[ 14] [ Biomolecules -------_J

\
., - - -- - - - - \ POINTS TO REMEMBER \i br~ef conce!~ _ _ __ _
Blonioleculea: Bio molecules urc I.h e Lifc lc:-1 ; ~J l<; l.l lc B wh ic h cornl11n<" fl in a !-! p•:ufic rrwnn c r to product life ~r
control biological reactions.
CARBOHYDRATEs-l
Ca.rbohydra.tea: They a rc opti cally oc livc poly hyd ruxy uld c h yd c or kc1onc:-1 or compoun d t h a t c a n he hydrolysed \
to polyh ydroxy aldehydes or ketonc::i .
(a) Classification of Carbohydrates:
(A) ClaHificatlon Baaed on Hydroly•i• behaviour
,------- -- -_J_
Simple Monosaccharides Co mpl ex
(Basic unit)

t
Aldoses
i
Ketoses Oligosaccharldes
V
Polyaaccharidea
t
Aldotriose Ketotriose Disaccharid es e.g. Starch,
e.g. Glyceraldehyde e.g. Dihydroxy acetone e.g. Sucrose, maltose, lactose Cellulose

Aldotetrose Ketotetrose Tri sacch a rid es

e.g. Erythrose e.g. Erythrulose e.g. Raffin ose

Aldopentose Ketopentose Tetrasacch a rid es

e.g. Ribose e.g. Ribulose e.g. Stachyose

Aldohexose Ketohexose
e.g. Glucose e.g. Fructose

(B) Classification Based (C) Classification Based on

on Solubility Reducing property
I I
Sugar Non -Sugar Reducing Non -Reducing
(soluble) (insoluble) Su gar Sugar
e .g. Monosaccharides e .g. Polysacch arides e.g. Maltose , lactose e .g. Sucrose
Oligosaccharids
(b) Glucose:
* Pentahydroxy aldeh ydes containin g 4 chiral carbo n atom
Preparation:
di l. HCI/ H2 S0 4
(a) C, 2H22011 + H20 t:,, C6H ,20 r, + C6H, 20 6 (Lab method)
(Cane suga r) (Glu cose) (Fructose)
dil.H 2 S0 4
(b) (C 6H IOOs)n + nH 20 393 K, 2 -3 al m . nC6H ,20 0 (Commercial method)
(Starch) (Glucose)

(732)
 733
. ..,0tec11/es
810"'

-
icl open Chain Structure of Glucose (Reaction):
Ho t 111

Nl-1 4 0 1-1
) I-I ON .. HC - (CHOH) 4 CH 2 OH + H2O
(Glucoximc)
CHO HCN
I - -- - - ) NC - CHOH - (CHOH) 4 - Cl !p H (Cynohydrine)
(CHOH) 4 j'
I (0 )
CH2 0H Br; w 1-1tcr ➔ Hooe - (CH 2 OH) 1 -
CH 0 H (Glucomc
2
. ac1'd )

(Glucose)
dil. HN O]
:? HOOC - (CHOH) 4 _ COOH (Sacchanc
. acid)
.

CHO
S(CH CO) O I
(CHO - COCH 3 ) 4
I
CH 2 0 - COCH 3 (Glucose penta acetate)
Id) Cyclic Structure of Glucose:
The cyclic structures of glucose are also repres t d b H . .
CH OH en e y aworth proJectton formula
2 rn~
0 H H s 0
OH
OH H
HO OH H
31----
2-¥ H
2
H OH OH
a-D (+) Glucopyranose (trans) ~-D (+) Glucopyranose leis)
(e) Structure of fructose:
0 0 OH

5 2

OH H

OH OH H
H
a -D (-) Fru ctofuranose (trans)
~-D H Fructofuranose (cis)

lfl Disaccharides:
A diasaccharide has molecula r formula C 12H 220 and on
hydrolysis gives two molecules of same or different H
H
monosaccharides .
In diasaccharide a nom eri c carbon of one molecule is bonded OH
HO
to a carbon of a nother monosacch a rid e molecules through 3 Glycosidic
an oxygen atom . Such a linkage is called glycosidic linkage. H OH linkage
0
e.g. Sucrose , Maltose , Cellobiose , Lac tose , etc.
0
Structure of Sucrose:
(g) Polysaccharides: 2

In a polysaccharide , a large number of same or different

monosaccharides are linked together by glycosidic linka ges.
They have molecular formula (C6H 100 s)n. 4

e.g. Starch, cellulose glycogen etc . OH H

Structure of Sucrose
734 Ut1am 's MHT-CET (Ch en11•
StryJ

Structure of Cellulose:
1
t H20H

I ~\ - - 0 Ot:1 ~

"C ll 7O1I )(
OH H,yr
I__
H I

H ~ -
0 O
~1 2
H

/ 1-1
4
H OH
OH
~Hnk
H OH
Cellulose (~- 1, 4' polymer of D-glucose)

PROTEINS I
Proteins are high molecular weight polymers containing nitrogen and on hydrolysis yield Cl.-amino acid.
Amino acids: They are derivatives of carboxylic acids obtained by replacing a-H by amino groups .

Acidic amino acids Basic amino acids Neutral amino acids

e.g. Glutamic acid, Aspartic acid, etc. e.g. Ariginine, Lysine, etc. e.g. Glycine , Valine , etc.
Zwitter ion Amino acids in their aqueous solutions behave like salts due to the presence of both acidic and
ba sic groups in the same molecule. Such a doubly charged ion is known as Zwitter ion.
~ ➔
H2 N - CH - COOH ~ H3 N - CH - coo-
l I
R R
(Zwitte r ion)
* Peptide bond and polypeptides: Peptide bond or peptide linkage is an amide formed between - COOH and

- NH, group by elimination of H, O. It is ~~ - NH~-

* Classification of proteins:
Proteins

Fibrous Proteins Globular Proteins

e.g. Skin , hair, nails , h orns, feathers e.g. Hormones, thyroglobulin , Haemoglobin , albumin .
Structure of proteins: It can be studied at different levels like , primary, secondary , tertiary and quaternary
level.

• Enzymes a re biological ca talysts for various biochemical reactions in living organism .

e.g. The enzym e helps in digestion of food, absorption of certain mole cules produci ng energy .
• All the enzymes a re protein s . They are named from the class of compound in a reaction.
e.g. Enzyme ma lta se converts ma lt ose to glucose.
Ma l lase
C 12H 220 11 ----➔ CoH 120 6
(M a ltose) (Glucose)

• Lipids a re natura lly occ urrin g biomolecu les tha t have limited solubility in water and can be isolated from
organisms by extraction with n on -pola r solvent s .
 735

Classification:

Lipids

. . Complex lipids
e.g. Tngly-c-e nd es . glvco lip ·ct
~------' :;J;
Simple lipids
• - I . s. phospholipids w .
functions of Lipids: ' • nxes e.g. Steroid s , terpcnes, pros tagJa ndm s
( J) Glycolipid s a n d phosphor ·ct ,
. ip1 s a rc com ct ,
(2) Waxes fo rm protective coa t' , poun s of cell membrnnes .
ings on leaves f · .
(3) Terpe n es a re th e m a in con s titu ent , f ti , ru1t.s, berries, anima ls fur a nd fea th ers of bird s .
Ill HORMONES ]
s O 1 «:' essentia l oil
sec reted by the gland s of ce rtaj n a roma ti c plants .
Hormones a re the s ec retion of end .
d d . . ocnne glands. Mode f .
pro u ce m ve1>' small am ounts and regulate vital bod o action of enzymes and hormon es are same . They are
e.g. Ad ren a lin e. thyroxin e Insulin d Y function .
' , an rogens, estroge d
Types of Hormones: ns an progesterone .
I
I

Steroid h orm on e s
J
Peptide hormones
I e.g. Oxytocin , vasopresoin , etc . Amine hormones
~r----1-------~:;J; e.g. Adrenaline , thyroxine, etc.

Sex hormones
Adrenal cortex hormones
e.g. Cortison e , aldosterone, etc.
\)I
Androgens E s trogens Gestogens
e.g. Androsteron e e.g. E s trone e.g. Progesterone
CM VITAMINS I
These are th e orga ni c compou nds required in the diet in small amounts to perform specific biological functions
for normal m ai nt en ance of op timu m growth and health of the organism .
Classification
I
(A) De pend ing on solub ility {B) According to their chemical structure vitamin of
I I
f
Water soluble Fat soluble Aliphatic Aromatic Alicyclic Heterocylic
vitamin s vitam in s series series series series
(8 , C) (A , D , E , K , P) (C) (K) (A) (B complex)

- NUCLEIC ACIDS
They are respo n s ible fo r s torin g ge n et ic in fo rmation of living organism and passing the information from one
generation to a n oth er.
They are este r of phospho ri c ac id a n d s ugar .
Chromosomes co ntai n ~ RNA a n d DNA.
I •
Nucleoside - A base suga r uni t.
I•
I•
Nucleotid e _ A b ase s u gar phos phoric ac id unit.
Structure of polynucleotide chain: I
Base
II s re
o
I
I O Suga r - 0 - P- 0 WNv
1/Wvv Sugar - O- P- - I
I
0-
o-
000