HAMO, MA. REBECCA C.

So, poverty by directlyinfluencing

fertility ratesincreases the rate of
BSMA 2-5
population growth whichin turn,in
absence of alternative sources of
income,increases the pressure on land.

CHAPTER 10

NO.6

NO. 4

National environmental concerns in

developing countries likely to focus
Population growth,poverty,andland
Increasingly on urban problems in
pressures areinterrelatedIn the sense
future because for last two-three
that poor people tends to have high
decadesit has been witnessed in
fertility rates because they consider
thedeveloping countries that urban
children as a source of old age support
population is on steady increase.
and more the number of children
better would be the support

Urban populat on is growing at

unprecedented rates which have put
Prevalence of high infant mortaity rate
tremendous strainon existing urban
is also one of the causes of poor
water supplies and sanitation faci
people having high fert lity rates.
ties.Also. rising urban populat on Is
threatening to precipitate the collapse
of the existing urbaninfrastructure and
This high fertility rate results in high
create circumstances ripe for epidemics
rates of population growth.Since land
and national health crisis.
holding of an average poor famlyis
very small,more number of
childrenleads to more pressure on
With urban population size to increase
landIn terms of generatingincome to
more and more in coming future, the
support muchlarger group of
day is not far when majority of
dependents.
population in developing countries
would be living in urban areas rather
than in ruralareas. Various researches
have also revealed that the urban inallocation of environmental resources
environment deter orates at faster rate and thus remove market distortions
than increasein size of urban and help inachieving efficient
population. allocation.

Therefore.with more population

concentrated in urban areas. National
NO.12
environmental concerns indeveloping
countries likely to focus increasingly on
urban problems in the future. The differences between the purely
private and public goods are as follows
-
NO.8

1. Purely private goods are those goods

Neoclassical theory provides a
that provides benefit to only that
usefulframework for analyzing
Individualwho consumes or uses it
environmental issues in following ways
while excluding all other from its
-
benefit and usage or consumption by
one reduces the quantity available for
others whereas public goods arethose
1.Neoc assical theory states the
goods that provide benefit to all In
conditions that are necessary for the
simultaneous manner and whose
efflcient allocationof environmental
consumption by one person does not
resources.
reduce the quantity available for
others.

2.Neoc assical theory also points out

the inefficiency that arisesIn the
2. The aggregate demand for public
allocationof environmentalresources
good can be determined by
and leads to their misallocation.
verticalsummation of individualdemand
curves whereas aggregate demand for

3. Neoclassical theory also suggests private good can be determined by

ways which can remove theInefficiency horizontal summation ofindividual

demand curves.

NO. 14

Climate change is expected to impact

the countriesin Asia and Africa Invery
severe way.

It has been projected that by 2020 due

to climate variability and change,area
suitable for agricu ture,yield potent
al,andlength of growing season in
major parts of Africa especially around
arid and semi-arid regions will decl
neleading to falling food security
andincreased malnutrtt on Inthe
continent.

Studies has also indicated that climate

change will br ng riseIn sea levels and
storms andif projected riseis taken into
account then itindicates that
coastalfisheries,mangroves.and
coralreefs will further degrade.It has
been estimated that cl mate
changeinduced water stress can affect
up to 250 million people inAfrica.