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3 :89C=" ,%1 ;I9 (=& C $&^1F35?&)( "O7)9.: J& IF3 "s9.: &>1 C ,.P}n& mFJ<&)( " 5?&>1 C=; L W $'&dZ\,Aa @ F\& : / ; 9 (R&^31 ;+C & 9 / W.D
9.;V" 1(=& 9.: Z\,A@ ;)Db9 1/ C $'& 7 ,%56J "8:89C=" ,%1,.P ;+C=9C="8;+C="87); (=J& I43 " (=& ;#C $ 9CdC $'& W; $',%3 : / E &e(R31
9CB: & 9.;+C PQ,.( 9 PQ&)@ C 3'(R1, s &)( C=" 5?& ;)D ˆ}‰_ŠAj\Ž D @B$ "O: & 7 ,%1 ;=" /'&)( 9C=" ,%1 ; ,.P]1F35?&)( "87)9.: 9.7)7 3'( 9.7_W
:8" 5 "C2C $& C=" 56& ;+C &)J C , E & ; $',.( C &)( C $ 9 1 C $'& C=" 5?& "8CBC=9a & ; PQ,.( 9 Z3 " /J 9 ( C="87): & C , 7 (R, ;=;
,%1'&fU.( " /& : &>5?&>1 C)D iem<ŠAj Ž 
 \‘4-L W $'&^143\5 E &)(B,.P C=" 5?& ;+C &)J ; 1'&)&>/&>/ "8;BC $'&>1
,.P C $&d,.(R/'&)( ,.P †f’ k“ˆ}‰)Šiem ‹ ‚ ƒV„ q=… o v  D\9 1\/ C $'& C , C=9.: 1435 E &)(2,.PY,.J<&)( 9C=" ,%1 ; "8;
†f‡>†f’ ‹ ‚ ƒV„H”… 0• ;4LNM%
P s &>1yPQ,.( s &)( W 5?,F/&)( 9C & & W 1', : / ; 1F35 E &)( ;)D ƒV„ … –x rQrXD\C $ "8; 5?& 9 1 ; x r n v ,.Jc&)( 9C=" ,%1 ;)D
9 1/g56&>5?,.( W (=&JIF3 " (=&>56&>1 C=; ,.PBx r Πs9 ( "89E\: & ; L U#C $'&)( 7 ,%1 ;=" /&)( 9C=" ,%1 ;)Dc; 3 7 $ 9.;#C $'&^1'&)&>/

 , 

    ,$ " .x x.x
PQ,.( ; & s &)( 9.: s9 ( "89E\: & ; J<&)( U.( " /J<, " 1 C#9 1\/g,.P ; & s &)( 9.: ,.J<&)( 9C=" ,%1 ; Jc&)( s9 ( "89E\: & D<9 /\/g,%1&
,.( C @T,6,.(R/'&)( ; ,.P 5 9 U%1 "C 3/'&.L
Mg,X/'&)(R1 7 ,%565?&)( 7)"O9.:Y7 ,%5?J3 C &)( ; J(=, 7 & ;=; x r ΠZ\, 9C=" 1'U*-J<, " 1 C ,.J<&)( 9C=" ,%1 ; J<&)( ; & 7 *
,%1/ Q,%1& p " U 9 Z\,.J ;  D9 1/ W &)( 9 Z\,.J ; rx r n v  9 (=&?J<, ;=;="E\: & " 1 /'&>5?,%1 ;+C ( 9C=" ,%1 5 9.7 $ " 1'& ; L

& C=9 Z\,.J ; rx r n  7 ,%5656&)( 7)"89.: 5 9.7 $ " 1'& ;?9 (R&&nmFJ<& 7_C &>/ E4W C $'& W & 9 ( = r = r L'AT,%5?J\3 C &)(
5?&>56,.( " & ;)D 5?& 9.; 3'(R&>/ " 1 EFW4C & ;)D $ 9>s & C ( 9 / "C=" ,%1 9.:8:W^E &)&>1h,.P C $'& ;R9 5?&I,.(0/'&)( 9.;[C $& 7 ,%5e*
J\3 C=" 1'U ; J<&)&>/ " 1yZ\,.J ; LR " 5?J : & / " (=& 7_C ;=" 5^3 :89C=" ,%1 ;)D @ "C $yU.( " / ; ,.P 9 PQ&)@ 5 "O:8:8" ,%1{J<, " 1 C=;)D
9 (=& C $&)(=&)P,.(R& 1',H@ Jc, ;R;="E\: & D 9 1/ (031 " 1 9 P&)@ $',%3'( ; ,%1 7 ,%5656&)( 7)"89.:}7 ,%5?J3 C &)( ;)D9 1\/
" 1 9 PQ&)@ ; & 7 ,%1/ ; ,%1KJ(=, C , CpW J<& ; L W $'& Wh9 (=&d&nmXJ<& 7_C &>/ C ,6(R3\1 " 1{5 "8:8:8"8; & 7 ,%1/ ;T" 1 C @T&>1 CpW
W & 9 ( ; L W $'& ; & 9 (R& (=& 9.; ,%1 9E: & C=" 5?& ;)DF9 1/6 o R "8;}9Vs &)( W 3 ; &)P3 :XC ,4, : P,.( ;+C 3/ WX" 1'U ;=" 56J : &
Z\,A@ ; 9C#: ,H@ ,.(I5?,F/&)( 9C & & W 1', : / ; 1435 E &)( ; L
 : ,A@ ;?C $ 9C $ 9>s & E &)&>1 7 ,%5?J3 C &>/ / " (R& 7_C=:W " 1 7): 3/'& "8; , C (=,.J "O7hC 3( E 3 : &>1 7 &K3J C ,


ƒV„ …  = rQrXD.C 3'( E 3 : &>1 C J " J<& ;b9 1/ 7 $ 9 1\1'& :8; 3'J C ,#ƒV„ f rQrXD%9 1/^5 " m " 1'U 9 1/ E ,%31/ 9 ( W
:89HW &)( ; 3J C , ;=" 5 "O:89 ( B& W 1, : / ; 1F35 E &)( ; L L (=& 7 &>1 C (=& sX" &)@ ,.P]@B$ 9C "O; Jc, ;R;="E\: & "8; U "s &>1


EFW Mg, " 1 M 9 $'& ; $ rx : 0L




R " 5S3 :89C=" ,%1 ; $ 9>s & ; & s &)( 9.:c9 / st9 1 C=9 U.& ; , s &)( :89E ,.( 9C ,.( W n& mXJ<&)( " 5?&>1 C=; L L 1h, EFsF" ,%3 ;
  

,%1'& "O;IC $ 9C)D ,%1 7 & 9 Z\,H@ $ 9.; E &)&>1 ;=" 5S3 :O9C &>/ D "C#"O;#7 ,%56J : & C & :W9.7)7 & ;=;="E\: & C ,y, E; &)( s9 *
C=" ,%1 D]" 1 7): 3/ " 1U C $'(=&)&_*z/ " 5?&>1 ;=" ,%1 9.: sF" &)@ ;f9 1/ st9 ( "O9E\: & ; @B$ "87 $ 9 (R&h/ " B 7 3 :C C ,, EC=9." 1
" 1 9 1 W , C $&)(I@ 9>W $L P s &>1g56,.(=& " 56Jc,.( C=9 1 CB"O; C $'&SJc, ;R;="E\"8:O"CzW ,.P ;R" 5S3 :89C=" 1'U H " 5 9 U " 1 9 ( W P
Z\,A@ ;)D 3 ;=" 1U{J& IF3 9C=" ,%1 ;f9 1/ E ,%31\/ 9 ( Wg7 ,%1\/ "C=" ,%1 ; @B$ "87 $ / " B<&)(VP(R,%5 C $'&6(R& 9.: ,%1'& ;^" 1
9.: 56, ;+C 9 ( E\"C ( 9 ( W 9.; J<& 7_C=;)D9 1/ 9.:O: ,H@ " 1'U^3 ;[C , 7 $'& 7=a J 9 ( C="89.: J(=, 7 & ;=; & ; ,.( $ W J<, C $'& C="O7)9.:
5?& 7 $ 9 1 "8; 5 ;)D ,.( C , C & ;+C J(=,.J<, ; &>/ 7 ,%1 C (=, :b;+C ( 9C &)U " & ; L " (=& 7_C ;R" 5S3 :89C=" ,%1 ; $ 9>s & 9.: (=& 9 / W
5 9 /& " 5?J<,.( C=9 1 C7 ,%1 C ( "E 3 C=" ,%1 ;}C , C 3'( E 3 : &>1 7 &2(=& ; & 9 ( 7 $ D'9 1/ @ "8:8: 31\/',%3 EC &>/ :8WSE &B3 ; &>/
" 1 7 (=& 9.;=" 1'U :8WK9.; " 56J(=, s &>/ $ 9 (0/'@ 9 (R& 9 1/ 9.: U.,.( "C $\5 ; n& m C &>1/ C $'& " ( 7)9 J 9E\"O:8"C=" & ; L M 9 1 W
,.P C $'&(R& ; 3 :C=;6" 1 C $'&J(=& sX" ,%3 ; 7 $ 9 J C &)( ; $ 9Hs && "C $'&)( E &)&>1 /'&)( "s &>/ ,.( ; 3'JJ<,.( C &>/ EFW
/ " (=& 7_C 143\5?&)( "87)9.: ;=" 5S3 :O9C=" ,%1 ; L
W $'& W69 (=&I$,H@T& s &)( :O" 5 "C &>/ " 1 ;=7 ,.J<& DF9 1\/ 9 (=& :8"a & :W^C ,S(R&>5 9." 1 C $ 9C @ 9>W PQ,.( ; ,%56&
C=" 56&.L o , C & C $ 9CY9.:8:.C $&n& m 9 5?J : & ;Y7)"C &>/ 9E , s &(=&)PQ&)( C , ;=" 5?J : & " /'& 9.:8" G)&>/VU.&),%5?& C ( " & ;)D%9 1\/
C $ 9C U.&),%5?& C ( "87)9.: 7 ,%5?J : n& m "CzW $ 9.;BC , E & C ( 9 /'&>/PQ,.( & W 1', : / ; 143\5 E &)(>L W $'&fn& mXJ<,%1'&>1 C
" 1 ;4LNM% "8; $ " U%$ D9 1/ 9 ; 5 9.:8:G" 1 7 (R& 9.; & " 1 & W 1', : / ; 1435 E &)( " 5?J :O" & ;e9 :89 (=U.&y,%1'& " 1


,.J<&)( 9C=" ,%1 7 ,%31 C L 1\/3 ;+C ( "O9.:C 3( E 3 : &>1 C Z\,A@ ; $ 9>s & & W 1', : / ; 1435 E &)( ; " 1 C $'&f( 9 1U.&f,.P


ƒV„ …  x r q D 9 1\/ 9C 5?, ; J$'&)( "87 C 3'( E 3 : &>1 7 & D ,.Pfx r Q


L AT,%5?J\3 C &)( ; J<&)&>/ $ 9.; $ "O;+C ,.( "87)9.:8:8W




" 1 7 (=& 9.; &>/ EFW^9 P 9.7_C ,.(T,.P]x r & s &)( W?; & s &>1 W & 9 ( ; N (=&>11'&)( D x  9 1\/ D9.;=; 3\5 " 1'U C $ 9C}C $&


;=9 56& C (=&>1/ 7 ,%1 C=" 1F3'& ;[C ,S$', : / D"C @ "8:8:FC=9a & rfW & 9 ( ; 31 C="O: / " (=& 7_C 14356&)( "87)9.:';=" 5^3 :89C=" ,%1 ;
 

,.P 7 ,%5?J : & C .& E39<;$2 C? " 1/3 ;+C ( "89.: Z\,H@ ; 9 (=&VJ<, ;=;="8E\: & DX9 1/ 967 &>1 C 3'( W{E &)PQ,.(=&d@T& 7)9 1 C=9.7RaF: &




U.&),.J\$ WX;="87)9.: ,%1& ; L

RTS  365 Y Y 7 [ jk0. V3 i8jV\g^Z[


    

 ., ( C 31 9C & :W.D , C $'&)( ;+C ( 9C &)U " & ;^9 (=& 9Hst9."8:O9E\: &.L W $'& "8; , C (R,.J "87?" 1'&)( C="89.: ( 9 1'U.& "O; 5?,.(=&6,.(
: & ;R; 3\1 "s &)( ;=9.:-DF9 1/ 7)9 1 E &#J 9 ( 9 5?& C &)( " G)&>/h,%1 :W6EFW C $'& &>1'&)(=U WhC ( 9 1 ; PQ&)(G( 9C &.L Pb@T& 7)9 1 !

& ;+C=" 5 9C & C $ 9C ( 9C & D`9 1/ 3 ; & "CVC ,5?,X/'& :`C $'&h&GBc& 7_C ,.P C $'& " 1&)( C="89.: ( 9 1'U.& D @T& ; $',%3 : /
E & 9E\: & C , 9>s , " / 7 ,%56J\3 C=" 1'U€1', C ,%1 :W C $'& / "8;=;=" J 9C=" ,%1 ;R7)9.: & ;)DBE 3 C{9.:O:IC $, ; & @B$ "87 $
9 (=& 9 JJ\(=,Jm " 5 9C & :Wg"8; , C (=,.J "O7f9 1/ " 1g&JI43 "8:8"E ( " 35yL W $ "8;B"8;#C $'&^J( " 1 7)" J : &d,.P :89 (=U.&e&>// W
x.x = 
 

 !" #$ "%&' () *+,
-.

2
% 2

1 1
(u−U)/u’

(u−U)/u’
0 0

−1 −1

−2 −2
0 1000 2000 0 1000 2000

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Ut/η Ut/η

D F :C &)(=&>/ L W $'&qF :C &)( "O; 9 p 9 3 ;=;="O9 1 @ " 1/',H@ D k


 
D ,.( " U " 1 9.:2s & : , 7)"CpW
&nmFJY Bm v Š = v  D @ "8C $ 9 ;+C=9 1/ 9 (R/y/& sF"89C=" ,%1K,.P ‹ xb; D\9 1\/ "8; J : , C+C &>/ " 1 C $'& E , C+C ,%5e*
 

: &)P Cy7 ,.(R1&)(y,.P C $'&:F\U%3(=&.L  D F :C &)(=&>/ s & : , 7)"CpW.D 9.;y" 1– %




D#; 3 E U.( " /
7 ,%5?J<,%1'&>1 C)D j jL o , C & C $ 9CC $'& ; 3 E U.( " / 7 ,%5?J<,%1'&>1 C=; $ 9.; 5S3 7 $ : & ;R; &>1'&)(=U W?C $ 9 1 C $'&
  

F :C &)(=&>/ s & : , 7)"CpW.DYE 3 Cd7 ,%1 C=9." 1 ;f9.:8: C $'& ; $',.( C @ 9>s & : &>1U C $ ;)D`9 1/ C $'&)(=&)PQ,.(=& 56, ;+C ,.P C $'&

U.( 9 / " &>1 C=; L


0.03

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0.02
2

1
k1E11(k1)/u’

1
11
1

0.01
0.5

0 −3 −2 −1 0
0 −3 −2 −1 0
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
kη kη

]" U%3'(=& ;4L = (=&>5^3 :C=" J :8" &>/ ; J<& 7_C ( 9 ., P C $&cF :8C &)(=&>/ ;R" U%1 9.:c" 1 FU%3'(=& ;4L8x6 % V & : , 7)"CpW LI 
1 1

& : , 7)"8CzW U.( 9 / " &>1 C=; L " 1'& ;[9 (=& 9.;[" 1 F\U%3'(R&_;4L8x D9 1/ C $'& 9 (=(R,H@B$'& 9 /K5 9 ( aF;[C $'&B@ " / C $6,.P
   

C $'T& F :C &)( n ‹ xHŠ L


V 


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9 1/5?, ;+C ,.P C $'& " 1'&)( C="89.:<7)9.;=7)9 /& D9 (=& ; 3 E\;+C="C 3 C &>/ E4WK9 H ; 3 E U.( " / PX5?,X/'& : L


9 (=U.& &>// W6;=" 5^3 :89C=" ,%1 ;9 (=& " 5?J : &>5?&>1 C &>/ " 1 C &)(R5 ; ,.P F :C &)(=&>/ s9 ( "89E: & ;)D /&nF1'&>/

9.;
j ‹
   
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‹ r xHŠ
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, C $&)(=@ "8; &• 

L 1', C $'&)(I,%1'& "8;2C $'& dp 9 3 ;=;="89 1 F : C &)( D


 Qm< ‹  x =  & u
o v •

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/'& 7 ,%56Jc, ;R"C=" ,%1 ,.P C $'&yZ,H@ " 1 C , 9 5?& 9 1 s9.: 3'& 9 1/ Z3 7_C 3 9C=" ,%1 ; L r1  ,%3'( " &)( ; J 9.7 & D


; 56,4, C $ " 1'U F :C &)( ; / 9 5?J C $'& ; Jc& 7_C (035 P,.(G@ 9>s &>1F35 E &)( ; xHŠ D @B$ "O: & : & 9HsF" 1U : ,A@[&)(



@ 9>s &>1F35 E &)( ; (=& :89C="s & :8W 31 9 B<& 7_C &>/ L R " 1 7 &T@T& $ 9>s & ; &)&>1 C $ 9C`C $'&2$ " U%$'&)( @ 9>s &>1F35 E &)( ;
9 (=&I(=& ; J<,%1 ;="8E\: & " 1 C 3'( E 3 : &>1 C Z\,H@ ; PQ,.( C $'& U.( 9 / " &>1 C=;[9 1/6P,.( C $'&I/ "O;=;=" J 9C=" ,%1 D @B$ "8: & C $&
&>1'&)(RU W (R& ;=" /'& ;e" 1 C $'& : ,H@T&)( ,%1'& ;)D @B$ 9C?C $& F :C &)( " 1Ug,.J<&)( 9C=" ,%1 /',4& ;?"O;eC , ; &)J 9 ( 9C &
C $'& C 3'( E 3 : &>1 CGs & : , 7)"CzWy" 1 C , 9 H :O9 (=U.&_*-&>// W P 7 ,%5?J<,%1'&>1 CB7 ,%1 C=9." 1 " 1'U C $&V&>1'&)(=U Wy9 1/ C $&
B& W 1', : / ;`;+C (=& ;=; & ;)D9 1/ 9 H ; 3 E *-U.( " / P 7 ,%5?J<,%1'&>1 C}7 ,%1 C=9." 1 " 1'U C $& / "8;=;=" J 9C=" ,%1K ; &)6& F\U%3'(R& ;
;4L8x 9 1/ ;4L = 0L


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@B$ "87 $^@T,%3 : /?1', C $ 9Hs & E &)&>1eJc, ;R;="E\: &[, C $'&)(=@ "O; & " 1 C $& " 1'&)( C="89.: ( 9 1'U.&2,.P ;=7)9.: & ; L L ;=; 3\5?&
C $ 9CSC $' & F :C &)( 7 ,%565^3 C & ; @ "C $ / " Bc&)(=&>1 C="89C=" ,%1 D @B$ "O7 $ "8;f;+C ( "87_C=:WC (R3'& ,%1 :W @B$'&>1 C $&
F :8C &)(6@ " / C $ "8;?7 ,%1 ;+C=9 1 C)D2E 3 C @B$ "87 $ "8; 1'& s &)( C $& : & ;=;69 U.,F,X/ 9 JJ(=b, m " 5 9C=" ,%1 " 1 5?, ;=C
7)9.; & ; L L JJ :WX" 1'U "C2C , C $'& " 1 7 ,%5?J(=& ;R;="E\: & o 9>sX" &)(  R C , a & ; J& I43 9C=" ,%1 ;)D @T&V, EC=9." 1
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; 3 E U.( " / ;+C (=& ;R;2C &>1 ; ,.(>L W $'& :89C+C &)(#$ 9.;2E &)&>1 ; &)J 9 ( 9C &>/ " 1 C , 9?C ( 9.7 &_*-PQ(=&)& 7 ,%56Jc,%1&>1 C
  

  ' $ *‹ ) $ | ),+-+ ŠM% . $ w @B$&)(=& ) $ ‹ j j $ j Qj $ w



  
 ;4L 
9 1/ 9 1 "8; , C (=,.J "87 ,%1'& C $ 9C $ 9.;2E &)&>1 9E\; ,.( E &>/ " 1 C , 9 5?,X/ " F&>/KJ(=& ;=; 3(=&
 ‹  / )+-+ ŠM w

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@B$&)(=& (=&)J<& 9C &>/ " 1/ "87 & ;`" 5?J :We; 3565 9C=" ,%1 L pP<@T& C $ " 1 a ,.P C $'& F :C &)( 9.;T9f: , 7)9.:9Hs &)( 9 U.& D


9 1/^,.P C $'& s & : , 7)"CpWS9.;`; &)J 9 ( 9C &>/ " 1 C , "C=; ; 56,4, C $'&>/eJ 9 ( C]9 1\/ 9 ; 3 E U.( " /VZ3 7_C 3 9C=" ,%1 DtC $&
; 3 E U.( " / ;+C (R& ;=; & ;B9 (R& C $'&^5?,%5?&>1 C 35 Z3 mF& ; /\3'& C , C $&dZ3 7_C 3 9C=" ,%1 ;B9.7 (=, ;R; C $'& H @ 9.:8:O; P
,.P C $'& F :C &)( D @B$ "8: & C $& 7 ,.(=(=& 7_C=" ,%1 C , C $'&fJ(R& ;=; 3'(=& "O; C $'& ; 3 E U.( " / aF" 1& C="87 &>1'&)(=U W L W $'&
:89C+C &)( 1&)&>/ ; 1',^n& mFJ :O"87)"C 56,F/'& :O:8" 1'U'L W $'&#(=, : &#,.PJ(R& ;=; 3'(=& " 1 " 1 7 ,%5?J\(=& ;=;="E: &GZ\,H@ ;2"8;C ,
" 1 ; 3'(=& 7 ,%1 C=" 1F3 "CzW.D}9 1\/ "C=; ,%1 :W J\$ WF;R"87)9.:7 ,%1 ;=C ( 9." 1 CS"8;fC $ 9CSC $& " 1 sF"O;=7)" / " 1 C &)( 9.7_C=" ,%1 ;
E & C @T&)&>1yZc3 " /KJ 9 ( C="O7): & ;2; $',%3 : /y1', CB" 1 s , :s & C ,.V( IF3'& ;)D @I$ "87 $(=J& I43 " (=& ;GC $ 9C C $&VJ(=& ;=; 3'(=&
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;=7)9.:O9 (>L /|"C $ " 1 C $'& ; & :O" 5 "C=;S9 1 W ;R7)9.:89 (e@[,%3 : / /', D}9 1\/ C $& 7 ,.(=(R& 7_C J\(=& ;=; 3'(R& PQ, :8: ,H@ ;
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.x x @ 
 

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7 ,%5?J\3 C &>/ 9 3 C ,%5 9C="87)9.:8:W L W $'& C (R3'&dJ\(=& ;=; 3'(R&#,%1 :W $ 9.; C , E & 7 ,%5?J\3 C &>/ " P "C "8; 1&)&>/'&>/
P,.( ; ,%56&#(R& 9.; ,%1 D; 3 7 $ 9.;2" 1 9.7 ,%3 ;+C="87); ,.( " 1 :O" I43 " / ;}" 1 s , :sX" 1'U 7)9>sX"C=9C=" ,%1 : , 7)9.:<E , "8:8" 1U
/3'& C , : ,A@ J\(=& ;=; 3'(R& ; 0L r1 C $, ; & 7)9.; & ;?9g; &)J 9 ( 9C &{56,F/'& :T"8; 1'&)&>/'&>/ C ,g& ;=C=" 5 9C & C $'&
; 3 E U.( " / aX" 1'& C="O7 &>1'&)(=U WK" 1 ;4L 0L


W $'& / "s &)(=U.&>1 7 &6,.P C $'& ; 3 E U.( " / ; $'& 9 ( ;=C (=& ;=; & ;)D ,%1 C $&6, C $'&)(S$ 9 1/ DY9.: @ 9HWF; $ 9.;


C , E &65?,F/& :8: &>/ L U 1'&?,.P C $'&h5?, ;+C J<,.J\3 :O9 ( 56,F/'& :O; @ 9.;S" 1 C (R,F/3 7 &>/ E4W RX5 9 U.,.( " 1 ;+aFW
rx M% D#9 1/ "8;h9 1 n& m C &>1 ;=" ,%1 ,.P C $'&g&>// W * sF"O;=7 , ;="CpW " /'& 9 L W $& ; 3 E U.( " / ;+C (R& ;=; & ;K9 (=&
9.;=; 35?&>/ C , E &dJ(=,.J<,.( C=" ,%1 9.:cC , C $T& F :C &)(=&>/K( 9C &_*-,.PO* ;+C ( 9." 1 C &>1 ; ,.( D


 ' $ ‹ ="‰ $w
 ;4L8x r 
9 1/ C $'&d&>// WhsX"8;=7 , ;="8CzWK"8; @ ( "8C+C &>1 9.;
" ‰ ‹  i?v   w ;4L8x.xH
@B$'&)(=&Ii "8;9 5?& 9.; 3'(=&I,.P<@ " / C $?,.P C $6& F :C &)( D $ "O;`C $'&B( 9C &_*-,.PO* ;+C ( 9." 1 C &>1 ; ,.( 7 ,%5?J3 C &>/
@ "C $ C $'& F :C &)(=&>/ s & : , 7)"8CzW j D 9 1/   v ‹ $ $ L r1 C $ "8; J& IF3 9C=" ,%1 i $ 9.;VE &)&>1 3 ; &>/


9.;IC $& : &>1'U C $ ;=7)9.: &SP,.( C $'&^&>// WKsX"8;=7 , ;="CpW.Dc9 1\ /   u n 9.; 96C=" 5?& ;=7)9.: &.L L ; @ "C $, C $'&)(
  

&>// W * sF"8;R7 , ;="CzW PQ,.(R5^3 :89C=" ,%1 ;>DC $'&)(=& "8;B:8"8C+C=: &V(=& 9.; ,%1 C , E & :8" & s & C $ 9C ;4L8x r  "O; C (R3'& Dc9 1/
" 1J 9 ( C="87 3 :89 ( C $ 9C#C $'& C &>1 ; ,.( ; ' $ 9 1\/ $ 9 (=&^J 9 ( 9.:8: & : L r1P 9.7_C)Db7 $'& 7RaF; ,%1(=& 9.: Z\,A@ ;
; $',H@ C $ 9C^E , C $ C &>1 ; ,.( ;^9 (=& ,%1 :W @T& 9aX:W 7 ,.(=(=& :89C &>/ D " 1 ; J "C & ,.PT@I$ "87 $ ;4L8x r V@T,.( aX;
  

@[& :8:c" 1{5 9 1 W ;="C 3 9C=" ,%1 ; L W $'&#(=& 9.; ,%1 ; &)&>5 ;TC , E & C $ 9C29.:8:C $ 9C2"8; 1'&)&>/'&>/ EFW6C $'& :89 (=U.&
;=7)9.: & ;V"8;VC ,$ 9>s & 9 5?& 7 $ 9 1 "8; 5 C $ 9C / "8;=;=" J 9C & ; C $'& 7 ,.(=(=& 7_CS9 5?,%31 C ,.P[&>1&)(=U W 9CVC $'&
&>1/y,.P C $'& 7)9.;=7)9 /'&.L
pP 9 1KJ& IF3 9C=" ,%1yPQ,.( C $'& aX" 1'& C="87 &>1'&)(=U W ,.P C $& F :C &)(=&>/ s & : , 7)"C=" & ;2"O; , EC=9." 1'&>/KPQ(=,%5
;4L ;. DC $'& J(=,X/3 7_C   ‹ ' $ $ 9 JJ<& 9 ( ;G" 1 C $'& ( " U%$ C *z$ 9 1/ ;=" /'& 9.;29 1{&>1'&)(RU Wh;=" 1 a L


pP C $& B& W 1', : / ; 1F35 E &)( "8;T:89 (=U.& D'9 1/ " P C $c& F :8C &)( "8; P 9 (T&>1,%3'U%${P(=,%5 C $'& d, : 56,.U.,.(=, s


 

;=7)9.: & DdC $'& :89 (RU.&_* ;=7)9.: & sX"8;=7 ,%3 ; / "8;=;=" J 9C=" ,%1 "     v "8; 1'&)U :8" U "E: & DB9 1 /   9.7_C=;g9.;9
 

; 3 E\;+C="8C 3 C & PQ,.


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@[,%3 : /?1',.(R5 9.:8:8W U.& C ( " /^,.P "8C L r1 C $'& ;R" 5S3 :89C=" ,%1 D.C $'&I/ "8;=;=" J 9C=" ,%1 "8; /',%1'& EFW^C $'&B5?,X/'& : L
& RX5 9 U.,.( " 1 ;+aFW 7 ,%1 ;=C=9 1 C   L


W $ "8; " 1 C &)(RJ(=& C=9C=" ,%1 7)9 1 E &3 ; &>/ C , & ;+C=" 5 9C & C $
$W '&V/ "8;R;=" J 9C=" ,%1 "8; @B( "C+C &>1 9.;
‹   ‹ =   i v  q ;4L8x = 
9 1/ C $'&y5 9 U%1 "C 3/&   "8; n& mXJ(=& ;=; &>/ " 1 C &)(R5 ; ,.P C $'&K&>1'&)(=U W ; J<& 7_C (R35yL / & ;=9 @ " 1
7 $ 9 J C &)( @?C $ 9CB9 1 W F :C &)( " 1'U^,.J<&)( 9C=" ,%1 ; 3 7 $ 9.; ;4L @  "8; J& IF3 "s9.: &>1 CGC , 9 5^3 :C=" J :8"87)9C=" ,%1
,.P C $'& ; J<& 7_C ( 9.:GC &>1 ; ,.( EFW 9 @ " 1\/',H@ " 1  ,%3'( " &)( ; J 9.7 &y@B$ "87 $ D PQ,.( ; 5?,F, C $ " 1U F :C &)( ;)D
/ 9 5?J ;dC $&6$ " U%$ @ 9>s &>1F35 E &)( ; L W $'&h1',.(R5   v E & 7 ,%5?& ;S9 @T& " U%$ C &>/ " 1 C &)U.( 9.: , s &)( 9
1'& " U%$ E ,%3(R$',F,F/ ,.P C $'&K,.( " U " 1 " 1  ,%3'( " &)( ; J 9.7 &K@B$ "87 $ D E & 7)9 3 ; & C $& ; Jc& 7_C (035 ,.P C $'&
s & : , 7)"8CzW U.( 9 / " &>1 C=;6" 1 7 (=& 9.; & ; @ "8C $ " 1 7 (=& 9.;=" 1'U @ 9Hs &>1435 E &)( ;)D2"8; /',%5 " 1 9C &>/ EFW ;R7)9.: & ;
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9 1/,.P C $'& " 1'&)( C="89.: *-( 9 1'U.& ; J<& 7_C (R35 D @B$ "O7 $,%1 :W /'&)J<&>1/ ; ,% 1 %L / $'&>1 C $ 9C & ;+C=" 5 9C &
"8; J : 3'U.U.&>/ E\9.7Ra " 1 C , ;4L8x =  DGC $'&y(=& ; 3 :C^"O;?9 1€J& I43 9C=" ,%1€P,.(   @B$ "87 $€/'&)J<&>1/ ; ,%1 :8W
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9Hs &)( 9 U " 1'U , s &)( 97 3 E\"O76E ,Jm ,.P ;R" /'&hi D    r • r MFL r1 J\( 9.7_C="87 & C $'& F :C &)( "8;^; & : /,%5


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, s &)( 9hs , : 356& " 1  ,%3'( " &)( ; J 9.7 & D<9 1 "8; , C (=,.J "87 F :C &)( ;B7)9 1 E &^3 ; &>/@ "C $ C $'& ;=9 5?& st9.: 3'&
,.P   9.; : ,%1'U 9.; @T& C=9a &^i q ‹ i n i v i q L
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9 1 "O; , C (=,.J W9 (=&eP 9." ( :Wy:89 (=U.& D 9 1/ 5?,.(=& ; ,.J\$ "8;+C="87)9C &>/ ;+C ( 9C &)U " & ; $ 9>s & E &)&>1/& s & : ,.J<&>/ L
W $&(=& 9 /'&)( ; $,%3 : / 7 ,%1 ; 3 :C (R& 7 &>1 C (=& sX" &)@ ;hE4W & ;=" &>3'( Mg& C=9."8; rx  9 1/ M, " 1
rx ;.BPQ,.(#/'& C=9."O:8;)D\9.; @[& :8:Y9.; PQ,.( ; 3 7)7 & ;=; P3 :b9 JJ :8"87)9C=" ,%1 ; L NG9.;="87)9.:O:W ,PLR 7)9 1 E &f3 ; &>/
  

PQ,.( ;=" 5^3 :89C=" ,%1 ; ,.P IF3 9.;=" * " 1/3 ;+C ( "89.: Z\,A@ ; @ "C $y1,%1X* C ( "sX"89.: U.&),%5?& C ( " & ; LL Pfm 9 5?J : & ;GC $ 9C
  

$ 9Hs & E &)&>1 7 ,%56J\3 C &>/ " 1 7): 3/'&6@ 9a & ;?E &>$ " 1/ ;=" 5?J : & , E\;=C=9.7): & ;?9 1/ ; &)J 9 ( 9C=" 1'UgZ\,H@ ;>D
; 3 7 $ 9.; / " B 3 ; &)( ;d9 1/ C $'& C ( 9."8:8" 1'UK&>/'U.& ,.P2@ " 1'U ; L W $'&)(=& 9 (=& C & 7 $1 "87)9.: J\(=, E\: &>5 ;d" 1X*
s , :s &>/ " 1 C $& E ,%31/ 9 ( W67 ,%1/ "C=" ,%1 ; 1& 9 (T@ 9.:8:8;>DFE 3 C 5?, ;=C Z,H@ ;2" 1h@B$ "O7 ${@ 9.:O:8;[9 (R& 1, C
" 56Jc,.( C=9 1 C)DF; 3 7 $ 9.; Dr& C=;>D 5 " m " 1U :89>W &)( ;G9 1/ C $'& " 1 D+& 7_C ,.( ; PQ,.( 7 ,%5 E 3 ;=C=" ,%1 ;=WF;+C &>5 ;)DF7)9 1
E & ;=" 5^3 :89C &>/ D & ;=; &>1 C="89.:8:WK" 1/'&)J<&>1/&>1 C ,.P C $'& " ( B& W 1, : / ; 1F35 E &)(>-L M,.(=& 7 ,%5?J :8"O7)9C &>/
U.&),%5?& C ( " & ;2" 1h@B$ "87 $ C $'& B& W 1', : / ; 1F35 E &)( "8; 1', CGC ,F,e$ " U%$ D4; 3 7 $ 9.;GE\:89 /& 7)9.;=7)9 /'& ;B" 1


C 3'( E\" 1'& ;29 1/ 7 ,%56J(=& ;=; ,.( ;)D\9 (=& 9.:8; , E &)U " 11 " 1U C , E &dJ<, ;=;="E: &.L


W $ 9Ch; 3 E U.( " / 5?,X/'& :8; @[,.( a @T& :8:I" 1 ; J "8C &,.P 9.:8:2C $'& " ( a 1',H@B1 ; $',.( C=7 ,%5 " 1'U ; "O;
9.7_C 3 9.:O:Wh9 /'&>56,%1 ;+C ( 9C=" ,%1{,.P C $'& " /'& 9XD @B$ "O7 ${@[&V$ 9>s & " 5?J :8"87)"C=:W 3 ; &>/y3J C ,61,H@ D ,.P 9
J(R&>/',%5 " 1 9 1 C=:W ,%1'&_*z/ " (R& 7_C=" ,%1 9.:b7)9.;=7)9 /&.L A 9 3 ;=9.:8"8CzWy"8; PQ(=,%5 :O9 (=U.& C , ; 5 9.:8:b;R7)9.: & ;)D9 1\/
$',A@ C $'&[&>1&)(=U Wf"8; / "8;=;R" J 9C &>/ " 1 C $'& :89C+C &)(`/',4& ; 1', C " 1XZc3'&>1 7 & C $'&TPQ,.(R5?&)( D.9.; : ,%1'U 9.;YC $&
9 5?,%3\1 C "8;B7 ,.(R(=& 7_C L L 1g& s &>156,.(=&S/'( 9 5 9C="87 /&>5?,%1 ;+C ( 9C=" ,%1@ 9.; U "8s &>1 EFW N ( 9.7 $& C ?>
 0 ]rx :  D @B$',en& mXJ<&)( " 5?&>1 C=9.:8:W U.&>1'&)( 9C &>/ "8; , C (=,.J "87#C 3'( E 3 : &>1 7 & " 1 ; 3Jc&)(=Z3 " / ! & :8" 35yL
 "8;=;R" J 9C=" ,%1 " 1 C $ 9Cd;+WF;=C &>5 "O; 1', C /3& C , sX"8;=7 , ;="CpW.D<E 3 C#C , C $&^( 9 1/',%5 (=& 7 ,%11'& 7_C=" ,%1
 

,.P IF3 9 1 C=" G)&>/ s ,.( C n& m :8" 1'& ;>D" 1 ; J "C & ,.P @B$ "O7 $ C $&B&>1'&)(=U W6; Jc& 7_C (035 " 1 C $'& " 1&)( C="89.: ( 9 1U.&
@ 9.;d" 1/ "O;+C=" 1'U%3 "O; $ 9E\: & PQ(=,%5 C $'&?1',.(R5 9.: ,%1'& Db" 1 7): 3/ " 1U C $'& st9.: 3&^,.P C $'&?d, : 5?,.U.,.(=, s
7 ,%1 ;=C=9 1 C L
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7)9 3 ;R9.:8"CzW.D C $'& 7)9.;=7)9 /'& "C=; & : P "8; 1', C (=& 9.:O:W ,%1&_*z/ " (=& 7_C=" ,%1 9.: L W $'& ; 3 E U.( " / C ( 9 1 ; P&)
(  


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&nmXJ :8"87)"8C=:W F :C &)( " 1'U PQ3 :O:W (R& ; , :s &>/ ;=" 5^3 :89C=" ,%1 ; L W $'&S(=& ; 3 :CI"8;BC $ 9CIC $'& 7)9.;=7)9 /'& "8; ,%1 :W
/ " (=& 7_C :89 (=U.& C , ; 5 9.:8:  " 1 9E ,%3 C r ,.P C $&VJ<, " 1 C=;>D9 1/ " 1 s &)( ; & " 1 C $'&V(=& ;+C " ,%5?& :O:8"
  

?>0 D x xH0L W $'&f, s &)( 9.:8: / " (R& 7_C &>1'&)(=U WC ( 9 1 ; PQ&)( "O;BC $'&e/ " B<&)(=&>1 7 & E & C @T&)&>1 C @[, :89 (RU.&
,.JJ<, ;=" 1'UdZE3 mX& ; L W $ "O;}"8;[C $'&B(=& 9.; ,%1 PQ,.( C $'&I5 9." 1 :8" 5 "C=9C=" ,%1?,.Pb&>/\/ WesF"8;R7 , ;="CzW 56,F/'& :O;)D
  

" 1 7): 3/ " 1K U RX5 9 U.,.( " 1 ;+aFW P ;)D @B$ "87 $ "O;hC $ 9C)D#9.;y: ,%1U 9.; " ‰ r C $'& 7)9.;=7)9 /'& "8; / " (=& 7_C


& s &)( W @B$'&)(R&.L b, 7)9.:8:W 1'&)U 9C="8s &S&>// WysF"8;R7 , ;="C=" & ;I9 (=&SU.&>1&)( 9.:8:W PQ,.( E\" //&>1 E4W 1F35?&)( "87)9.:

7 ,%1 ;R" /'&)( 9C=" ,%1 ;)D9 1/ C $'&y(R& ; 3 :C?"8;eC $ 9C &>/\/ W sX"8;=7 , ;="8CzW 5?,F/& :8; 1'&)&>/ C ,4, :8"C+C=: & ;+C (=& ;=;
C ,gJ(=,X/3 7 & 9 U "s &>1 / "O;=;=" J 9C=" ,%1 T " 5 &>1's& G Mg, ; &)( fD = rQrQr 0L Cf"8;fC $'&)(=&)PQ,.(=& U.&>1&)( 9.:8:W
 

" 56Jc, ;R;="E\: & C ,hJ(=,X/3 7 &V@ "8C $ C $'&>5 C $'&f( " U%$ C / "8;=;=" J 9C=" ,%1 9 1/ C $'&f( " U%$ CB;=C (=& ;=; & ;#9CIC $&
;=9 56& C=" 5?& D9 1/ )PLR 3 ;=" 1U C $'& ; &y5?,X/'& :8; ,%1 :8W @[,.( aF;?" P C $& F :C &)( "8;e7 $', ; &>1 1 9 (=(=,A@
&>1',%3U%$ C $ 9C D=3 ;+C}C $'& / "8;R;=" J 9C=" ,%1?$ 9.;C , E &B5?,X/'& :8: &>/ L W $'& ;+C (=& ;=; & ; $ 9Hs & C , E & 7)9 (=( " &>/


EFWhC $&V(=& ; , :s &>/ F\& : / L


W $ "8;2;+C="8:O: 5 9a & ; ,P"R 9 J( 9.7_C="87)9.:9.:C &)(R1 9C="s &fP,.( C $'& 7 ,%5?J\3 C=9C=" ,%1,.PYPQ(=&)&_* ; $'& 9 (

Z\,A@ ;)D & s &>1 9Cds &)( W $ " U%$ & W 1', : / ; 1F35 E &)( ; L / & ;R9 @ " 1 7 $ 9 J C &)( C $ 9C C $'& ;+C (=& ;=; & ;
9 (=& 7)9 (=( " &>/ E4W ;=7)9.: & ; @B$ "O7 $ 9 (=& 9C 5?, ;+C ,%1'&K,.(R/'&)(e,.P#5 9 U%1 "C 3/& ; 5 9.:8: &)( C $ 9 1€ˆ}‰AL
 
x.x  
 

 !" #$ "%&' () *+,
-.

DNS LES RANS

∆x≈η ∆ x ≈ Lε geometry

]" U%3'(=&;4LNM R a & C=7 $^,.P C $&(=& ; , : 3 C=" ,%1V(R&JI43 " (=&>5?&>1 C=; PQ,.( C $'&T/ " B<&)(=&>1 C;=" 5^3 :89C=" ,%1 ;=7 $&>5?& ;

P,.( C 3'( E 3 : &>1 C Z\,A@ ; L W $& C $(=&)& 7 3( s & ;d9 (=&eJ(=&_*z5^3 :C=" J :8" &>/ ; J<& 7_C ( 9 PQ,.( D DcC 3( E 3X*
: &>1 CdaX" 1'& C="O7 &>1&)(=U W D; $'& 9 ( ;=C (=& ;=; D &>1'&)(=U W / "8;=;R" J 9C=" ,%1 L o , C & C $ 9CVC $'&
9E\;=7)"8;=;R9 & D iemKk  u n D\9 (=&VJ : , C+C &>/ " 1 C $'&d,.J\Jc, ;R"C &V/ " (=& 7_C=" ,%1 C , C $', ; & " 1OF\U%3'(=& @ LNM
 

 1 7): 3/ " 1'U C $'&>5 (R&JI43 " (=& ; ,%1 :WhC $ 9C i “ˆ ‰ ŠFx rXD; , C $ 9CB96:89 (=U.&_*-&>/\/ Wy;=" 5^3 :89C=" ,%1K/',F& ;
1', C 1'&)&>/5?,.(=& C $ 9C#9 P&)@ C $',%3 ;=9 1\/U.( " /Jc, " 1 C=; Jc&)( 7 3 E\"87d" 1 C &)U.( 9.:];=7)9.: &.L / $ "8: & C $ "8;
"8;I9{:89 (=U.&e1F35 E &)( Dc"C "8;I" 1/'&)J<&>1/'&>1 C ,.P C $'& & W 1', : / ; 1F35 E &)( Dc9 1/ 7)9 1 C $'&)(=&)PQ,.(=& E &
9 JJ :8" &>/{&JIF3 9.:8:W @[& :O: C ,6(=& ; & 9 ( 7 $yZ,H@ ; 9 1\/ C , " 1/\3 ;+C ( "89.: ,%1'& ; L


RS  eY 7/^Z\ [ 3 Y 5 3 Y
     ! 3 /j Y 5 -Ti \ Y [e[8jV0+. 3 i j \_^Z[
 


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C $'& B& W 1', : / ; * 9>s &)( 9 U.&>/ o 9>sX" &)( R C , a & ; L o R`&JI43 9C=" ,%1 ; FLNM = (c FLNM.M%0L W $& ; &B&JIF3 9 *
C=" ,%1 ;e9 (=&1', C H 7): , ; &>/ P D}E & 7)9 3 ; &K,.P C $'&KJ(R& ; &>1 7 &K,.P C $'&y31 a 1',A@B1 & W 1', : / ;e;+C (=& ;R; & ; L
   

C?"8; J<, ;=;="E\: & C , @ ( "C &{& s , : 3 C=" ,%1 &JIF3 9C=" ,%1 PQ,.( C $, ; & C &)(R5 ;)D}E 3 CfC $'& W 7 ,%1 C=9." 1 C ( " J : &


J(=,X/3 7_C=;)D @I$ "87 $ 7)9 1\1', C}E &2&nmFJ\(=& ;=; &>/ " 1 C &)(R5,.P ;=" 56J : &)(fI43 9 1 C="C=" & ;)D & C=7 L W $ "8; J(=, 7 & ;=;


: & 9 / ;`C , 9 1 " E1 Fc1 "C &G$ " &)( 9 ( 7 $ W ,.P<&JIF3 9C=" ,%1 ; ,.P $ " U%$'&)(5?,%5?&>1 C=;)D @B$ "87 $6$ 9.;}C , E & 7): , ; &>/
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