Section 2 The liquid most familiar to all of us is water. Everyone of us sees and uses water in our everyday life. Water is so common that we often take it for granted. We assume that it is a typical liquid, but chemical studies show that nearly all of its chemical and physical properties are unusual when compared to other liquids. Water is a very remarkable substance with its simple composition and structure. It has unique properties. An evidence of its uniqueness is that it is the only natural substance that is found in all three phases: liquid, solid (ice), and gas (steam) at temperatures normally existing in our planet. Physical Properties Pure waterisan odorlessand tasteless liquid. ithasa bluish tint. At standard atmospheric Pressure (760 mm of Hg or 760 torr), its freezing point is 0°C (32°F) and boiling point is 100°C (22°F). Density. Water is at its maximum density at a temperature of 4°C (39°F). It has the unusual property of contracting in volume as & ay it is cooled to 4°C, and then expanding when cooled from 4°C to we oe O°C Its the only liquid that expands when it freezes. This makes 33 the density of ice lower than that of liquid water and that is why Pe: i ice floats on water. ¥ 4 wi We can imagine ice crystals being formed from intermolecularly H-bonded water molecules as freezing occurs. ‘The H-bonds keep the molecules in fixed positions but with spaces Figure 21. H-bonded water between (open lattice structure), which results in lower density for ‘"eaHesin ice solid water (ice) than liquid water. UNITE Phases of Mater 15Boiling Point. Water has a relatively high boiling point (100°C at 1 atm), which indicates its stability. Substances of comparable molar mass like ammonia and methane are gases at a temperature that water is a liquid. If water were to be similar to other liquids on Earth, it would boil at normal surface temperatures and thus, exist only as a gas, then we would not have the much needed water in the liquid phase for drinking. Table 2.1 shows some Properties of water and other liquids. Table 2.1. Properties of Some Compounds ling | Specific = Specific Compound | Moler ane Heat | Compound “— mae Heat CO _| (cava) (calig) Liquid 17 -33 1.12 | Acetone 58 56 0.53 ammonia Water 18 100 1.00 |Diethylether) 74 35 0.53 Ethanol 46 78.5 0.58 | Hexane 86 68.7 0.54 Methanol 32 65 0.60 |Ethylacetate| 88 77 0.46 Specific Heat. The specific heat of water is higher than any commonly known liquid except ammonia (Table 2.1). This means that water takes much longer time to heat up and also to cool down than most substances in our environment. It can absorb a large amount of heat with only a slight change in temperature. Water temperature fluctuates less than land temperature such that large bodies of water, like the oceans, serve as moderating influences on the earth's climate. Water serves as the earth’s thermal regulator, considering that more than 70% of the earth's surface is covered with water. Exercise: Water accounts for about 66% of the mass of an it is related to the maintenance of body temperature? temperature can be attributed to it? adult human body. Do you think How? What observations on body Solvent Action. Water dissolves more substances than any other common liquid. That is why it is the most commonly used polar solvent. only us - This property makes water the most effective liquid for transporting dissolved nutrients, in the bloodstream, and eliminating wastes from living tissues in our bodies. This dissolving ability also explains why water is the most important agent in the surface and why tropical areas are much more eroded than deserts. Water that runs over and through the surface of the land dissolves many minerals of the rocks and soil. Unfortu; nately, this ability is also the reason why water 's easily polluted, stays polluted often, and remains stagnant for » long time. This simply ‘ flows, through the ground or through our bodies, it takes along valuable chemicals, minerals, and nutrients. Surface Tension. Water has a high surface tensi i H-bonding: ‘nsion because of strong intermolecular 16 +aFigure 2.2. Model of water molecules on the surface held together by H bonding Composition and Structure of Water By this time, everybody already knows that a single water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Each hydrogen atom is attached to the oxygen atom by a single covalent bond. This bond is formed by the overlap of the 1s orbital of hydrogen with an sp’ hybrid orbital of oxygen that contains the unpaired electron. BM oy (A) (8) Figure 2.3. Diagrams showing: (a) the molecular representation of the water ‘molecule and (b) the O-H bond length and the bond angle in water. Although the H,O molecule as a whole is electrically neutral, its O-H a» bonds are polar, and because of its bent structure, water is a polar molecule. It acts as a dipole, with a partial positive charge at one end (on the H atoms 7 side) and a partial negative charge at the other end (on the oxygen ator. Figure 24 Dipole See Figure 2.4. ‘Soucture of Water The intermolecular forces acting between water molecules are the hydrogen bonds. (A hydrogen bond is actually the dipole-dipole attraction between polar molecules containing F-H, O-H, or N-H bonds.) Thus, water has two types of bonds: (1) covalent bonds between H and O atoms within the molecule; and (2) H-bonds between H and O atoms in different water molecules. See Figure 2.5. The intermolecular H-bonding effectively gives water the properties of a much larger, heavier molecule due to three-dimensional aggregation. This explains most of its unusual properties. Oxygen a Za C Figure 2.5. H-bonding between Water Molecules UNIT | Phases of Matter aNlO Sr Chemical Properties Water Is a very stable substance, as shown by its being in the liquid phase at temperatures found in most places on the earth's surface and having a relatively high boiling point of 100°C compared with compounds of similar molecular weights. In its liquid state, water takes part in many chemical reactions. 1, Water reacts with metals. a. Potassium, sodium, and calcium react similarly with water, producing metal hydroxides and liberating hydrogen gas, but they differ in the intensity or vigorousness of their reactions. : b. Aluminum,zinc, and iron react with steam at high temperature, forming hydrogen and metallic oxides. Water reacts with nonmetals, The element fluorine reacts violently with cold water, producing hydrogen fluoride and free oxygen. 3. Water reacts with metallic oxides. Soluble oxides like CaO and Na,O react with water to form hydroxides. 4. Water reacts with nonmetallic oxides. CO,, SO,, and N,O, react with water to form acids Exercise: Illustrate with 12 balanced chemical equations the reactions of water as describec above. ib ath iii.Mydr contain wi called wa compositi ates. Water can combine with some salts to form hydrates, which are solids that jater molecules as part of their crystalline structure, The water in the hydrate is ter of crystallization or water of hydration. Hydrates follow the law of definite jon, having a fixed number of water molecules in the crystalline unit. This number of water molecules are included in the formula of the compound using a dot (+) followed by the number of water molecules present. For example: the compound named copper (Il) sulfate pe ;ntahydrate contains five molecules of water, so the formula is CuSO,+5H,0. Laboratory Activity: Checking the Blue Objective: To determine the amount of water of crystallization in a hydrate Materials: copper sulfate crystals, evaporating dish, glass rod, wire gauze, tripod, weighing scale/balance, and heat source (Bunsen burner or electric plate) CAUTION! Copper (II) sulfate is an irritant. Wash your hands after handling the substance. Procedure: 1. Weigh the clean, dry evaporating dish and record its weight. 2, Weigh into the dish exactly 1.00 g of copper sulfate crystals. 3, Heat the crystals in the evaporating dish, occasionally stirring, until the blue color is lost or removed from the crystals. 4, Allow the evaporating dish and its contents to cool, then weigh and record. the weight. 5, After weighing, put 3-5 drops of water to the substance left after heating. Record your observation. Experimental Data: weight of evaporating dish _ tg weight of evaporating dish + hydrate before heating 9 weight of hydrate compound before heating eg weight of evaporating dish + hydrate after heating aod weight of hydrate compound after heating _ Calculations Involved: loss in weight of hydrate weight of evaporating dish + hydrate before heating weight of evaporating dish + hydrate after heating 9 Loss in weight of hydrate 9 9g _ loss in weight % H,0 in the hydrate = oF ofcrystals «100 ——— UNIT | Phasos of Mattera - Theoretical amount of H,O in the hydrate f.wt. SHO % HO = A ertbitiads Alam fwt. CuS0,-sH0 «10° : rer of hydration Write the chemical reaction involved in the removal of the wat from hydrated Copper sulfate. Questions: D ical value? Do you 1. How does your experimental value compare with the theoretical val x expect them to be the same? Why? . ition for What must have been the cause of the difference, if any? Give an explana : the experimental result obtained, Uses of Water Industrial Uses Industries use vast amounts of water. There is a great demand for water in various Processes involved in industrial manufacturing and production. This demand continuously increases in bulk as industrialization continues with the increasing population. In manufacturing industries or factories, the use of water takes place in three ways: 1. Water is part of the product. For example, large amounts of water are used in manufacturing soft drinks, beer, pastry, and canned foods as well as in the formulation Of drugs, lotions, cleaning agents, etc. Water is used in the processing of the product. For example, huge quantities of water are used in making paper, but the greater Part of it does not stay with the product. Water is used in grinding wood chips, mixing the pulp over a wide screen, but the water is drained off the screen as the paper moves ahead. Other cases are in the cleaning of containers like bottles and cans where the manufactured Products are packed. 3. Water is used for cooling the product. For instance, the water may be piped through a steel mill to absorb heat from the furnace and mol ten metal. Agricultural Uses Lands are irrigated by water from rivers, lakes, and artificial reservoirs, but there is unavoidable need for manmade irrigation and dams o1 reservoirs. Dams are used by man to slow down or speed up the flow of water or to stop it: s flow altogether, When dams stop the flow, water is usually stored in a lake OF reservoir so that people can make use of it when needed. Domestic Uses An adult human being has a minimum daily need of two liters of water for drinking, This is an obvious requirement, but an equally vital one is the large volume of water needed to sustain his/ stic needs like in i /her other dome: bathing, household cleaning, watering the plants, and laundry Purposes,Water Supply and Water Quality The total amount of water on Earth ts enormous, (hough only a arnall part of it (lewe than 199) is suitable of available for use by humans, plants, and animale, (ile part the teal water in lakes. rivers, and from ground water sources (Wella) Water is a renewable substance. Its total amount remain constant the hydrologle cycle assures that water, no Matter how often used, will return over and over to Fart Water continuously circulates from the oceans to the atmosphere, to the land and back to the oceans, providing a renewable supply of purified water on land. Geological studies revealed that as part of the cycle, about 424,000 kin! of ocean water evaporates per year, Most of this precipitates back into the oceans, but about 40,000 kin! fall on land and provide most of our water supply. Unfortunately, because of varlable climatic and geologic conditions, water supplies are inadequate and dwindling in many parts of the world, Reduced availability and reliability of supply are observed. Silted rivers and streams, polluted surface and groundwater supplies, and lakes that are acidified and biologically dead or prematurely filled by silt and algal growth are evidence of adverse human Impact upon the earth, Exercise: 1. Choose one from the two topics: a. _ River/Water Pollution - Where /s it located? What types of pollution are affecting It? b. Bottled Water Filtration Processes ~ How are they done? eam of researchers who will get information about the 2. Three students will form a t the team will make an topic chosen. At a date and time arranged with the teacher, audiovisual presentation of the topic to the class. Section Assessment With what kinds of substances does water chemically react? 2. What happens to the average kinetic energy of the water molecules in your body when you have a fever? ‘ed salt is heated to a constant mass of 0.80 gram. What 3. A1.20-gram sample of a hydrat is the percentage by mass ‘of water contained in the original sample?CHAPTER ASSESSMENT What unusual properties are observed in water? How does hydrogen bonding affect the boiling points of liquids? Distinguish between the boiling point and the normal boiling point of a liquid. The amount of water present on Earth is constant. In spite of this, water crisis is experienced by people in some communities/countries. Why is there inadequacy of water supply? 5. The following data were collected during the heating of a 5.0 gram sample of a hydrated salt: w= T A . Mass of Salt (g) | ies Mass of Salt (g) eee 5.0 | 0.0 [30 15 4] 5.0 | 3.0 30 3.1 | omen 3.0 60 Answer the following questions based on the data given in the table. a) How many grams of water were removed from the salt? b) What is the percentage of water in the original sample?