Statics and Mechanics of Materials

Chapter 4-1

Internal force, normal and shearing

Stress

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Outlines

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Internal Forces - cutting plane
 Result of mutual attraction (or repulsion) between molecules on
both sides of the cutting plane
 These result is distributed over the entire surface of the cutting
plane

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 Internal Forces - cutting plane
 Each part of the body satisfies the equilibrium equation
 The resultant of the internal forces R must be in
equilibrium with other applied forces in the body part
 Stress is the intensity of the R
 So either body part can be used to determine the
internal forces

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Internal Force – cutting plane
 If the cutting plane is perpendicular to the bar axis
 the internal forces, internal stress, and the
resultant will be perpendicular  in normal
direction
 If the cutting plane is not perpendicular  the
resultant will still be perpendicular, but it has
normal and tangential components

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Normal stress – axial loading
 Axial loading = the loading/force is
collinear with the axis of the bar
 Stress = intensity of the internal force
 Generally speaking,

 Or symbolically,

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Normal stress – some notes
 Generally, the stress is not uniformly
distributed over the area
 For many applications, it’d be assumed that it
is uniformly distributed
 Cross area changes under loading
 Engineering stress uses initial cross sectional
area
 True stress uses the deformed area

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Shearing stresses in connections
 Loads are transmitted to individual members
through connections that use rivets, bolts, pins,
nails, or welds

 Singleshear
 Double shear
 Punching shear
 Bearing stress

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Single shear and double shear

Single shear Double shear

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 Punching shear
 Example: Shear stress developed due to action
of punch in forming a rivet hole

P

As
P P

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Bearing stress
 Bearing stress = compressive normal stress
 While the amount of the force = compression load, the
area depends on the mode of the contact
 Examples:
– Between the head of the bolt and the top plate (a)
– Between the surfaces of the shanks and hole which
they pass (b)

F
b 
Ab

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Units of Stress
 Dimension = FL-2

 USCS;
– psi (pounds per square inch),
– ksi (kilo pounds per square inch),
– ksi = 1000 psi
 SI;
– Pa (Pascal = N/m2),
– kPa (kilo Pa) = 1000 Pa, or
– MPa (mega Pa) = 106 Pa

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 Example Problem 4-1
 The cross-sectional area = 3 in2.
 Determine the axial stress in the
bar on a cross section;
– 20” to the right of A
– 20” to the right of B
– 20” to the right of C
 Firstthing to do; to determine the
internal force on the section 
use cutting plane

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Example Problem 4-4
 The column
experiences
compression
 Determine the bearing
stress on the surface
between the bearing
plate and the column

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Example Problem 4-4
 FBD of the bearing plate
Compression developed in the timber beam

do

di

Compression developed in the column Cross section of the column


b 
F
Ab
Ab 
4
d 2
o  d i2 
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Problem 4-12
 Average punching shear stress in the collar
 Average bearing stress between the collar and the plate

Plate

Bearing stress
Punching shear stress
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Please read and practice example
problems 4-3, 4-4 and 4-5

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Maximum and minimum stresses
 Maximum normal stress  when  = 0 (or 180)
P
 max 
A
 Maximum shearing stress  when  = 45 (or 135)
(opposite directions)   P
max
2A

 Minimum stress = 0, when  = 90

 Note: maximum stresses don’t appear on the same
angle

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Example Problem 4-7
 Given:
─ A = 200x100 mm2
─ AB = 12.00 MPa
─  = 36o
 Questions:
– P?
– AB=?
– Max normal and shearing
stresses

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Example Problem 4-7: Answer
 Followthe solution in
the book or use
P
n  (1  cos 2 )
2A 
 n 2A
P  694.7 kN
(1  cos 2 )
P
 sin 2  16.52MPa
2A
 And the maximum are
P
 max   34.7 MPa
A
P
 max   17.37 MPa
2A

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