1cd
pcrtornrcd laid
placcd werefourd
waslctl dcnronstnlcd
wascovercd hnvcPedonn€d
' forn|lnS Scntcnccs That Report(Answerwill vrry)
1 Thc fi6t tesftub€babywasbornin Erglandin 1978.
2. Theprinciplesotgconctry weredevelopcdt'y Euclidin AlexaMria,EgyPtin
300B.c.
Thc planlsandanin$lswercclaslifiedby thc swcdishCarolusLinnacusin
1735.
4. In 1911,Mari€C{ric ofFrancereceivcdthc Nobcl Prizefor thc discoveryof
plutoniumard radium.
5. Pi-shcngoI ChinainvcDtcdprinlingwith movablclypc in.he 11lh ccnl!.y.
6. h 1942,theItalianErrico Icnni accoolplislcdthc controllednrcl€flrfissionof

I
 7. TbelirstlaDding on tbenrpon;a(nradcby I beAmen(inpmjccrApoltoin
1969.
8. William lturvcy dhcovercdtbecirculationofthe bloodjn Engtandin 1628.
c. ln I96I, JuriCagarinof rhcSovicrUnionInaJclbc fi,sl rn:rc;ftishl.
10. TbeAnrricanJonasSalkdevctoped a potio!accinci,, t9:54.
11.Tbcitrcandcscenr tanrpwrs invenred
bt Thor,)asEdiso,r ir Arncdcain
18?9.

1. c
2.e 6.d
3.b 7.9
4.f 8.h
VoctrbuhryIn Conrexr(readlDg
sklts)
La 8.a
9.b
3.b 10. b
4.a 11.b
5.a 12. b

7. ^
Sklmmlhg
l.n 2,c
D l s t l n S u l s l ' l n 8F r c t f r o l l l O p t n l o n
6.O 11.O
12. F
3.O 8.F 13. O
9.F 14, O
10. F 15. O
Vocar)ulary
In Conrcxt(tistenhgsk ts)
1.a 6.b
2.h 7. b
3.a 8.a
9.a

38
 theLecturc
tlndcrstandlng
'7.
1. F T
2.F 8.7
3.F 9.F
4.7 10. T
5.F 1 1 .F
6.7 t2. T

LECTURE:
T h e S c i e n c co f C e n c t i c s

Mostot ushlrc it for gmntcdtbntwc havcirhcrilcdccnrin (hrnc{cristics.We right

bc lall i'kc our father, usicnllikc ouruolher,brcwn-cycdIikcourgnndrnolhcr. But wly
is itwc inh..itsomclraitsand ololhcrs?Younrjghtthinkyouarcverydiftcrcfltfromyour
brolhcror sistcr,yct otherpcoplcnoticea fanily resemblaflce. How on wc cxplai thc
differcnccs - andthesinilaritics?And howca adoggivcbirthtorlittcrofpuppics rat
arealldiffc.cnr?
ccnctjcs is Urctrranchof scicnccthit sccksto dclcnni c lhc rnswcrsto lhusc
qrestios,n'rdto discovcrhow pl nlsandmi alshlvcdcvcloprdovertlrcnstlwobillion
ycn6.'Ilrc licld otgcnclicslLg.rirwilh thc discovcrics ol'r ni ctenlh ccllury Arslri n
nrcnknrrcdGrogorMcdcl,whowllsn at|i.lcurboliist.His niqucco lributjon w s
thathcstudicdoncch nrclcrislict a limc to scchowil waspas,icd [.ourorc gcrcnrlionto
rrn{ficf.Hr p!rlbn cd cxpcnmcnls wilh rcdrnd whitcflowcrcdgrrdcr pcis r'rd ol'laincd
so'r)cinlcrcstcdrcsulLs.
Mcndcltookthc nulc cclls(nllcn gnrirts)lron a rcd Iowcf rnd llrced lhcrr on tfic
lcmrlc(clls (phrilt ofa whitc0o\vcr(aproccss whcn lhc ilowcr
callcdcross-pollinrlion).
produccdsccds,hc pl rled thc sccds,Tbcn,wlcn lhc tlowc$ trcganto bloonr,Mcndcl
obscrvcd llllrti stc.dofllcpinkflowc'sorlnixturcofredandwhilc llowc$hccxl)cclcd,
all thcfilslgcncntjonlloweIs wcrered.
NextMcndcltookthcmlc cells.ndDIa.!dtbcNon lbc lcnrale.ells oi tresesaltrcred
llowcn (a proccsscallcdsc -pollinrrtio). Agai ihe llowc$ pmduccdsccds,ard aglir
Mcndclphnlcdlhcn. Tbissccoldgc cnlion produccd sourercda'rdsor)rcwhilellowcrs.
Thc nrlcrcsl g partof thiswasthit thc nlio of rcdflowclslo wfiitc lvrs frccisclythrcclo
onc! Also, thcrcwrrc no pir* flowcls.Thus Mcndclsbowedlhat a rrixturcoi chanc-
lcristicsdid rot blcndinlo so,nelhing thrt was i bclwccnthc two. Rnuer,lhc char.c-
tcrislicsrcnn'ncddistinctin lle ncxtgcnemtion.
Mcndcl!:oNl dedlhatthercarecenainfactors(latercallcdeencs)thil dctcrnrinc lhc
coloroflhcphnis.He alsoeshbl;slred lbatthercdfactorwasstrongcrordonrirrnt,.ndlbe
whilc lador wasweaker,or recessive. But thc reccssivefaclordid no1disippcar;it oDly
L.ecalllc hiddcnand soDrl;nrs enrrgcd i a latcr ge enlion (wihess:lhc rcd flowcrs
producedwhitc flowcn). This cxplahs why, lbr example,two dark-hiircdparcnts
sometimcs givc bidh io a blondchild.Boll pirenisrnayb€ carryingrcccssivc gcncsior
blondhah.

39
 Gregor M€ndel nude geneticsinro a sciem€, He \lrs able to prcdicr exnctty lhe
nurnbcrand type of plantshis experimcftswourdproducc.Untappitt for hinl, M;dd,s
work wasnot rccognized in thescientificwortdunxit16 yea$ aft€rhjsdcarh.Sjnc€then,
experimcntslave bccnpedormedwith numEmlstmitsofpt.nls andarnnabwhichhav;
demonstBled l[e uDive|satappticabiltyof Men,tct.sfindi;ss.The pdnciDtes
ot heRdilv
lbdlMendelcstabl;hed14eresignitjcanlinsutstnllliadrgDarwin.slheory'ofevotu

40
 CHAPTER11
ANSWERKEY
U s i n SP r e c i s eD e s c r i p t i o n s
1. Too vague. Spccifiingwhcn life beganwould rlrake it morc scicntific.
2. Does notiDdicalc it5,500 fc.t is lhe width, depth, or lcngh.
3. Does not indicate item otconpanson. Cooler than what? anotherstar? jnner
IayelS?
4 Agajn, doesnot indicate itcnofcotnparison. Less cormsive than what?
5. Does notspecify unit ofncasurc'nent. D€greesCelsius?DegrcesFrhrcnlcit?
6. Does not indicate point ofrcfercnce. Away fro'n wbat:l
7. Do€s not indicate basisfor con,parison.Highest in the Hirftlsyas? in Asia? in
ihe world?
8. Do€s llot specify a.m. or p.rn. Docs nol indicit€ date.
D c s c r i b l n gw l t h A d J a c t i v e s( A n s w e r sw l l l v o r y )
1. sal(,sugar 12. slccl, diflnlofld, Inarble
2. wood,pap€r 13. rubber, sponge,musclc
3. fruils,vegetablcs,
grains 14. tfcesnp,Inv0
4, carbonmonoxide,a$enjc 15. rubbcr,plantgxln
5. lcmon,gmpcfrujt 16. air,wl|tcr
6. gold,silvcr perlunre
17. fllcohol,
18. lbg,jungle
8, tilc, nnrblc 19. thccrrlh,a nirbow
9. sand,lrcc bark 20. gasoline,pctrolcunl
10. glass,flowcr 21. acids(sulturicacid)
11. ghss,wrter
wlth "edond .lhg
UslngAdJoctlves
1.a 6.a
2.^
3.b 8.i
9.a
10. b
lormlng Cornpound Nouns
1. cheuicalreaction 6. foodpreservalion
2. waterdisplacement ?. bird Nigratior
3. air conprcssion 8. word processor
4. fuel pump L acidrdin
5. gasdensiiy 10, drugaddict

1. Iargcoil corlaincr
z excessive air pollu.ion

4t
 3. bigl blood pressure
4 serious biith defbct
5. powed'.'l radiationdetcctiondevjce
w r l t l n g S n o o t h s e n t e n c e s( A n s w e r s{ i l l v a r y )
L Umnus, thc third largesl plancl, is orbilcd by nany thin dngs and at least 15
satellites.
2. CianiLc is a fard and shiny igncous rock lhal is nl.dc ofsever ] kjnds ofnetals.
3. Calcium is a silvery netal tbat is found in liflrestone,nurble, cb.lk, and narine

4. The brcniosauruswas a largc,30 ton platrt{atitrg dinosaurthat livcd itrshallow

5. Quasarsare staFlike objccts lhat emit more ndiation than entirc galaxies.
6. The c€rebrum,tle largestpart oflhe bmin, conlrols the s€nsesand the muscles.
7. Hcnophilia is an infcrilcd djscascin wbich thc blood does not clot propcrly.
8. Thc grccnhouseeffect is the gradualwanning of the crdh by gasesthat $re
tmppedir th€ ahnosphere.

1 I 6,i
'7, b
2.e
3.c 8,d
4,9 e.j
5.a
VocobuhryIn Contcxl(rendlhgskllls)
'7.
l.b a
2.^ 8.a
3.b 9."
4.a 1 0 .n
).0 l,. a
6,^ lz.b
Sklmnllng
l.b 2.c
Maklng Inferences
1.S 1. S
2.N 8.
3. I 9. N
4.S 10. I
5. I ll. s
6.S 12. I
Yocabularyin Context(listcnins
skills)
1. n 6.
2.b 7. b
3.a 8.
9.
5. a
the Lecture
t,rdcrstaDding
1.7 8.7
2.F 9.F
3.F 1 0 .F
4.7 11.F
5.F 12. F
6.F
1. T

LECTURE:
Bcyond O$r Plu|lct

Oncofllc l|rost llscinrtirglopics il|scicrrccislhcstudyol whrl licsbcyordourPluct

d wl)cthcr thcrc is al|y lile out lhcrc rs wc ktrow it Our solnfsystcr)r corrsists ol ni c
'the plr cls
phrcts and llcir s.lcllilcs,plus nuotrousaslcroids,comcts,rrrd nrctcor"
irivcl ir clliplic.l otuitsir.und lhcsu\ kcplin Placcby thcsun'sgr,rvitatiornl lbrcc.
Thc closcstph,rctto lhc sotris Mcrcurywhi(h is orIIyslighly ltrrgertbanour moon
Mcrcuryis vcryhota d h s nontNosphcrc. Tllcaforc, thcrLis noPossibilily of lilc. Vcnris,
thc ncxtplaret,is ah rst tbcsauresirc aslhc cilh. Dcspilcit\ floxitrrily to tlrecnnh,ils
surlaccis socloudythtLscicrlislscamolsccil. Vcrusis sohotanddry, rereis liltle bope
otlir i gany lifc on itssurfacecilhcr.
Thcthirdpln ctinorderfrontbesunislhccrnba d lhcfourthplanelis Man Mals
hasa nggcd tc16 wilhhugcvol.'.trocsanddccpcanyons.Likc1beeanh,itlrxsicypolnr
rcgionswhich chnge with th€ scasons. Accordi gly, scienlislsaM write$ ol scicnce
tiction havealw.ys bce intrigucdby itr Poietirl lor sustinirg lile Howcvcr,'cccnt
explomtions hflvenottunrcdupary cvide ceoflilc.
BcyondMaN lbcrcareinnnnrcriblc nslcroids or nrirorPlrncls(hat1 fly bc Pieces ofa
planetlhrl onccexplodcd. Attcrthe$tcfoidscoNcsJrPiler, tl1elalgcstPl. er Jupitcrhs
16lnoons.ILsnussisconrFsed.lNostenlirclyoflrydrcgcqnrditnmyjnfcibeabaIlof
gaswitb o surfaceatall. SoNescienlistsbclicvc tbeplarctnnybc shrirfting.JuPitc.spi s
rdpidlyon its axisflndnovcsslowlyaroundthesuu,givingit shortdaysandlonsyeaISIf
tlEreis lilb on Jupiter,it nusl be verydifferentlioDl lilt on earth FiBtly,tLe organisrns
wouldnot breilheorygenbccause Jupiier'sal|llosPhere hasnone Sccondly,theywould
havoto floatongas. Of coulse, Jupiler isso fdr frornlbe sun thntil is likelyto bc too cold
to supportanyIfe. But somescicntisrs }ave suggcsred thata prorcctjve atmosphere may
kcepd1eplarct $"dnn.Or, Jupitcrnlayhav€a differenrsourceof encrgysuchasencrgy
produced by theplanetcontmcline.
Satum,tbeb€autifulplaDet wjlh thcrings,followsJupirer. Th! ringsarenolsolid;ttley
arenadcupofsepamtc particleswhichorbitSatu . Oreof lhcmostspectrcrllarsiqlrsifl
r h c u r v e ^ t ' n u s t h e r h e v i r s f n r m s 6 r u n t o f i l s ' r Dl g
r innigt isc!c^ i r h r h e s u n s h i ; n g o n
tlEmtopmducea njnbow ofcoloN(asisbthunanb€insswilt ncvcrseel). Sarunhasover
20 salellites andis tte secondlargestplancr
UranusandNeptuncarenexl in ode. Thcy arebolh largcptanetsrharrre quitei.ar
fralnthesuna'rd,accodingly,verycotd.Unnus is orbitedby rhinringsan{tnDnymoons.
Plutoisasma,da.kpla et,lhcknhestfronlrhcsun.ItyouwereonpturoD. thes;nwould

ComctsarEalsopartof oursoIar syste m. A conlerconsisls

ofa cenlfftnussof cosrnic
rmtterwilb a lail thatstllflnrsawaylmnrrh€surLConrcbtn.vctrhrouAh oursohr system
soflclimes swcctingon(amu|'d oursunandvrnishing irrosfs.c.Ha ev.s(o,ncr.m nled
tbrDcmonHallcywho prDdjctcd its oftil, rcrumslo theeanbcvory76 yenls.
Mcrcor" an bit5ofcos,Iicnrancr rhrrcnrcrourrrrn.phcrc,,;,jI,u;rut. Th,) atpear
to usasfallingstfln.Mcrcoritcs arc'i)crconrharsuNivcthc.rDospberc anJh,rd;n;;nh.
h bctwee[rh€sc\nriouscelcstialbodics,thcscis Doat] osobcr€.no air. no w.ter.
Mosl ofour univc^e i\ jusr,1IFv sI,.(\'. A. for Iitl rxi.rinEctirwhcre.nlostr(icnrisrs
bclicvc.thntI'illtclligcrtljfc" probrblydocsnot cxjsrnr o r sotir sysrcn!but it prctMbly
docscxistout ftcrc bcyordoursotarsystcm. We mayrrcvcrrcacbthcscolherworlds,b;t
tbcyrrc ahDost ccrtnirlythcrc.
 CHAPTERI2
ANSWERKEY
IdentifylngPredlctions
l.P 5.P
2.r 6.H
' 7 .P
3.H
4.r 8. H
FornulatingHypothctlcal PredictioDs
1. Ifwe studied, wc would pass.
2. r a curewc.c foundfor lcukcmia,nany livcswouldbe savcd.
3. IIchlorine wcrc inhalediD largedoses,it wouldbe fatal
4. ff mercurywerc heatcdlo 357"C,it would boi1.
5. It the Iuel igniled,thecngitrcwouldstart.
6. Ifitwere a clcarrightwc wouldscethe€cliflsc.
?, ff the wjrcswereillsulalcd,lheycouldbc uscd1()carry€lecl.iccurrent.
8. If lhe air temPcrdture dropp€dbclow 0'C, tlr€rflinwouldlurn to snow
For uhtlng IlIposslblePredlctlons
1. lf wc hadstudicd,we would hrvc prssed.
2. Uwchlldspokc thcsamelflng lgc, wcwouldhavcundcrstood cncbotberbcllcr'
3. lf wc Imdnrovcdtbeclocksbflokonebour,wt would havchrd r extr hourof
daylightin tbcnlorring.
4. lf thc bridgeLadbccr propcrlydcsig'rcd,il would ol hrvc collrFscd
5. It lhc standrrdslad bccr lowcr,lnorcstudcnlswouldIavc frsscd.
6. thcsalcllilchadnotbccnirLcrruplcd, in ils orbit.
it wouldtave conlinuc.l
7. If tlrc cgg ccll hadbccnfcnilizcdtry spc crrryirg a'r x chfoNosonrc, thc baby
wouldhavcb€cna girl.
8. If hc bndcrlcDa balnrccd dict,hc wouldh vc bcc Lcallhicr.
Scntences
Con|plcting

2. brd prediclcd

5. will hibcrnate
6. would rus1
7 wouldhavclumed
8. wouldliq cty
creatingPrcdictlons (Answtrswlll v'ry)
'!
1. pcopledid drinkanddrivc
2. thcy exerciscdnore
3. we drovcclectricaulonobiles
4. lhercwcre no tests
5. thcrcwouldbe lcsstratTicon thc lieeways
 6. therewould be manydisputesaboutwho controlsit
7. Englishwould be easierto learn
8. I couldsleeplaterinthe mornjng
9. I wouldgo 10....

1. tnnsmitl€d 7. submit
2. aq[educt 8. ductile
3. psychosomatic 9. helio
4. psychomotor 10. cardiogrsph
11. geonetry
6. cadioc
VocabularyIn Context
l.a
2.b 8.a
3.b 9.a
4,b 10, a
5.a 1 1 .a
6.a 12. a
Dlrtlngulshlng Frct frotn Oplnlon
7, F
2.F 8.F
3.O 9.F
4:a 10.o
5,O 1 1 ,O
t2. o
Vocrbulory (llstenlng
ln CoDtext skults)
4,b
5.b 8.a
3.a 6.b 9.a
Undcrstandlng the L|!cturc
10. F
7. F. 1 1 .T
8.F 12. T
9.F

46
 LECTURE:
The Wond€r of Wrter

It is difficult to overesti rale tbc impnancc ofwaler in ourlives. All living rtter,
includbg mcks, fbod, and mincrals,co'rtai|rswater.TletE is walcrundcrgroundand in 1bc
ahosphere. Arcas ol llle world that havc an adcqualcsupply ofwater pmv;de lbr lertjle
lands that c?n supportnliny peoplc in conlBst lo arid desertareaswbere people cannot

Nearly lhree-founLsof thc errth's surfae is orc big oceanin which tle c{rntincntsarc
tl1€ hrge hlands. Most of the earth's lifc cxisls in lle oclanj and llre ocean mnlains
erlomrol]squantiliesof nearly rvcry clcnrcnt,including umdur\ rulg csiurr, silver, rnd
gold. Dcsp;te its irnFnalce, u lil rccenl y.?N, !s lilllc was known abnt the oceanas
atEut anolhcr planct.Today we k ow, tur cxdnplc, lhrl lhc land sufac of lhe oc.€anh s
cxtrcme l y h i g ! n o n t . i r r sr t r dd c c f v a l l c y s T . h c i s l r r d o t H r w a i i i s t h cl o p o f r n r o u r l a j n
llut is 33,000 f.ct high ' highcr tha rny rrounhnr nr thc Hirnahyas. And thcre are
t l r d c l w r l c rc r t r y o n st h . l a r cv a s l l yh r g c r l t u ' r t h c C . a t r dC . n y o n ; n t f i cU i l c r S t a l e s .
wlllcr is a cobrlcss, odorlcss,taslclcsrliquid lhat is tra'$l)flrc t. Thc grccn or bhc
c o l o ro f t l r cs c r i s l i D n d o D l yi n d c c f w l c r . A n y l s t ei l h c w l t c r i s u s m l i y d u c t o l h c
prcsemc oi ruiftillils djssolvcdill lhc wrtd.
Watcr js tlc nrcst vc^jalilc suhilnn(. ll is ltuquctrtly callcil th. urivcrsrl solvr t
l)cmusc nnry sutxih ccs dissolvc in walcr srgar, grses, salt, d nuny nineft'ls.
S c ; c r i s l sl f l i c v . t h cs x l t , n t l l co c c i u w a l c rc o n $ I n r t r rt l c c ' o s ; o no f r o c k s .
T i r c r l i l l m h o c l r l h i s u r i ( t u cr n r o n ga l l l h c p h n c l si n o r r s o l , r r s y s t c ni nr l h l l i t l l o w s
w r t c r t o c x ; s li n r l l l h r c cs l a t c ss: o l i d ,l i q u i d ,r t r d 9 s . w l l l c r i s o n c o l t h c l c w n r t c r i r l s
lvlrn,l cxpandswhcn il liccrcs. Forcx rrplc,il yoLrlicczc I closcdl,ottlc Ii11cdwitl wnlcr,
thc lxrttlc lvil1 shl1r.. This ex|rrLl;ng lir.ilily brfrks sti) cs a d nr;rkcsdin oul ('{ ((:ks.
S i N c i l c l r k c s u p n r ) r c s t r . c l l r r n w r l c f , i l ; s l c s sd c s c i u d l l o a t so n t h c k , 0 \ d l ' l h e
o . c r n s . l l i Ld i d r o l , o D io o r n s w . u l d I ) . l t u z t s o l i d .
A n o l h c ru r k l L r c . h r h c l c r i s l ioc l w a t e ri s l h r l i t I r r t s r n d c o o l st r r ) r us l o $ l y r l n n o r o s l
ollrc lr.lcrinls, cslaCi.lly othcr liquids. Il lrkcs moru lo lx)il wrter or nrclt i( tfi.n ntsr
subsl rrcs rcqLrirc.Thcsc troplrti$ ol lvitcr cxcrt r powc.lul n[dcnti g clled oD our
c l i n m t cm . t e r l c n d sl o l l r o d r n t ct l l c l c n r l { r r l u r ca l l y c r r c u n d .A r c a sn c i r 1 l r o c c a Da r e
g e n c r . r l l y w a n r c r i l l w i r l e r a t l d c o o l e r i n sn l n c r t t u n i n l 0 n d r c a s .
wlller is rcrrrkrue nr a otbcr way- If wc could inlow drof ol walcr wc uright li d
llll1il lr.vcls rround Lhcworld. .ds thc su wflnns thc occan,sonreoi lhe lvalcr evapofttcs
irto lhe .ii ds thc air riscs lo ctulcr prrls ol llc xr|1]osphcrc, it co dcnscsa d lbnns
c l o u d s . S o n r c o f l h c w a t c r l r l l s a s s o w o f n i o t h c l l o u r h i r N - I r t l c s t r i n g ,t l r cs n o w
r c l l sI n d t l r ew a l c rr u r Nd o w n h i l l r m u g h s t r . r n i s r l l dr i v c N .E v c n l L l[ l y n D s to l t l r c l v r l c r
rciunts io lhe (rcln vii thc grcund,!vt|tcrlxlls,strcllnrs,rivcr". This peryclualcircuhtion of
w N l c rl i o N t h co c e r n sl o l h c r i r l o l h c l r r d a l l c k 1 0 t h c o c e a S i s c a l l c d l h c w a l e r c y c l e .

47