Paaras Thakur

GOC - L 4
Resonance
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Example Direction of electron displacements
 Field Effect

This effect operates not through bonds, but directly through space or solvent
molecules.

It is often very difficult to separate the two kinds of effect, but it has been done in a
number of cases, generally by taking advantage of the fact that the field effect
depends on the geometry of the molecule but the inductive effect depends only on
the nature of the bonds.
Resonance: Delocalized electron-Pair Bonding
 Resonance: Delocalized electron-Pair Bonding

We often find that, for a molecule or polyatomic ion with double bonds next to
single bonds, we can write more than one Lewis structure. Which, if any, is correct?

In fact, neither Lewis structure depicts O3 accurately, because the two O O

bonds in O3 are actually identical in length and energy.
Resonance: Delocalized electron-Pair Bonding

Consider the carbonate ion:

 Rules for writing Resonance Structures

● Resonance structures exist only on paper.

● Resonance stabilizes the molecule.
● Only lone pair or π electrons are allowed to move in resonance.
● Resonating structures (canonical forms) have no real existence.
● Resonance hybrid is more stable than any of its canonical forms.
● All canonical forms don’t contribute equally to the hybrid.
● Canonical forms are not in equilibrium with each other.
 Resonance Energy

Potential energy difference between the most stable resonating structure and the
hybrid.
Conjugation
Drawing Resonating Structures
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