BILASPUR

SESSION 2019-20

PROJECT REPORT ON

GREEN CHEMISTRY-BIODIESEL
AISSCE CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL CODE - 043

GUIDED BY :- SUBMITTED BY :-

MRS.ANUPRIYA YADAV VYOM GUPTA

ROLL NO:-

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to
my teacher Mrs.Anupriya Yadav Mam as well as our
Principal Dr.SV John Sir who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic
Green Chemistry - Biodiesel , which also helped me in
doing a lot of research and I came to know about so
many new things I am really thankful to them .Secondly I
would also like to thank my parents who helped me a lot
in finalizing this project within the limited time frame.

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 Certificate
This is to certify that Master VYOM GUPTA , student of
class 12 A has successfully completed the project on
Green Chemistry- Biodiesel under the guidance of
Respected Mrs. Anupriya Yadav Mam during the year
2019-20 in partial fulfillment of chemistry practical
examination conducted by AISSCE ,New Delhi.

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

PRINCIPAL SIGNATURE

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 Declaration
I hereby declare that the project work entitled
“Green Chemistry – Biodiesel“ , submitted to
Department of Chemistry , Jain International
School Bilaspur is prepared by me .

Vyom Gupta

Class 12th A

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 INDEX

SI. No. Contents Page No.

1. Objective 6
2. Intoduction to Green 7
Chemistry
3. Principle of Green Chemistry 8-10
4. Introduction –Biodiesel 11-12
5. Feed stock for Biodiesel 12
6. Activity1- Preparation of 13-14
Biodiesel
7. Biodiesel Reaction 15
8. Uses of Biofuel 16-19
9. Biofuels Resources in India 19-23
10. Conclusion 24
11. Bibliography 25

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 OBJECTIVE

The objective of this project is to study green

chemistry – Bio Diesel and also to study
Extraction process of Bio Diesel , its uses ,
resources, advantages and it`s potential`

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 INTRODUCTION TO
GREEN CHEMISTRY

Green chemistry, also called sustainable chemistry, is an

area of chemistry and chemical engineering focused on
the designing of products and processes that minimize
or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous
substances. Green chemistry is the design of chemical
products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use
or generation of hazardous substances. Green chemistry
applies across the life cycle of a chemical product,
including its design, manufacture, use, and ultimate
disposal. Green chemistry is also known as sustainable
chemistry.

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PRINCIPLES OF GREEN CHEMISTRY

1.Prevention
It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up
waste after it has been has been created.

2.Atom Economy
Synthetic methods should be designed to maximize the
incorporation of all materials used in process into the
final product.

3.Less Hazaradous Chemical Synthesis

Wherever practicable , synthetic methds should be
designed to use and generate substances that posses
littke or no toxicity to human health and the
environment.

4. Designing Safer Chemicals

Chemicals products should be designed to affect their
desired function while minimizingg their toxicity.

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5.Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries
The use of auxiliary substances (e.g., solvents ,
separation agents etc ) should be made unnecessary
wherever possible and innocuous when used.

6.Design for Energy Efficiency

Energy requirements of chemical processes should be
recognized for their environmental and economic
impacts and should be minimized. If possible , synthetic
methods should be conducted at ambient temperature
and pressure.

7.Use of Renewable Feedstock

A raw material or feedstock should be renewable rather
than depleting whenever technically and economically
practicable.

8.Reduce Derivative
Unnecessary derivatization (use of blocking groups
,protection/non protection, temporary modification of
physical/chemical processes)should be minimized or
avoided if possible, because such steps require additional
reagents and can generate waste.

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9.Catalysis
Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior
to sticometric reagents.

10.Design for Degradation

Chemicals products should be designed so that at the
end of their function they break down into innocuous
degradation products and do not persist in the
environment.

11.Real-time analysis for Pollution Prevention

Analytical methodologies need to be further developed
to allow for real-time , in process monitoring and control
prior to the formation of hazaradous substances.

12.Inherently Safer Chemistry for Accident

Prevention
Substances and the form of a substance used in a
chemical process should be chosen to minimize the
potentials for chemicals accidents, including releases,
explosions and fires.

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 INTRODUCTON – BioDiesel

Bio-diesel is an eco friendly , alternative diesel fuel prepared

from domestic renewable resources i.e. vegetable oils (edible ,
non-edible) and animal fats .These natural oils and fats are
made up mainly of triglycerides.These triglycerides when
compared ,show striking similarities to petroleum derived
diesel and are called bio-diesel.As India is deficient in edible
oils ,non edible oils may be the material choice for producing
bio diesel .For this purpose ,Jatropha Curcas has been
identified for India as the most suitable Tree Borne Oil seed
(TBO) for production of bio diesel both in view of the non
edible oil available from it and its presence throughout the
country. The capacity of Jatropa Curcas to rehabilitate
degraded or dry land ,from which the poor mostly derive their
sustenance,by improving land`s water retention capacity ,
makes it additionally suitable for upgradation of land resources
. Presently , in some Indian villages , farmers are extracting oil
from Jatropha and after settling and decanting it they are
mixing the filtered oil with diesel fuel. Although , so far the
farmers have not observed any damage to their machinery ,
yet this remain to be tested and PCRA is working on it .The fact
remain that this oil needs to be converted to bio-diesel
through a chemical reaction – trans-eesterfication . This
reaction is relatively simple and does not require any exotic
material .IOC (R&D) has been using a laboratory scale plant of
100kg/day capacity for trans-esterification;designing of larger
capacity plants in the offing. These large plants are useful for

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centralized production of bio-diesel. Production of bio-diesel in
smaller plant of capacity e.g. 5 to 20kg/day may also be started
at decentralized level.
FEED STOCK FOR BIO-DIESEL

Commonly used feedstocks for the

production of biodiesel include
soybean, rapeseed/canola, used
(waste) vegetable oils, and tallow
(animal fat). Mustard biodiesel is
being studied at the University of
Idaho, and Montana State
University is conducting research on
camelina for biodiesel production.
Safflower, sunflower, and hazelnut
produce oil that could be used for
biodiesel. Warm climate tree oils
such as palm oil and jatropha are
used as biodiesel feedstocks in
some parts of the world.

Feedstocks for biodiesel are

generally chosen based on price
and performance. Some are better
for cold temperature conditions. All
the above feedstocks have
alternative uses and markets, so the
prices can fluctuate depending on
demand.
.

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ACTIVITY 1 - PREPARATION OF BIO-DIESEL

REQUIREMENTS:-
 Vegetable OIL
 Antifreezer
 Lye (NaOH)
 Blender
 Scales
 Plastic Containers
 Funnels
 Plastic Bottle with lid
 Duct Tape
 Thermometer

STEPS INVOLVED:-

Step 1: Measure out 200 ml of antifreeze and put it in

one plastic container.

Step 2: Add in lye so that the antifreeze is absorbed.

Step 3: Cover container and mix well by shaking it. It is

mixed when it starts to feel warm and is foamy. The
mixture has now become sodium methoxide.
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Step 4: Blend 1 liter of vegetable oil with the sodium
methoxide in a blender for 20 minutes.

Step 5: Pour mixture into a bottle and wait 8 hours until

the byproduct, glycerin, separates form the biodiesel.
The glycerin will be on the solid on the bottom.

Step 6: Separate out the biodiesel by pouring into a glass

bottle.

Step 7: Prepare a wash bottle by poking a small hole in

the corner of the bottle and covering it with duct tape.

Step 8: Wash the biodiesel by pouring it into the wash

bottle and adding in ½ a liter of water. Roll the bottle
around to mix it and then remove the duct tape and
drain the water.

Step 9: Repeat the washing process until the biodiesel is

clear. This may need to be done numerous times over
the course of a week to complete the process. Store the
biodiesel in a glass container until ready to use.

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 Bio-diesel Reaction

Animal & plant fats & oils are typically made of triglycerides
which are esters of free fatty acids with the trihydric alcohol,
glycerol. In the transesterification process, the alcohol is
deprotonated with a base to make it a stronger nucleophile.
Commonly, ethanol or methanol is used. As can be seen, the
reaction has no other inputs than the triglyceride & the alcohol.
Normally, this reaction will precede either exceedingly slowly or
not at all. Heat, as well as an acid or base are used to help the
reaction more quickly.

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 USES OF BIOFUELS

1. Transportation

More than 30% of energy consumed in the United States is

used for vehicle transportation. Across the globe, transport
takes account of 24% of energy and more than 60% of
absorbed oil. This means that over a third of oil is used to
operate vehicles.
The main problem with alternatives is that solar, wind and
other alternative power is not practical for transportation.
Experts believe that efficient breakthroughs in practical
technology advances are still decades away.
In short, biofuel can be turned into a hydrogen steam that is
meant to be used in adjoining fuel-cell. More major car brands
have already invested in stations for biofuel-powered vehicles.

2. Energy Generation

In addition to producing fuel for transportation, fuel cells have

a power-generating application that is available for electricity.
Biofuel can be used to generate power in backup systems
where emission matters most. This includes facilities such as
schools, hospitals and other forms located in residential areas.
In fact, the largest market for biofuel to turn into energy
generation for over 350,000 homes from landfill gas in the
United Kingdom.

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3. Provide Heat

Bioheat has grown over the past few years. As the primary use
of natural gas that comes from fossil fuel, the heat that comes
from hydraulic fracturing will lead to the production of natural
gas. While natural gas does not need to come from fossil
material, it is also able to originate from the recently grown
material.
A majority of biofuel that is used for heating is substantial. As
wood is the most practical method to heat, houses that use
wood burning stoves rather than gas or electricity. A blend of
biodiesel will reduce the emission of both nitrogen and sulphur
dioxide.

4. Charging Electronics

According to scientists from Saint Luis University, a fuel cell

was developed with cooking oil and sugar to generate
electricity; consumers will be able to use these cells instead of
generating electricity. Consumers may be able to use fuel cells
in place of batteries to charge anything from computers to cell
phones. While they are still in the process of development,
cells have the potential to become a ready source of power.

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5. Clean Oil Spills and Grease

Biofuel is known to be environmentally-friendly, biofuel can

also help to clean up oil spills and grease. It has been tested to
work as a potential cleaning agent for areas where crude oil
contaminated the waters.

6. Cooking

While kerosene is the most common ingredient to use for

stoves and non-wick lanterns, biodiesel works just as great.

7. Lubricate

Diesel fuel is required to reduce the sulphur concentration as

sulphur provides the most lubricity of fuel. This is important
when it comes to keeping the engine properly functioning and
to avoid premature infection failure.

8. Create energy when fossil fuel runs out

As the oil supply is starting to run out. This has caused us to

question how fuel can be extracted without destroying the
environment. Biofuel –will help the government create a stable
method of producing energy that is cost-effective.

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9. Reduce cost and need for imported oil

More than 84% of the world’s petroleum is used in the United

States. Despite the increase in fuel demands, the U.S. has
recently started to decrease the need since 2006. This allows
biofuels to become the best factor in energy reduction.
Analysts say that replacing imported oil with biofuel will help
to stabilise the economy when oil is disrupted.

Biofuel Resources in India

Energy consumption is increasing at 6.5 per cent per annum,

while reserves of petroleum are decreasing day by day. India’s
share of crude oil production is about 1 per cent of global crude
oil production, whereas consumption amounts to 3.1 per cent
of global consumption. A no. of private and Government
organizations are involved in production and distribution
biofuel in India.

The leaders in biofuel processing in India are, D1 Oil Plc,

Reliance Industries Ltd, Godrej Agrovet, Emami Group, Aatmiya
Biofuels Pvt Ltd., Gujarat Oelo Chem Limited (GOCL), Jain
Irrigation System Ltd., Nova Bio Fuels Pvt. Ltd.,
Sagar Jatropha Oil Extractions Private It is wise to consider the
oil yield potential of different edible and non-edible crops ,
before selecting the crop as suitable source of biodiesel
production. Considering the food grain scarcity in developing
countries like India, edible major crops may be spared as a
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potential source for bio-diesel production. Typical feed stocks
for biodiesel production are soybean, canola/rapeseed,
sunflower, cottonseed, palm seed and palm kernel, corn and
mustard seed oil. Pork, beef and poultry fat and grease also can
be converted to biodiesel. Palm oil and animal fat may have a
high free fatty acid content, which causes soap formation that
has adverse effects on downstream processing and leads to
yield reduction. The detailed agricultural biofuel potential of
India is estimated

SI No Crop Type Oil yield ( ,000 l/ ha )

1. Microalgae 47.5- 142.5
2. Oil palm 6.0
3. Jatropha 2.0
4. Canola 1.25
5. Rapeseed 1.2
6. Sunflower 1.0
7. Soyabean and corn 0.5
Table 1 Oil yield potential of different crops.

The blending mandate of 5% ethanol with gasoline in nine

states of India in 2003 was enhanced to include 20 states in
2006. In 2010, the National Policy on Biofuels approved a target
20% blending with biofuels by 2017.

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Alcohol requirement (M 2011- 2012- 2013- 2014-
ltrs) 12 13 14 15
Portable Sector 1550 1660 1780 1900
Industrial Sector 1100 1160 1210 1280
Blending (5%) 1090 1150 1200 1260
Totalalcohol requirement 3740 3970 4190 4440
Highestexpected
2400 2400 2400 2400
availability
Deficit 1340 1570 1790 2040
Table 2: Alcohol potential of India.

Algae have been in contention as one of the major source of

biodiesel in near future. Cultivation of algae does not
necessarily need prime agricultural land and can be grown
under desert like conditions using brackish and saline waters
that are unfit for terrestrial crops the water used for algal
cultivation does not compete for agriculturally important
activities . Various studies in design of Raceway ponds with
varying design parameters like water depth, stirrer design,
velocity of circulation, sparging of gas and gas compositions,
and rate and type of algal harvesting with recirculation of
media and partial replenishment of media/media components,
have been undertaken .

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Cost effectiveness and better resilience have been the key
characteristics of open pond based algal systems compared to
photo bioreactors. The open ponds are usually reported to be
dominated by two to six species of microalgae with a range of
evolutionary advantages; rapid growth, resistance to
predators, tolerance to high levels of dissolved oxygen . Open
pond system is 10 times less expensive compared to photo
bioreactors . Wet-land rice cultivation field may be used for
micro algae growth as an intercrop with rice without affecting
rice yield.

Second generation or cellulosic ethanol is produced from

agricultural residues containing cellulosic biomass– such as the
stalks, leaves, bagasse, and husks of rice, wheat, wood chips,
sawdust or energy crops . Praj Industries has finally started
construction of second generation cellulose based bioethanol
plant in India. At $25 million plant, cellulosic ethanol will be
made from agro-waste unlike first generation fuel that is made
from food crops.

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 carbon dioxide emission

Production of biofuel

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 CONCLUSION
Green chemistry is very important in present time
because, at present time the need of amount of energy
is increasing very rapidly. It is also important because
the present source of energy which is mainly fossil fuel is
harmful for the nature and environment . A substitute
for fossil fuels are required as a source of energy, the
substitute can be biofuels. Biofuels are prepared from
organic matter and thus they are not harmful for the
nature and environment . Biofuels are cheaper as
compared to fossil fuels and as well as safe for the
environment .

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 Bibliography
 http://www.icbse.com

 http://www.en.wikipedia.org

 www.omicsonline.org

 farm-energy.extension.org

 Survey of India

 Class 12th NCERT Book

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