TEXT AS CONNECTED DISCOURSE
Cubing
Discourse
-Any written or spoken communication.
-Expression of thought through language.
-Latin word discursus “running to and from.”
4 MAJOR CLASSIFICATIONS OF DISCOURSE:
Exposition
-Definition and comparative analysis.
-Make audience aware about the topic.
-Reveal, inform, report, explain, announce,
enlighten, expose.
Narration
-Stage play and folklore.
-Relies on stories, folklore or drama.
-Narrate, to tell/re-tell, en-medias-res.
Descriptive
-Describes something that relates to senses.
-Develops mental picture of the topic.
-Sight/visual, hearing/auditory, smell/olfactory,
taste/gustatory, touch/tactile.
Argumentative
-Based on logic and correct reasoning.
-Motivates the audience
-Argue
CATEGORIES OF LITERARY DISCOURSES:
Poetic Discourse
-Use of common words in appealing ways of
present feelings and emotions.
Expressive Discourse
-Focus on the identity and/or the experience of the
writer or speaker.
WAYS IN ORGANIZING INFORMATION:
-Can only be organized by LATCH
-Location
-Alphabet
-Time
-Category
-Hierarchy
BRAINSTORMING TECHNIQUES:
-Forcing a writer to think and re-think a topic,
allows a writer to explore various aspects of that
topic.
Clustering
-Type of pre-writing that allows a writer to explore
many ideas as soon as they occur to them.
Mapping
-Method of organizing thoughts in a manner which
allows them to flow clearly and logically.
Looping
-Continuation of free-writing.
-Taking a sentence or idea out of a free-writing.
Free writing
-Prewriting technique in which a person writes
continuously for a set period of time without
regard to spelling, grammar, or topic.
Looking
-Turn one's eyes toward something or in some
direction in order to see.
Listing
-Listing possible topics and then sub lists of things
you could say about each topic.
Webbing
-Graphic organizer strategy that provides a visual of
how words or phrases connect to a topic, similar to
mind mapping.
USING GRAPHIC AIDS AND OUTLINING
Graphic aids
-Are charts, diagrams, graphs, maps, flashcards,
posters, pictures, photographs, leaflets, folders,
pamphlets, cartoons and comics.
-Two-dimensional materials having no depth.
-Communicate facts, ideas and relationships clearly
through words, lines, drawings, symbols and
pictures.
Outline -The narrative’s parts should be coherent and
-Serves as a summary of your paragraph or essay. convey a particular mood.
-Presents a detailed picture of your paper.
A NARRATIVE MUST HAVE:
TYPES OF GRAPHIC AIDS: -Title
Chart -Introduction
-Graphical representation of data, in which "the -Beginning of the story
data is represented by symbols. -Middle Events
-End of the story
Tables -Conclusion
-Set of data arranged in rows and
columns. Description
-Is like a window into another world.
Surface Chart -Through the use of careful examples or details, an
-Shows a three-dimensional surface that connects a author can conjure a scene that vividly describes a
set of data points. person, place, or thing.

Strata/Stratum Chart Persuasive

-Set of line charts where the data are successively
aggregated over the series.
Map chart
-Allows us to visualize spatial relationships in data
by indicating data on a geographical map.
Flowchart
-Type of diagram that represents a workflow or
process.
-Flowsheet is another term for flow chart.
Diagram
-Symbolic representation of information using
visualization techniques.
- A clear, concise, and defined thesis statement
that occurs in the first paragraph of the essay.
-Clear and logical transitions between the
introduction, body, and conclusion.
-Body paragraphs that include evidential support.
-Evidential support (whether factual, logical,
statistical, or anecdotal).
- A conclusion that does not simply restate the
thesis, but readdresses it in light of the evidence
provided.
PATTERNS OF PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT-2
Definition
-A paragraph explaining a term or subject, so your
audience comprehends the topic of the paragraph.

Drawing Classification
-Form of visual art in which a person uses various -Clearly define something and place it in a group
drawing instruments to mark paper or another according to some basis or rule so that it only fits in
two-dimensional medium. one group.
Classify
PATTERNS OF PARAGRAPH -to gather into types, kinds, or categories
according to a single basis of division.
DEVELOPMENT Logical sequence
-List the categories in this order.
PATTERNS OF PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT:
Narrative Exemplification/ Illustration
-You take a story from a real life and dwell upon -To explain a general statement by means of more
the most vibrant points as far as events are specific examples.
unfolding.
OTHER PATTERNS OF PARAGRAPH Effect
DEVELOPMENT: -The result of a cause or causes.
Comparison
-Compares two subjects and discusses how they TO SHOW EFFECTS:
are alike and lists a few examples. -One important effect
-Another result
TRANSITIONAL EXPRESSIONS USED IN -A third outcome
COMPARISON: -As a result
-In the same way -Consequently
-And -Then, next, therefore, thus, so
-Also
-In addition
-As well as
CHRONOLOGICAL, SPATIAL, AND
-Both LOGICAL ORDER
-Neither
-Each of Chronological Development
-Just as... -Is very common in historical writing and
-Similarly biographies.
-Like -Uses transitional words that refer to time like:
-Too then, when, during, after, before and meanwhile.
-The same -To make time relationships between events clear.

Contrast Spatial Development

-Two subjects are discussed as how they are -Spatial narration is one method of paragraph
different, again, listing a few examples. development which describes physical setting.
- to arrange the description so that his reader may
TRANSITIONAL EXPRESSIONS USED IN CONTRAST: easily visualize the setting which he is describing.
-Although
-Whereas Logical Development
-But -Logical narration follows the rule of logic or
-However reasoning.
-Conversely
-On the other hand
-In contrast
-While
-Yet
-Unlike

Cause
-A reason for, or events leading to.

TO SHOW CAUSES:
-The first cause (second, third)
-The first reason (second, third)
-Yet another factor
-Because
-Is caused by
-Results from