1. Why the analysis of inorganic materials in industrial sample is important?

The analysis of inorganic materials in industrial sample is important b/c the inorganic material
contains metals that are becomes more toxic when exceed their limits and cause several health
problems.

2. How to diagnosis metals in human body?

Metals can diagnosis in human body by body fluids that includes blood, Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (serum,
erythrocytes), excretory by products such as urine, sweet and faeces and body tissue that are biopsy
material, hair, nails.

3. What are the significances of mineral water in life of local population?

There is a lot of a significance of mineral water. Ground water, lake, river and other water resources
can differ greatly in mineral content, turbidity, pathogenic content, pH, alkalinity and many other
properties used as indicator for water quality. As the variation in these parameters from their standard
values, may lead to serious health hazarders. It has also been reported that there is relationship
between hardness of drinking water and incidence of cardiovascular diseases. Also investigations carried
out in different countries reveals that death rates are higher in areas which are supplied with soft water
with low Magnesium contents. Therefore this shows that different minerals present in water participate
in different physiological system in human body.

4. Explain in short the advantages and drawbacks in canned food?

Canned foods take up minerals from container

– Tin & iron from the tin plate

– Tin and lead from the solder

Advantages:

• In acid foods canned in the absence of O2, tin forms the anode of the tin-iron couple → tin goes
slowly in solution → protect product for 2 years or longer

Drawbacks:

• Rapid deterioration

– When iron forms the anode → in presence of oxidizing agents dissolution of tin is
accelerated → after all tin is in solution, H2 forms → can swells → and leak out

5. What are the weak spots of dry ashing in the field of bio-analytical chemistry?

These are the spots of dry ashing:

• Some metals losses due to volatilization (Hg, Pb, Cd, Ca, As, Sb, and Cr)
 • resistance to ash by some materials

• difficult dissolution of ashing materials

• high risk of contamination

• It has largely been replaced by wet ashing

6. Which type of sample preparation method used for inorganic analysis?

• Wet Digestion Methods

1) Acid Digestion—Wet Ashing

2) Microwave Digestion

3) Pressure Ashing

• Dry Ashing

• Ultrasonic Sample Preparation

• Advance extraction methods

7. Elaborate in short the major function of sample preparation for metal analysis?

i. To degrade and solubilize the matrix, to release all metals for analysis.

ii. To extract metals from the sample matrix into a solvent more suited to the analytical method to
be used.

iii. To concentrate metals present at very low levels to bring them into a concentration range
suitable for analysis.

iv. To separate a single analyte or group of analytes from other species that might interfere in the
analysis.

v. To dilute the matrix sufficiently so that the effect of the matrix on the analysis will be constant
and measurable.

8. Concisely explains the reagents commonly used in sample dissolution or digestion?

Reagent Sample Type

Water Soluble salts

Dilute acids Dry-ashed sample residues, easily oxidized metals and alloys, salts

Concentrated Less readily oxidized metals and alloys, steels, metal oxides
acid (e.g., HNO3)

Concentrated Metals, alloys, soils, particulates from air, refractory minerals, vegetable
acid with added matter
oxidizing agent

Hydrofluoric Silicates and other rock samples

acid

9. What are the discrepancies of closed and open vessel microwave acid digestion?

• Open-vessel systems are also known as atmospheric pressure microwave or focused microwave
systems.

• only one vessel can be heated at a time, and multiple vessels are to be processed sequentially.

• Closed Vessel / sealed containers, fabricated of high-temperature polymers

• chance of airborne dust contamination is eliminated.

• The sealed, pressurized containers reduce evaporation, so that less acid digestion solution is
required, reducing blanks.

10. Which type of extraction method for metal analysis is comparatively best and why?

There are two types of extraction method

Single extraction and sequential method

the use of specific methods of extraction are required to remove the extract, without altering its
chemical form (speciation) from the sample matrix.