DEFINITION Finite Difference Solutions of Seepage Problems The finite difference method is a numerical approach to solving partial differen- tial equations such as those governing the two-dimensional steady-state flow of a fluid through a porous medium. In the case of confined problems with simple ge- ometry and boundary conditions, the finite difference method can easily be imple- mented in spreadsheet programs. The method can be applied to multiple layers and anisotropic cases. FINITE DIFFERENCE SOLUTION OF SEEPAGE PROBLEMS Seepage Theory When water flows steadily through a two-dimensional porous soil with an aniso- tropic permeability (k, #k,), the distribution of total head h (x,y) within the satu- rated soil obeys the following partial differential equation: k5aa0 a Equation 1. becomes Laplace’s equation in the case of isotropic permeability (k= (2) In the case of confined seepage problems, the total head or the fluid velocity is prescribed on the boundaries. In mathematical terms, the boundary condi are prescribed in either total head or gradients of total head. 217218 Chap. 4-5 / Finite Difference Solutions of Seepage Problems Principles of Finite Differences Discretization of function derivatives. As shown in Fig. 1, a contin- uous function f(x) may be defined in terms of discrete values f; corresponding to values x; spaced along the x axis, Assuming that the function f is differentiable, the function may be expanded by using a Taylor expansion about x: = af 1 fared Goad Fie+ Ax) = fle) + Loayax +5 Sh apast +5 ThA + 8) Equation 3 may be written for x = = f+ Hove) Slavs l Hass... fan = St Gy] * +91 ae] A® +31 ae] 7 @ fant GPlaren tt (5) ‘The first-order differential may be approximated from discrete values by subtract- ing Eq. 4 from Eq. 5: a 6 ‘The second-order derivative may be approximated by adding Eqs 4 and 5: Ff) fi than dl, A ® Equations 6 and 7 are second-order approximations of the first- and second- order derivatives. The errors between the exact and approximate differentials are proportional to Ax?. When Ax tends toward zero, the approximated differential converges quadratically toward its exact values. Discretization of two-dimensional problems. Equations 6 and 7 also apply to functions of two variables x and y, such as the two-dimensional dis- tribution of total head over a spatial region. As shown in Fig. 2, the two-dimen- sional space is discretized with a grid of points, the coordinates of which are Xt Xp Xia Xi Xie Xn Figure 1 Discrete representation of a continuous function f.Finite Difference Solution of Seepage Problems 219 Dif O--o---0 ily na ial i iwl tS Oi Figure 2 Discrete representation a two-dimensional Figure 3/ Nodes contributing to Eq. 8. region. denoted by i and j. Curved boundaries have to be approximated with straight seg- ments in order to be described with points, If Ax and Ay are the nodes spacing in the x and y directions, respectively, the discretized form of Eq. 1 at point i, j is ky k, ae Mins tinny — 2h) + a (Ay jut tha — 2h) = 0 (8) As shown in Fig. 3, only the values of f at the nodes surrounding the node ij contribute to Eq. 8. When Ax = Ay, Eq. 8 becomes hi (Oth y + Oa H hija + ja) (9) 1 20+ a) where 0 = ky/ky.When Ax = Ay and ky = ky (a = 1), Eq. 8 becomes = 4 Big TAs AM + hid) (10) Boundary conditions. In confined seepage, either the total head or the total flow is precribed on the boundaries, For prescribed flow boundaries, we con- sider only impervious boundaries and exclude prescribed flux boundaries. For an impervious boundary, the seepage velocity is tangential to the boundary: that is, ah mn? ay where n is the coordinate normal to the boundary as shown in Fig. 4, In the case of a horizontal surface, n = y and Eq. 11 becomes ah ay 0 (12) ‘The first-order differential is approximated by introducing a fictitious node, out- side the seepage domain (see Fig. 4). Using Eq. 6, at node i, j; we obtain (a3)220 Chap. 4-5 / Finite Difference Solutions of Seepage Problems Impervious jel boundary a” a tj Hi ig Ve Fluid ijel velocity Figure 4 Impervious boundary conditions. ‘Therefore, hi,j41 = h,j-1- The value of total head at the fictitious node i, j + 1 is eliminated by combining Eqs. 10 and 13: Ay = 5 ign + hina + hiya) (4) In summary, for a horizontal impervious boundary, it is not necessary to define fictitious nodes; however, it is necessary to replace Eq. 10 by Eq. 14. The coeffi- cient 2 in Eq. 14 applies to the internal nodes, not to the nodes on the boundary. Thus Eq. 14 may easily be generalized to a vertical boundary. Figure 5 gives ad- ditional relations for the total head at grid points on inclined boundaries and at various types of corner boundaries. In all these cases, the sum of the coefficients is equal to 1. Interfaces. The partial differential equations (Eqs. 1 or 2) do not hold on an interface between soils of different permeability because the permeability and the hydraulic gradient are not continuous there. In the case of the horizontal in- fp 1.) 1 1 witht yin) © hy= as (hyart§ Mies) Figure § Relations for corners and 45° inclined surfaces of imper- vious boundaries.Finite Difference Solution of Seepage Problems 221 terface shown in Fig. 6, the discharge velocity can only be defined on each side of the interface: hy hy vis k, et and ty (15) where v! and v3 are the y-component of the discharge velocity in medium of permeability k, and k, respectively. Due to the conservation of flux of water across the interface (jie., v! = v3), Eq. 15 becomes: (16) (a7) It can be shown that the discharge velocity changes direction abruptly at the in- terface, and that its angle oy of incidence and angle o of emergence are related through: be (18) Seepage flow. The total quantity q of flow per unit of time may be cal- culated from the discrete values of total head, without drawing a flow net. q is ob- tained for any area A that cuts the flow completely: a=] wat rynyda (ag) h where 7, and ny = x and y components of a unit vector normal to surface A, and v, and vy = x and y components of seepage velocity (Fig. 7). If the surface A is vertical, then anf naam f Sida (20) Va Figure 6 Interface between soils of different Figure 7 Flow lines and calculation of total quantity permeability. of seepage from discrete values of total head.222 Chap. 4-8 / Finite Difference Solutions of Seepage Problems ‘The area A of Eq. 20 may be selected arbitrarily, provided that it blocks the flow completely. In the case of the vertical section shown in Fig. 7 (m < 1), Eq. 20 may be integrated by using a trapezoidal rule: mi Vim tx vy + Evan a fem where ke eisai (22) Finally, the total quantity of seepage is mt2> Oran Bian)+haa he n 3) 1 jem Stream function and flow lines. By definition, the stream function we, y) is =u = Vea and y= FE (24) ‘The quantity of seepage dq through the small element with sides dx and dy in Fig.7 is dq = vydy ~ vax = May + Max =dy 25) Using Eq. 23, the quantity of seepage Aq between two nodes (i, j) and (i, j + 1) is ky Fe igay Thiag + Bisset ~ Biase) (26) i Aq= J yd) ase = AY = Wij Vij The values of yj, are usually set equal to zero along one of the flow lines on the external boundary. After the calculation of total head hj, the values of y;,; in the interior are calculated with Eq. 26 by moving away from the flow line where y,;=0. The stream function is constant on flow lines. To draw a flow net with equipotential and flow lines, it is useful to introduce the modified stream function Vi = Vij! The flow net can be obtained by superimposing the contour lines of hy and yy, ; for identical value of contour interval. Solutions of Finite Difference Problems ‘The values of the total head at the grid points may be found by using either a di- rect method or an iterative method. These methods will be illustrated by consid- ering the example in Fig. 8, which has no direct relation to a seepage problem. The Laplace equation holds inside the square region [0,1] by [0,1]. The function (xy) is prescribed on the boundary. It is equal to zero on the left, bottom, andFinite Difference Solution of Seepage Problems 223 1(x,1) = 4500x(1-x) a ‘n(x. 0)=0 x 1424344 Figure 8 Example of boundary value problem. right boundaries. It is equal to A(x) = 4500(1 — x) on the top boundary. The problem is to find the distribution of f inside the square region. As shown in Fig. 8, the region is coarsely discretized with a grid with 16 nodes. The value of / is known at the 12 nodes at the boundaries. There are only four unknown values: a3, ho,3, hs, and hy.s. Direct method. There are only two unknowns, fa and fy, owing to the symmetry about the line x = }, which implies that Ing=hs2 and In3=hs3 @7) These two unknowns a, and hy, are found by solving the two linear equations Ing= ‘The matrix equation corresponding to Eq, 28 is 3 -1)[ '22)_{ 1000 (29) -1 3)\ins 0 Its solutions are h,,2 = 375 and hy,;= 125. They are found by forming and solving a matrix equation, which is a lengthy operation for more complicated grids. 71000 +0+9,5 +22) and hy3=}(+O0+h22+My3) (28) Relaxation method. The relaxation method is one of the solution methods for finite difference equations which is the most suited to spreadsheet calculations. In the relaxation method, the unknowns are initially assigned an ar- bitrary value. Then new values are calculated from old ones by iteratively using Eq, 28 until their final values satisfy Eq. 28 within a specified error tolerance. For instance, the problem of Fig. 8 can be solved by relaxation as shown in Figs. 9 and 10. Nodes (1,1), (1,2), ... are-represented by cells Al, A2, ..., respec- tively. The specified values of h are entered in cells Ai, B1, Cl, D1, A2, A3, A4, B4, C4, D4, D3, and D2. Equations 27 and 28 ate defined in cells B2, B3, C2, and C3, where the function A is unknown, As shown in Fig. 10, the relaxation solution gradually converges toward the exact solution within 100 iterations. The iterative calculations are activated by Options Calculation and by clicking on the iteration box. The number of itera-224 Chap. 4-5 / Finite Difference Solutions of Seepage Problems A B c 0 TJ] 0 1000 7000-0 0 1+B3+A2+C2)/4 =B2 0 3] 0 2+B4+A3+C3)/4 =B3 0 410 0 0 o Figure 9 Formulas used for solving Eqs. 27 and 28 by relaxation. A 5 c D 7 0 000 1000 0 z 0 250 250 ° 3 0 250 250 ° * 0 0 0 0 iteration A 8 c D 7 0 7000 7000 0 2 0 375.2 375.1 0 3 0 1261 12510 a 0 0 0 0 5 iterations A 5 Cc 0 T 0 T000 1000 0 2 ° 375 375 0 3 0 125 125 0 4 0 0 0 0 100 iterations Figure 10 Results of relaxation calculation after 1, 5, and 100 iter- ations. tions and the error tolerance can also be defined in the Calculation dialog box. When the iteration option is not activated, the error message “Cannot resolve cir- cular references” should be displayed, indicating that the formulas of Fig. 9 are referring to each other's values. APPLICATION TO SEEPAGE PROBLEMS Figure 11 defines a seepage problem with a sheet-pile wall. As shown in Fig. 12a, only the left half of the problem will be analyzed owing to the symmetry about the sheet-pile wall. The total head is h = 6 m on AB. Owing to the problem sym- metry, h = 3 m on CD. In Fig. 12a the equipotential lines AB and CD, where the total head is constant, are dashed. The flow lines AED and BC which are fol- lowed by the water are solid. Figure 13 shows the spreadsheet representation of the seepage problem of Fig. 12a. The finite difference nodes are evenly spaced every 2 min the x and y directions. There is a total of 91 nodes, 13 and 7 nodes in the x and y directions, respectively. Figure 14 shows the formulas used in Fig. 12, The prescribed total head h = 6 mis copied into cell range A2:M2, while h = 3 m is copied into range M5:M8. ‘The formulas for vertical impervious boundaries are entered in cell A3 and cop- ied into range A4:A7. Those for right vertical boundaries are entered in cells M3 and M4, Equation 14 for horizontal impervious boundaries is entered in cell B8 and copied to C8:L8, Eq. 15 for a corner boundary is entered in cell A8 and Eq. 10 is entered in B3 and copied into range B3:L7. The iterative calculations are turned on by using Options Calculations. TheApplication to Seepage Problems 225 War sutiee a 6m | wom aun IE SX ‘impervious S Figure 11 Definition of seepage problem with a sheet-pile wall A Equipotential line, h = 6m 1 > Flow line, © Flow line oe :@: LO: poten Tine, m ies 5 ELL LL: Flow line: eo ‘Equipotential ine, wk= 0" ° rr Figure 12. Boundary conditions for (a) original seepage problem and (b) complementary seepage problem. Trad Bc pT £ a re I 1 aT KT a tal head (m) Upstream head (m) Downstream head (m) = 3 1 2 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 001 3 5.92 5.02 5.91 5.90 5.88 5.85. 581 5.75 5.68 5.59 5.48 5.36 5.26] 4 585 585 5.83 5.80 5.76 571 5.63 5.53 5.39 5.21 497 4.68 4.41 5 5.79 8.78 5.76 5.72 567 559 5.48 5.33 5.14 488 452 3.97 3.00 6 7 S 3 5.74 5.74 571 5.68 859 549 5.96 5.19 4.95 4.65 4.24 3.70 3.00] 571 6.70 6.68 5.62 5.55 5.44 5.29 5.10 4.84 4.52 4.10 3.59 3.00 5.70 5.69 5.66 __5.61 _5.53__5.42 6.27 __5.07_4.81 «4.48 «4.06 ~—3.86 3.00 ‘Quantity of flow per unit of time and unit of permeabilly = 6.2543 Figure 13° Value of total head after 100 iterations. results of the calculations after 100 iterations are shown in Fig. 13. The error after 100 iterations is less than 0.001 m. As shown in Figs. 13 and 14, the total quantity of seepage q (divided by permeability £) is calculated in cell E9 by adapting Eq. 23 for the horizontal line FG passing at 4 m depth. Line FG cuts and blocks the flow completely, Excel has several two- and three-dimensional capabilities to represent the distribution of total head. Figure 15 shows a two-dimensional contour plot, and Fig. 16 shows a three-dimensional surface plot. To get those plots, select the range9zz x B c D z K L T [Total head (mp z 2 |=sFst Fst FSI FS =SFS1 FST 3 ]=(A2+A442°B3)/4 =(B2+AS+B44C9)/4 =(C2+B3+C4+D3)/4 =(D2+C3+D4+EGV4 =(U2sIS+J4+KG)/A =(K2HIB+K4+L3)/4 =(L2+K94L4+M3)/4 G_[=(AS+A5+2°B 4/4 =(B9+A44B5+C4)/4 =(C31B4+C5+D4)/4 =(D3+C4+D5+E4V4 =(IS414U5+KA)/4 =(KSHI44K5+L4)/4 =(LO+K4+L54M4)/4 B]=(A4+A6+2°B5)/4 =(B4+AS+B6+C5)/4 =(C4+B5+C6+D5)/4 =(04+C5+D6+ES\4 =(U4HIS1JG+K5)/4 =(KAnIS+KG+L5)/4 = (L4+K5+L6+M5)/4 © ]=(AS+A7+2°B6)/4 =(B5+A6+B7+C8)/4 =(C5+BE+C7+D6)/4 =(05+CE+D74E6)/4 =(U5HI61J7+K6)/4 =(KEHIG+K7+L6)/4 =(L5+KG+L7+M6)/4 7 |-(A6+A8+2°B7)/4 =(B6+A7+B8+C7)/4 =(C6+B7+CB+D7\/4 =(06+C7+D84E7)/4 =(UGH7+JB+K7)/4 =(KEHI7+KB4L7)/4 =(LE+K7+L84M7)/4 8 [=(A7+B8y2 =(A8+0842°B7)/4 38+D8+2°C7)/4 8+ES+2"D 7/4 IBtK8+2°U7)/4__=(B4L842"K7)/4__=(KB+MB+2L7)/4__=SS1. i > [ Guaniity of low per unit of time and unit of permeability (AS- ABs MS-M5+2°SUM(BS:L3)-2° SUM(BSLS)/4 Figure 14 Formulas used in Fig. 13.Application to Seepage Problems 227 §3.00-3.50 13.50-4.00 14.00-4.50 4.50-5.00 15.00-5.50 15.50-6.00 Figure 15. Two-dimensional contour representation Figure 16 Three-dimensional surface representation of total head for seepage problem of Fig. 11 of total head for seepage problem of Fig. 11 A2:M2 with the mouse, and select the appropriate three-dimensional chart type by using the Chart Wizard. Change the scale of the third axis to select the con- tour values. Inverse the second axis to display the contour in the right upward di- rection, Add the contour values by using the Insert Legend option. As shown in Fig. 17, the equipotential lines, which are the lines along which the total head is a constant, can be drawn using the three-dimensional chart type without the fill- ing option. The water pressure u is related to the total head A through u= why) (30) where y, is the water unit weight and y is the elevation with respect to the datum. The distribution of water pressure which corresponds to the total head in Fig. 15 is shown in Fig. 17. Figure 18 shows the formulas that are used to calculate the water pressure from the total head and the vertical mesh spacing, As shown in Fig. 17, the water pressure, which is hydrostatic away from the pile, becomes lower in the vicinity of the pile, owing to the water flow. Dso0-7s0 750.1000 1000-1250 Bi250-1300 1300-1750 Figure 17 Distribution of water pressure (kPa) in seepage problem of Fig. 11228 Chap. 4-6 / Finite Difference Solutions of Seepage Problems a —T E I S —____| 1.0 |Water pressure (KPa) Vertical mesh spacing [=9.8°(A2+(ROW(AT1)-ROWSASTI)) SGSTO) =9.8 (F2HROW(FI1)-ROW(SAS11))'SGS10) =0.8'(G2HROW(GIT)-ROW(EASI1)) $0910) "(AGH ROW(A12)-ROW(GAS11))"$GS10) =9.8"(F3+(ROW(F12)-ROW(SAS! 1)"$GS10)_ =9.8"(G3xROW(G12)-ROW(SAS11))"$GS10) (A4+(ROW(A13)-ROW(GAS11))"$QS10) =9.8°(F4x(ROW(F13)-ROW(SAS! 1)"$GS10)_ =9.8°(G4+(ROW(G13)-ROW(SAS11))"$6S10) (ASHROW(A14)-ROW(GAS11))"$GS10) =0.8°(F5+(ROW(F14)-ROW(SASI1)*SG$10)_ =0.8"(G5+(ROW(G14)-ROW(SAS11))"$G810) £8°(ABs(ROW(ATS)-ROW(SAS11)/'SGS10)_ =9.8"(F6+(ROW(F15)-ROW(SAS11))"S810)_=9.8"(G6+(ROW(G15)-ROW(SAS11)"S@S10) \7+{ROW(A16)-ROW(SAS11))"$GS10)_ =9.8°(F7+(ROWF16)-ROW(SAS! 1))"$GS10) =9.8"(G7+(ROW(G16)-ROW($AS11))"$GS10) (ABs (ROW(A17)-ROWISAS11)/'SG$10)_=0.8"(F3+(ROW(F17)-ROW( SAS! 1)"$G510)_=9.6"(GB+(ROW(G17)-ROW(SAS11)"SGS10) Figure 18 Formulas used to calculate the water pressure (kPa) of Fig. 17 from the total head of Fig. 13. TL NZ E B Figure 19 Flow net for seepage problem of Fig. 11 ‘As shown in Fig. 19, the flow lines, which represent the water trajectory, can be obtained by Eq. 26. They can also be obtained by using the same method as for the equipotential lines, but by solving the complementary seepage problem (Fig. 20). In the complementary seepage problem, boundary flow lines become equipotential boundaries, while equipotential boundaries become flow lines. The total head (x,y) is also replaced by the modified flow function y’=w(x, y)/k, which must also obey the Laplace equation (i., Eq. 2). Therefore, the flow lines of the initial problem are transformed into prescribed y'-value lines. It is conven- ient to set y’ equal to zero on one of those lines and q/k on the other line, where q is the total seepage flow, calculated using Eq. 23. Figure 20 shows the value of ’ as calculated by the formulas of Fig. 21. As shown in Fig. 19, the flow lines, where wy’ is constant, can be plotted by using two- dimensional contours. The flow net is obtained by manually superimposing the two-dimensional contours of h and y’ with identical interval values along the third axis, One can verify that the flow lines intersect the equipotential lines at right angles and that these lines form curvilinear squares. The ratio between the number Ny of flow channels and the number N, of equipotential drops should also be equal to q/(k Ah), where q is the seepage flow calculated from Eq. 23 and Ah is the total head drop. The finite difference technique described earlier can be applied to solve many practical seepage problems. Some examples of seepage problems are given in the exercises. In the case of thin sheet piles as shown in Fig. 22, an extra col- umn of nodes must be inserted at the location of the sheet pile. As shown in Fig. 23, this additional column is required to have different total head on the front and back of the sheet pile. Beneath the sheet pile, the nodes are set to have the same total head. As shown in Fig. 24, this additional row unfortunately distorts the flow net in the vicinity of the sheet pile. This distortion was removed in6zz Al[B]Ccl]D E F G 7. u ft ip | ne ee | Lt | EA Flow lines (complementary problem) Upstream value (m) = 3.2543 Downstream value (m) = 0 3.25 3.17 308 298 2.86 271 2.52 229 200 163 1.17 062 0.00 [21]3.25 3.17 3.09 299 287 273 255 232 2.04 1.67 1.21 0.65 0.00 [22] 3.25 3.18 3.10 3.01 2.91 278 262 241 215 1.81 1.36 0.77 ~~ 0.00 23/3.25 3.19 313 3.06 2.97 287 2.73 256 2.34 2.05 1.66 1.06 0.00 24| 3.25 3.21 3.17 3.12 3.05 2.98 289 277 261 241 2.16 1.83 1.53 25|3.25 3.23 3.21 3.18 3.15 3.11 3.06 3.00 2.92 282 2.70 256 2.48 [2s] 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.25 Figure 20 Values of y’ after 100 iterations. A_T B c D I K L M. B]=sHs19 _ =(ADO+OROA"BRTVA _— =(B2OsOLON"CDIVA _ =[COOVEZO2"DZIVA _ =UOrLBore'KEI Va ={KODeMBOD DIVA =SLST BA|=SHS19 —-=(B20+A214B22+C21)/4 =(C20+B21+C22+D21)/4 =(D204C21+D224E21)/4 =(K20W214K224L21)/4 =(L20+K214L224M21)/4 =SLS19 22}=$HS$19 =(B21+A22+B23+C22)/4 121+B22+C23+D22)/4 =(D21+C22+D23+E22)/4 =(K214+J22+K23+L22)/4 =(L21+K22+L23+M22)/4 $19 23 | =$HS$19. =(B22+A23+B24+C23)/4 722+B23+C24+D23)/4 =(D22+C23+D24+E23)/4 =(K22+J23+K24+L23)/4 =(L22+K23+L24+M23)/4 $19 24|=$HS19 =(B23+A24+B25+C24)/4 (C23+B24+C25+D24)/4 =(D23+C24+D25+E24)/4 =(K234J24+K25+L24)/4 =(L23+K24+L25+M24)/4 123+M25+2°L24)/4 25 |=$HS19 =(B24+A25+B26+C25)/4 24+B25+C26+D25)/4 + =(D24+C25+D26+E25)/4 (K24+J25+K26+125)/4 =(L24+K25+L26+M25)/4 124+M26+2°L25)/4 26 |=SH$19 =SHS$19 =$H$19 =$H$19 H$19 =$HS19. =$H$19° Figure 21 Formulas used in Fig. 20.230 Chap. 4-8 / Finite Difference Solutions of Seepage Problems 12m ja5 on Figure 22 Seepage problem with a cofferdam and a sheet-pile wall, Fig.25 after replotting the numerical results of Fig. 24 with a more advanced contouring program. Figures 26 and 27 show the distributions of water pressure on the bottom surface of the cofferdam and on the front and back of the sheet pile wall, LIMITATIONS ‘The present method is limited to confined seepage problems for which the boundary conditions have known positions. In its present form it does not apply to unconfined seepage problems such as those in earth dams, where the free sur- face is undefined. The determination of the position of unknown boundaries with finite difference is possible but requires that additional equations be solved. One of the major limitations of the finite difference method is the difficulty encountered in describing curved boundary conditions and complicated layer ge- ometries. For this reason, another numerical technique, referred to as the finite ele- ment method, is often preferred. Seepage problems of infinite size, such as cofferdams on soil strata extending to infinity, are also difficult to analyze by using a atid of finite size. In this case the infinite size can be approximated by taking a length equal to three to six times the stratum thickness. It is recommended this length be varied in order to assess its effects on the solution of the seepage problem. REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. What is the purpose of the finite difference method? How is it applied to confined seepage problems? 2. What is the partial differential equation that controls the distribution of to- tal head for anisotropic and isotropic permeability? 3. What is the principal numerical technique used to solve the equations of fi- nite difference methods? 4. Why does the grid spacing control the accuracy of the solution of a seepage problem with finite difference? 5. How do you represent curved boundaries in finite difference methods? 6. What is the main limitation of finite difference when dealing with seepage problems?lez |=(A6+A10+2"B9)/4 (AGsBIOVE =(LB+K9+L104M9}/4 =(KI0sMI042°L9)/4 (08+NG+O10+P9)/4 =(ZB+Y94Z10+AAQ)/4. ~(AAB+Z9+AA10+AB9)/4 NO+PI0+2"O9)/4 =(Y10+AA1042°29)/4_=(Z10+AB1042°AAQ)/S (MB+L9+M10+09)/4 =(L10+010+2"May4 (ALB+AL1042°AKS)/4 =(ALBHAKIOV2 a mK Ca z “508i or “aT 3 zsMase"Loye GiPSWPORA —VSCARSSDTAVA— AAMAABS+AADZAZS/2V3.—(ALZSALAA2"AKOVA TJ aseasverey4 MSAMB;2"LAA ——(NDGNBS2"O4V4 =(OBONELOS+PAYA —(ZEI4RZE+AAAYA AASAZ4GAASHABAYA W(ALSUALBU2°AKG)/4 Botnaraseeresy (MéeMO+2"LSV4 — =IN4GNO2"08)4. =(O4NSsOGIPSYA =ZAIYELZOLAAS)A =IAASGZSLAAGABSYS W(ALAGALBS2"AKS)/A T]otassaorareeya IMSsMTZ2°LOV4 — XINGAN72°OBY4=(O5+NGSOTHPCVE ZSLYEAZTOAAG)A ~{AASLZBLAATSABE—IALSCALTAO“ARBV/A T[-accato2"e7 4 N7AL7+ M8074 GoN7AOELPTVA =(28rY7-ZBsAATV4 —(AAGSZT“AABAAB7Y4 —{ALGVALBNZAKIA T [assaoszr00y W7=4.86M6%08)/4 “{O7IN8O0+P8Y4 =(ZTHYELZOGAAB)A M(AATAZBOAADGABBV—{ALTUALOS2° AKOYA > O Figure 23 Formulas used in solving the seepage problem of Fig. 22.232 Chap. 4-5 / Finite Difference Solutions of Seepage Problems Figure 24 Flow het of the seepage problem in Fig. 22. Figure 25 Flow net of Fig. 24 redrawn with a more sophisticated ‘contouring package. Distance (m) Water pressure (kPa) 10 15 0 0 80 120 & Water pressure (KPa) 2.8 20 Depth (em) Depth (m) Figure 26 Distribution of water pressure along the Figure 27 Distribution of water pressure on the horizontal surface of the cofferdam of Fig. 22. front and back of the sheet pile of Fig. 22 EXERCISES L 3. 4 5 6. Generalize Eq. 9 in the case of non-evenly spaced nodes. Calculate the hydraulic gradient vector in terms of discrete head values. Find the distribution of total head and flow net for one of the problems (a) to (f) in Exercise 2 of Chapter 4-4, Find the distribution of total head and flow net for one of the problems (g), to (i) shown below. Find the distribution of pressures on one of the structures (sheet-pile wall and/or cofferdam) defined in Exercises 3 and 4. Plot the water pressure applied to the structure for one of the problems of Exercises 3 and 4,Exercises 233 w) = = LL . Calculate the maximum hydraulic gradient and its location for one of the problems of Exercises 3 and 4: . Compare the distributions of total head obtained by using two different grid spacings for one of the problems of Exercises 3 and 4: . Compare the distribution of total head obtained by the electrical analogy methods and the finite difference method for one of the problems in Exercise 3.