Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chemistry is the study of matter and energy and the interactions between them.
Chemistry tends to focus on the properties of substances and the interactions
between different types of matter, particularly reactions that involve electrons.
Each element is represented by a unique symbol the notation for each element can be
found on the periodic table of elements.
The elements can be divided into three categories that have characteristic properties:
metals, nonmetals, and semimetals.
Q12/ How you can name the following molecules:- (O2−, Co and Co2+)
1- [O2−] This species has a 2− charge on it, so it is an anion. Anions are named using
the stem of the element name with the suffix -ide added. This is the oxide anion.
2- [Co] Because this species has no charge, it is an atom in its elemental form. This is
cobalt.
3- [Co2+] In this case, there is a 2+ charge on the atom, so it is a cation. We note that
cobalt cations can have two possible charges, so the name of the ion must specify which
charge the ion has. This is the cobalt(II) cation.
Q16/ What is the structural formula , Empirical formula and molecular formula
for ( n-hexane )
The chemical compound n-hexane has the structural formula
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3, which shows that it has 6 carbon atoms arranged in a chain,
and 14 hydrogen atoms. Hexane's molecular formula is C6H14, and its empirical
formula is C3H7, showing a C:H ratio of 3:7.
Q17/ Find out the limiting reagent and the excess for the following reaction
ج
Q23/ In a laboratory, Qem dissolved 11.2 g of sugar in water, and then he poured
the solution into a 250-mL volume flask. He added enough water to make the
solution exactly 250.00 mL. What is the concentration of the solution he has
prepared?
The molecular weight for sugar C12H22O11 is 342.0 g/mol. (Your should have the skill
to calculate molecular weight.) For solving chemical problems, the units mol/L is the
most useful. Thus, the concentration is:
Q29/ Explain just by drawing the Shapes and Molecular Dipoles for the H2O and
CO2
Q30/ What is the differences between the concentrated solution and dilute
solution?
Concentrated and Dilute Solutions The words “concentrated” and “dilute” are used to
describe how much solute is in a certain volume of solution. A concentrated solution
has a large amount of solute in a volume of solution. A dilute solution has a small
amount of solute in a similar volume of solution. Figure below compares a model of
the particles of a concentrated solution to a model of the particles of a dilute solution.
Q31/ suppose a solution contains 6.0 g of sugar in 200 ml of sugar and water
solution. What is the concentration of the sugar and water solution?