Illusion Museum B Arch Design Thesis Report Architecture PDF

DESIGN THESIS
ILLUSION MUSEUM
J.V.Umamaheswara Rao
99058, B.Arch, IX Sem
SPA – JNTU
Guide: Mr. S. Aditya

JNTU School of Planning & Architecture
Mahavir marg, Hyderabad-28, Andhra Pradesh
Department of Architecture
I / We certify that the dissertation entitled ILLUSION MUSEUM
submitted by Mr. J.V.Umamaheswara Rao bearing Roll No. 99058 on this
__________________ day of _______________________2007 in partial fulfilment
of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Architecture of J.N.T.
University is a bonafied work to the best of my / our knowledge and may be placed
before the examination board for their consideration.
______________________ ____________________
Supervisor/s Co-ordinator
______________________ _____________________
Head of the Dept. Director
_____________________
External Examiner
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me

the possibility to complete this thesis.
I would like to express my thanks to my thesis supervisor and

guide Mr. S. Aditya in giving me valuable suggestions at every stage
of my work.
Especially, I would like to give my special thanks to my

parents and my wife, whose love and support enabled me to
complete this work.
J.V.Umamaheswara Rao
CONTENTS
S.No. Chapter Name Page No.
1. Synopsis 1
2. Literature Study 4
3. Data Collection 16
4. Desktop Study 30
5. Case Study 46
6. Comparative Analysis 71
7. Site Analysis 77
8. illusion exhibits – types 85
9. Final Design Views & Drawings 90

Design Thesis - ILLUSION MUSEUM
1. Synopsis
1
Synopsis
1. INTRODUCTION
MUSEUM
A building where objects of interest or value are collected, conserved,

exhibited, and interpreted. The discipline of designing, organizing (curating and
preparing exhibits), and directing museums is called museology.
Museums continue to evolve and change. New technologies, emerging art

forms and collections, and diverse audiences have given rise to new museums
and exhibition environments. The functional and operational requirements that are
unique to the museums.
ILLUSION
An illusion is a distortion of a sensory perception. Each of the human

senses can be deceived by illusions, but visual illusions are the most well known.
Some illusions are subjective, different people may experience an illusion
differently. Illusions are a very nice window into how the brain works, because
illusions can reveal the hidden constraints of the visual system in a way that
normal perception fails to do so. In addition, illusions are fun, because they
combine both the element of joy as well as the element of surprise.
Many illusions are found in architecture. Many of these were recognized

long before painting developed beyond its primitive stages. The classic Greek
architecture displays a highly developed knowledge of many geometrical illusions
and the architects of those far-off centuries carefully worked out details for
counteracting them.
2
Synopsis
ILLUSION MUSEUM
There are different kinds of illusions. For many years many people around
the world have been working on the illusions and implementing in different ways.
In order to preserve and exhibit to the people one museum is required. When the
illusions are placed in the environment like museum, the space shall carry a
special interest. And also the ideas about the possibilities to make wonders with
shapes and materials. It is most like a learning place and entertainment to help
the students and people to give idea about the illusions while having fun. Illusions
can be in different mediums like paintings, sculptures and interactive exhibits.
These kinds of exhibits can be preserved and displayed in the museum.
Aims and objectives:
• To achieve the expression of freedom in the form and display spaces.

• To improve the aesthetics in the form and finishing.
• To make dynamic and interesting spaces with illusions.
• And also to make museum spaces more interactive and illusive.
Scope and limitations:

The illusions are related to geometrical shapes, colours, materials, light
and many things. The concept of illusion can give lot of scope to think and
achieve the functional spaces more lively and with lot of expression. It helps to
develop the futuristic ideas for the designing all kinds of architecture needs. All the
illusions which can be achieved on paper can not be achieved in architectural
form, some illusions might possible.
3
Synopsis
2. Literature Study
4
Literature Study
There are a number of reasons to present a Gallery of Illusions.
• Fun
• Basis to learn about Sensation and Perception
• Basis to learn about Research Methods in Psychology*
• Presentation of visual effects which may interest artists and graphic
artists
(*Psychology is both an academic and applied discipline involving the scientific study of
mental processes and behavior. Psychologists study such phenomena as perception,
cognition, emotion, personality, behavior, and interpersonal relationships.)
(Source-http://dragon.uml.edu/psych/illusion.html)
ILLUSION
An illusion is a distortion of a sensory perception, revealing how the brain
normally organizes and interprets sensory stimulation. While illusions distort
reality, they are generally shared by most people.[1] Illusions may occur with
more of the human senses than vision, but visual illusions, optical illusions, are
the most well known and understood. The emphasis on visual illusions occurs
because vision often dominates the other senses. For example, individuals
watching a ventriloquist will perceive the voice is coming from the dummy since
they are able to see the dummy mouth the words. Some illusions are based on
general assumptions the brain makes during perception. These assumptions are
made using organizational principles, like Gestalt, an individual's ability of depth
perception and motion perception, and perceptual constancy.
Types of illusion
An Optical Illusion is caused by info received by our eyes then wrongfully

interpreted by the brain. The main classes of illusions are Physiological and
Cognitive.
Physiological illusions are caused by excessive stimulation of brightness, color,

contrast, movement, etc. Examples: Afterimages such as seeing "spots" after
getting a camera flashed in your eyes.
Cognitive illusions interact with our natural visual assumptions and are
misinterpreted. Cognitive illusions are divided into ambiguous, distortion, and
paradox illusions.
Ambiguous Illusions are images that 'change' appearance right before our eyes.
Perception switches back and forth -- as available visual data does not confirm a
single view. Illusions that give the impression of motion also fall into this group.
Distorting Illusions produce distortions of scale, size, or curvature.
Paradox illusions include images that are contradictory or not possible. These
illusions are caused by our brain's misunderstanding that adjacent edges must
join.
5
Literature Study
The renaissance artists had clearly achieved through careful observation

of nature, including studies of anatomical dissections, was a means to recreate
the 3-dimensional physical reality of the human form on 2-dimensional surfaces.
In part, the key to this achievement lay in understanding the underlying, hidden
structure of the human body which then enabled the artist to produce realistic
representations of what he saw on the flat surface of a wall in the case of frescoes
or on a wooden panel or paper in the case of drawings.
Examples for illusion:
1. We can see and read it as “TEACH” or “LEARN”. Right is Hanging water tap
Impossible stairs Glass elevation vanishes the building
Two way boxes on left. Center and right one are impossible shapes.
6
Literature Study
The collonnade of the Annunciation is a mathematical -- and artistic -- tour

de force, and is reminiscent of the architectural tromp l'oeil of an actual
"perspective" collonade in the Palazzo Spada, fashioned by Galileo's
contemporary, Boromini, in Rome.
Here you can see the long colonnaded portico, with a monumental sculpture in
the distance. But this is actually an illusion, a trick of the eye played with the help
of mathematical perspective, and the trick is revealed as these two figures of
equal height show the perspective at work. Mathematics was equally important to
Renaissance artists in determining the correct proportions for the figures they
drew. Leonardo da Vinci followed such principles explicitly, measuring not only
the proper proportions of the human head.
Reflection of floor on a steel column
7
Literature Study
M. C. Escher
(a famous illusion artist) (Source-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._C._Escher)
Maurits Cornelis Escher (June 17, 1898 – March 27, 1972), usually
referred to as M. C. Escher, was a Dutch graphic artist. He is known for his often
mathematically inspired woodcuts, lithographs, and mezzotints. These feature
impossible constructions, explorations of infinity, architecture, and tessellations.
Below are the some famous works by the artist.
Although Escher did not have a mathematical training—his understanding

of mathematics was largely visual and intuitive—Escher's work has a strong
mathematical component, and more than a few of the worlds which he drew are
built around impossible objects such as the Necker cube and the Penrose
triangle. Many of Escher's works employed repeated tilings called tessellations.
Escher's artwork is especially well-liked by mathematicians and scientists, who
enjoy his use of polyhedra and geometric distortions. For example, in Gravity,
multi-colored turtles poke their heads out of a stellated dodecahedron.
Many well known museums include original works by Escher in their

collections. Some leading public collections include the following: The National
Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., The National Gallery of Canada in Ottawa,
The Israel Museum in Jerusalem, The Escher Museum at The Hague, The
Netherlands, and the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. Escher's work
8
Literature Study
appears in many of the finest private collections including the Schwartz Collection
of Boston, the Walker Collection of San Diego, the Vess Collection of Detroit, the
Roosevelt Collection of Palm Beach, the Price Collection of Connecticut, and the
Elder Collection of San Francisco.
Illusions are a very nice window into how the brain works, because illusions can
reveal the hidden constraints of the visual system in a way that normal perception
fails to do so. In addition, illusions are fun, because they combine both the
element of joy as well as the element of surprise.
The figures above represent probably the best known of all ambiguous depth
figures, and many such figures exist.
Fixate on any one of them and with very little effort you should experience a
spontaneous depth reversal. In some cases you will perceive a change in
orientation and in others the numbers of cubes or prongs will change. Notice that
your brain only chooses one interpretation at a time, and not some odd mixture of
both interpretations.
Your visual system is constrained by how it interprets a two-dimensional image

into a three-dimensional mental representation. These two-dimensional figures
9
Literature Study
suggest a three-dimensional object, but these drawings also give contradictory

cues for depth perception. The two-dimensional figure is unstable because in the
real three-dimensional world, these figures could equally exist in one of two
different configurations. When two constraints are in conflict you get an
ambiguous figure, which "flip-flops."
Move your eyes around the image. Does the circular middle section
appear to separate from the rest of the figure? Does it appear to be at a different
depth and even move?
Consistent with this, the man in the background appears to be further

away from you than the person in the foreground. What is not consistent,
however, is that the background figure is not proportionally smaller to its identical
counterpart in the foreground.
When a figure normally recedes into the distance, it gets smaller, i.e., its
visual angle gets smaller. Here, the background figure remains the same size
(and same visual angle) as the foreground figure. Your visual system assumes
that since both figures have the same visual angle, but are at differing distances,
the one in the background must be larger.
This demonstrates that what you see is not necessarily what you
perceive.Your visual system is constantly making inferences based on constraints
derived from the regularities of your visual environment.You can discover some of
those normally hidden rules by playing with this demonstration.
For example, if you move the background figure to the same elevation or
height as the foreground figure, the size illusion disappears.This is because, on a
level surface, as objects recede into the distance, not only does their visual angle
get smaller, but they also rise in the visual field in relation to the horizon.
10
Literature Study
This illustration depicts two people on a level surface at differing distances.

The man in the background, although smaller, looks perfectly normal when
compared to the man in the foreground.
In the lower right, you will see that the man in the background has been brought
to the same elevation as the man in the foreground. Now you have another size
illusion. This illustration is the opposite of the previous Shepard illustration.
In the Shepard illustration, the foreground figure (normally with a larger

visual angle) is placed in the background. This causes the background figure to
appear larger in comparison with the foreground figure. In this illustration, the
background figure (with the normally smaller visual angle) is moved to the
foreground.
Why do the two identical twins in this room appear to be drastically

different in size?
There are two illusions associated with the Ames Room. First the room
appears cubic when viewed monocularly from a special viewing point (the true
11
Literature Study
shape of the room is trapezoidal). Secondly, within an Ames Room people or

objects can appear to grow or shrink when moving from one corner to the other.
When you look (through a peephole -- to remove any cues from

stereopsis) into an Ames Room, the room looks normal and cubic, but its true
shape is cleverly distorted. The floor, ceiling, some walls, and the far windows are
actually trapezoidal surfaces. Although the floor appears level, it is actually at an
incline (the far left corner is much lower than the near right corner). The walls
appear perpendicular to the floor, although they are actually slanted outwards.
This diagram shows how the Ames Room forms an identical image of a
normal cubic room on your retina. If a straight line (representing a ray of light) is
drawn from one corner of an imaginary cubic room to your eye, the corner can
meet this ray at any point along its length and still appear cubic. Since the two
visible corners of the room subtend the same visual angle to the eye through the
peephole, the two corners appear to be the same size and distance away. The
left corner, however, is actually twice as far away as the right corner. When the
view sees the room from another angle the true shape of the room is revealed.
The retinal image produced by the distorted room is identical with (and
therefore indistinguishable from) that of a normal cubic room. In fact, there are an
infinite number of possibilities that will give rise to this same retinal image. How
does your visual system discard this infinity of possible Ames Rooms and settle
on one single interpretation?
12
Literature Study
This photograph by English visual psychologist Richard Gregory shows

two people, placed at differing distances, so that their images differ in size just as
in the Ames Room. Most people looking at this photograph stated that the nearer
person looks a little nearer, but also a lot larger. The two subjects maintained a
constant horizontal foot level independent of thier distance from the viewer (this
was accomplished by having the camera placed at ground level). The effect still
occured, but it is ambiguous due to the lack of a perspective background.
In a normal situation, the smaller figure should be on a higher level in the

visual plane than the larger and closer figure. A perspective background would
also be present.
How can this man be leaning off the wall without falling? No, he is not
being held up by invisible ropes. How are balls able to roll up hill on their own
accord as seen in the right photograph?
13
Literature Study
When you enter the house, you will notice that it has a strange tilt. All
references to the true horizontal are removed from your sight. This is always true
whether you are just outside the house or inside it. For example, there is always a
wooden fence around the house to remove any significant comparisons to the
true horizontal.
The anti-gravity house is actually built at an angle of 25° off the true
horizontal. This will explain every effect seen. Once in the area of an anti-gravity
house you are always comparing the effects to what you are used to -- normal-
level floors and walls that are perpendicular to the ground.
The Leaning Off Walls Effect
On the left-top diagram you see the actual tilt of the house to the true
horizontal.Both people are perpendicular to the true horizontal. On the left-bottom,
you see the situation as it is perceived by the people inside the room.
They have no access to the true horizontal, and are judging their surroundings by
a horizontal that is created by the room. This causes one to have an internal
change of reference frames, which causes the people to appear as they are
actually leaning off the walls.
14
Literature Study
Clinging Objects Effect
The same reason as above accounts for this mysterious phenomena. In

the middle-top diagram you can see that the Earth's gravity fully holds the chair
against the wall. However, to the observer inside the room, the chair appears to
mysteriously stay against the wall.
Objects Rolling/Water Flowing Uphill
On the right-top diagram, the board or trough is at a very slight downhill

incline from the true horizontal (about 5 to 7 degrees). On the right-bottom, you
can see how the effect appears to the observer. The house is tilted at an angle of
25 degrees. Someone inside the house perceives the upwards incline of the ramp
to be 20 degrees, which is a pretty dramatic incline!
This building is on King George V in Paris.
15
Literature Study
3. Data Collection
16
Data Collection
Site selection
During selection of site for a museum the following points must be considered.
1. It should have security against theft, environmental factors such as flood and
earthquakes.
2. The site should have provision for further expansion.
3. The site should be easily accessible through public transport and should be
within reach of educational institutions.
4. There should be clear access to the site from main road.
A museum which is to be built in an isolated spot or reserved space needs to be

surrounded by an enclosure, especially if the site forms part of an extensive area.
For the visitor this enclosure will provide a fore taste of the museums architecture
and thus must not constitute a psychological barrier though the fundamental aim
of security which has to serve must not be sacrificed.
Zoning
Based on environmental needs, security considerations as well as levels of

finish the total museum space can be divided in to following zones.
1. Exhibition galleries and study areas with public access. These are expensively
built and finished well.
2. Entrance, reception, toilets, cloak rooms, phone booths, educational rooms,
library, cafeteria, auditorium.
3. Stores, laboratories, unloading and loading areas etc.
4. Staff offices, workshop, stores.
Types of spaces
1. Galleries Permanent
Temporary
2. Gallery support space Curatorial office and related space.

Conservation laboratories.
Collection handling and registration space.
Photographic, media, publications
3. Museum storage Storage of collection and related materials.

Storage of pre-rational supplies.
Collection storage.
4. Study areas Library

Computer rooms and class rooms
Studios, training labs.
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Data Collection
5. Public services Auditorium and related space.

Museum shop sales.
Dining and support space.
Cloak rooms and toilets.
Reception areas.
6. Administrative space Museum programs and related

administerative offices.
7. Operations Security protection and related space.

Surveillance room.
Maintenance, staff lounge, toilets.
AC and electricity control rooms
8. Circulation space Public and non-public.

Services.
Shape of rooms
The rooms which are all of same size become very monotonous. By
varying the dimensions and relation between height and width and also by using
different colours for the walls and different kinds of flooring we can provide a
spontaneous and unconscious stimulus to attention monotony also results when a
number of rooms follow the another in a straight line. When this cannot be
avoided, the doors should not face one another providing a telescopic view trough
the buildings.
18
Data Collection
Different ways of dividing up exhibition space.
The doors should be placed in such a way that visitor coming through will
see the full length of opposite wall. It is therefore not advisable for it to face
window, since the visitor will then be dazzled just as he comes in.
Oblong rooms, divided by partitions to certain height but with one ceiling
and skylight however be avoided. This system has proved unsatisfactory worth
from aesthetic and functional point of view. A square room when it exceeds a
certain size about 7mts, has no advantage over an oblong one either from the
point of view of cost or from that of use of space in the satisfactory display of
exhibits, especially if they are rare paintings.
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Data Collection
(a) to (d) floor plans for the location of doors in relation to the use of space.
(1) Traditional location of doors. (2) to (8) secondary doors. (9) to (15) polygonal
enclosures.
20
Data Collection
Space organization diagram
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Data Collection
Types of Exhibits
They can be divided as follows:
• Static exhibits: These are historic exhibits, reproduction of original objects.
• Active exhibits: They are the exhibits which are static till a visitor activates
them into producing sound and motion. Working models are the best
examples.
• Interactive exhibits: They are the most advanced and allow the visitor to
activate and give them a multiple choice of options and then give various
results. The visitor can accommodate with exhibits. These exhibits allow the
visitors to experiment.
Classification of exhibits:
• Permanent exhibits
• Temporary exhibits
The permanent exhibits undergo periodical change from 5-10 years. The
changes are minimal but they have permanent effects and goals to achieve.
The temporary exhibits, the museum organizes the exhibition for a limited
period and for a specific cause. They are two spaces internal and external.
Mode of display
The idea of exhibits considerably changed during years rather than
awesome display of exhibits with “do not touch” restriction, the display has formed
a team of inactive, active and interactive types. The worLbhop concept
(active/interactive) encourages public participation through visual demonstration
and the filmshows and lectures are more encouraging and entertaining.
Measurement
The approximate eyelevel and the levels of comfortable visibility are given
in the figures with little eye movement people usually see and recognize the
things which are within an approximately, elliptical come of vision with apex at the
cone at eyeball height.
Studies have shown that in general the adults absorb an area only about
one foot above his own eye level to 3 feet below it at an average distance of 24”-
48” arraying objects above or below these limits, places a strain on seldom used
muscles and produces aching backs, tired feet, burning eyes and stiff necks some
large objects such as to temples or dinosaurs will inevitably saw above these
viewing limits. The visitors must be permitted space to back away from the object
to comprehend it.
22
Data Collection
Measurements of adult and six year old visitors in relation to cases. Right
side picture shows the difficulties encountered in viewing details more than 3ft
below or 1ft above one’s eye level.
Viewing distance should increase with greater size of object.

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Data Collection
Exhibition rooms
Certain general relationships between spaces and such preferred

organizations on plan and selection may increase the possible museum user in
other words some building forms, but never only one make museum installation
easier than others, principally these performances concern the movement of the
visitors.
Except for the isolation exhibits, the typical museum experience is one of
the image viewing in a sequence. Which refused by a walking observer meeting
static objects, the design may ensure if necessary that the images are viewed in
one particular sequence with themes in which objects are not icons but are to be
viewed in context with proceeding and succeeding ones. The theme comes first
and then objects of various kinds are devised and assembled in some sequence
that would produce a message of that communicates the theme.
Possible gallery arrangements.
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Data Collection
Visual Perception
The following list of factors must be considered in the qualitative analysis

of visual perception. Experience and attention of the observer. The characteristics
of the form, optical size inherent contrast, colour, texture, secularity, reflectance
etc. Simultaneous contrast context information content, patterns figures
background separation etc. Adaptation illumination qualities geometry dispersion
characteristic directionality, spectral type, quality polarization number and type of
sources consistency of directional characteristics and colour rendering effect etc
presence or absence of focus or distraction in the luminous environment.
Circulation
Circulating pattern should be designed keeping in mind that there is general

tendency to turn right to enter an exhibit hall. Depending upon the rate of flow of
visitors the areas inside the gallery can be described below:
• Areas of constant crowd flow: These are the areas where terse repetitive
exhibits that can be easily understood by the visitors are placed.
• Areas of crowd slope-age: These are characterized by the general display
of nature along with the exhibits of conceptual nature requiring time to absorb.
• Areas of variable crowd flow: The exhibits allow visitors to choose among
simple and complex exhibits.
The circulation of public and staff, service areas has to be separated from
each other and the visitor should be able to approach a particular gallery of his or
her choice as directly as possible. He should not be obliged to return or proceed
through galleries he is not interested in. The location of temporary exhibit hall
should take into consideration of the possibility of large number of visitors. A
separate entrance is advisable.
Circulation Patterns
• Star/Fan pattern: The main part is generally continuous, but the path leads to
series of self contained units which have a more varied path within them.
• Arterial pattern: The main path is continuous and no option exists for the
visitors. It is used where presentation is dependent upon a fixed sequence.
• Block pattern: This is the most commonly used pattern in the interactive
sessions of science and technology museums. It offers a relatively
unconstructed pattern witch can be random and self directive as desired by a
visitor.
• Comb pattern: Main circulation path and optional alcoves are provided which
a visitor may enter or bypass.
• Radial pattern: This pattern is a series of alternatives from a central area.
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Data Collection
Circulation for Elderly and Handicapped

Their need should be met according to the guidelines below:
Usage of ramps and doorways to accommodate wheel chairs frequent and easily
accessible resting areas.
Pacing
Pacing is a means of reducing both mental and physical fatigue for the
museum visitor.
Methods of pacing:
• Providing contrasts and diversity in spaces so as to hold visitors interest.
• Easy organization and layout of spaces for easy orientation.
• Provision of rest areas to change of pace activities.
Lighting
Lighting is of primary importance in visual oriented buildings like museum.
The following guidelines may be followed in creating luminous environment. The
amount of light to view exhibits in less than to perform tasks. Both daylight and
artificial light must be taken into account. Colour temperatures must be
considered and need for natural light must be explored.
Qualitative aspect of light must be considered, glares should be avoided.

Natural light must be controlled by using louvers, blinds etc, use of high level
lighting for even light and more display diffuse. Point source of artificial light can
create exception glare, hence careful choice must be done(most applicable
tungsten halogen and florescent).
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Data Collection
Even in well day lit room electrical lighting is to be used on winter

afternoons when daylight fades. When side lit room deep enough for work
requiring luminance 500 to be carried out at a distance from window greater than
height of window head above working place, electrical light required for more than
15% of the working year as day light factor will probably be less than 10%. If
tinted glazing is used these depths are greatly reduced. Therefore the general
lighting luminaries should be arranged in rows parallel to window wall and each
row should have separate switches. The switches should be located so that they
can be conveniently operated by occupants. Florescent lamps should be chosen
from intermediate colour range compatible with the colour rendering requirements
and with warmth of lighting required at night.
For maximum conservation if energy automatic control should be installed

in a new building to switch off or preferably dim those rows of luminaries lighting
the work areas which are not required when daylight rises to provide luminance at
that depth such that full electrical lighting is not necessary. In top lit interiors with
sufficient glazing to provide an average daylight factor of 10% over working year
for tasks on which 500lx required and for longer than this where higher luminance
required or DI provided. The whole installation can be linked to a photo electric
switch or photo electric dimming contol where florescent lighting is used.
Different methods of admitting natural light from above. (a) cross section (b) to (h)
cross section and view from above. (i) and (j) cross section.
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Data Collection
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Data Collection
Structural System
• The system which is flexible and gives large unobstructed spaces should be
adopted in galleries.
• Easy integration of services such as air conditioning ducts, lighting fixtures and
fans should be there.
• The building should be secured against vibrations, damp rising from ground,
fire and theft etc.
(Source from the books of: “Time-saver standards for building types” by Glenn
Arbonies and Sandra Vlock- page no.677 to 692. and “Time-saver standards for
building types” by Joseph De Chiara and Jhon callender- page no.329 to 340.)
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Data Collection
4. Desktop Study
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Desktop Study
The Creation Museum

Petersburg, Kentucky, USA
(Source- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creation_Museum)
The Creation Museum is a 60,000 square foot museum in the United

States designed to promote young Earth creationism. The museum presents an
account of the origins of the universe, life, mankind, and man's early history
according to a literal reading of the book of Genesis. The museum, which is said
to have cost $27 million, is privately-funded through donations to the apologetics
ministry Answers in Genesis and opened its doors to the public on May 28, 2007.
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Desktop Study
Displays and exhibits
The museum's many displays and exhibits are designed to be state-of-the-

art, and include 52 professionally-made videos. In addition to large movie screens
showing a young-Earth history of the world, the museum also features a 78-seat
planetarium depicting creationist cosmologies and a 200-seat special-effects
theater with seats that vibrate and jets that can spray the audience with mist.
Many of the displays were designed by Patrick Marsh, who had formerly worked
for Universal Studios designing attractions such as Jaws and King Kong before
becoming a born-again Christian and young Earth creationist.
Among its exhibits, the museum features life-size dinosaur models, over
80 of them animatronic (animated and motion-sensitive). Model dinosaurs are
depicted in the Garden of Eden, many of them side-by-side with human figures.[30]
In one exhibit, a model Triceratops is shown wearing a saddle and another, along
with a Stegosaurus, is shown aboard a scale model of Noah's Ark. The museum
also includes a restaurant, outdoor walking trails, and a medieval-themed gift
shop.
The museum's aim is to teach visitors how to answer attacks on the Bible's
authority in geology, biology and so on, while providing a “family-friendly
experience”. The exhibits are as whizzy as any in a theme park. But starting with
scripture and trying to force the facts to fit makes for odd science.
Visitors view exhibits at the new Creation Museum where among other things
dinosaurs sail on Noah's Ark.
(Source-http://www.creationmuseum.org/about)
The Creation Museum presents a unique and unparalleled experience, a walk

through time portraying significant, life-altering events of the past, illuminating
the effects of biblical history on our present and future world.
The area within the museum has been divided into unusually configured spaces
that allow for personal interaction with each of the 160 exhibits. Several parts of
the museum, including the stunning forty-foot high portico with its cliff wall and
floor-to-ceiling glass windows, flaunt open spaces and remarkable designs.
(Source - http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/24/arts/24crea.html)
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Desktop Study
The entrance gates here are topped with metallic Stegosauruses. The
grounds include a giant tyrannosaur standing amid the trees, and a stone-
lined lobby sports varied sauropods. It could be like any other natural history
museum, luring families with the promise of immense fossils and dinosaur
adventures.
But step a little farther into the entrance hall, and you come upon a
pastoral scene undreamt of by any natural history museum. Two prehistoric
children play near a burbling waterfall, thoroughly at home in the natural world.
Dinosaurs cavort nearby, their animatronics mechanisms turning them into
alluring companions, their gaping mouths seeming not threatening, but almost
welcoming, as an Apatosaurus munches on leaves a few yards away.
Outside the museum scientists may assert that the universe is billions of
years old, that fossils are the remains of animals living hundreds of millions of
years ago, and that life’s diversity is the result of evolution by natural selection.
But inside the museum the Earth is barely 6,000 years old, dinosaurs were
created on the sixth day, and Jesus is the savior who will one day repair the
trauma of man’s fall. The Creation Museum actually stands the natural history
museum on its head. Natural history museums developed out of the
Enlightenment: encyclopedic collections of natural objects were made subject to
ever more searching forms of inquiry and organization. The natural history
museum gave order to the natural world, taming its seeming chaos with the
principles of human reason. And Darwin’s theory — which gave life a compelling
order in time as well as space — became central to its purpose. Put on display
was the prehistory of civilization, seeming to allude not just to the evolution of
species but also cultures (which is why “primitive” cultures were long part of its
domain). The natural history museum is a hall of human origins. But for debates,
a visitor goes elsewhere. The Creation Museum offers an alternate world that has
its fascinations, even for a skeptic wary of the effect of so many unanswered
assertions. He leaves feeling a bit like Adam emerging from Eden, all the world
before him, freshly amazed at its strangeness and extravagant peculiarities.
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de Young Art Museum

Classic and impressionist art in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California.
(Source - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Young_Museum)
The museum originally opened in 1895 as an outgrowth of the California

Midwinter International Exposition of 1894. The building was originally decorated
with cast-concrete ornaments on the façade. The ornaments were removed in
1949 as they began to fall and had become a hazard. The 1989 Loma Prieta
Earthquake severely damaged the building. Architects Jacques Herzog and
Pierre de Meuron and engineers Arup designed the newly rebuilt structure, which
reopened on October 15, 2005.
Copper plating, which will change colors through exposure to the

elements, surrounds the present building. A 144 ft. (44 m) observation tower
allows visitors to see much of Golden Gate Park's Music Concourse (See Below)
and rises above the Park's treetops for a new view of the Golden Gate and Marin
headlands. The courtyard of the de Young features a sculptural installation by
Andy Goldsworthy named Drawn Stone.
The de Young also exhibits American decorative pieces, textiles, and

paintings from the Rockefeller Collection of American Art. It is home to the annual
floral exhibition Bouquets to Art. Other permanent collections include the African
and Oceanic collections which, along with the 'Art of the America's' collection,
were curated by Kathleen Berrin.
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Constructed of warm,
(Source - http://www.arcspace.com/architects/herzog_meuron/de_young.html)
natural materials, including copper, stone, wood and glass, the new de Young
blends into and complement its surroundings. Historic elements from the former
de Young, such as the sphinxes, the original palm trees, and the Pool of
Enchantment, have been retained or reconstructed.
The dramatic copper facade is perforated and textured to replicate the

impression made by light filtering through a tree canopy. The copper skin, chosen
for its changeable quality through oxidation, will assume a rich green patina over
time that will blend gracefully with the surrounding environment. The educational
department is housed in a 144-foot tower that spirals gently from the ground floor
and aligns at the top with the grid formed by the surrounding neighborhood. The
building is threaded with a series of courtyards that draw visitors and the
landscape into the museum’s interior. The main entrance leads through a
courtyard paved in Yorkshire limestone.
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The exterior is encircled by ribbons of windows that reflect the landscape

and allow park visitors glimpses of the art within the museum, while
simultaneously providing museum visitors views of the park. A public observation
floor offers panoramic views of the entire Bay Area.
Broad staircases lead from the double-height interior lobby to the open,
expansive galleries, paved with honeyed colored hardwood, that houses the
museum’s diverse collections of world art.
Several areas of the museum force you to view the beauty of the gardens
and park with sweeping views of San Francisco. The combination of the stunning
views with the art makes for an incredible combination. Some areas are airy and
crowned with skylights-- others are set in semidarkness in rooms with heavy
wooden floors. The design of various rooms is a commentary on the art and how
different pieces relate to each other. The museum's president (Dede Wilsley) was
heavily involved in the museum's design throughout the construction phases.
She gifted the museum with a Gerhard Richter mural. The de Young museum is
a combination of tourist attraction and civic icon that is wowing crowds from
around the globe.
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(Source-http://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/de_young/).
It also managed to provide an open and light-filled environment, which enhanced

the art viewing experience. The design features include:
• Pathways through the museum from the park, which are natural extensions of
park paths, allowing pedestrians to weave in and out of the museum space along
their route
• Outdoor spaces and interior courtyards surrounding and penetrating the exhibit
spaces, and extensive windows providing views into the museum and art
collections, as well as views out into the park
• A nine-storey education tower housing the arts education programs and providing
expansive views of the city skyline
• State-of-the-art seismic engineering
• Historic elements from the existing De Young, such as the Sphinxes, the original
100-year-old palm trees and the Pool of Enchantment
A sweeping low-rise building of steel and glass. Many critics have hailed it
as a masterpiece of modern design. The 293,000ft² museum, surrounded by
several sculpture gardens, includes a 144ft-high viewing tower set on the axis of
the city streets.
The museum has a three-storey main level and a nine-storey educational

tower topped by an observation deck with sweeping views of the Golden Gate
Bridge, Ocean Beach and Twin Peaks.
The steel structure of the building features a unique base isolation

foundation system and a custom copper exterior façade, which is the largest of its
kind in the world.
The museum has numerous exhibition spaces including: permanent

collection galleries (61,200ft²), temporary exhibition galleries (12,000ft²), art
display areas (11,000ft²), education areas (20,000ft²) and conservation facilities
(13,200ft²).The museum also includes a café (3,700ft²), a gift shop (3,900ft²), a
300 seat theatre / auditorium (3,900ft²) and extensive office space.
The museum will now be able to showcase priceless collections of

American art, and art of the native Americas, Africa and the Pacific and will once
again be able to offer Federal insurance for exhibits.
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INTERIORS AND EXTERIORS, MATERIALS AND CONCEPTS
The building was constructed of warm natural materials including copper,

stone, glass and wood so that it would blend in with the natural surroundings of
Golden Gate Park and complement the retained features of the old museum
building.
The windows were designed in a ribbon style to blur the boundary

between the museum interior and the sumptuous natural environment outside.
The building has a dramatic copper façade, which is perforated and textured to
replicate a pattern caused by light filtering through a tree canopy.
The copper 'skin' was chosen for its aging and changeable qualities
through the oxidation process, which will give it a rich green patina over a period
of time allowing it to blend with the natural surroundings.
The education tower at the northeast corner of the building spirals from the
ground floor to form a parallelogram and aligns at the top with the grid formed by
the streets of the Richmond and Sunset neighbourhoods. The public observation
floor (2,500ft²) at the top of the tower offers panoramic views of the bay area, and
is free of charge.
The lobby floors of the museum are made of Italian Porphyry stone and
there is also Arcustone in the areas near the information desks. The buildings are
equipped with acoustic ceilings and the galleries have 'Sydney blue' sustainable
source eucalyptus wood floors and stretch fabric ceilings. The café has hand
blown glass light fixtures.
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
The outdoor environment of the museum is as important to the project as

the interior of the buildings. The gardens feature the Barbro Osher Sculpture
Garden and terrace (35,000ft²), situated beneath a cantilevered roof, and the
George and Judy Marcus Children's garden of enchantment (47,500ft²).
The landscaping provides an organic link between the building and the
surrounding environment on all four sides and incorporates features from the old
museum. The entry court of the main entrance is also a landscape feature
(1,100ft²). The paved areas of the exterior have been paved with 'Appleton
Greenmore' Yorkshire sandstone.
Andy Goldsworthy produced his 'Faultline' sculpture for the museum

courtyard, which is a drawing in stone, that will draw visitors into the new museum
along a meandering crack running from the roadway in the front through a series
of eight cleaved boulders that can be sat on.
Cleveland Marble Mosaic aided the sculpture in the construction and

Sheedy Drayage Co moved the boulders into place. The sculpture is made from
the same Appleton Greenmoore sandstone from Yorkshire and is a rich iron-
oxidised orange colour that complements the museum's copper skin.
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Redwood, cypress, eucalyptus, ferns and other native and non-native

plants have been planted both inside and outside the museum to emphasise the
sense of blending the park and museum together. There are 5.12 acres of new
landscape with 344 new trees planted; 48 trees were planted inside building. The
Pool of Enchantment had 69 of its historic boulders returned and seven new turtle
sunning rocks were provided.
BUILDING STATISTICS
The building includes 5,122t of structural steel, 2,500t of rebar and 1,500t
of concrete. The façade includes 950,000lb (70,000ft²) of copper sheet, 300,000lb
of glass panels and 7,200 custom-built artistic panels with 1,500,000 embossing.
An underground parking garage was created for 800 cars by digging a

tunnel beneath 10th Avenue from Fulton Street. The parking garage is shared
with its neighbour the new California Academy of Sciences. This decreased the
amount of on-street parking, which was in effect taken underground to ease
congestion.
The museum will showcase priceless collections of art and will once again be
able to offer Federal insurance for exhibits.
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Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum

New York City
(Source - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum)
The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, founded in 1937, is a modern

art museum located on the Upper East Side in New York City. It is the best-known
of several museums owned and/or operated by the Solomon R. Guggenheim
Foundation, and is often called simply The Guggenheim. It is one of the best-
known museums in New York City.
Originally called "The Museum of Non-Objective Painting," the

Guggenheim was founded to showcase avant-garde art by early modernists such
as Wassily Kandinsky and Piet Mondrian. It moved to its present location, at the
corners of 89th Street and Fifth Avenue (overlooking Central Park), in 1959, when
Frank Lloyd Wright's design for the site was completed.
Internally, the viewing gallery forms a gentle spiral from the ground level up
to the top of the building. Paintings are displayed along the walls of the spiral and
also in viewing rooms found at stages along the way.
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Most criticism of the building has focused on the idea that it overshadows
the artworks displayed within, and that it is particularly difficult to properly hang
paintings in the shallow windowless exhibition niches which surround the central
spiral. Although the rotunda is generously lit by a large skylight, the niches are
heavily shadowed by the walkway itself, leaving the art to be lit largely by artificial
light. The walls of the niches are neither vertical nor flat (most are gently concave)
meaning canvasses must be mounted proud of the wall's surface. The limited
space within the niches means that sculptures are generally relegated to plinths
amid the main spiral walkway itself. Prior to its opening, twenty-one artists signed
a letter protesting the display of their work in such a space.
In 1992, the building was supplemented by an adjoining rectangular tower,

taller than the original spiral, designed by Gwathmey Siegel and Associates
Architects. By that point, the building had become iconic enough that this
augmentation of Wright's original design was itself controversial.In October 2005,
Lisa Dennison was appointed director of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in
New York. She hopes to improve the permanent collection, renew excitement,
attract new board members, and bring new, exciting shows to the New York
Museum.
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Top picture shows the sectional view, Above pictures shows the internal ramp
and atrium
Much of the interior of the building was restored during the 1992
renovation and addition by Gwathmey Siegel and Associates Architects. The
2007-2008 restoration primarily addresses the exterior of the original building and
the infrastructure. This includes the skylights, windows, doors, concrete and
gunite facades and exterior sidewalk, as well as the climate-control. The goal will
be to preserve as much significant historical fabric of the Solomon R.
Guggenheim Museum as possible, while accomplishing necessary repairs and
attaining a suitable environment for the building’s continuing use as a
museum....link to podcast about restoration (10 MB, audio only, 8 min 45 sec)
The $29 million restoration is made possible through the support of Peter
B. Lewis, the Board of Trustees of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, the
City of New York and the State of New York. The restoration work is projected to
be complete and the scaffolding to come down by late spring of 2008. ...link to
streaming video, broadband only.
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Guggenheim Museum Bilbao

Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
( Source- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Museum_Bilbao)
The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao is a modern and contemporary art

museum designed by Canadian-American architect Frank Gehry and located in
Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain. It is built alongside the Nervion River, which runs
through the city of Bilbao to the Atlantic Coast. The Guggenheim is one of several
museums of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation. The museum features
both permanent and visiting exhibits featuring works of both Spanish and
international artists.
The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, along the Nervión River in downtown Bilbao,
with the Maman, a huge spider by Louise Bourgeois
The Curves on the building have been designed to appear random, the
architect has been quoted saying "the randomness of the curves are designed to
catch the light". Designed by Canadian/American architect Frank Gehry and
opened to the public in 1997, was immediately vaulted to prominence as one of
the world's most spectacular buildings in the style of Deconstructivism. Architect
Philip Johnson called it "the greatest building of our time".
The museum's design and construction serve as an object lesson in

Gehry's style and method. Like much of Gehry's other work, the structure consists
of radically sculpted, organic contours. Sited as it is in a port town, it is intended to
resemble a ship. Its brilliantly reflective panels resemble fish scales, echoing the
other organic life (and, in particular, fish-like) forms that recur commonly in
Gehry's designs, as well as the river Nervión upon which the museum sits. Also in
typical Gehry fashion, the building is uniquely a product of the period's technology.
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Computer-aided design (CATIA) and visualizations were used heavily in the

structure's design.
Computer simulations of the building's structure made it feasible to build

shapes that architects of earlier eras would have found nearly impossible to
construct. Also important is that while the museum is a spectacular monument
from the river, on street level it is quite modest and does not overwhelm its
traditional surroundings. The museum was opened as part of a revitalization effort
for the city of Bilbao and for the Basque Country. Almost immediately after its
opening, the Guggenheim Bilbao became a popular tourist attraction, drawing
visitors from around the globe.[1] It was widely credited with "putting Bilbao on the
map" and subsequently inspired other structures of similar design across the
globe, such as the Cerritos Millennium Library in Cerritos, California.
The building was constructed on time and budget, which is rare for
architecture of this type. In an interview in Harvard Design Magazine [2] Gehry
explained how he did it. First, he ensured that what he calls the "organization of
the artist" prevailed during construction, in order to prevent political and business
interests from interfering with the design. Second, he made sure he had a detailed
and realistic cost estimate before proceeding. Third, he used CATIA and close
collaboration with the individual building trades to control costs during
construction.
The Guggenheim museum in Bilbao, Spain, which is made of glass, titanium, and
limestone.
Puppy by Jeff Koons in front of the Guggenheim.
The exhibitions in the museum itself change often, the museum hosts
thematic exhibitions, centered for example on Chinese or Russian art. The
museum's permanent collection concerns 20th century art -- traditional paintings
and sculptures are a minority compared to installations and electronic forms. The
highlight of the collection, and its only permanent exhibit, is The Matter of Time, a
series of weathering steel sculptures designed by Richard Serra and housed in
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the 430-foot Arcelor Gallery (formerly known as the Fish Gallery but renamed in
2005 for the steel manufacturer that sponsored the project.
Above pictures show the interiors of the museum
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5. Case Study
Salar Jung Museum, Hyderabad
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Case Study – Salar Jung Museum
Salar Jung Museum,Hyderabad
The Salarjung Museum that is dream for any art visionary is blessed to be
the third largest museum in India that features the greatest number of one-man
collection of antiques. The Salarjung Museum that is located on the southern
bank of the Musi River boasts of the prized displays that belong to the different
civilizations dating back to the 1 st century. The museum was a noble attempt of
Nawab Mir Yosuouf Ali Khan Salar Jung III, former Prime Minister of the
seventh Nizam of Hyderabad, who wished to take the priceless collection on a
much larger platform.
The Salar Jung museum in Hyderabad is one of the oldest museums in

the city. It is the only museum that has the largest compilation of personally
collected artifacts from all around the world. This museum has the greatest
collection of rare antiques and knick-knacks from all over the world. One needs to
devote an entire day for touring the museum itself. The portraits of the Salar Jung,
the Nizams of the Hyderabad city can be found in the Founder's Gallery. The
Indian art is exhibited in an assortment of stone sculptures, bronze images,
painted textiles, wooden carvings, miniature paintings, modern art, ivory carvings,
jade carvings, metal-ware, manuscripts, arms & armor etc. One can also find
Middle Eastern Art in the collection of carpets, paper (manuscripts), glass, metal-
ware, furniture, lacquer etc. These have been collected from Persia, Arabia, Syria,
and Egypt. The Museum is also horded with porcelain, bronze, enamel,
lacquerware, embroidery and paintings, which have been skillfully done in China,
Japan, Tibet, Nepal and Thailand. The European chamber of artifacts in the Salar
Jung Museum comprises of oil and water paintings. These paintings originate
from countries like England, France, Italy and Germany. A well-preserved library
within the museum provides a rare treat to all book lovers. The main attractions of
the museum are the statue of Veiled Rebecca, crafted knives of Mughal Emperor
Jehangir and Queen Noor Jehan, famous European paintings like Venice, etc. A
huge clock in which a tiny soldier comes out to strike the gong should not be
missed and is a special attraction of the Salar Jung Museum.
Salar jung Museum in old building on left and new building on the right side.
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< A satellite image of

Salar jung Museum
A – Main block
B – Western block
C – Far Eastern block
D – Entrance gate
The Salar jung Museum is the largest museum in India that features the
greatest number of one-man collection of antiques. The museum is located on the
southern bank of the musi river boasts of the prized displays that belong to the
different civilizations dating back to the 1st century.
The Salar jung museum was brought into existence in December, 1951 in
the Diwan Deodhi, the residential palace of Salar jung III. Later shifted in 1968 to
the present location which was built for the museum.
New look of the block. Right is the portico of the western block.
Elevation of the main block was renovated by adding big windows and
domes on the top of the block. Western block and far eastern blocks were added
on either sides of the main block and opened on 30th April 1999. The design of
both western and eastern blocks are similar.
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Left side photo shows the pathway in-between the main block and western block
which leads to the parking area. A over bridge connecting main building and
western block is also seen. Right side image shows the rock sculptures in the
lawn in front of the main block.
Main block galleries:
Ground floor galleries :

1-Founder’s privacy, 2-Founder’s gallery, 3-Bronzes and painted textiles,
4-Palkees, 5-Indian sculpture, 6-Minor arts of south India, 7-Indian textiles and
mughal glass, 8,9,10,12- Children’s section, 11-Ivory room, 13-European statuary,
14-Arms gallery, 15- Metal ware, 16-Modern Indian paintings, 17-Indian miniature
paintings, a- Museum shop, b-Canteen, c- Ladies toilet, d- Clock shed.
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First floor galleries: 33-Western paintings, 32- European porcelain, 31- Store,
30- French room, 29- European glass, 28- Jade and other mineral objects,
27- European bronzes, 26- Egyptian room, 25- Carpets, 24- Clock room,
23- Manuscripts, 22- Far eastern porcelain, 21- Kashmir room, 20- Far eastern
statuary, 19- Chinese art, 18- Japanese art.
Second floor: 1- Reading hall, 2-Library (Urdu section), 3-Manuscripts section,

4- Manuscripts reserves, 5 to 15 -Stores, 16- auditorium, 17-Referance library,
18-Library (English section).
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Third floor: 1-Board room, 2-Documentation section, 3-Directors chamber,

4-PA to director, 5to8- Keepers rooms, 9-A&AO room, 10-ADM & Account office,
11- Board office, 12- Stores (office), 13-Photo section, 14- Keeper (display)
15-Picture restoration section, 16-Store for display section, 17-Conservation
laboratory, 18- Chemist.
(Source from the book “Museum collections concepts of preserventive conservation” published by Salar jung
museum in 1997.)
The main building is having four floors. Ground and first floors are having
galleries. Second floor is having library and stores. Third floor is having
administration area. Second and third floors are restricted from public entry. The
western and far eastern blocks are connected to the main block in the first floor.
The two blocks are also having separate entrances in the ground floor of the
blocks.
• Security check and the surveillance area are provided at the entrance lobby.
• There are 38 galleries in the main block spread in two floors. The ground floor
has 20 galleries and 18 galleries on the first floor.
• For getting relief from museum fatigue the visitors are provided with benches
in the corridors of the galleries.
• Separate toilets for Gents, ladies and physically challenged people are
provided on all the floors.
• Sculptures were arranged in

corridor spaces.
• Large courtyards which are open to
sky for good light into the corridors.
Landscaping was done with palm
trees and other plants.
• Wide corridors of 10’0” width.
• Fire fighting equipment is provided.
• Galleries are illuminated with the
artificial lighting.
• AC is provided in all the galleries. AC ducts are visible in the corridors.

• Visitors are not allowed to go to second and third floors.
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Interior arrangement of the founder’s galleries.
Above is the Interior arrangement of the painted textile gallery. Below is the
arrangements in the minor arts of south India gallery. Both are in ground floor.
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Interior arrangement of the Indian sculpture gallery.
Above picture shows the arrangement in the Arms gallery.
Above picture shows the arrangement in the Metal ware gallery.
Clock shed is situated in the courtyard of the ground floor.

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• Big mirrors of 10’ height with ornamental metal frames are arranged in the
corridors.
• Wide staircase of 7’ width. Walls along the side of staircase are clad in marble.
• Sign boards are indicating gallery name and number provided to indicate the
gallery easily.
Arrangements in the manuscript gallery. Right side picture shows the

arrangement of chandeliers in the galleries.
View of Far eastern Statuary

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Far Eastern Block:
• This block is connected to the main block of the museum at the eastern side of
first floor. It consists of only two floors.
• A separate entrance to the block is provided in the ground floor of the block.
• Ground floor is having the administration area where as the exhibition spaces
are provided in the first floor.
Western block (or) European block:

• This block is connected to the main block of the museum at the western side
of first floor. It consists of only two floors.
• A separate entrance to the block is provided in the ground floor of the block.
• Ground floor is having the administration area where as the exhibition spaces
are provided in the first floor.
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Left side picture shows a statue of an illusion which has two sculptures back to
back. One side it looks like a man back side it looks like a woman. Right side
picture shows the arrangement of sculptures in the European sculpture gallery.
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Case Study
B.M. Birla Science Museum, Hyderabad
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Case Study – B.M.Birla Science Museum
B. M. Birla Science Museum, Hyderabad
Established in 1990, B M Birla Science Museum is located in Saifabad.

The Birla Science Museum is another beautiful structure, reflecting the advances
made in science and technology. The interior décor matches the architectural
exterior of the Centre built over 10,000 Sq. Ft. It is an RCC construction building.
Above images shows the front view of the museum. It show the glass panels and
the walls are clad in stone. The curved steel space frame is on top of the building.
Above image is the satellite picture of the museum. Dot indicates the museum
block.
‘Illusions’ section has exhibits like ‘young or old’, ‘cage the bird’ and ‘face
or vase?’, that would tease your grey cells and visual capabilities. The Mechanics
section included pedal power, defying gravity, antigravity cone, suspension
bridge, pendulum patterns, etc. Holograms, soap films, the marble race, black
hole, race the rollers, race the rollers and so on formed a part of the ‘Perceptions’
section. The interesting exhibits are, however, invisible string wherein if you run
your palm across the wooden instrument thus blocking the light emitted from the
bulb(s) hidden in the hollow of the instrument, you can create your own raagas —
from classical to western to desi to filmi. The other interesting objects on display
that may catch your immediate attention are see heat, climbing spark, pendulum
patterns, black hole, split personality, grow & shrink, color mixer, et al. There is a
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special section for the kids called ‘Children’ which has video games, mini cars,
aeroplanes, horses, etc, for their entertainment. However, one major
disappointment is that a few of the exhibits are either not functioning or don’t
contain the brief about how they work. The other most interesting objects are the
see heat, climbing spark, spilt personality, color mixer and grow & shrink.
Left side picture shows the main entrance gate of the museum. Right side picture
shows the security post besides the main gate.
Left side picture shows the snacks bar near the entrance gate. Right side picture
shows the booking counter which is also near the entrance gate.
Above picture shows the parking areas of two wheelers and four wheelers.
Parking areas are scattered to many areas with in the site. The parking area is
meant for the visitors, staff and for the offices situated in the building. Below
picture shows the sculptures and greenery around the building in the site.
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Left side picture shows the sign board to indicate the buildings in the site. Right
side image shows the sculptures near the main entrance of the museum building.
Ground Level (Ground floor):

Area - 23,980 sq.ft.
Interactive science centre, reception, entrance, store, toilet, office and shops are
located in this floor.
Interactive science centre is having the galleries like globe & trishul, illusions,
electronics, mechanics, glass and mirrors, fun mirrors, colour mixer, store, and
children area.
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• The entrance lobby is finished with granite flooring and the walls are also
covered with the red colour granite up to a level of 2.5m height.
• Seating is provided around the coloumns for the visitors in the lobby area.
• In the interactive science centre which is also in the same floor, the partition
walls are provided to separate the gallery spaces. These are curvilinear and
clad with ceramic tiles.
• The incandescent lights placed in the steel frames hanging from the ceiling.
There is no false ceiling.
Exhibition spaces of the interactive science gallery located on the ground floor.
Lower level (cellar): Area – 22,820 sq.ft.

• Archaeological and art galleries are there in this floor.
• A store, exhibit development laboratory and a store have been placed.
• A 200 people capacity auditorium is there.
• Flooring is done with ceramic tiles.
• There is no provision of natural lighting and ventilation
• Articles are arranged in showcases with glass.
• False ceiling was done with POP.
• Gallery spaces are in different levels in flooring.
• Porcelain statues, ivory items, books, carpets, vases, metal statues, arms,
paintings, excavated ancient materials, wooden crafts, stone sculptures are
placed in this floor.
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First Upper level (First floor):

Area – 23,980 sq.ft.
Simulators, NRSA, dwaraka in miniature and Antarctica in miniature are located in
this floor.
• Satellite pictures are displayed in the remote sensing area.

• Gray colour granite tiles flooring in the lobby area.
• Some portion of the floor is not in usage.
• There is no ventilation in the dwaraka section.
• Ceramic tiles flooring in the exhibition areas.
Second Upper level (Second floor):

Dinosaurium Area – 14,230 sq.ft., open terrace of 9,000 sq.ft.
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Above pictures show the entrance to the Dinosaurium gallery. And also showing
the open terrace with columns and space frames.
• Open terrace is having mosaic flooring.
• Inside the dinosaurium a skeleton of a sauroped dinosaur is arranged.

• 3’6” height railing is provided around the skeleton.
• Columns are clad with stone fossils in POP.
• False ceiling is in POP.
• Dino egg fossil, dino area set, paintings, fossils of ancient materials are
arranged.
• It is a new section opened in 25th July 2000.
63
Case Study
_______________________
A.P. State Museum, Hyderabad
64
Case Study – A.P.State Museum
A.P. State Museum, Public Gardens, Hyderabad
One cannot miss this enchanting building as one passes by the Public
Gardens. The A P State Archaeology Department museum has a large collection
of stone and metal sculptures from ancient and medieval Andhra - from the
Satavahana and Ikshvaku periods - in its five galleries, besides a pavilion
dedicated to Ajanta and Deccani painting. A unique feature of the museum is its
Modern Art Gallery that has a sizeable collection of paintings and sculptures of
contemporary artistes of Hyderabad.
Left side image is showing the main entrance of the museum. Right side image is
showing the satellite picture of the museum. Arrow marks show the access to the
museum from the main road. The museum is located in the east side of the public
gardens, nampally.
65
Built during the time of the VII Nizam in 1920, the museum is considered
among the best in the country. Among its attractions are an Egyptian mummy,
coins dating back to the Satavahana period of about second century BC,
important Buddhist and Jain relics and sculpture of different periods and
dynasties. The museum contains a Buddist gallery, Brahmanical & Jain gallery,
Arms & Armour gallery Numissmatics gallery, Ajanta gallery & more. Adjacent to
the State Museum is the Contempary Art Museum. The museum garden holds a
re-installed hall complete with columns and ornate ceiling from Ghanapur, and a
wooden temple chariot with monsters carved on the beams.
Left side image showing the sign board with location of galleries and other places
at the entrance. Centre image shows the cannons placed on either side of the
main entrance. Right side image is showing the parking area near the entrance
gate. It is common parking for all the visitors of the public gardens.
Left side image shows the central courtyard and the circular blocks around the
main block. The right side and the centre pictures are showing the sculptures
arrangement interestingly as the natural setting in the courtyard lawns.
66
Staircase leads to the Egyptian mummy gallery and decorative art gallery. Right
side image shows the interiors of Egyptian mummy gallery.
• Both Egyptian mummy gallery and decorative art gallery are located in the first
floor of entrance block.
• Egyptian mummy gallery and decorative art gallery are newly arranged
galleries.
• Each display is given importance and arranged in different style in the both
galleries.
• Natural light and ventilation is provided in both the galleries.
Above pictures show the arrangement of artifacts. Atmosphere of display is very

interesting. Literature is placed at every display.
Some invaluable sculptures are not taken care properly, they were thrown in the
courtyard lawns.
67
Main block: 1&2 – Sculptures at front corridors, 3- Surveillance room, 4-Lobby,

5- Ajanta Gallery & Buddist sculptures, 6- Buddist sculptures, 7- Back corridor
with sculptures in cases, 8- water cooler, 9-office room, 10- staircase.
Arrangement of sculptures in the main block corridors. Provision of natural light

into the galleries and corridors.
Ajanta gallery and buddist sculptures. Halogen light is used to illuminate the
gallery.
68
Sculptures are placed in the showcases at the back corridor. Right side picture
shows the display of sculptures in the buddist gallery. Sufficient space is provided
to observe the exhibits. Natural light and ventilation in to the galleries.
Access to the main road is closed which is backside of the main block. Right side
picture shows the backside pathway leads to the contemporary art block.
Entrance and the double height lobby at the contemporary art gallery.
Arrangement is interesting but lack of proper lighting. A ramp is provided to go to
the first floor. Paintings are displayed along one side wall of the ramp.
Above pictures show the arrangements in the contemporary art galleries.
• Insufficient lighting in the galleries.

• Exhaust fans were fixed for the ventilation.
69
• Paintings and miniature paintings are displayed in showcases. They are

illuminated with tube lights.
• Some exhibits are not visible because of lack of lighting.
• Seating is provided inside the gallery.
Bhagwan mahaveer auditorium is located in the ground floor of the contemporary

art gallery.
Sculptures at jain gallery which is next to the contemporary art gallery. Sufficient
natural light and ventilation into the galleries.
Above pictures show the exterior sculpture gallery and the landscape features
and pathways near the jain gallery and towards exit gate.
70
6. Comparative Analysis
Comparative Analysis of case study
DESCRIPTION SALARJUNG MUSEUM B.M.BIRLA SCIENCE A.P.STATE MUSEUM INFERENCES
MUSEUM
Structural system RCC framed structure. RCC framed structure. Old block is an RCC load The RCC framed structure is
Columns are visible only in the Columns are placed in the bearing structure. Where as the flexible and giving large
corridors. galleries but they are not new block is an RCC framed unobstructed spaces can be
disturbing the circulation of the structure. adopted in galleries.
visitors , as they partitions are
placed along them.
Location It is on the southern bank of It is at the heart of the city near It is at the heart of the city in
Musi river at afjulgunj and near Nampally in Hyderabad. public gardens, near Nampally
to charminar of oldcity, in in Hyderabad.
Hyderabad
Site There are no levels in the site. Site is on the hill. So the land is There are no levels in the site. Site must be planned such that
Side by the road but traffic is very undulated. Side by the busy and heavy the traffic noise is cut as much
less Away from traffic. traffic road. as possible.
Architecture Old block is in the combination Modern and contemporary. Old block is in the combination It should reflect the content of
of muslim and Persian style. The of muslim and Persian style. the museum and in
new blocks are modern and The new blocks are modern contemporary.
contemporary. and contemporary.
Building design Building was designed for the Building was designed for the The old Building was adopted It should be designed for the
museum. museum. But some places are for the museum. The new museum
used by the private people as blocks were designed for the
tenents. museum.
Type of exhibits Exhibits include all kinds of Science related exhibits on the Main importance is given to
objects ground floor and other exhibits sculptures from ancient period.
in the remaining floor. And also other exhibits like
paintings and artifacts are
there.
Collection A huge collection Less collection Less collection
Future expansion A lot of space is around the A lot of space is around the A lot of space is around the Future expansion must be kept
museum, so future expansion is museum, so future expansion is museum, so future expansion is in mind before locating building
possible. possible. possible. on site.
Materials RCC and bricks are the basic Stone, glass, steel in space RCC and bricks are the basic New materials and latest
materials. Wood is used for the frames, tiles with primary materials. Wood is used for the technologies shall be used and
doors and windows extensively colors, polished granite and doors and windows extensively bright colours are recommended.
because of large openings. ceramic tiles have been used because of large openings.
Steel is used for gates and grills. along with conventional Steel is used for gates and
Vitrified tiles and granite are materials. grills. Vitrified tiles and granite
used in the new block along with are used in the new block along
conventional materials with conventional materials
Museum blocks Three blocks are there. It is occupied in the single There are two old blocks, one is
The main block is the oldest one building. the central block which is the
and the far eastern block and the main block, another one is
western blocks are added later. surrounded by it.
Floors There are four floors, ground, There are three floors and a Only ground and first floors are
first second and third floors in basement. there in all the blocks
the main and the old block. But
only ground and first floors are
meant for the galleries. Only
ground and first floors are there
in the new blocks
Landscape Lawn, trees and garden with Lawn, trees and garden with Lawn, trees and garden with Landsape with lawns and trees
sculptures are there. sculptures are there. sculptures are there. A are necessary as the museum
separate sculpture court is will have outdoor exhibits like
there. sculptures.
Parking A separate space is provided for Parking areas are scattered A common parking along with A separate parking area is
the parking. through out the site. A common the other activities as it is preferable.
parking along with the other present in the public gardens.
activity buildings in the same
site.
Main Entrance Entrance for the main block is on As the site is on a hill, the Entrance is on the ground floor The entrance preferably on the
the ground floor. For the new entrance seems to be on the for the old and the new blocks. ground floor, so that the visitor is
blocks entrances are from the ground but it is on the first floor. no need to go down and up
old block which are on the first again in the same path.
floor, also they have entrances Entrance to the building must be
on ground floor. highlighted, so that ir is easier for
public to locate it.
Training programmes No training programmes, but No training programmes No training programmes Training programmes are
they conduct seminars. necessary for all age groups.
visitors All kinds of visitors of all age All kinds of visitors of all age All kinds of visitors of all age Museum should attract large
groups visit the museum. groups visit the museum. groups visit the museum. number of visitors.
Visitors floating is more. Visitors floating is less. Visitors floating is less.
Galleries Large spaces for the galleries Large spaces for the galleries Large spaces for the galleries Large spaces for the galleries
must be provided for the better
viewing of the artifacts.
Auditorium 200 persons capacity auditorium 200 persons capacity 100 persons capacity Auditorium should be provided
is provided auditorium is provided. auditorium is provided. for at least 150 members.
Natural lighting Natural light is provided in the Natural lighting is not sufficient Natural light is provided in the Natural lighting must be
corridors through the courtyards so it is used only to light up the old building efficiently. Where effectively used and care must
which are open to sky. In circulation spaces along the as lighting in the new building is be taken to see that the light
sufficient natural light in the walls in upper floors, but in very poor. does not glare the exhibits.
galleries so artificial lighting is cellar there is no natural light.
used.
Artificial lighting Artificial lighting is necessary. In Artificial lighting is necessary. Artificial lighting is necessary in Artificial lighting fixtures must be
all the galleries Lighting fixture are hung in the the contemporary art gallery. fixed keeping in mind the type of
form of frames. exhibits and also the intensity of
light required.
Circulation Galleries are well connected and Galleries are well connected Galleries are well connected All galleries must be easily
have sufficient lobby spaces. and have sufficient lobby and have sufficient lobby accessible from the entrance or
Wide corridors are there. spaces spaces. Wide corridors are lobby.
there.
Circulation in galleries Block and arterial forms of Block and arterial forms of Block and arterial forms of Block and arterial forms of
circulation. circulation circulation circulation are found suitable and
should be used according to
design convenience.
Spaces All the spaces are utilized to its Huge spaces are not utilized for Huge spaces are not utilized for All the spaces must be utilized ,
maximum the museum purpose. Some the museum purpose. thus giving importance to all
are given on rent parts of the building.
Museum shop Museum shop on the ground No shop No shop

floor to sell books and posters
on the museum.
Toilets Separate toilets for gents and Separate toilets for gents and Separate toilets for gents and Separate toilets for gents, ladies
ladies are provided. ladies are provided. ladies are provided. and physically handicapped
A separate toilet for physically should be provided.
handicapped is also provided.
Fire fighting Fire fighting equipment is Only small fire fighting Only small fire fighting Fire fighting equipment must be
installed at all floors. extinguishers are placed at few extinguishers are placed at few installed properly.
points. points. They are placed in the
galleries also.
Cloak room At the entrance At the entrance At the entrance It should be provided at the
entrance.
Ticket counter At the entrance At the entrance At the entrance It should be provided at the
entrance.
Canteen It is provided at the parking area It is provided at the entrance No canteen Canteen should be provided in
and beside the ticket counter gate and neat parking. case of large museums.
and also in the ground floor of
the main block and the first floor
lobby of western block.
Security post At the main entrance gate. At the main entrance gate. There is no separate post. Security post should be provided
right at the entrance.
Surveillance room It is provided in the ground floor It is provided in the ground floor It is provided in the ground floor It is must to monitor the visitors
near the entrance and cc near the entrance and cc near the entrance and cc movement and for security.
cameras were installed cameras were installed cameras were installed
throughoutt the museum. throughout the museum. throughout the museum.
Drinking water Provided with water coolers Provided with water coolers Provided with water coolers Drinking water should be
provided.
Stores Store is provided Store is provided Store is provided Stores should be provided to
store the artifacts.
Electrical room and An electrical room and

transformer transformer with 125kv for
present use and 125 kv for future
use.
Workshop It is provided It is provided It is provided It is to repair the artifacts
Library It is provided with huge It is provided It is provided It should be provided

collection of books.
Office space It is provided It is provided It is provided It should be provided in the

ground floor.
Air conditioning Air conditioning in all galleries Air conditioning in all galleries No AC. Air conditioning should be
through centralized ac ducts. through centralized ac ducts. provided for good ventilation.
Ac plant is provided at the back Ac plant is provided at the back
of museum block. of museum block.
Generator room it is provided at the back of it is provided at the back of it is provided at the back of For power supply in case of cut
museum block. museum block. museum block. off electric supply.
Security checking Through electronic gate at the Not at the main entrance. Not at the main entrance. Security checking through
main entrance. electronic gate at the main
entrance.
7. Site Analysis
Site: Public gardens, Nampally, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh
Hyderabad is the capital city of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Situated in the region of Andhra Pradesh. Hyderabad has
an estimated metropolitan population of 6.1 million (61 lakh), making it India's sixth-largest metropolitan area. Hyderabad is
known for its rich history, culture and architecture representing its unique character as a meeting point for North and South
India, and its multilingual culture, both geographically and culturally. Hyderabad also called as- The City of Nawabs, is also one
of the most developed cities in the country. It is now a hub of information technology (or IT), ITES (BPO) and biotechnology.
Hyderabad and Secunderabad are the twin cities, separated by the Husain Sagar. City is having many tourist places like
Charminar, Golkonda, Hussain sagar, Birlamandir, Salarjung museum and many.
Culture and Languages - Hyderabad has been the meeting place of many different cultures and traditions. Historically,
Hyderabad has been the city where distinct cultural and linguistic traditions of North India and South India meet. It is thus
considered as the gateway to the South or gateway to the North. Hyderabad is a cosmopolitan city and home to people
practicing many religions. Hyderabadis, as residents of the city are known, have developed a distinctive culture which is a
mixture of ancient Hindu traditions of [[Telugu people]] and Islamic Culture. Telugu, Urdu and Hindi are the principal languages
spoken in Hyderabad.
Historic monument Charminar Golkonda fort Birla Temple

Public gardens
One of the several gardens of Hyderabad. Located in the centre of the city. The Public Gardens is the biggest and the oldest
park of Hyderabad, the capital of Andhra Pradesh. It is one of the prime attractions for children as a Children's train that takes
visitors around this beautiful garden is a popular attraction. The Public Gardens are an important landmark of Hyderabad city.
They are famous not only for the well-maintained lawns and greenery, but also the famous buildings that lie within the Garden.
This brilliantly laid out Garden also houses two museums, the Andhra Pradesh State Archaeological Museum and the Health
Museum. Besides the museums, there is a park where kids can play endlessly, a mini school called Jawahar Bal Bhavan for
children to be trained in Fine Arts and an auditorium called Indira Gandhi Auditorium. The Lalitha Kala Thoranam, an open-air
theater, has been a venue for many film festivals, fashion shows and beauty pageants. The building of the Department of
Horticulture and an ancient mosque are among other fascinating places in the premises.
Lalita kala toranam- open auditorium AP state museum

Climatological data of Hyderabad
Climate – Hot and dry
Latitude – 17*26’ N Annual Max. Temp.- 36.6*

Longitude – 78*26’E Annual Min. Temp. -9.8*
Altitude – 542 m above MSL Annual mean Temp. – 26.7*
Annual global radiation – 2527 kwh/sq.m.
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
Temp. (*C)
Max. 24.6 27.9 33.3 38.3 41.6 40.1 38.7 33.2 34.2 34.7 31.4 26.7
Min. 9.5 12.0 17.1 22.4 27.3 28.5 26.8 25.2 24.1 19.6 13.9 10.7
Average 17.0 19.9 25.3 30.3 34.4 34.3 30.2 29.2 29.4 27.6 22.6 18.7
Relative
Humidity
(%)
Morning 30.0 44.0 35.0 31.0 43.0 60.0 75.0 81.0 74.0 48.0 38.0 42.0
Evening 27.0 20.0 17.0 15.0 16.0 30.0 34.0 61.0 48.0 24.0 22.0 26.0
Rainfall(mm)
Rainfall 7.3 5.1 1.9 2.2 6.4 30.9 121.8 145.5 47.4 6.8 3.3 1.5
Wind speed
(m/sec)
Wind speed 2.5 2.4 2.7 2.8 4.2 5.1 4.6 3.6 2.9 1.8 1.6 2.0
Wind
direction
Morning NE NE NE SW SW SW SW SW SW NE NE NE
Evening NE NE W W SW SW SW SW SW SW NE NE
• The site is very near to all the important places of Hyderabad city. Because it is located at the heart of the city .
• There is a very good transportation facility to the site. Nampally railway station is only a half kilometre away. Lakdikapul
MMTS station is only one kilometre away. Central bus station near koti is only four kilometres away from the site.
• Bus stops are there in front of the site on east side to go to any place in the city.
• Site is a plane ground with out any levels.
• There are many trees in the site towards north and along the boundry of the site.
• Railing is there on east and south sides of the site.
• There is a lake on the west side of the site. There is a pathway along the lake.
• An electric transformer is there in the site at south east corner.
• Parking facility is there in the common parking lots with in the park which are near AP state museum and Jubilee hall.
• Lalitha kalathoranam, an open auditorium is there on the south west side of the site.
• A boating point is there on the north side of the site.
• There are many colleges, universities and schools in and around the nampally area which are near to the site.
• Many tourist places are near to the site, such as Lumbini park, necklace road, birla mandir and birla science museum,
Ravindra bharati.
• It is also near to the Assembly, LB stadium and secretariat.
• It is very near to the shopping places in Abids and nampally.
8. Illusion Exhibits - Types

(Divided to exhibit in different galleries)
85
Exhibit-types
Paintings
86
Exhibit-types
Interactive
Find it
87
Exhibit-types
Graphics
Two way
88
Exhibit-types
Confusion
Photographs
89
Exhibit-types
9. Final design Views &

Drawings
90

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DESIGN THESIS

Guide: Mr. S. Aditya

I / We certify that the dissertation entitled ILLUSION MUSEUM

submitted by Mr. J.V.Umamaheswara Rao bearing Roll No. 99058 on this

__________________ day of _______________________2007 in partial fulfilment

before the examination board for their consideration.

I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me

I would like to express my thanks to my thesis supervisor and

Especially, I would like to give my special thanks to my

S.No. Chapter Name Page No.

8. illusion exhibits – types 85

9. Final Design Views & Drawings 90

A building where objects of interest or value are collected, conserved,

Museums continue to evolve and change. New technologies, emerging art

An illusion is a distortion of a sensory perception. Each of the human

Many illusions are found in architecture. Many of these were recognized

Aims and objectives:

• To achieve the expression of freedom in the form and display spaces.

Scope and limitations:

There are a number of reasons to present a Gallery of Illusions.

An Optical Illusion is caused by info received by our eyes then wrongfully

Physiological illusions are caused by excessive stimulation of brightness, color,

Distorting Illusions produce distortions of scale, size, or curvature.

The renaissance artists had clearly achieved through careful observation

Examples for illusion:

Impossible stairs Glass elevation vanishes the building

The collonnade of the Annunciation is a mathematical -- and artistic -- tour

Reflection of floor on a steel column

Although Escher did not have a mathematical training—his understanding

Many well known museums include original works by Escher in their

Your visual system is constrained by how it interprets a two-dimensional image

suggest a three-dimensional object, but these drawings also give contradictory

Consistent with this, the man in the background appears to be further

This illustration depicts two people on a level surface at differing distances.

In the Shepard illustration, the foreground figure (normally with a larger

Why do the two identical twins in this room appear to be drastically

shape of the room is trapezoidal). Secondly, within an Ames Room people or

When you look (through a peephole -- to remove any cues from

This photograph by English visual psychologist Richard Gregory shows

In a normal situation, the smaller figure should be on a higher level in the

The Leaning Off Walls Effect

Clinging Objects Effect

The same reason as above accounts for this mysterious phenomena. In

Objects Rolling/Water Flowing Uphill

On the right-top diagram, the board or trough is at a very slight downhill

This building is on King George V in Paris.

A museum which is to be built in an isolated spot or reserved space needs to be

Based on environmental needs, security considerations as well as levels of

2. Gallery support space Curatorial office and related space.

3. Museum storage Storage of collection and related materials.

4. Study areas Library

5. Public services Auditorium and related space.

6. Administrative space Museum programs and related

7. Operations Security protection and related space.

8. Circulation space Public and non-public.

Different ways of dividing up exhibition space.

Space organization diagram

They can be divided as follows:

day of _____2007 in partial fulfilment