CHAPTER II: PARASITIC DISEASES & INFECTIONS -Super-infection

-Carriers

A. Factors involved in parasite transmission: A.2. Host susceptibility

↑susceptible, ↑ chance of having the parasite
A.1. Source of infection – animate or inanimate object that helps
transmit disease.
a. Immunocompetent host – a person having a high
Example:
immune resistance.
-Contaminated soil and water
b. Immunocompromised host
SOIL: Ascaris lumbricoides
Trichuris trichiura
A.3. Mode of Transmission
Hookworms
-skin penetration
WATER: Entamoeba hystolitica
-ingestion
Giardia lamblia—patients would
-transplacental transfer: e.g. Plasmodium especially
have steatorrhea or the presence of
falciparum
excess mucous in stool; “purple
*Leishmania infantum: transmitted in dogs
burb”; rotten egg exhalation
-Inhalation
-Blood sucking insects: Plasmodium→malaria
-Sexual intercourse
*Anopheles mosquito – female mosquitoes
-Trichomonas vaginalis: urine specimen
can be a carrier of filariasis and
“Strawberry cervix”
elephantiasis.
Ping-pong infection
*Flies – Leishmania spp.
Trypanosoma spp.
* Wuchureria Bancroft B. Portals of Exit and Entry
*Brigia malay -Respiratory tract: Enterobius vermicularis (entry)
-Wild and domestic animals: Ascaris lumbricoides (exit)
*dogs: Toxocara cahis -Gastrointestinal tract: Flukes (mouth, entry)
*cats: Toxocara cati Embryonated egg
-Contaminated food and drinks: Cysts of parasite (E. hystolitica)
*beef-Taenia saginata -Skin: parenteral route (Elephantiasis, Plasmodium)
*pork-Taenia solium -Reproductive tract: Trichonomas vaginalis
*fishes: Capillaria philippinensis
(“Pudoc worm”) CHAPTER IV: Host Defense against Parasitic Infection
Contaminated beddings and clothings:
*inhalation: Enterobius vermiculares 1. Innate
(nocturnal)
-inherent; natural; constitutive defense
-Auto-infection
-anatomical and structural barriers
 *General protection: a.2) Chemical and Cellular factors:
-inflammation
-phagocytosis -SKIN: dryness prevents microbial invasion
-normal flora -pH: acidity can kill pathogens
-TEMPERATURE: 36.2-37.5 (normal body temp.)
2. Inducible/ Adaptive/ Acquired -SWEAT: flushes out microbes from the skin and
pores (presence of LYSOZYME)
-must be stimulated -sloughing off dead skin cells
-stimulation: physical, biological, chemical -MUCUS: lysozyme and lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin
-cilia sweeping motion
-immunological type or response: Complement -SALIVA: removal of microbe through swallowing
system and meets with different digestive enzymes
*IMMUNE – ability to resist infections/ pathogen/disease -STOMACH ACTIVITY: 1.5 pH
-urination
*IMMUNITY – relative state of resistance

A. Active Immunity a.3) Microbial antagonism

-the person undergoes the whole cycle of disease -normal flora prevents overgrowth of pathogens
-the body will produce antibodies
b. 2nd Line of Defense
-non-specific cellular response
B. Passive Immunity
Complex sequence of event
-direct introduction of immune factor to the body
-antibodies; short lived
b.1) fever
HOST DEFENSE MECHANISM -the parasite acts as pyrogen
-ways on protection against pathogen -an increase body temperature(>37.8°C)
HOW?
LINES OF DEFENSES: 1. Stimulates pxn and release of WBD
2. Reduces the availability of Iron
a. 1st Line of Defense 3. IL-1 stimulates maturation and activation of
a.1) Physical barriers: an intact SKIN almost impossible to lymphocyte
penetrate, unless there are cuts, wounds or abrasion 4. Slows down microbial growth

*MUCUS: traps the pathogen

b.2) Transferrin c. 3rd Line of Defense
-increase the affinity to Iron of the -protection of specific antibodies
immune cells -Humoral mediated immunity, activated by B
-store and deliver iron lymphocyte

b.3) Interferon
-anti-viral proteins
-produced by virally infected cells
-interfere with virus replication

b.4) Complement system

-around 30 proteins produced primarily
in plasma
Functions:
1. Irritation and amplification of inflammation
2. Chemotaxis
3. Activation of WBC
4. Lysis of microorganisms
5. Opsonization -- ↑ phagocytosis

b.5) inflammation
-response to microbial invasion, irritation and
injury
Functions:
1. localize the infection
2. prevent spread of microbes
3. neutralize the toxins
4. add in repair of damaged tissues

b.6) Phagocytosis
-engulfment of foreign materials by WBC
 DISEASES CAUSED BY Entamoeba histolytica

A. Intestinal Amoebiasis